AUGUST 2021
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Leading the way in climate change Farmers in south eastern Australia are at the forefront of climate change adaptation.
October Edition: October 1, 2021 November Edition: October 29, 2021 December/January Edition: November 26, 2021 February Edition: January 28, 2022 March Edition: February 25, 2022 April Edition: March 25, 2022 May Edition: April 29, 2022 June Edition: May 27, 2022 August Edition: July 29, 2022
Leesa Muir
GENERAL MANAGER & ADVERTISING
Zoe McMaugh
SENIOR JOURNALIST
Rebecca Flisher GRAPHIC DESIGN / SOCIAL MEDIA
T
he data speaks for itself, the Australian climate is getting warmer and rainfall patterns are changing. Severe droughts used to happen every few decades, now they happen every few years. Scientists and farmers have been working together to make sense of these changes and farmers have been adapting out of necessity. Adaptation examples in the grains industry include: • retaining ground cover through stubble retention to improve water infiltration and reduce soil evaporation. •
controlling weeds out of season to conserve moisture for use during the cropping season.
•
cutting frosted grain crops for hay to salvage income.
Reading the mood of climate is a tool that helps feed into the decision making of the flexible and ever-adaptable farmer. Climate moods have great potential for understanding the production potential for each season and informing management decisions.
Climate mood is a phrase coined by Agriculture Victoria climate specialist Graeme Anderson. The Climate mood process I’ve developed uses a report card system to group previous years to inform how rainfall, production and whole-farm performance react to each mood. The moods are influenced by events in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and are measured by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño– Southern Oscillation (ENSO). They aren’t the only factors that influence climate, but they have the most influence on the amount of rainfall that occurs in any one year in southern Australia. The moods are graded from A to F based on ENSO and IOD combinations. The past does not predict the future, but it can provide examples of what to expect and help assign probabilities when done using data from the past 20 years. Mood F is a bad mood. It contains years with positive IOD phases (with or without an El Niño phase). Over the past 20 years, using Longerenong in Western Victoria as the example, rainfall in F years
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Information contained in this magazine is presented only after being carefully researched. However, there are differences in state and regional regulations and conditions. Farmers are asked to check with their own advisors. FARMtalk can assume no responsibility for the contents.
AUGUST 2021
FARMtalk • 3 was around 60 per cent of average and warmer than average temperatures across southern Australia. Mood A is when a negative IOD phase and a La Niña phase combine and is usually associated with high rainfall. Mood A years are generally productive on a state basis, but flood-prone districts can incur significant hardship in such years. Moods B to E lie in between these two extremes and there has been significant variability within each mood. Climate moods can help provide foresight. For example, when an A mood is on the horizon, it might mean a wet spring or harvest, unfavourable hay making conditions and the risk of weather damaged grain harvest is delayed. Forward planning around harvest logistics could help reduce the risk of weather damaged grain. Group F years are more likely to be dry in the spring and low income years. Pre-empting this and talking to the bank about cash flow needs could be useful. Moods C and D are less predictable and require one to play the season as it comes and have a range of management options in mind. In cricket terms, it means playing every ball on merits. Understanding climate moods and thinking options, not averages, adds strength to the management toolbox in our increasingly variable climate. Agri Strategist, Educator and Speaker: Dr Kate Burke.
The Australian climate mood and impact on annual rainfall from 2001 to 2019. The Australian Climate Mood 2001-2019
Twenty-year mean annual rainfall Longerenong, Victoria mm and % of 20 year (coefficient of average variation) 566 (10 %) 157 %
Climate Years Mood
Pacific Indian Typical Ocean ENSO Ocean IOD Weather
A
2010 2016
Negative
Wet Cool
B
2000 2007 2008 2011 2001 2003 2004 2005 2013 2017 2012 2018 2019 2002 2009 2014 2006 2015
La Niña or Neutral La Niña
Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
Variable Cool Variable
Neutral El Niño El Niño
Positive Neutral Positive
Variable 279 (17% ) Dry Hot 356 (25%) Very Dry Hot 225 (12% )
C D E F
416 (24 %)
116 %
377 (11 %)
105 %
Dr Kate Burke, author of Crops People Money and You, The Art of Excellent Farming and Better Returns, is an agri strategist, educator and speaker. Her book outlines a road map for sustainable profit taking and legacy making with less stress. Visit https://www.thinkagri.com. au/product/crops-people-money-you/
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AUGUST 2021
4 • FARMtalk
One fruit done right “We sure have pumped a lot of vitamin C into the district community.” IAN FISHER
Family business: Jennifer, Ella and Ian Fisher.
