REIMAGINING NEGLECTED RIVER EDGES: URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SPATIAL ACTIVATION ALONG THE OSHIWARA RIVER
SUBMITTED BY:
MR. AJAY MAURYA
ROLL NO: M2304
M. ARCH
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PROF. AR. MALINI RAJLAXMI
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY
RIZVI COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, MUMBAI ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2025
I, Mr. Ajay Maurya
A bonafide student of Master of Architecture in Rizvi College of Architecture, Affiliated to University of Mumbai would like to be declared that the dissertation entitled
REIMAGINING NEGLECTED RIVER EDGES: URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SPATIAL ACTIVATION ALONG THE OSHIWARA RIVER
Submitted by me in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN URBAN DESIGN Is my original work.
Place: Mumbai
Date: 28-04-2025
Signature of the candidate Mr. Ajay Maurya.
Rivers were once the lifelines of our cities, ecologically and culturally. But in places like Mumbai, rivers such as the Oshiwara River have been forgotten, pushed aside by unchecked growth, buildings creeping too close, and a failure to manage our waste. They've sadly transformed from community assets into little more than polluted channels people ignore
This study looks at the Oshiwara edge, charting its journey from natural beauty to urban neglect. We propose viewing the river not just as a water system, but as potential public space – a place for people. While big environmental projects have their place, we're digging into the details, using urban design at a human scale to reconnect the community with its river.
At the heart of this research is a hopeful idea: design the riverbanks for people, make them active and welcoming, and the problems of pollution and dumping will naturally decrease. When a community feels present and takes ownership of a space, it fosters care and discourages misuse – much like how watchful neighbours keep a street safe.
Through close observation, mapping, and proposing tangible strategies like green buffers, smarter local waste solutions, and creating genuinely pleasant places, we envision a way forward for the Oshiwara. The result is more than just an environmental plan; it's a model for how design can spark community engagement, support greener ways of getting around, and breathe resilient public life back into our city's neglected riverfronts
Keywords: Oshiwara River's, urban neglect, human-scale urban design, welcoming public spaces, community presence, ownership, pollution, dumping, community engagement, resilient public life, neglected riverfronts
Mumbai. The word itself buzzes with energy, growth, and millions of dreams. But beneath the surface of this booming metropolis lies a forgotten network its rivers. These waterways, like the Oshiwara, were once the city's lifeblood, shaping its land and culture. Today? They're often treated like back alleys: ignored, polluted, and squeezed by informal settlements and development that turns its back on the water. The Oshiwara tells this story starkly. Instead of a cherished public space, it's become a symbol of neglect, seen by many as simply a place to dump waste
This isn't just sad; it points to a bigger problem in how we build our cities. We rarely make space for nature, especially rivers. Buildings block access, riverbanks become undefined no-man's-lands, and there's simply no reason for people to connect with these waterfronts. So, they become derelict, dirty, and disconnected from our daily lives, which harms not just the environment but also the people living nearby and the city's overall health.
Source: - Author
Often, the proposed solutions involve massive engineering projects – bigger pipes, complex treatment plants – focusing on the water itself but missing the human element on the ground. This research asks: what if we look closer? What if we focus on the edges of the river, the actual spaces where people and water could meet? We start from a core belief: places that people actively use, enjoy, and feel connected to are far less likely to be abused or neglected.
As Mumbai surged northwards, its suburbs became a magnet for people and activity. New housing complexes and workplaces mushroomed, but alongside them, informal settlements often sprang up in the city'sforgotten corners ecologically sensitiveareas near waterwaysthat lacked basic infrastructure. At the same time, official plans focused on big infrastructure projects to fuel the real estate boom and industry. But in this relentless drive for growth, the city’s living systems its rivers, mangroves, and wetlands were largely ignored, treated as obstacles, or simply paved over and erased from the urban landscape.
Source: - Author
This development path, guided more by market demands than respect for nature, upset the delicate balance that once existed. The natural shields protecting Mumbai, like the mangrove forests and river floodplains that absorbed monsoon deluges and coastal tides, began vanishing beneath concrete and roads. Soon, the city started showing signs of stress. Flash floods became common, water sources grew polluted, riverbanks eroded, and waterborne diseases increased warning signs that Mumbai was dangerously straining its natural limits.
Rivers like the Oshiwara, which only flow strongly during the monsoon, found themselves at the heart of this conflict zones of both deep vulnerability and potential opportunity. Today, the roughly 4-kilometre stretch along the Oshiwara acts like a miniature version of Mumbai's complex reality. Once a natural stream helping drain rainwater and supporting local wildlife, years of neglect, relentless dumping, and a lack of official care have reduced it to little more than an open drain.
