GİRNE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN & FINE ARTS
URBANIZATION
B.ARCH. DISSERTATION
BY MUHAMOOD NATUKUNDA INSTRUCTOR: DR. FODEI CONTEH
GİRNE MAY 2020
KAMPALA - UGANDA
Kampala is city of Uganda with ……………..Population
Population Initial findings show that there are approximately 560,000 families living in Kampala’s slums. The average family size is 5.3. The total population living in slums is approximately 2,500,000. This lies in sharp contrast to data cited in the Kampala Physical Development Plan, which claims there are only 500,000 people living in Kampala’s slums. In addition, the plan identifies 31 slums in Kampala
PROVIDING AFFORDABLE HOUSING FOR THE LESS FORTUNATE IN CITY OF KAMPALA
ABSTRACT The process of urbanization in Uganda has been brought about by numerous factors including rural to urban migration, natural increase in population, and in-migration. The imposition of Western development policies has worsened the situation. For example, the structural adjustment programs have ignited rural to urban migration since the rural communities can no longer depend fully on agricultural activities for subsistence. In totality these factors have resulted into increased population growth especially in the capital city Kampala. Planned housing provided in the past can no longer adequately contain the growing urban population, since it is unavailable or simply unaffordable by some groups. Most people in the city have resorted to acquiring land privately and constructing houses for themselves. The low-income however can neither afford to build their houses in the “permanent” materials recommended by the building regulations nor can they afford to seek professional advice to help them to plan their houses and sites favorably. The outcome of this is the formation of informal settlements.
Even though a few documents have mentioned the problem of urban sprawl, lowdensity housing and inappropriate houses in the informal settlements, especially in Kampala, building design professionals have not come up to give advice on appropriate house types that could help solve these problems. The Formal and Informal housing areas are characterized with single story detached houses on large plots, resulting into very low residential densities. New land is encroached upon at a fast rate because of the predominant pattern of horizontal residential development. This implies that land in Uganda is not used economically. Kampala City Council (KCCA) has been blamed for not providing sufficient services and infrastructure, and maintaining that which is existent. KCCA cannot be entirely blamed because the sprawling nature of horizontal housing development becomes expensive due to increased lengths of services and infrastructure that are required in this situation. The low-income households have been badly hit by this situation since the high and medium income can provide for themselves some of the basic services and infrastructure. Expensive services and infrastructure can be avoided by building at higher residential densities, in other words, if houses are extended vertically at reasonable heights. Why at reasonable heights? This is because if everyday lives are observed in homes, most domestic activities take place outdoors. Households wash and hung clothes outside; they cook on charcoal stoves outside (or else they risk smoke inhalation) and those who cannot afford WCs (flushing toilets) have to go outside the main house to be able to access pit latrines. All this movement back and forth cannot be done comfortably if a house is more than 2 floors high. Moreover, elevators are not affordable, as is evidenced by the non-operational lifts in most of the office blocks around Kampala. The houses of the low-income households are located most often in valleys and swamps where they get badly affected by floods during rainy seasons. Most low income household self-construct single story houses without any consideration for the flooding. Coupled with inadequate basic services and infrastructure, the situation in the informal settlements poses a threat to people’s health and wellbeing. Had urban sprawl been controlled earlier probably the low-income households in search of vacant land for house construction would not need to build too close to swamps. If urban sprawl is to be checked it is of extreme importance that new house types that increase residential densities but maintain good spatial qualities within the housing areas are developed. These new types should consider the existing patterns of relationship and identification for different groups of people.
CONTENT ABSTRACT ........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Significance of the Study .................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Research Objective............................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Assumption ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.6
Personal Motivation ......................................................................................................... 7
1.7 Project Vision .................................................................................................................... 7 2. SAMPLE STUDIES.................................................................................................................. 7 3. METHOD................................................................................................................................ 39 3.1 Architectural Program ....................................................................................................... 39
1. INTRODUCTION According Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), Uganda’s urban population has increased rapidly from less than 1 million in 1980 to 6.4 million persons in 2014, indicating a more than six-fold increase and estimated to be 6.8 million by mid-2016. The percentage of Uganda’s population living in urban areas increased from 15.77% in 2014 to 16.1% in 2015. For the country to achieve faster socio-economic transformation there is need to raise the level of urbanization. Uganda’s urbanization rate stands at 5.43 % per annum an indication that Uganda is moving towards a market economy. According to UN World Urbanization Tends 2014, 54% of the world population reside in urban areas. Current perspective of Kampala’s Informal Settlements •62 informal settlements • 49% to 64% of the total urban population live in slums • estimated population of 560,000 families • 70% temporary buildings • minimum humanitarian standards set for access to water, shelter and sanitation • • Mostly high risk areas to environmental hazards, communicable diseases among etc. • characterized by high rates/levels of noise, crime, drug abuse, immorality, alcoholism and high HIV/AIDS prevalence. •Spatial Distribution & Population Distribution
1.1 Problem Statement
1.2 Purpose of the Study My licentiate research generated knowledge on space use and spatial quality and the different house types within the informal settlements of Kampala. This knowledge has been the foundation from which new appropriate house types are being developed in the current research phase. The present research aims at working out tools for investigating house types that can be appropriate for Kampala City, most especially for the low-income households. Examples of appropriate house types are developed. These are house types that can reflect both people’s present-day needs and political realism. Such house types should be able to reduce infrastructure and transport costs, at the same time as preventing overcrowding and encroachment on agricultural land. The research examines past and present urban planning and housing trends in Uganda. The theoretical framework for high density house types, good spatial qualities and spatial usage, and the role of planning is analyzed. Appropriate houses and house types are discussed and recommendations given about appropriate housing design and appropriate housing policy.
