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Is Detroit’s $400 Million Investment Comerica Celebrates New Generation in ShirleyMichigan Ryan AbilityLab C O E R I C A Stars 35 Years of Supporting Lawmakers Advance Bipartisan Plan to Restrict ofM Black Tennis Accessible for Black Detroiters? the Nation’s Largest City.Life.Style. B1 UNCF Walk for Money. A5 Education Scholarship Roots. A3 Page A7 Fundraiser

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M ichigan C hronicle Michigan Chronicle

Vol. 87 – No. 2 | September 13-19, 2023

All Black Everything:

Vol. Jan. 28 - Feb. 3, 2026 Vol. 89 87 –– No. No. 22 3 | | September 20-26, 2023

COMMUNITY VOICES:

UAW At The 2026 and Excellence at the 10th Annual Michigan Chronicle 40 Under 40 Strike ATriple Night of Elegance Against Detroit Detroit Auto Show, Automakers I Talked About

By Ebony JJ Curry

Michigan’s Future

SENIOR REPORTER

Late Thursday night, Sept.

14, Michigan a historic moment unfolded Whitmer By Gov. Gretchen in American labor relations as GUEST COLUMNIST

the United Auto Workers (UAW) union against I wasinitiated excited ato strike be back at the Detroit Auto Ford, General (GM), andworld, right in Show, the best Motors auto show in the Stellantis. For the time, auto industry. the beating heart of thefirst American the was union simultaneous This my took last auto show as governor, and I action all three major De- where we are, took theagainst opportunity to talk about troit-based action where we’reautomakers. headed, andThe what it will take to keep involves the approximately Michigan #1 auto state.13,000 In the face of global UAW members assembly plants we must foster challenges from in tariffs and China, across Michigan, Ohio,our andfriends, Mis- and compete innovation, work with souri, who walked off their jobs with our adversaries. troiters. The symbolism of Black beekeepers revitalizing niably commendable. By Ebony JJ Curry after existing their city is a powerful testament to the resilience and Since I spokelabor at thecontracts auto showexlast year, both the Amidst the glitz and glamour, the event also showSENIOR REPORTER pired at 11:59 p.m. economy have been rocked by ingenuity of our community. American and global cased the diversity of talent within our community. From Shortly before on is of change. are up.midnight Uncertainty everywhere. As the night unfolded, we had the privilege of hon- Paris T. Prichard, a forensic scientist pushing the boundn Costs a breathtaking celebration talent, determinaSept. 14, released a been statement Perhaps noGM industry has more impacted than tion, and the unyielding spirit of Black excellence, oring other outstanding individuals, each carving their aries of her field, to math wizards like Donna Laster, who expressing disappointment with the auto theindustry. Michigan Chronicle marked its 10th Annual own path to success. Clement “Fame” Brown, the crethe strike action,40despite 40 Under event offering Thursday evening. This year’s ative mind behind Three Thirteen Detroit’s Brand Name, See 40 UNDER 40 page A2 what termed anin“unprecedented soirée,it drenched the theme “All Black Everything with received the prestigious Entrepreneur of the Year Award. economic package” that included Gold Accents,” transcended expectations and essential- Brown’s commitment to empowering the city through historic wage increases. Stellantis ly illuminated the golden gems within the true essence fashion and entrepreneurship has left an indelible mark. of Black excellence. Hosted by the charismatic duo of “Entrepreneur of the year – that’s a big deal,” said Andre Ash and Lynzee Mychael from Michigan Chroni- Brown. “It’s always an honor to be honored and it’s cle’s Finally Friday, the night was a triumph for the city always a blessing to be in a room full of so many talentof Detroit and its vibrant community of young Black pro- ed, accomplished, and popular people that look like me. fessionals. I’m geeked. I started making and selling clothes as a kid I always knew that I would have business, but IAgency on Aging, gent and practical action to overcome The evening sparkled with a golden promise as we Byand at athe Detroit Area Ebony JJ Curry never knew it would be Detroit’s brand name who business, celebrated remarkable individuals from various walks 19TH DPDolder Chief racism, Jamespoverty, Whiteand Says Increased described shows up when injustice.” NEWS / MICHIGAN CHRONICLE our business of life. Among the honorees were the brilliant and vi- so I take a lot of pride in the fact that women reach outrepfor food help. “Most Her route has run through Police Presence Culled ViolenceFocus: our city’s pride.” sionary co-founders of Detroit Hives, Nicole Lindsey and resents older women who come to the Detroit This story was originally published HOPE’s Food for Seniors program, Timothy Paul Jackson. Their work has not only changed Takingonhome the Corporate Excellence Award Area Agency on was Aging for food assis- which provides monthly food boxes 19th