STANDING IN THE SHADOW OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY MICHAEL SANT’AMBROGIO*
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1871 I. THE AMERICAN PRINCIPLE OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY ................... 1879 A. Separating Sovereignty from the Government ........................... 1879 1. Sovereignty in English Political Theory .............................. 1879 2. Popular Sovereignty and the American Revolution ............ 1881 3. Popular Sovereignty and the American Constitution .......... 1883 B. Separating Powers to Preserve Popular Sovereignty................ 1887 C. Enhancing Deliberation Through Representative Democracy................................................................................. 1888 II. STANDING TO DEFEND SOVEREIGN INTERESTS ................................. 1891 A. Article III Standing and Injuries in Fact ................................... 1893 B. Popular Sovereignty and Sovereign Interests............................ 1895 1. The Sovereign’s Interests in Defending Its Laws ................ 1895 2. The Government’s Interest in Defending Its Laws.............. 1898 a. The Qualified Nature of the Government’s Interest ..... 1898 b. The Absence of a Single Government Interest .............. 1900 C. The Executive’s Take Care Duty and Standing to Defend......... 1901 D. Objections, Responses, and Limitations .................................... 1903 III. STANDING JURISPRUDENCE IN THE SHADOW OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY.................................................................................... 1907 A. Standing with the Executive: United States v. Windsor ............ 1907 1. The Executive’s Decision to Enforce but not Defend DOMA ................................................................................ 1908 2. The Supreme Court: Standing with the Executive .............. 1910 B. Standing of Non-Governmental Actors...................................... 1915 1. The Court’s Agency Rule for Asserting a State’s Interest ................................................................................ 1915
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Associate Professor of Law, Michigan State University College of Law. I am grateful for the insightful comments and suggestions of Rachel Barkow, Emily Cauble, Seth Davis, David Driesen, Russell Gold, Tara Leigh Grove, Heather Hughes, Brian Kalt, Mae Kuykendall, Sylvia Law, Evan Lee, Jeffrey Lubbers, Noga Morag-Levine, Jason Parkin, Glen Staszewski, Robert Tsai, Adam Zimmerman, and participants in workshops and colloquia at American University, the Law & Society Association 2015 Conference, Michigan State University, New York University, Pace University, and the Seventh Annual Federal Courts Junior Faculty Workshop held at University of Georgia School of Law. Kyle Asher and Broc Gullett provided invaluable research assistance.
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