If you look closely at the river's edge, you see a fractured picture: gated communities building high walls, turning their backs; informal homes and small businesses like dye units or cattle sheds releasing untreated waste straight into the water. It's a scene marked by deep divides social, ecological, and infrastructural. This physical decay goes together with a mental disconnect: the river fades from the daily awareness of residents, losing any sense of shared ownership or reason for care
This research, however, sees the Oshiwara troubled edge not just as a problem needing a fix, but as a potential starting point for positive change in the city. We argue for looking closely, using a detailed urban design perspective, to reimagine the river as a valuable part of our shared public life a place that can help heal the environment and bring people together. By understanding the tangle of physical design, human behaviour, and local governance right at the river's edge, we aim to find real, actionable steps to revive the Oshiwara not just as flowing water, but as a thriving urban place
➢ 2.2 Problem Statement:
The Oshiwara River, once an essential part of Mumbai’s ecological framework, has deteriorated into a polluted and neglected urban drain due to rapid urbanization, unregulated land use, and a lack of governmental oversight. Waste from adjacent private developments, informal settlements, and industrial activities is routinely dumped into the river, severely degrading its ecological health and contributing to frequent flooding and public disinterest. The physical disconnects between the community and the river created by barriers like compound walls, poor access, and unused edge spaces has further reinforced its decline. The core issue is to reverse this degradation by adopting a micro-level urban design approach that integrates sustainable development practices with ecological restoration and community participation, thereby transforming the riverfront into a cleaner, more inclusive, and resilient urban environment.
Source: - Author
➢ 2.3 Area of Concerns:
• Disconnected and inactive river edges
• Lack of formal waste management systems along the edge
• Absence of pedestrian and public gathering spaces
• Environmental degradation due to encroachment and poor planning.
• Minimal policy implementation at the local scale
➢ 2.4 Aims:
The exploration of micro-level urban design strategies that transform the neglected and polluted edges of the Oshiwara River into active, inclusive, and ecologically resilient public spaces.
➢ 2.5 Objectives:
• To analyse existing edge conditions, building orientations, and user behaviours along the Oshiwara River.
• To identify micro-scale vulnerabilities in relation to waste accumulation, accessibility, and spatial neglect. Demonstrate the potential benefits of a participatory approach.
• To design integrated waste management and ecological buffer solutions as part of urban riverfront renewal.
• To demonstrate a pilot site that can serve as a replicable model for river-edge revitalization.
Completion Year 2005
Length 10.92 km (6.79 mi)
Location Downtown Seoul, South Korea
Restoration Cost Over ₩386 billion (approximately US$281 million)
Source Suseongdong Valley in Inwangsan
• Historical Significance
Cheonggyecheon history dates back to the Joseon Dynasty when it was a critical natural component of Hanyang (Seoul's former name), supplying fresh water and carrying away sewage. The stream, initially called Gaecheon ("open stream"), underwent regular maintenance and refurbishment projects every 2-3 years during the Joseon period. It played a crucial role in the city's geomancy, elevating the status of the space within the city walls.
• Urban Development and Decline
Following the Korean War, rapid urbanization led to the deterioration of Cheonggyecheon. The stream became polluted and was viewed as an eyesore, prompting its coverage with concrete starting in 1958. By 1976, a 5.6 km-long elevated highway was built over the stream, symbolizing South Korea's industrialization and modernization.
• Restoration Project
In 2003, Seoul Mayor Lee Myung-bak initiated a project to remove the elevated highway and restore the stream. This ambitious undertaking, completed in 2005, involved removing the highway, dredging the stream, and pumping in 120,000 tons of water daily from the Han River and other sources. The project cost over ₩386 billion (approximately US$281 million).
• Environmental and Social Impact
The restoration has significantly improved the local environment. It has increased biodiversity, with more species of fish, birds, and insects now present in the area. The stream helps cool down nearby areas by an average of 3.6°C compared to other parts of Seoul. Additionally, it has reduced the number of vehicles entering downtown Seoul while increasing the use of public transportation.
• Cultural and Recreational Significance
Since its reopening in 2005, Cheonggyecheon has become a popular destination, attracting around 60,000 visitors daily. It serves as a cultural center in Seoul, offering a space for various events and activities. The stream's history is preserved and showcased at the Cheonggyecheon Museum, allowing visitors to learn about its transformation over time.