MATHOURA, NSW
AUGUST 2021
FARMtalk • 5
Ian and Jennifer Fisher have been providing fresh and flavourful mandarins to the Mathoura community and beyond for the last 28 years.
T
heir wholehearted focus on top quality mandarins is something the growers have taken great pride and care in from day one — selling their produce straight from the tree at their farmgate shop. This attention to providing the best product, and their passion and way with people, has been the key to their success for almost three decades. “It’s a unique thing we’ve created; a good little reputable business,” Ian said. “We take a lot of pride in having made something out of an empty block, and consistently producing good quality fruit. “We sure have pumped a lot of vitamin C into the district community.” The business venture started in 1993 when the couple relocated to the area and purchased a property. Ian was born and bred on a citrus farm, and with prime land crying out to be used they chose to use his expertise to start something at their new family home. With advice from Ian’s father Alex, the Fishers chose to hone in on one fruit rather than try to establish several kinds. “My father said if you’re going to do something, do one thing well,” Ian said. “So we chose mandarins. “We thought they’d be a popular fruit and liked by all ages, and good for families.” And so Mathoura Mandarins was born, with the Imperial variety the preference. “Imperial has the best flavour,” Ian said. “It’s got beautiful juice, great flavour and an easy peel. “Our mandarins are also seedless, or 99.9 per cent seedless. “Cross pollination often occurs when more than one variety is grown, so by sticking to Imperials we can assure quality.” Once the Fishers’ trees began to bear fruit, and locals and the extended community got a taste
of the mandarins, their reputation took off. Their beautiful wooden hut shop sits on the stretch of the Cobb Highway as you enter Mathoura from the Deniliquin side, from where 80 per cent of their produce is sold. Being on one of the main highways through the region encourages locals and passersby alike to stop. “It’s a convenient stop during the 60km zone in town, with easy access,” Ian said. “We get local tradies, a lot of men on the road coming to grab a bag for their family, or people picking up some to take to others elsewhere. “We’ve got a wide reputation.” And while COVID-19 has meant fewer travellers through the region, Ian says they’re still “ticking by” and still open each day during harvest season for customers. “We are open every year during winter, each day from 9am to 5pm,” he said. Mathoura Mandarins is the only citrus producer in its immediate area, with others at least an hour away in Barham and Cobram. The Fishers’ six hectare property is home to about 300 trees that flower in October and ripen at the end of May. Mandarins are collected each day by a picker during the winter season. “We physically handle every mandarin, ensuring their quality,” Ian said. “Our motto is pick today, sell tomorrow.” “It works. And we work too.”
“All the other grey nomads are heading off to Queensland, but we’re here for our customers and take pride in our produce.” And what makes the couple smile is the “feelgood factor” in knowing they have provided for their customers. “To produce quality gives us satisfaction. “We hear customer reviews, and that they can’t eat anybody else’s mandarins (after eating ours). “It is what’s on the inside that counts, and we can vouch for that.” While mandarins are the core to the Fishers’ business, they make sure to provide a few other things for their customers too. They sell jams, relishes and cakes, along with pumpkins, honey and apples at the highway adjacent store. The jams and relishes made by Jennifer feature fruits like fig, apricot and berries. “Jennifer enjoys making quality, and standing behind them,” Ian said. Their citrus success aside, the Fishers say moving to Mathoura and embracing the farm lifestyle has been a joy. Their home overlooks the Gulpha Creek, and was a great place to raise their children. “Our children grew up here. That’s why you buy a property; so the kids can ride their bikes, go fishing. “And the grandkids now love it too.”
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AUGUST 2021
FARMtalk • 7
Explore emerging trends The AgTrends forum is back in 2021, bringing farmers the latest emerging trends and opportunities in agriculture on August 25 and 26.
T
he Western Murray Land Improvement group is inviting land users to come along and listen to their expert speakers who will introduce a range of topics from global food trends to productivity to composting, hemp and biochar. Participants will also get the chance to network with other local farmers, and a post event function will follow. Day 1 will be held at the Jeraly Shearing Shed, Moulamein from 8am to 4pm, and tickets are $75. Guest speakers will be: • Professor David Hughes, who will speak about the effect global food trends have on Australia’s export markets. This dynamic session will help food producers and farmers to keep abreast of consumer preferences to help them be at the front of the pack and be ready to tap into consumer trends. • Wide Open Agriculture representatives Ben Cole and Stuart McAlpine, who will share their knowledge on the way consumers buy food, broad acre cropping, and productivity in a dry environment. This session will share insights and opportunities from the perspective of innovative farming, food production and manufacturing, food marketing, sales and distribution. • Brendan McKeegan of Australian Plant Protein will share secrets to the “exponentially” growing plant protein market and how APP has innovated in this area. He will provide industry insights and explore opportunities for farmers to tap into these value chain opportunities.
