DOI:10.17951/k.2020.27.2.15- 28
ANNALES
U N I V E R S I TAT I S M A R I A E C U R I E - S K Ł O D O W S K A LU BLI N – P O L ONIA VOL. XXVII, 2
SECTIO K
2020
University of Málaga, Spain
TOMÁS PACHECO BETHENCOURT ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0770-7258
What Makes a Demagogue? The Figure of the Rhetor in the Closing Years of the Peloponnesian War
ABSTRACT
It is usual to associate the word “demagogue” with bad political leadership. At worst, it is also usual to think about a leader that uses deception and feeds on the more primal emotions of the people to get what he wants. But, in reality, answering the question of what a demagogue was is far from easy. Thus, this paper hypothesizes that there is no substantial difference between a demagogue and a rhetor in Athenian democracy. As its method, the paper analyses the context of use of the term by the different actors as to shed some light on their intentions. First, the paper examines the concept of “demagogue” and how the term appears in the democratic tradition, by focusing on its usage in the works of authors such as Aristophanes, Lysias and Thucydides. Next, it refers to the way in which adversaries of Athenian democracy, especially deriving from philosophy, used the term. As this paper will show, there is a significant difference between the two usages, the former being descriptive and the latter pejorative. Finally, the paper concludes that both in the descriptive and pejorative sense, being a demagogue meant to be a rhetor, a leader of the demos. Key words: Athenian democracy, Peloponnesian War, leadership, political assembly, demagoguery, tyranny, political rhetoric
INTRODUCTION
It is fairly commonplace to associate Athenian democracy with a “reign of demagogues”, especially by the end of the 5th century BC, when the Peloponnesian War was coming to an end. It is not an unreasonable association, given the number of controversial decisions taken by the assembly, which not only would lose the war for Athens but also endanger the survival of democracy itself. These actions, such as the