News. By Andre Ash the landscape of beekeeping and urban farming in De- Dannis Mitchell, Director of Community at tanceEngagement are often widowed, divorced to participants 60 and older across American manufacturing has contracted for 9 impact Barton DIGITAL ANCHOR DetroitMalow. entered a new year nesswith districtorthat had been the lifeblood ofSocial towards mending the wounds inflicted on troit but also exemplified the transformative never married and living on By Ebony JJ Curry Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, Washtenalso expressed in and producstraight months,disappointment leading to job on losses the same winter math: fixed incomes Black Detroiters and restoring a sense of bethe community. Black professionals can have their communities. Security or [Supplemental Security “It is so important to recognize that there are young aw, Lapeer, Tuscola, Huron, Sanilac, a statement, saying the company tion cuts. Every industry that relies on aSENIOR skilled,REPORTER that don’t stretch, heat that costs Income] SSI,” Davis said. A stringlonging of shootings that wasinso callously torn away in It’s a that history marred “Togetherwent we have created a social, environmental, leaders across the country, many are born herebyin pain, injusimmediately into contingenand St. Clair Counties. hands-on workforce is facing shortages. We For needmany Detroiters, Greektown in mid-April left than seniors safely Interstate 375, or can tice, and economic than the and financial impact through bees,” said Jackson. Lind- more Detroit. I many represent our city nationally and I devastation. tell Davis saidpeople, many More are “unable to past.Detroit often talks about homemode to protect operations. acychange. Without aits clear end goal, tariffsI-375, hurt us both visitors and residents of afford, and afood in their thatwest-side has long been just another stretch of homes sey followed that sentiment with, “It is through our local 130,000 residents, wereneeds The I-375 Boulevard Project is about more ‘Yea I’m D-girl I’m from the ofprimarily Detroit,’” proactively plan for Black, their basic The UAW branded We the deserve inmore than our has adversaries. a strategichighway, aruns lessness asdessomething you can see it’s – this bustling out before the month does. artery connectthandowntown just correcting historical injustices; partnerships and collaborative efforts urban that we exist in concrete Mitchell expressed. “But more importantly, I’ve been able forcibly displaced. Families were uprooted, while dealing with loneliness, poor dustrial trade actionpolicy as the national that“Stand-Up encourages competition, person outside in winter, a person tination inabout awe.a One of these For older adults, particularly older ing different parts of the city. To some, it’s redefining the future. It will connect over 28 plus locations managing the health of 4.5 mil- to have experiences withingenerational an industry thatsupport not many of limitedand wealth was obliterated, a social and financial Strike,”innovation, focusing oncreates specific plants fosters jobs, and lower costs. shootings downtown tragically claimed sleeping in a to car, a person carrying mere convenience; to others, unrewho it’s are an living alone, one deDetroit surrounding neighborlion honeybees – humbly speaking oura movement has women, us, specifically women of thriving color, have the opportunity community was asunder. The resources. Theytorn aretomore likely unable within each automaker. UAW the life of a popular and beeverything they own. keeps In spite of all these challenges, Michigan has markable part of their daily commute. Howhoods, bridging the gap that Crawley was placed upon layed benefit, oneI’ve utility notice, or one inflicted inspired others locally, nationally, and even internationengage in and been the youngest person in the room, wounds by I-375 run deep, tranto navigate obtaining benefits and serPresident Shawn Fain stated, loved security guard followrunning into a different reality: older had bigonwins too. Last“This year, Michiganders ever, there’s a deeper, far troubling the city decades ago. missed ridemore can turn a hard week into ally some to take similar missions.” the only Black person in the room, and the only Sistah in on their own.” scending thevices physical barrier of a freeway to strategy will keep the companies ing a dispute with a patron. adults who still have a roof and still built two million vehicles. Stellantis and Ford storyanbeneath the this seemingly crisis –of quietly, behind a closed the room, and I really had todoor, articulate thesoul importance penetrate the very of Black Detroiters. Today, allegedly the resurgence of Paradise Valley DetroitItHives, a pioneering organization founded by asurface The income gap that these womensuspect guessing. will give our nationThe male live through the same crisis condinounced major investments and GM increased pro- freeway—a ordinary story of pain, displaceof showing up, giving chances when