•
Mara Seeds’ Stuart Larrson will share innovative and creative methods to value add to your farm, along with the journey his family have taken in exploring new markets. The Larsson family have been innovating and creating layers of value to their core farm business since the 1970s and have been pioneers in the development and use of bio char, industrial hemp and compost to improve farm productivity and yields on their farms and others throughout Australia. Mr Larrson will also lead a half day workshop on day two, on the “next steps” you should take with the information you learned on day one. He will share his experiences on how to use bio-char and compost to build productivity in both cropping and animal health. Places are limited and bookings are essential. Day two will be held at Nattong on Moulamein Rd, Niemur from 9.30am to 12.30pm. Tickets are $25. Wakool footprint residents can get tickets for both days of the forum for a subsidised price. Throughout the two day event, guests can enjoy seasonal produce from local producers served throughout AgTrends. Visit www.westernmurraylig.org to learn more or to register, or call (03) 5453 1577.
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AUGUST 2021
FARMtalk • 9
Fodder for the future A new initiative which is designed to help local dairy farmers, as well as hay, silage and grain producers, optimise both the quality and yield of a range of fodder species has been launched.
R
iverine Plains is partnering with Murray Dairy to deliver the Fodder for the Future project. The project is a $1.6 million investment over three years, funded by the Federal Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment’s Murray-Darling Basin Economic Development Program, designed to assist agricultural communities adapt to a water-limited future. “With less water available for pasture production in dairy systems, the use of silage and hay has become an increasingly important aspect of dairying across the region,” Riverine Plains project officer Jane McInnes said. “There is a science to making good quality hay and silage, and a really important part of the project is helping build the skills and knowledge of dairy, hay and grain farmers to increase both the quality and yield of fodder produced on-farm.” To this end, six demonstration trials have been established across the Murray region of northern Victoria and southern NSW to look at the performance of a range of fodder types, including wheat, barley, oats, triticale and vetch. “One of these sites has been sown by Riverine Plains at Boorhaman in northeast Victoria, with the trial evaluating an oats/vetch mix sown at two different sowing rates and dates,” Ms McInnes said. “Results from the Boorhaman demonstration, along with results from the other demonstration sites, will provide farmers and service providers with an opportunity to look at the performance of different fodder species under a range of climatic and market conditions.” Establishing long-term relationships between dairy and fodder producers to increase risk management options, the diversification of income and resilience in business management is another key part of the project. “Dairy businesses and grain and hay producers can all benefit from working together to produce higher yields of good quality fodder in the local region, and we look forward to helping farmers achieve this as the project progresses,” Ms McInnes said. Riverine Plains will host a Field Day as part of the project on August 31, COVID permitting. Further details will be available from www.riverineplains.org. au closer to the date. Murray Dairy Fodder for the Future delivery partners include Riverine Plains, Agriculture Victoria, Birchip Cropping Group, Irrigated Cropping Council, University of Melbourne and Southern Growers. For further information, or to learn how to become involved, please contact Ms McInnes on (03) 5744 1713 or email jane@riverineplains.org.au.
Optimised yield: Riverine Plains project officer, Jane McInnes, at the Boorhaman oats/vetch trial during June.
Fodder for the Future: An oats/vetch trial has been sown at Boorhaman to look at the effect of sowing rate and sowing date on performance.
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AUGUST 2021
FARMtalk • 11
Joint swelling and lameness in lambs
Have you noticed that since lamb marking your lambs have swollen joints and/ or are lame? If you have, then your lambs may be suffering from arthritis.