• Controversies and Criticisms
Despite its popularity, the restoration project has faced criticism. Some environmental organizations have questioned its ecological authenticity and high maintenance costs. Critics argue that it's more of a symbolic project rather than a true ecological restoration.
• Conclusion
In conclusion, the Cheonggyecheon restoration project represents a significant urban renewal effort that has transformed a neglected, covered stream into a vibrant public space. While it has improved the urban environment and become a popular attraction, debates continue about its ecological authenticity and long-term sustainability.
Cheonggyecheon is a significant 10.9-kilometer-long stream and public space in downtown Seoul, South Korea. Originally a natural waterway, it has undergone dramatic transformations throughout history, from being an essential part of Seoul's early sewerage system to its current status as a restored urban stream and popular recreational area.
2 - The final phases of an ambitious initiative to reclaim the Chicago River for the ecological, recreational, and economic benefit of the city, the Chicago Riverwalk project offers unity and diversity
Source: - https://www.sasaki.com/projects/chicago-riverwalk/
• Project Overview
The Chicago Riverwalk is a major public amenity located along the Chicago River, stretching from Michigan Avenue west to Lake Street. It serves as a continuous pedestrian promenade that connects various urban spaces while providing stunning views of the river and its surroundings. This initiative reflects a long-term vision aimed at reclaiming the river for both ecological and community benefits.
• Objectives of
The primary objectives of the Chicago Riverwalk include improving access to the river, enhancing water quality, and boosting recreational opportunities for residents and visitors. The project seeks to create a flood-resilient urban space that accommodates a variety of activities, such as dining, cultural events, and water-based recreation. By emphasizing the ecological aspects of the river, the initiative aims to foster a greater appreciation for local biodiversity and sustainable practices.
• Historical Context
Historically, the Main Branch of the Chicago River was transformed from a meandering stream to a canalized channel to support the city's industrial growth. Following significant environmental challenges, including pollution, efforts began to reverse the flow of its branches for sanitation purposes. The Riverwalk project represents a critical shift in how urban planning can integrate ecological consideration into dense metropolitan settings.
• Introduction to the Theory
Jane Jacobs, a renowned urbanist and critic of modernist planning, introduced the concept of “Eyes on the Street” in her seminal book “The Death and Life of Great American Cities”. The theory emphasizes that the safety, vitality, and overall health of urban public spaces are directly linked to their visibility, activity, and community presence. According to Jacobs, the passive surveillance provided by everyday people using the streets residents, vendors, children, and pedestrians acts as a deterrent to crime, neglect, and antisocial behaviour.
• Core Principles
Jacobs highlighted that vibrant streets are those with:
• A diverse mix of uses (residential, commercial, recreational).
• Buildings that open onto the street with “eyes” (windows, balconies, entrances).
• Continuous pedestrian activity that ensures regular human presence. These factors contribute to a sense of informal control, social trust, and shared responsibility ensuring public spaces are not abandoned or misused.
Source: - AI generated
The Broken Windows Theory, proposed by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in 1982, suggests that maintaining and monitoring urban environments in a well-ordered condition may prevent further vandalism and escalation into more serious crime. The theory is based on the metaphor that a single broken window left unrepaired signals neglect and invites further disorder. Over time, this neglect deteriorates the social fabric of a neighbourhood, resulting in a spiral of decay.
•
When applied to urban design, especially in neglected zones like river edges, the theory takes on a critical dimension. Unmaintained and inactive riverfronts, strewn with garbage or lacking formal surveillance, become visible signs of abandonment. These spaces often invite anti-social behaviour, illegal dumping, informal encroachments, and environmental degradation.
In the case of Oshiwara River, the absence of upkeep, poor visual connection, and lack of public programming signal a breakdown of order just like a broken window. This perception discourages community stewardship and makes people feel unsafe or disconnected from the space. Eventually, the ecological degradation worsens, and social problems intensify.
Source: - AI generated
• Understanding Urban Political Ecology
Urban Political Ecology (UPE) is an interdisciplinary framework that explores how ecological systems in cities are shaped not just by natural processes, but by power, politics, social inequalities, and institutional decisions. Rooted in political ecology and urban studies, UPE critiques the idea of cities as neutral containers and instead emphasizes that urban nature like rivers, wetlands, and green spaces is socially produced This theory views environmental issues in cities (like pollution, degradation, or flooding) not as isolated technical problems, but as symptoms of deeper political and socio-economic structures, such as who controls land, how development is prioritized, and which communities are included or excluded from planning decisions.