others won’t, and as anpainful standsbefore as a testament to the indomitable Lindsey and Jackson, harnesses the power of urban bee- without the public naming it This struggle with that isolation legacy canmakes be traced al negotiators leverage shotback the guard tions – fleeing hunger, unsafe cold, isolation duction of SUVsmaximum and light-duty trucks. This year, ment, and the lasting impact on Black Detroibeing persistent.” As a trailblazing Black woman thrivemergency. Black Detroiters and the enduring keeping to revitalize neighborhoods in the Motor City. harder to survive. to the nation’s interstate highway program and flexibility in bargaining. And Builders the scene, spirit whileofwithout his female the public ever calling it Ford plans to launch 12 Ford Future ters.Labs in feel a predominantly male-dominated industry, her to connect legacy– of Black excellence. This historic disTheir initiative not onlyweaddresses critical issues like ing “You sad because you don’t of 1956—a program that indicator’s aimed if we need to goBattle all out, will. A federal report onis accused companion of conin Detroit and Creek schools, connecting homelessness. unwavering commitment to fortifying the connections The tale begins want in what is parents now Lafayette once aher vibrant hub Black businessenvironmental but also provides valuable your to go through that older DPDfor Chief James White the country but often did so atputs the expense Everything onconservation the table.” Union Americans the poverty cealing the trict, weapon bra. like thousands ofisstudents with careers in engineering, Itincan look stayinga renaissance inside bebetween businesses and Detroit’s communities is undePark,toonce known Blackmoment, Bottom—a neighes and culture, is experiencing education andalso employment opportunities Black De- as lonely a cold moment, a of marginalized communities. In the case of leaders have indicated that rate for women 65 and older at 11.2 technology, and the trades. These incidents during unseasonably causeunfolded transportation isanunreliable. borhood rooted in hunger African-American that harkens back to its glory days. The It demoment,” culture said Joanne Crawadditional plants could be targetI-375, it meant carving a pathwith through the percent, compared 9warm percent for spring, leading to increased pedestrian traffictorn and We passed a balanced bipartisan budgetand and history. decan look like stretching medication Named after its dark, fertile struction of Black Bottom may have ley, a retiree who sees these crises uned in future waves if negotiations heart of Black Detroit, reinforcing segregamen. Black women are even more vulheightenedapart tensions in the densely downtown livered a long-term fix for state and localsoil, roads. and meals at the populated samebut time. It can Black Bottom flourished during mid- her volun- nerable – the a thriving community, the resolute folding every weekthe through remain stalled. inequality. poverty ratearea. for non-HisEven in a challenging year, Michigan 1900s, remainsnurturing the dreams and aspirations tion, and perpetuating look like living alone with a landlord determination of a new generation of entreteer work. “And it’s like, what can I doone panic Blackrecognize adults 65the andharm oldersurge sits Fain clarified stratFor to aptly number one for the autounion’s manufacturing, R&D, and The in who crime and the ofreclaiming visitors tothat Dedoesn’t fix influx whatiswinter exposes. of prominent Detroiters likeforward Coleman preneurs and visionaries moving to Young, help them?” at 17.6 percent. The Treasury Departegy: “I want to give a major shoutprojects, it is vital to note that workforce development. In 2026, I’ll stay Joe focused troit’s downtown core garnered the attention of the DeLouis, and numerous other Detroit leg- caused by such lost legacy. Seniors don’t always say it plainly has long how womOlder women are more likely to ment outsetting to theour thousands of members planners and documented politicianstroit behind on auto industry up for success. Police Department (DPD), catchingsays themthey somewhat ends. But in the name of urban renewal in some of theen’s one.ofCrawley talk heart Paradise Valley, Blackearnings and savings often take Inontheday who are on the picket lines right be on their own in late life, and that those projects built them directly through off guard. To do that, we have to be clear-eyed about the who 1950s, this vibrant neighborhood was Housing Resource when they trust you. owned businesses are not just flourishing Helpline in hits from career disadvantages tied now fightingAsh for all of us. The changes what winter looks like when By Andre the heart of vibrant, populated communiwe’re up against: China. China’s ultimatesystematically goal is dismantled, erased from the response to to James White, Chief ofoffering Police the Detroit Police but thriving, diverse services, prodchallenges of women “When thefor pandemic hit myDeStand-Up Strike is a new approach