O
utbreaks of arthritis can be caused by a variety of bacteria. Most of the bacteria associated with arthritis are normal ‘environmental’ bacteria found on the skin, in faecal material and in the soil. These then enter the bloodstream via cuts and/or wounds in the skin and then lodge in joints causing inflammation. Arthritis usually causes lameness and visible swelling of at least two joints in the legs. Young lambs are the most susceptible to developing arthritis following spread of infection from the navel or infected marking, mulesing and/or shearing wounds. Mulesing is said to increase the risk of the development of arthritis in lambs by seven times and shearing of lambs can increase the risk by four times. There are three main types of arthritis in lambs that you may encounter: suppurative, erysipelas and chlamydial. Suppurative arthritis typically occurs two to seven days after birth if the infection starts in the umbilicus or following marking/mulesing. The shoulder, elbow, knee stifle and hock joints are the joints usually infected. Bacteria commonly involved with suppurative arthritis include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Actinomyces pyogenes and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Erysipelas arthritis is caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The acute form of erysipelas arthritis typically occurs 10-14 days after marking or mulesing. Initially there is fever and severe joint pain but no obvious heat or swelling. Some lambs will recover from the acute form, but many will progress to the chronic form, which is typically seen in lambs around six months of age. Affected lambs will have thick, swollen joints that contain a large amount of cloudy fluid. With erysipelas arthritis, any joint may be affected but it is usually the elbow, hock, and stifle joints. Chlamydial polyarthritis is caused by the bacterium Chlamydophilia pecorum and typically affects lambs 3-6 months of age. Affected lambs initially will have a fever, become stiff and lame and may be reluctant to move. Affected joints typically contain cloudy fluid but are not always swollen. It is important to note that Chlamydia pecorum infections can also cause abortion in your ewes. So, what can you do to treat and/or prevent arthritis in lambs? In terms of treatment, the success will depend on the stage of infection in the joints. Antibiotic treatment can be successful when treatment is administered early
in the infection. The type of antibiotic you use will depends on the bacteria causing the arthritis, and the most reliable way of diagnosing the type of bacteria is to complete a postmortem and submit samples of the joints to the lab for culture. Preventing arthritis in lambs is essentially minimising the chance of bacterial contamination of wounds and encouraging rapid wound healing. You can do this by: 1. Minimising faecal contamination by lambing into a well-grassed paddock. 2. Using a high standard of hygiene at lamb marking by avoiding marking/ mulesing in wet or dusty conditions or when there are large numbers of flies around. Also, only use clean instruments for marking/mulesing and change the disinfectant solution for the instruments regularly. If the disinfectant solution appears dirty, then the disinfectant cannot clean the instruments correctly. 3. Providing optimal conditions for wound healing by minimising handling of lambs for 3-4 weeks after marking/mulesing, preventing fly irritation of the wounds, and trying to keep lambs dry by avoiding pastures with long, wet grass. 4. Preventing post-dipping arthritis by avoiding dipping off shears and during times of high grass seed infestation, and ensuring dipping fluids are changed regularly and contain an antiseptic solution. 5. Vaccination. A vaccination is also available to help prevent Erysipelas arthritis in lambs, which is administered to ewes prior to lambing. Immunity is then passed to the lamb through colostrum and provides the lamb with protection for 6-8 weeks following birth. However, importantly, this vaccine only works on Erysipelas arthritis and not Suppurative or Chlamydial arthritis. For more information regarding arthritis in sheep, you can contact your district vet by calling 1300 795 299 or drop into a nearby Local Land Services office. Katelyn Braine (pictured) is a district veterinarian with Murray Local Land Services.
AUGUST 2021
12 • FARMtalk
A milk of a different kind Three camels and a 43 hectare block. That’s all it took for Megan and Chris Williams to start their camel dairy in Northern Victoria in 2014.
B
ut the establishment of Camel Milk Co Australia in Kyabram was not as out of the blue for the couple as it seemed for the community. Their relationship began through camels while working at a station in Alice Springs 13 years ago. Watching wild camels wandering the desert was a favourite pastime, and it seemed the animals had them entranced. And so they had to have some of their own. They took the leap after watching a documentary about camel milk, and while both have a background in traditional dairy farming there was a lot of trial and error. With no other camel dairies in Victoria at the time, and little recognition of the industry nationally, Megan said they set up the business “with great difficulty”. “There was nothing easy about getting a camel dairy started,” she said. “In 2014 camel milk was not even recognised in the National Dairy Act, let alone in the state. “In the end we had to get our first license through the local council, and then we encountered hiccups when we wanted to export. “That’s why we were involved in the push to have the industry recognised with Dairy Food Safety Victoria.” Within a year of buying their first camels, the Williams’ were operating Victoria’s first camel dairy.