1.3 Significance of the Study
1.4 Research Objective The main Research objective is listed as below: RO1- Explore the underlying factors of elderly lifestyle. RO2- Provide an in-depth understanding of phenomena in elderly village. RO3- Develop an elderly village analysis conceptual framework for their lifestyle.
1.5 Assumption The approach moves beyond turnkey housing solutions by focusing on the construction of living environments that integrate livelihoods programs that encompass micro-financing, renewable energy, water management, and skills training.
1.6 Personal Motivation
1.7 Project Vision To provide economically affordable, sustainable communal housing for the homeless, slum dwellers, and poor people in the capital of Kampala.
To reshape the approach to informal settlement upgrading by offering an innovative and inclusive methodology for the fair distribution of public space, delivery of basic services, and an urbanization scheme that combines housing upgrades with a safer urban environment and new economic and social possibilities.
2. SAMPLE STUDIES 1. Monterrey Housing / ELEMENTAL
Project name: Monterrey Housing
Architects: Elemental Location: Monterrey, Mexico Area: 6591 m² Project Year: 2010 Project status: Built Project Type: Affordable Housing, Community, Cultural Engineering: Area of projects and technological innovation, IVNL Client: Nuevo León Housing Institute (IVNL) Urbanization & Specialization: Area of projects and technological innovation, IVNL Initial House Area: 40 sq. Expanded House Area: 58.75 sq. Initial Duplex Area: 40 sq. Expanded Duplex Area: 76.60 sq. Project description ELEMENTAL Monterrey consists of a three-story continuous building that in section superimposes a home (first floor) with a two-story apartment above (2nd and 3rd story). Both units are designed to technically and economically facilitate the final middle class standard of which we will hand over the “first half” (40 m2). In this sense, the difficult parts of the house (bathrooms, kitchen, stairs, and dividing walls) are designed for the expanded scenario, that is, for a home of more than 58 m2 approx. and an apartment of approximately 76 m2.
Secondly, given that almost 50% of the m2 of the complex will be self-built, this building is porous so that the growth can occur within the structure. On one hand we want to frame and give rhythm (more than control) to the spontaneous construction so as to avoid deterioration of the urban environment over time, and also make the process of expansions for each family
easier. The proposed continuous roof above the volumes and voids protects the expansion zones from rain and ensures a definitive profile of the building toward the public space.
Secondly, given that almost 50% of the m2 of the complex will be self-built, this building is porous so that the growth can occur within the structure. On one hand we want to frame and give rhythm (more than control) to the spontaneous construction so as to avoid deterioration of the urban environment over time, and also make the process of expansions for each family easier. The proposed continuous roof above the volumes and voids protects the expansion zones from rain and ensures a definitive profile of the building toward the public space. Third, experience tells us that in lower class neighborhoods the green spaces tend to be “earth spaces,� due to the scarcity of maintenance and the distance that exists between green space and the home that makes it difficult for neighbors to take care of. What we did in this case was to surround the green space with building, reducing the distance between communal space and the home to a minimum. This permitted us to define a collective space with secure Access that gives space to the social network and generates favorable conditions for maintenance and care.
Section
2. Quinta Monroy / ELEMENTAL
Architect: Alejandro Aravena, ELEMENTAL Location: Iquique, Chile Area: 5000 m² Project Year: 2003 Design Team: Alejandro Aravena, Alfonso Montero, Tomás Cortese, Emilio de la Cerda Engineering: Juan Carlos de la Llera & José Gajardo. Execution Time: 9 months Client: Tarapacá regional government / Chile-Barrio Program of the Government of Chile Contractor and Services: Proingel, Abraham Guerra, Constructor Loga S.A. Budget: US $204 /sq. Materials: Concrete & Cement bricks Constructed Area: 3500 sq.