• Relevance to Riverfronts and Neglected Spaces
In many fast-growing cities, natural systems like rivers are marginalized as development intensifies. Urban Political Ecology helps us understand that this marginalization is not accidental it’s the outcome of planning choices, governance failures, and market-driven urbanism that Favors built infrastructure over ecological preservation. Specifically, river edges often become zones of sacrifice: informal settlements are pushed here due to lack of affordable housing, and land near water is viewed as "wasteland" ripe for dumping or future real estate reclamation. These practices reflect deep inequalities and systemic neglect.
• Application to the Oshiwara River Context
The Oshiwara River exemplifies the kinds of power imbalances that UPE critiques. Over time,marketoriented development in Mumbai has turned a once-seasonal river into an informal sewer, flanked by gated communities on one side and informal settlements or industrial sheds on the other. There is a visible duality in governance with investments in formal infrastructure for private housing while the river edge, used by marginalized groups, is excluded from municipal care. The river is both environmentally and socially polluted, revealing how ecological neglect often parallels social invisibility.
Source: - Author
• Design Implications
Using the UPE lens, urban designers can:
• Acknowledge that ecological degradation is often tied to spatial injustice
• Ensure equal access to green infrastructure and clean environments for all communities.
• Design for inclusion, not displacement by integrating marginalized voices in the planning process.
• Rethink natural systems as social spaces, not merely environmental infrastructure.
• Conclusion
Urban Political Ecology offers a powerful critique of the forces that create and sustain unequal and degraded urban environments. In the case of Oshiwara, it reveals how ecological neglect is intertwined with planning biases, socio-economic exclusions, and fragmented governance. By recognizing this, your thesis promotes an alternative model where the river edge becomes a shared urban asset, co-created by communities and institutions, and protected through inclusive, participatory, and ecological design
Sources:
Swyngedouw, Erik. (2004). Social Power and the Urbanization of Water: Flows of Power. https://books.google.com/books/about/Social_Power_and_the_Urbanization_of_Wa.html?id=5xNaDwAAQBAJ
• Understanding Tactical Urbanism & Placemaking
Tactical Urbanism refers to a set of low-cost, temporary changes to the built environment that aim to improve urban spaces and provoke long-term change. These interventions are typically communityled, flexible, and implemented at the neighbourhood or street scale. The term was popularized by urban practitioners such as Mike Lydon and The Street Plans Collaborative, who saw the potential of small, fast, people-powered actions in shaping policy and urban transformation.
On the other hand, Placemaking is both a philosophy and a practice of designing public spaces that prioritize community needs, local identity, and social interaction. Spearheaded by organizations like Project for Public Spaces (PPS), placemaking focuses on turning underused or neglected areas into vibrant, welcoming places that foster belonging, engagement, and well-being.
• Core Principles
• Tactical Urbanism: Small-scale, low-risk, quickly deployable interventions (e.g., paint-based walkways, pop-up parks, benches, art walls).
• Placemaking: Community participation, local cultural identity, “lighter, quicker, cheaper” public space improvement.
• Both promote the co-creation of space, encouraging communities to take ownership and contribute to the design and maintenance of public places.
• Application to Oshiwara
In the case of the Oshiwara River, these concepts are deeply relevant. The river’s edge is currently perceived as unsafe, inaccessible, and neglected. However, tactical interventions like small seating areas, interactive signage, art installations, or temporary green buffer scan serve as entry points to reclaim the space and shift public perception.
Placemaking strategies can further enhance this transformation by involving local communities, youth groups, artists, and even waste pickers in co-creating a cleaner, more vibrant riverfront. These actions don’t require large budgets or policy overhauls, but rather incremental, visible improvements that stimulate public interest, agency involvement, and long-term stewardship.
• Design Implications
By integrating Tactical Urbanism and Placemaking into your urban design proposal:
• You introduce visible, positive change without waiting for large-scale infrastructure.
• You allow for experimental design ideas that can be tested, adapted, and scaled.
• You demonstrate that social behaviour can be changed through spatial cues and informal programming.
• Conclusion
Tactical Urbanism and Placemaking offer highly actionable strategies for river edge revitalization. In contexts like Oshiwara where resources may be limited and formal interventions delayed quick, creative, and participatory design actions can build momentum, transform perceptions, and regenerate ecological and social relationships with the river. Together, they promote a bottom-up urbanism that aligns perfectly with your thesis goals of waste management, spatial activation, and inclusive public space creation
Sources:
Lydon, Mike & Garcia, Anthony. (2015). Tactical Urbanism: Short-Term Action for Long-Term Change https://islandpress.org/books/tactical-urbanism
Cost ₹1,400 crore (US$170 million)
Groundbreaking 2005
Location Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Opening August 2012 - Ongoing
Status Under construction
• Project Overview
The Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project seeks to redevelop the historically neglected riverfront of Ahmedabad. Its primary goals include improving the river's ecological health, enhancing public accessibility, and promoting sustainable urban development. The project encompasses the construction of parks, promenades, and facilities that reconnect residents with the river, creating a space for leisure and cultural activities.