mobility, support thethe ties—oftentimes to overrepresentation reinforcethat segregation and DIGITAL ANCHOR dominating every part of the auto manufacturing map, and replaced money, by a lifeless stretchoroffamily as- residents partment, said: “We were caught somewhat flat-footed ucts, daughter and experiences that pay the ofpart lower-wage occupations incolor navigating the to replace was telling mehomage about to this to striking. Instead of striking all runs thin. The Administration forface sometimes as of aindirect effort process. phalt. rightofout the Bypaving design we went into the open spring pastgate. while the way for a just prosperous and the underrepresentation Black complex system of housing serprogram,” she said. “I was plants at once, select locals will be Community Living, a federal agency or eliminate Black neighborhoods. Homelessness continues to deployment, which isinterested lessjazz than thebemid-summer deployThey already mine or process crit- the residential areas bore the brunt vices. The helpline future. clubs toasoul restauwomen inprovides higher-paying jobs. a andFrom to helpfood because a called onurban to stand up and walkwith outmost of theWhile that funds and coordinates services plague communities, Butsonow, after decades of enduring theand rants, ment, saw we say an uptick in violence that first ical minerals needed to build vehicles, produce of this demolition, the heart of Black Bottom, the Black Press, and art galleries to single point of contact for people lot of seniors are home and they don’t on strike. This is our generation’s Crawley is 69 and a senior herself. older adults and people with disabilfamilies andasindividuals grappling scars of I-375, there is a glimmer of hope warm weekend.” three times many cars as the U.S., and have inits thriving business center, remained largely fashion boutiques, this revival is breathing seeking housing assistance and have anyone to talk to. So, we were answer to the movement that built ities can live independently on in the their with the challenges making hashave spent years volunteering horizon.She Plans been unveiled to White vested more than $230ofbillion into vehiuntouched. Restaurants, theaters, clubs, and connects Chief attributes violence in Greektown to life into the verythe essence what once made withFocus: the resources our union –inthe sit-down strikescliof electric the people that they of talked to.” communities, estimates that transform in 2023,them with HOPE, the Detroit ends meet today’s economic this once-divisive freeway into a noncles and batteries since 2009. They’ve captured the bars—the very places that brought Detroit’s a combination of weather conditions and a surge in popthis neighborhood a vibrant cultural epicen1937. told the 3 that Sept. they need. 33 percent of older women living out- profit to USDA’s Economic Research Service founded in 1968 after mate. We Whether it’sBig struggling to right the wrongs of the the1967 market share almost everywhere except theBlack Unitedcommunity together—were concen- vision that seeks ulation. ter. It’s a resurgence that extends beyond 14 was the deadline and we meant side institutional settings lived alone, Support for the helpline comes reported that in 2023, 9.3 percent of Detroit civil unrest, with a mission meet monthly mortgage payments States and Canada. It’s tempting to see thetrated future around Hastings Street, the epicenter past while heralding a new era of inclusivity brick and mortar; it represents thethat resurHeagainst: explained, “ We saw numbers it. We gave the soaring companies ourcosts ecocompared with 22 percent of older from the Gilbert Family FoundaU.S. households withdowntown an adult age 65we that names what it is up or coping with rental and community revitalization. as zero-sum. But to win,weeks we have to double of down African-American culture in the city. genceever. of a spirit that refuses to be subdued. have not seen, People are emerging from COVID nomic demands eight ago men. ACL also reported that 29 pertion, which has pledged $10 milor older were food insecure at some “Recognizing the dignity and beauty in a housing market marked by on our innovation andto collaboration. Fueled by more than $100 million Then, in a cruel twist of fate, Hastings andfrom there’s feeling that in a post-COVID era… and it strengths: took more than a month City we’re Councilman Durhal cent of older women are widows. lion over three fund thewe pledge of years everytoperson, intelli-a Detroit point during the year. For Fred households shockingly high prices, a variety the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act the Street, too, was obliterated a few years later, and with venues downtown and the reasons to come get to the table.” III, representing District 7, where Eastern program. Wayne Metro Commuof factors contribute to the growAnne Holmes of Davis, vice president and other partners, this ambitious project See GOV. WHITMER AT AUTO SHOW making way for the Julie construction