Project description To settle the 100 families of the Quinta Monroy, in the same 5,000 sq. site that they have illegally occupied for the last 30 years which is located in the very center of Iquique, a city in the Chilean desert. Working within the framework of the current Housing Policy, using a US$ 7,500 subsidies with which a payment for the land was made, the infrastructure and the architecture. Considering the current values in the Chilean building industry, US$ 7,500 allows for just around 30 sq. of built space. And despite the site's price (3 times more than what social housing can normally afford) the aim was to settle the families in the same site, instead of displacing them to the periphery.
Project Location
3.Empower Shack Housing Project
Name: Empower Shack Housing Project Architect: Urban Think Tank (firm) Location: Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa Area: nul Year: 2013-Ongoing Client: BT Section Site C Partners: Ikhayalami, BT Section Site C Development Committee: City of Cape Town Local Architect: Design Space Africa Sponsor: The Swiss Re Foundation Support: Vhernier and Individual Donors Leads: Alfredo Brillembourg & Hubert Klumpner Coordinator: Scott Lloyd
Project description Empower Shack is an interdisciplinary post-apartheid housing development directed by the Urban Think Tank (ETHZ) and NGO Ikhayalami, in collaboration with the BT-Section (Site C) community of Khayelitsha, Cape Town and associated local and international partners.
Through innovative design and organizational models, the project aims to upgrade informal settlements through the development, implementation and evaluation of four core components: a two-story housing prototype, a participatory spatial planning process, integrated urban systems and economic solutions. The pilot project consisting of four houses was completed in December 2015 and is currently undergoing user evaluation.
Phase 2 commenced in February 2017 and included the incremental clearance and development of the settlement with 72 units, a community center, water management system, landscaping and a pilot feed-in tariff solar installation. Livelihood programs include construction and upgrade facilitation apprenticeships, and community urban management. 280 residents directly benefited from the project.
Project aims and objectives Structured community workshops, enumerations, affordability assessments and microfinance contracts provide the framework for upgrading existing single story to double story units. The resulting densification offers efficient land use to infrastructure ratio, provides cross finance possibilities through additional rental and sales stock and most importantly fulfills the need to guarantee all residents the right to remain on site. Additionally, the readjusted building stock, new land plot sizes and allocation of public space are designed to integrate with municipal planning frameworks.
This integrated approach to planning follows principles of land-readjustment by which a structured methodology for negotiation allows the interests of all stakeholders to be addressed. Customized digital planning tools have been developed to synthesis user inputs and preferences with micro-finance obligations and municipal planning frameworks.
The building units are priced to meet meaningful financial contributions from recipients by designing generous but robust living spaces and service cores that meet building code obligations through fit-for-purpose bridge contracts. The long-term goals are to influence a new direction in housing policy and offer much needed diversity and access to housing for the gap market.
Site plan
Collated Mapping
3. SAMPLE ANALYSIS Name: Empower Shack Housing Project Architect: Urban Think Tank (firm) Location: Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa Area: nul Year: 2013-Ongoing Client: BT Section Site C Partners: Ikhayalami, BT Section Site C Development Committee: City of Cape Town Local Architect: Design Space Africa Sponsor: The Swiss Re Foundation
LOCATION
OUTDOOR CIRCULATION
FORM/TEXTURE/LIGHT
NATURAL LIGHT DISTRIBUTION WINDOW PATCH
DISTRIBUTI ON LIGHT
CLIMATE
CORE AND SHELL/SPATIAL ARTICULATION/SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE
UNIT UPGRADING
WATER AND ENERGY RESERVE SYSTEM
BUILDING RELATION WITH NATURE (GREEN)
ZONING
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
4. DESIGN METHOD 43.1 Architectural Program 1-3 people [3.2m]
4-5 people [4.0m]
6+people [4.8m]
12.8sqm +5.8sqm +12.8sqm +5.8sqm 37.2sqm 12.8sqm +8.6sqm +12.8sqm +8.6sqm 42.8sqm 12.8sqm +11.5sqm +12.8sqm +11.5sqm 48.6sqm
16.0sqm +7.2sqm +16.0sqm +7.2sqm 46.4sqm 16.0sqm +10.8sqm +16.0sqm +10.8sqm 53.6sqm 16.0sqm +14.4sqm +16.0sqm +14.4sqm 60.8sqm
19.2sqm +8.6sqm +19.2sqm +8.6sqm 55.6sqm 19.2sqm +13.0sqm +19.2sqm 13.0sqm 64.4sqm 19.2 +17.3 +19.2 +17.3 7.3sqm
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