Through their original trio of camels— two adults and one calf — Megan and Chris quickly learned the ‘dos’ and the ‘don’ts’, and say their stubbornness also taught them about “the love of these magnificent animals”. The years following brought regular purchases of wild camels, as well as population growth through on farm breeding. Today, they have more than 500 camels. Of those, 200 are currently in a dairying rotation producing an average of five litres of milk per day. “The farming side of things is very similar to cows, but MEGAN WILLIAMS camels do need a lot of time and patience. “They come from the wild, some are calm and others are quite free spirited, but it normally does not take long to get them in to milking. “There is specialist camel dairy equipment, but we mostly use regular dairy equipment. “And we pasteurise the milk ourselves on farm.” While camel milk differs widely from cows’ milk, the Williams’ say there are just as many benefits to the product. “Camel milk has 25 per cent less lactose than cows’ milk, and is higher in potassium, magnesium, copper, iron, zinc and sodium,” Megan said. “It is lower in cholesterol and it also has naturally occurring antibacterial and antiviral properties.”
“In 2014 camel milk was not even recognised in the National Dairy Act, let alone in the state.”
KYABRAM, VIC
AUGUST 2021
FARMtalk • 13
Family business: Chris and Megan Williams.
As for the taste, the consensus is that it’s “just like cow’s milk” but with a slightly salty aftertaste. Because of that, and a slightly higher cost because of the inputs to make the product, The Williams’ said camel milk does “suit a select customer”. As such, it is more popular with overseas markets than those in Australia. “About 75 per cent of our product is exported, but not all under the Camel Milk Co Australia brand,” Megan said. “We first started exporting in to Singapore, and then Thailand, and then with our powdered camel milk we exported in to other south east Asian countries. “Camel dairying is nothing compared to the cow and goat dairies in terms of industry size or production though.” While domestic markets are slow to catch on to the camel milk craze, Megan said Australians are increasingly interested in their other camel milk products — namely their beauty range. They sell camel milk soaps, lip balms, body butters, liquid soaps and skincare. “It was a value add to our business. We started with handmade soaps and then moved on to skincare.
“About 75 per cent of our product is exported, but not all under the Camel Milk Co Australia brand.” MEGAN WILLIAMS
“We have just launched pre-ordering for those products. “We sell a lot of the product through central Australia to capitalise on tourism, when we’re allowed to travel. “Historically that has reached international visitors, but because Aussies are travelling more in their own country we are starting to see that grow. “That also comes with the trend of buying Australian made and owned products.” Powdered milk is Camel Milk Co Australia’s best selling item online, which Megan said is because it is so accessible for everyone. The next best seller would be the lemon myrtle body butter. Products are sold online, and normally from an on farm shop as well. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, the shop and farm tours usually hosted by the Williams’ are closed until further notice.
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AUGUST 2021
FARMtalk • 15
Getting the best out of your overhead irrigator Whilst irrigating may be the last thing on producers’ minds, it is important those ‘preseason’ checks are done well before you need to apply any irrigation water.
D
ays are getting longer, and crops and pastures are growing remarkably well. Even though most have good reserves of subsoil moisture, crops and pastures with large biomass (and therefore yield prospects) will start to quickly use moisture as we move into spring. To capitalise on this good yield potential, and prospects for excellent prices for most commodities, it is critical irrigators keep an eye on soil moisture levels, and use the tools they have at their disposal to ensure plants don’t become moisturelimited. It remains critical that irrigators get the most from their irrigation system investments (and the water they are applying). For those with overhead (centre pivot or lateral move) systems, doing some simple checks of how your machine(s) are operating will ensure you make ‘every drop count’. Simple things to do include: •
Inspect your irrigator’s structural integrity
•
Ensure your oil and grease points are serviced
•
Check and service your drivelines, couplings and gearboxes
•
ake sure your control systems, automatic shutdown and wiring are in sound M working order
•
Check machine alignment, and any guidance arms or cables
•
Check your filters and trash screens
•
heck the pressure of each tyre – correct tyre selection and pressure can help C minimise wheel rutting
•
heck the flow rate of your pump - to ensure it is delivering what it is C supposed to
•
easure and check your machine’s operating speed to ensure the correct M calibrations and settings are in place
•
eplace worn or broken sprinklers and pressure regulators, and check the R operating pressure at the pump, and middle and end of the machine.