I-375. down withFOR all the activities that going on, we saw Market resides, told theare Michigan Chronicle, See WINTER CHALLENGES DETROIT SENIORS Page A-2 union is pushing forTHE a comSchneider nity Action Agency manages the ingThe issue of people becoming un- Meagan Dunn of planning and program development aims to create jobs, remove barriershundreds to eco- of This marked the final blow, sealing the fate more people and, in particularly, young “It’s still very early in the process, MDOT is Page A-2 prehensive list of demands. This helpline, making it accessible to housed. of Black Bottom and signaling the beginning nomic growth, and reconnect the neighborfolks, teenagers that we hadn’t seen.” all Detroit residents. This initiative simplifies access to the See INVESTMENT Page A-2 Historically, shelterspage have provided a temporary respite of the end for Paradise Valley, the Black busi- hood with the rest of Detroit. It is a Responding step See UAW STRIKE A2 swiftly to the surge in violence, DPD for those in need, often serving as the first or second option City’s various housing services, ensuring that residents in adjusted its deployment plans. Rather than waiting for after exhausting alternatives like staying with friends or need can easily find assistance. mid-summer, they deployed officers in the spring itself family. Shelters offer a place to rest one’s head and a warm “The city and its partners offer a lot of great services to address the situation. meal, albeit sometimes for extended periods. For others, & Tonya to help Detroiters tions on another’s behalf. Other indicators can By Regine Beauboeuf Adair with their housing needs, but they don’t The rise in visitors to the Greektown area is evident being unhoused means living in cars or makeshift outdoor mean much if people don’t know how to access them,” said include unexplained injuries, exhaustion, lack of in data from Placer.ai, a location analytics company settings. Mayor Mike Duggan. “Thanks to the efforts of our partners access to personal identification, suddenbut behavHuman trafficking is often misunderstood. It because of discrimination, they specializing in visit trends and demographic insights Lynzee Mychael and the ioral changes,were or promises of work or travel that The causes of homelessness By arefrequently as diverse and complex is portrayed as a crime thatgenerous happenssupport of the Gilbert Family Foundation, also coming because Black through geolocation-enabled mobile devices. From JOURNALIST nowunder have adrasimple process to guide residents to the right seem vague or unrealistic. While these signs do as the individuals experiencingMULTIMEDIA it. In response, thetoCity of we “somewhere else,” “someone else,” some stuff. May 1-Aug. 27, 2022,people there was weredoing 1.3 million visitsWhen and not confirm trafficking on their own, they can Detroit has adopted a holistic approach to combat this In issue. matic circumstances. reality,housing human resource traffick- and a growing number of programs to did Black people starttodoing things 655,000 visitors to Greektown, according Placer.ai. From the days of the Greathelp Mi- them.” signal that someone may need support. ing is far more subtle and much closer to home “Providing services and high-quality housing to persons in the city? They started doing In the same period this year, these numbers increased to gration when thousands of Black The Gilbert Family Foundation’s broader commitment than many people is in strengthened when at risk of or who are experiencing homelessness is a key things this area in the individ1800’s. 1.4 million Personal visits andsafety 670,000 visitors. families flocked to realize. Detroit in search pledging uals and families stay informed. Open conversapriority of the City of Detroit, said Julieand Schneider, Director Trafficking impacts men, girls, and $500 million to support projects across In the 1800’s the major thing that of jobs a better life,women, to theinvolves pivAs Detroit’s downtown area continues to attract both Detroit over the next ten years, with housing initiatives about online safety, healthy relationships, of Detroit’s Housing and Revitalization Department. boysrole across all played communities. does not always they were doing in Detroit is they otal they in the It city’s residentstions and visitors, the police department has implebeing a significant and recognizing be especially involve phys- part of their contribution. weremanipulation the leaders in the fight against “This means focusing on building pipeline of sup-heritage, culturaltheand musical mented various enforcement measures tocan manage the inCOMMUNITY VOICES important for young people. Community memical restraint slavery. The Underground Railroad Notably, Detroit has witnessed a consistent decrease in portive housing and coordinating with the Continuum of an inBlack Detroiters have left creased population. Notably, metal detectors have been can trust instincts guidance facing housing insecurity, those