• Objectives of the Project
Key objectives of the Sabarmati Riverfront project include environmental improvement, social upliftment, and urban rejuvenation. The initiative aims to reduce pollution in the river, management of stormwater, and the creation of recreational spaces that foster social interaction and community engagement. The project plans to reclaim the river's identity, transforming it into a vital feature of Ahmedabad's urban landscape.
• Key Features
The project includes several crucial features such as the construction of retaining walls, interceptor sewers to prevent wastewater from entering the river, and a continuous 11.3 km promenade for pedestrians and cyclists. The initiative also integrates parks, sports facilities, and public spaces, enhancing the overall quality of life for residents. This comprehensive approach aims to revitalize the riverfront not just as a functional waterway, but as an essential community asset.
• Construction and Development Phases
Construction began in 2005, with the aim of tackling environmental degradation and improving the bank's infrastructure. The project has been completed in phases, with phase one emphasizing public access and amenities along the river. It has significantly extended the usable area along the river and has promoted both environmental restoration and economic opportunities within the vicinity.
• Environmental Impact
The environmental impact of the project has been profound, especially in terms of water quality and habitat restoration. It has succeeded in diverting numerous sewage outlets from the river into treatment plants, thereby reducing pollution levels significantly. While historical neglect had reduced the river to a polluted channel with stagnant water, the revitalization efforts have initiated a positive transformation.
• Challenges and Critiques
Despite its successes, the project has faced criticism regarding its approach to local communities and environmental sustainability. Issues such as the gentrification of surrounding areas and continuation of pollution upstream remain concerns. Furthermore, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether such large-scale urban projects adequately address the needs of existing residents and their livelihoods.
• Conclusion and Future Directions
The Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project stands as a significant model for other urban regeneration initiatives in India. Its lessons emphasize the importance of political will, public participation, and a comprehensive approach to urban design. Moving forward, continuous monitoring and inclusive practices will be crucial to ensure that the project remains beneficial for all stakeholders involved and promotes lasting positive impacts on both the environment and local communities.
• Conclusion
The Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project in Ahmedabad, India, serves as a landmark case study in urban regeneration, environmental improvement, and social upliftment. Initiated in 2005, the project aims to transform the banks of the Sabarmati River into a vibrant space for recreation and community engagement. While it has achieved significant milestones, such as better water management and enhanced public spaces, it also faces challenges related to pollution and the complexities of urban governance.
• Project Overview
The Yamuna Riverfront Development seeks to transform the banks of the Yamuna River into a vibrant, accessible urban space that reflects the aspirations of Delhi as a modern capital. This initiative includes the development of parks, pathways, and urban infrastructure to enhance the quality of life for residents and promote ecological restoration. The project aims to recover the river's ecological integrity while also ensuring sustainable urban development.
• Objectives of the Development
Key objectives include improving water quality, enhancing biodiversity, and increasing public engagement with the river. The project seeks to tackle issues of pollution and waste management, aiming to recreate the riverfront as a bustling hub for activities and environmental education. By addressing both environmental degradation and urban living standards, it aims to integrate natural and urban environments effectively.
• Environmental Challenges
The Yamuna River faces severe pollution challenges, predominantly from industrial discharges and untreated sewage, which collectively contribute to high levels of toxicity in the water. Approximately 80% of theriver's pollution stemsfrom municipal sources, with only a fraction ofthe wastewater treated before entering the river. This persistent degradation hampers the river’s health and its ability to support local ecosystems and communities.
• Water Quality Management Strategies
Effective water quality management is crucial for the project’s success, focusing on reducing pollutant loads and improving treatment infrastructure. The implementation of advanced sewage treatment plants and pollution control measures is essential to restore the water quality of the Yamuna. Furthermore, strategies must include the separation of stormwater and sewage systems to prevent additional contamination of the river.
• Community Engagement
Engaging local communities is a vital aspect of the Yamuna Riverfront Development project. The inclusion of residents in planning processes ensures that their needs and perspectives are considered, fostering a sense of ownership and community pride. This engagement helps mitigate potential conflicts while enhancing the social fabric of the neighborhoods adjacent to the river.