Apart from mechanical servicing, the key areas that affect your irrigator’s performance are the operation of your sprinklers (and pressure regulators) and the operating pressure of your machine. There is a rule of thumb that says your sprinkler package typically accounts for less than 10 per cent of the cost of a system, but has the biggest influence on irrigation performance. The bottom line is, if your current sprinkler pack is not doing the job, or is based on ‘old’ technology, a new sprinkler package can be a very wise investment. Operating your machine at too high a pressure is costing you money (diesel or electricity), whereas too low a pressure often means not enough water is being applied to your crop. Make sure you are operating in the ‘sweet spot’ for your particular system; buy a good pressure gauge and regularly check operating pressures. There are three key measures that define the irrigation performance of your machine, and ultimately, the crop being irrigated: 1. Application rate - the depth/volume of water being applied.
2. Application uniformity - how evenly water is applied across the length of the machine. 3. Application efficiency - how much of the applied water is available for plants to use. These can be checked with a ‘catch can’ test, where ‘cans’ are placed across the length of the operating machine, and the volume in each subsequently measured. The results can be used to work out the application rate, and how uniformly water is being applied. If you have done all the checks and everything is working as it should, you should also do some form of soil moisture monitoring. This will help you match plant water demands to your application rates and help maximise productivity. Finally, don’t forget to get out in the field, especially when the irrigator is operating, to check that everything (both crop and machine) is performing as it should. If you don’t monitor and check what your system is doing and how it is performing, you can’t expect to maximise the benefits these systems can provide. Further information on conducting tests on centre pivot and lateral move irrigators can be obtained by contacting your supplier, irrigation professional, or speaking with me, by contacting Murray Local Land Services in Deniliquin.
Adrian Smith (pictured) is senior lands services officer — mixed farming with Murray Local Land Services.
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FARMtalk • 17
It was a passion to start her own business and to reinvent the idea of the food truck that saw the birth of Victoria Nielson’s food venture.
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oney & Hen brings together Victoria’s wealth of culinary experience and exposure to foreign countries and cuisines, and showcases local produce at the same time. The aim is to provide fresh, tasty food with a focus on simplicity, and that means using as much local produce as she can. “Honey & Hen means sweet and savoury — classy, clean cooking. “The name reflects my style of cooking — approachable, not overly complicated and not just one type of food group. “We stand out from other food trailers because it is really a café on wheels. “We try to source sustainable, seasonal and local ingredients and everything on the menu is made from scratch. “We use seasonal fruit and vegetables from small locals farms.” The menu is best described as tapas with finesse. “Our menu consists of a range of small plates. “The star from the beginning has been the gin and tonic scallops - three large scallops with the roe on, fried in my tonic tempura, on local greens and drizzled with a gin reduction. “The tacos are the second best seller. They are homemade corn shell tacos, fresh lime salsa, famous green sauce and a different protein each week. “Sweets are my passion and I will be adding a couple to the menu soon enough.” And the chef and baker also makes her own breads, jams, preserves, and finishing salts and sugars that are sold at cafes and businesses. “My artisan bread is made from an eight year-old sourdough culture. I make it to order and it is stone baked. “The jams and preserves are all small batches made from fruit that would otherwise go to waste. “The finishing salts and sugars are all made from Murray River pink salt, certified organic raw sugar and sustainably sourced herbs and spices.
“We use seasonal fruit and vegetables from small local farms.” VICTORIA NIELSON
“And 10 per cent from the bush tucker salts and sugars is donated to the Indigenous Literacy Foundation” The Echuca raised businesswoman says it’s no surprise she gravitated toward creativity and food given her mother Linda was a “big foodie” and her father Peter is a chef. After years travelling to learn new techniques and working in bakeries, Victoria made the leap last year to start the business. And being on wheels means she can work from anywhere she’s able to drive to. “During the first COVID lockdown I realised my future travel plans were put on hold so I started looking at my own business,” said Ms Nielson. “I wanted to be able to showcase the skills I had learnt, be versatile to go where the customers are, and travel and be independent instead of paying rent on a shop front.”
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Floodplain harvesting inquiry After a prolonged fight, the NSW Parliament have agreed to conduct an inquiry into Northern Basin floodplain harvesting. Floodplain harvesting is when irrigators divert rainwater into their private dams. This has a devastating impact on irrigators and towns in the Southern Basin. It stops water flowing down to our region and is a key reason why Murray River farmers have had such low water allocations the past three years. This inquiry will shed light on the NSW Government’s dodgy behaviour, paving the way for fair rules across the Basin. Please check out my Facebook page Helen Dalton MP for details on how to follow and contribute to this inquiry. Regards Helen Dalton MP for Murray Authorised by Helen Dalton MP, Funded using Parliamentary Entitlements. www.helendalton.com.au
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AUGUST 2021
FARMtalk • 19
Top dressing wheat with nitrogen this season Summary •
When all other agronomy is correct, wheat (and other winter crops) is usually yield limited by either water or nitrogen.