bers placed is their the root in theand cityseek of deter Detroit or dramatic escapes. MoreHowever, often, it involves ma- theindividuals recent years, with number of unhoused residents steadi- or strategically Care What on the of critical resources such as the emergency delible mark on city. throughout Greektown to theto adelivery Federal ‘Good Furs Make from appropriate resources when concerns opportunity or stability. all oflocal this Black innovation that you nipulation, coercion, false promises, and the ly declining. Inex2019,seeking approximately 7,847 people were un-Traffickers shelter, rapid rehousing, and diversion prevention proin recentand years, Detroit has expeillegal carrying of firearms. Government Shutdown Warm Friends’: arise. often exploit trust rather than resorting see coming later.” ploitation of vulnerability. Understanding these the housed and entered City’s community response system. to force, grams. It also means preserving and expanding affordable rienced significant gentrification, “We have strategically placed them at key points, “ manipulation create dependence or conrealities is one ofimproving the most effective ways comAoptions History ofDetroiters ofwhich In 2021, about 5,687using people experienced to homelessness. housing for all incomes and Addressing trafficking also Could Mean has raised concerns about Musical like Aretha Chief White explains. Ithuman has been alegends deterrent forrequires some, trol. munities can reduce vulnerability and increase housing stability though comprehensive service offerings compassion. Individuals who experience exthe displacement of long-standing Franklin, Marvin Gaye, and the According to the City of Detroit, since the start of the Black Detroiters’ and some have tested it. If you are legally carrying a for Detroiters? awareness. available through the Detroit Housing Resource HelpLine Black residents. Similar to a setting areMotown blame. Many do If not idensound emerged from DeIt Detroit is also important challenge mis- ploitation fiscal year 2019 to 2021, saw a 28%todecrease in common the weapon and carrying anot CPL,tohave a great day. you’re Decades-Long and Detroit Housing Services Division HRD.” sun,As there’s a rising spirit, and Black between the conceptions. Human trafficking does not affect tify themselves troit,asproviding soundtrack for the victims, aparticularly when awithin vital international crossing Love Affair with Fur See COMBAT HOMELESSNESS A2boys are traf- See POLICE PRESENCE PageasA-2 Detroiters are reclaiming their civil rights movement and inspirtraffickers present themselves friends, rowomen and girls. page Men and Unitedlaunched States and theplace Detroit Windsor only In May 2023, the City of Detroit theCanada, Detroit the city, the challenges ing generations. Motown Records, or employers. An informed Tunnel playsdespite an important role in facilitating ficked as well, particularly for forced labor, and mantic partners, City.Life.Style. B1 in posed by gentrification. founded by Berry Gordypathways Jr., was not community creates to the daily movement of people, commerce, and their experiences are often overlooked in public and supportive and west Over time, these long after our current phase of gen- and just a recordAlthough label butthe a symbol of conversations. assistance recovery. Tunnel’s culture. With role comes an opportunity to sides. During thethat Great Migration, became centers of trification. Black is excellence empowerment. focused and on awareness and support awareness education through thousands of Black and families from notneighborhoods Awareness begins with understanding role in this effort and entrepreneurship. “Black people were coming to De- ratherHowever, education than enforcement, wefaced train our fear,South but through the came tofacts. Detroit in search Black culturecommon as Detroit ecoindicators that advocates and experts According to Historian troit because Black churches staff were to identify suspicious and work of jobs in the booming automobile nomic decline behaviors and population loss reference. Jamon These may include individuals Human trafficking can take many forms, often Jordon Blackwho resilience the city here, black were with here,community and in the organizations Alternatives industry. facing discriminalate 20th like century, many appearinfearful or anxious, thoseschools who are includingDespite labor trafficking and sex trafficking. hasScan roots thatunable extend before thethemselves, its was Black businesses here,” said QR Code to Sign Up for the Daily Newsletter tion and segregation, they include built vi-students, tofarspeak for or Digital situations Individuals impacted may run-the $2.00 See HUMANSee TRAFFICKING PageA2 A-2 Great Migration and will persist Jordon. “They were coming of course brant communities on the city’s east $1.00 LEGACY page aways, people experiencing economic hardship, where someone else insists on answering ques-

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