• Project Achievements and Progress
Since its inception, the Yamuna Riverfront Development project has made strides in enhancing public access to the river with the establishment of parks, promenades, and recreational areas. These developments not only improve the urban landscape but also promote eco-tourism, contributing to local economies. Initial assessments indicate improvements in riverfront usage and public interest in river conservation initiatives.
• Future Directions and Recommendations
Moving forward, the Yamuna Riverfront Development project must focus on sustainable practices that prioritize ecological restoration while ensuring community benefits. Implementing innovative technologies for wastewater treatment and enhancing green infrastructure will be essential. Additionally, fostering partnerships with local stakeholders can facilitate holistic approaches to urban planning and environmental management.
The successful execution of the Yamuna Riverfront Development has the potential to serve as a model for similar projects in other urban areas facing water quality challenges, highlighting the importance of integrating community engagement and ecological considerations in urban planning.
• Conclusion
The Yamuna Riverfront Development (YRD) project in Delhi encapsulates a significant urban regeneration initiative aimed at revitalizing the Yamuna River and its floodplains. While the project aspires to improve ecological conditions, enhance public access, and foster recreational spaces, it faces challenges related to water quality, pollution, and socio-economic impacts on local communities. A comprehensive approach that balances environmental sustainability with community welfare is crucial for the project’s long-term success.
As an urban designer, I view the degraded state of the Oshiwara River not merely as an ecological or infrastructural failure but as a deeper symptom of how urban growth has disconnected people from natural systems. This disconnection, caused by a lack of integrated planning, has turned the river into a neglected back-of-house space. My stance is that riverfronts like Oshiwara can and must be reclaimed as active, people-centric public spaces through design-led thinking.
This research asserts that the role of an urban designer extends beyond shaping physical environments to influencing public behavior, enhancing safety, and fostering ecological responsibility. Urban design is not just about structures, but about crafting experiences, connections, and care for place. It aligns with the belief that spatial quality influences social quality.
• Urban design as a tool for behavior change: Drawing from Broken Windows Theory, cleaner, safer, more inviting spaces discourage misuse and vandalism.
• Community engagement as a design strategy: Participatory approaches instill ownership and longterm stewardship.
• Designing for visibility and safety: Echoing Jane Jacobs’ Eyes on the Street, activated edges and regular footfall promote surveillance and civic engagement.
The river edge, when properly designed, can become a multi-functional urban asset. My role is to mediate between ecology and community needs, ensuring that spatial strategies serve both environmental restoration and socio-cultural activation.
• Placemaking: Turning neglected edges into meaningful, active community spaces.
• Micro-interventions: Implementing small, scalable solutions like riverfront seating, walkways, activity nodes, and eco-barriers.
• Ecological buffers: Using design to naturally filter waste and control runoff, preventing direct sewage disposal.
Rather than treating the river as a site of engineering intervention alone, I position the urban designer as a mediator between:
• Natural systems and built environments
• Top-down municipal strategies and bottom-up community needs
• Policy recommendations and grassroots interventions
5.
Ultimately, I see my stance as part of a broader effort to shift the narrative: from rivers as dumping grounds to rivers as the social and ecological heart of urban life. This transformation requires sensitivity, inclusivity, and imagination hallmarks of urban design practice.
The research methodology for this thesis is rooted in a qualitative, exploratory, and design-based approach, focusing on the micro-level analysis of the Oshiwara River edge. The methodology integrates spatial mapping, observational studies, community engagement, and urban design strategy formulation, with a strong emphasis on ground-truthing theoretical concepts such as Eyes on the Street, Broken Windows Theory, and Urban Political Ecology. The objective is not only to understand the ecological and spatial neglect of the river edge but also to develop context-responsive, people-centric urban design interventions that address waste management, public space activation, and social inclusion.
1. Literature Review: Analysis of urban riverfront studies, ecological planning strategies, placemaking, and community engagement.
2. Theoretical Foundation: Integration of relevant theories including:
• Eyes on the Street – Jane Jacobs
• Broken Windows Theory – Wilson & Kelling
• Urban Political Ecology – Swyngedouw, Heynen, Kaika
• Tactical Urbanism & Placemaking
➢
1. Focus Area: A 4 km stretch along the Oshiwara River in Mumbai, selected based on:
• High vulnerability to flooding and waste dumping
• Coexistence of formal (gated communities) and informal (slums, industries) developments
• Neglected, underutilized edge conditions
2. Justification: The site reflects the larger urban river crisis in Indian cities while offering rich microlevel variations for study.