•
Nitrogen requirements can be determined by either a deep N soil test (preferred) or estimated based on paddock history and/or crop tillering at growth stage Z30 (end of tillering).
•
Crops that require additional N are best top-dressed at Z30-31.
•
Responses to top-dress N often exceed 25kg grain/kg N. This represents about $7 worth of wheat from $1.70 worth of urea.
Does my crop need top dressing?
How much nitrogen is required?
Crops that have their basic agronomy correct (i.e. sown on time, adequate phosphorus, good plant population, weeds controlled, diseases managed etc.) will mostly be yield-restricted by either nitrogen or water. Under optimum management, crops will have just enough nitrogen to service their demand until water becomes limiting. Applying too much nitrogen is not only costly, it can lead to excessive vegetative growth, increasing crop water use and reducing yield. Applying too little nitrogen will restrict plant growth, reduce yield and lower grain protein content. So how do you determine the correct rate of nitrogen to apply? This can be assessed historically by looking at grain protein levels. In dryland or supplementary irrigated crops with yield potentials up to about 5-6 t/ha, grain protein levels should be about 11.5 per cent. If you constantly harvest crops with lower grain protein levels, you tend to under-fertilise your crops. Conversely, if your grain proteins are regularly in excess of 11.5 per cent, you are over-fertilising. Fertilising to increase grain protein levels is probably best left until around booting or early head emergence to avoid excessive vegetative growth which increases the crop’s lodging risk. The problem is growers usually do not know how much water will be available to their crops during the growing season and therefore don’t know their crop’s yield potential. Determining the water availability to crops is basically a ‘best guess’. It is made by taking into account the amount of rainfall received prior to sowing, growing season rainfall to date, average rainfall for the remainder of the season and how much (if any) irrigation water you will commit to the crop.
Similarly, growers may not know the amount of nitrogen that is available to the crop in the absence of top dressing, so are unsure of how much urea (if any) the crop requires. The best way to determine the current nitrogen status of the crop is with a deep N soil test. Deep N tests are normally taken prior to sowing, but can be taken after crop emergence if the paddock is trafficable, which many currently are not. In the absence of deep N tests, the next best method is to do tiller counts at the end of tillering (Z30), just before the first node stage (Z31). As a rough guide, every 100 tillers per square metre at Z30 represents about 1t/ha yield potential. So, for instance, if you estimate you have sufficient moisture for about 5t/ha, you will need to have about 500 tillers/m2 at Z30. If you have fewer tillers then you will need to apply extra nitrogen to optimise crop yield. The best way to determine the amount of urea to apply is to develop a nitrogen budget based on the results of a deep N soil test. In the absence of this information, aim to apply about 90kg/ha urea (or 40kg/ha N) for every 1t/ha increase in yield potential required (based on tiller numbers).
Will top dressing urea be profitable? Currently, the cost of urea is about twice what it was this time last year. Does this mean crops should be top-dressed at a lower rate? If crops are likely to have enough water to yield 5t/ha, but only enough N for about 3t/ha, how much extra N is it economically viable to apply? Responses to top-dressed N vary from paddock to paddock and season to season. Yield responses can exceed 35kg grain per kilogram on N top dressed at Z30. A common goal is to expect 25kg grain per kg of N (i.e. 40kg N/tonne grain). To page 21
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Emerging trends and opportunities in agriculture
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Stuart McAlpine Wide Open Agriculture
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Brendan McKeegan Australian Plant Proteins
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AgTrends Forum Day 1 - 25th August Jeraly Shearing Shed, Moulamein 8:00am-4:00pm Post event function to follow Tickets: Wakool footprint residents: Subsidised Non-Wakool footprint: $75 AgTrends Workshop Day 2 - 26th August Compost, Hemp & Biochar Workshop with Stuart Larsson Nattong, Moulamein Road Niemur 2733 9:30am - 12:30pm Casual lunch to follow Tickets: Wakool footprint residents: Subsidised Non-Wakool footprint: $25 Refer to our website for a map of the Wakool Footprint
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AUGUST 2021
FARMtalk • 21
HIGH YIELDING IRRIGATED WHEAT GOOD SURFACE DRAINAGE IN WINTER AND MOISTURE AT FLOWERING ARE THE KEY First node
Spike
Awns
Ligule just visible
More than 1cm
Less than 1cm
Half of spikes with anthers
Crown
A white, milk like fluid can be squeezed from the grain when crushed between fingers
Grains are soft but dry, squeezing them produces a soft dough
Grains are firm and hard and difficult to cruch with fingers
Z75 Milk stage
Z81 Soft dough
Z86 Hard dough
Internode greater than 2cm
Z30 End tillering
Z32 Second node
Z49 Awns visible
Z39 Flag leaf ligule just visible
Z65 Mid flowering
CRITICAL PERIOD AVOID WATER STRESS
1st topdress before Z32 Protect flag leaf with fungicide
AVOID WATER-LOGGING to retain tillers
Irrigate to retain grain numbers
Irrigate for grain size
MONITOR SOIL MOISTURE – IRRIGATE ON TIME JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
Prepared by Sam North and Alex Schultz, NSW Department of Primary Industries - Deniliquin Department of Primary Industries Local Land Services – Murray
The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (Oct 2017) and may not be accurate, current or complete. The State of New South Wales (including the NSW Department of Industry), the author and the publisher take no responsibility, and will accept no liability, for the accuracy, currency, reliability or correctness of any information included in the document (including material provided by third parties). Readers should make their own inquiries and rely on their own advice when making decisions related to material contained in this publication.