1. Tools Used: QGIS, hand-mapping, observational sketches, photographic documentation
2. Key Mapping Layers:
• Hydrology and Drainage Patterns
• Land Use and Encroachments
• Edge Conditions and Access Points
• Waste Flow & Sewage Disposal Zones
• Public Movement & Activity Patterns
3. Typological Sections: Edge typologies documented through sketches and cross-sections to understand spatial behaviour and visibility.
4. StakeholderAnalysis: Identification of formal (MCGM, MPCB, MOEF) and informal actors (residents, vendors, ragpickers) who shape the river’s usage.
Figure 9. Showing Barriers for Planning River Edge Development in Mumbai
Source: - Author
Displacement, changes in livelihood, housing insecurity
Enhanced property value, but the potential increase in living costs
Business expansion or displacement depending on proximity to new development
Loss of employment, potential new opportunities
Redevelopment projects might lead to relocation or eviction of slum dwellers living along the riverbanks, disrupting their social fabric and livelihoods.
Development may improve local infrastructure and aesthetic appeal but can lead to gentrification, increasing property prices and the cost of living.
Shops and businesses along the river may benefit from increased foot traffic or face displacement due to infrastructure changes or high real estate prices.
Street vendors and small-scale workers may lose operational areas, but new commercial opportunities might emerge post-development.
Environmental conservation groups might be concerned about the ecological impacts of construction, though some developments might focus on improving water quality and ecosystem health.
Riverfront development projects typically attract real estate investment, allowing developers to build residential and commercial properties, increasing their economic opportunities.
New public spaces, parks, and entertainment areas could attract more visitors, potentially changing the river's social and environmental dynamics.
Local authorities may need to manage community resistance, and ecological concerns, and ensure that the riverfront development aligns with broader urban development goals.
Future inhabitants may benefit from enhanced infrastructure, green spaces, and improved quality of life, though this may come at the expense of displaced communities.
Source: - Author
15. Which amenities would encourage you to spend time here? (tick all) ☐ Seating ☐ Lighting ☐ Green buffer ☐ Cultural events ☐ Shops/food stalls ☐ Other: ___
16. Would you attend a river‐cleanup or placemaking event? ☐ Yes ☐ No
17. Do you feel the community has a say in how this riverfront is used? ☐ Yes ☐ No
6. Open‐Ended
18. In your view, what is the single biggest problem facing the Oshiwara River edge?
19. What one change would you most like to see along the river edge?
20. Any other comments or suggestions:
➢ Section B: Stakeholder Interview Guide (Municipal planners, Elected Representatives, NGOs, Community Leaders)
1. Role & Responsibility
1. Please describe your organization’s mandate regarding the Oshiwara River.
2. Which departments/agencies are involved in riverfront management here?
2. Perception of Issues
3. What do you see as the primary causes of pollution and neglect along this stretch?
4. How does current policy (e.g., CRZ regulations) support or hinder riverfront upkeep?
3. Operational Challenges
5. What logistical or financial barriers exist to providing regular waste‐collection services?
6. Have there been past attempts at community engagement or placemaking here? What worked/failed?
4. Collaboration & Participation
7. Are you open to partnering with local groups on micro‐scale interventions (e.g., pop‐up seating, clean‐ups)?
8. What incentives or frameworks would encourage sustained community stewardship?
9. In your view, which micro‐level design strategies (e.g., ecological buffers, active frontages) are most feasible?
10. How can urban design principles (e.g., Eyes on the Street, Broken Windows) be integrated into official plans?
6. Closing
11. If resources were unlimited, what would be your ideal vision for the Oshiwara River edge?
12. Do you have any additional insights or recommendations for this research?
➢ 9.1 Selection Criteria
1. Ecological Vulnerability
• Presence of seasonal flow and flood-prone conditions
• Evidence of past flash floods, erosion, or water-borne health incidents
2. Degree of Neglect & Pollution
• High levels of solid waste dumping and untreated sewage discharge
• Visual signs of ecological degradation (grey water, debris accumulation)
3. Urban Context & Land-Use Mix
• Immediate adjacency of formal developments (gated communities) and informal settlements
• Presence of micro-industries (dye units, cattle sheds) directly impacting the river edge
4. Accessibility & Field Research Feasibility
• Ease of pedestrian access for observational studies and stakeholder engagement
• Safe conditions for repeated site visits across seasons
5. Stakeholder Diversity
• Variety of users: residents, vendors, waste pickers, municipal authorities
• Potential for participatory mapping and community workshops
6. Regulatory & Policy Relevance
• Location within Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) or other protected buffers
• Alignment with municipal planning documents and flood-control mandates
7. Data Availability
• Existence of spatial data: historical maps, satellite imagery, drainage networks
• Prior studies or government reports providing baseline hydrology and land-use information
1. Defining the Core River Corridor
• Extent: A linear stretch of approximately 4 km, from the National Highway underpass in Andheri (North) to the confluence with the Mithi River in Kurla (South).
• Buffer Zone: A 100 m buffer on each side of the river centreline, capturing adjacent land uses that directly impact edge conditions.
2. Hydrological Boundaries
• Catchment Area: Using GIS-based watershed analysis, the primary drainage basin feeding this river stretch was mapped to include all upstream channels and tributaries.
• Floodplain Mapping: Historical flood data and topographic contours were overlaid to identify low‐lying areas prone to inundation.
3. Administrative & Regulatory Limits
• Jurisdictional Overlays: Municipal ward boundaries (MCGM) and CRZ demarcations were superimposed to locate areas under coastal or environmental regulation.
• Land‐Use Zoning: Master Plan and Development Plan layers helped isolate zones of residential, industrial, and informal settlement encroachment.
4. Ground‐Truthing & Refinement
• Field Verification: Initial GIS boundaries were adjusted on site by walking transects, noting where compound walls, channels, or informal pathways crossed the buffer.
• Stakeholder Input: Local community leaders and municipal staff validated the mapped limits and suggested minor expansions to include key access points (bridges, service lanes).
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1. Spatial Mapping & Layering
• Physical Features:
• River alignment, banks, tributaries
• Topographic contours and micro‐elevations
• Vegetation patches and mangrove remnants
• Land‐Use & Infrastructure:
• Formal developments (gated communities, roads)
• Informal settlements, micro‐industries (dye units, cattle sheds)
• Drainage outfalls, sewage inlets, waste dump sites
• Accessibility & Movement:
• Pedestrian/cycle paths, vehicular routes, informal trails
• Public access points and locked compound gates
2. Photographic & Sketch Documentation
• Systematic Field Photography: Every 200 m, high‐resolution images captured bank conditions, edge treatments, and signs of dumping.
• Hand‐Sketch Transects: Rapid sectional sketches recorded edge typologies wall typology, vegetation buffer, open dump zones annotated with human activity notes.
3. Behavioural & Usage Observations
• Time‐Lapse Spot‐Checks: At selected nodes, recorded footfall, informal vending, waste disposal events, and periods of inactivity.
• Mapping “Hotspots”: Geo‐tagged locations where dumping, encroachment, or social gathering occurred, forming a heat map of critical intervention zones.
4. Stakeholder Mapping
• Interview Logs: GPS‐referenced notes from meetings with residents, waste pickers, and municipal officers.
• Role & Influence Matrix: Charted who controls access, who benefits, and whose activities most impact river edge conditions.
5. Data Compilation & Integration
• All field data, hand sketches, photographs, and interview notes were integrated into a QGIS project.
• Final documentation produced layered maps, sectional drawings, and a compendium of edge‐condition profiles, forming the empirical base for strategy development.
SITE DETAILS:
Area: 2938 H.A. Ward: P/S and K/W
Population: 5.00.00 approx. Units: 10,000 OSHIWARA RIVER:
Width: 20 Mt. avg.
Depth: 4.5 mt
Length: 7 km
Catchment no:217
Figure. 13 - Geographical representation of Mumbai city and its watersheds.
Source: - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125216
Figure. 14 – Natural water system of oshiwara river.
Source: - IIT Bombay Report, 2018
Figure. 15 – Elevation Of Oshiwara Catchment & Urban Area
Source: - Google satellite and QGIS Mapping
Source: - Google satellite and 1924/1950 toposheet
• Goregaon Station's Role: Acts as a catalyst for urban development. Once it was introduced, land that was originally marshy and ecologically significant began to be encroached and then formally developed.
• Encroachment Trend:
• Early informal encroachments likely turned into formal settlements.
• This aligns with common patterns in Indian metropolitan development, where informal growth precedes planning interventions.
• Environmental Impact:
• Urbanization has severely impacted natural drainage, ecosystems, and possibly increased the flood risk (due to reduced permeability and encroachment on natural water bodies).
• Urban Planning Relevance:
• This series highlights the loss of natural buffers and the urgency for river-edge rehabilitation
• Reinforces your thesis about the need for riverfront spatial activation and waste management through urban design.
Source: - https://dpremarks.mcgm.gov.in/dp2034/
Source: - Author
10 –Bridges going across the river lack any pedestrian infrastructure and are not properly maintained by the Municipality.
11 – Solid waste from buffalo stables nearby release their waste directly into the river.