From page 19
If urea cost about $780/t, each kilogram of urea costs $0.78 and each kilogram of N costs $1.70 (i.e. $0.78/0.46). The return on the $1.70 worth of urea (ignoring application costs) should be about 25 kg wheat, worth about $7.00 (assuming a wheat value of $280/t). This is a return of about $4 for every $1 spent. This return can only be expected if nitrogen and not water is limiting crop yields.
When to top dress crops The best time to apply the urea is about first node stage (Z31). For crops with target yields up to about 5-6t/ha, all the top dressing can be applied at this stage. Crops targeting higher yields will require additional top-dressing at later growth stages. The total nitrogen uptake by crops prior to Z30 is quite low compared with nitrogen uptake during stem elongation through to early head emergence. The following diagram ‘High yielding irrigated wheat’, produced by Sam North and Alex Schultz from NSW DPI, gives a pictorial representation of wheat growth stages from Z30 to Z86. It is an excellent short reference to the key management considerations for each of these growth stages. Z30 commonly occurs in July, but many crops this season are later maturing than normal and won’t get to Z30 until mid-August. It is worth waiting until Z30, even if crops are yellow due to waterlogging. Early fertiliser applications to waterlogged soils are usually inefficient due to the high nitrogen losses associated with this practice.
John Fowler is senior lands services officer – extension agronomist with Murray Local Land Services.
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FARMtalk • 23
Grassroots community support Applications are now open for Nutrien Ag Solutions Community Grants Program, with grants of up to $5,000 available for not-for-profit organisations in remote, rural and regional Australia to deliver projects that contribute to the success and wellbeing of their communities. The inaugural program, run in partnership with the Foundation for Rural & Regional Renewal (FRRR), will see Nutrien Ag Solutions donate $250,000 annually to support community projects that can have a positive and potentially long-term effect on the wider community by: • Meeting a need or realising an opportunity, and • Contributing to the success, vibrancy, and wellbeing of the community. FRRR CEO Natalie Egleton said the new partnership and grant program will help to ensure there is funding for grassroots solutions to local issues. “We’ve worked closely with the Nutrien team to design this program so that the needs of the community are front and centre,” she said. “Because every community is different, the program can fund a wide range of initiatives that strengthen and support the community. This could be anything from improving access to the local community hall by adding a ramp, creating a community garden to encourage people to engage and connect, or drive local tourism by hosting a local arts festival or delivering a community-based street art beautification project – whatever the local priorities are.” Applications close September 3, 2021 with recipients announced October. Detailed program guidelines and eligibility criteria can be found at https://frrr.org.au/nutrien/.
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Photo of the Month Ten year-old Blayde Lines is already showing an entrepreneurial flare that has seen him turn his hobby into some pocket money. The Deniliquin youngster has started a little business, selling eggs and veggies produced in his backyard at a street stall in front of his home every Saturday. At the heart of his enterprise are 17 chickens, who are truly Blayde’s feathered friends. His favourite, he tells us, is Lacey the silver laced Wyandotte (pictured).
Submit your photo and caption for the FARMlife Photo of the Month via Facebook (@farmtalkmagazine), Instagram (@farm.talk) or email farmtalk@denipt.com.au.
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