Content
From Authors .............................................................................................................. 11 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 13 1. Basic principles of material strength ................................................................... 15 1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 15 1.2. The division of stresses and strains ................................................................ 15 1.2.1. Normal stresses .................................................................................. 15 1.2.2. Shear stresses ..................................................................................... 15 1.2.3. Reduced stresses ................................................................................ 17 1.2.4. Strains classification ........................................................................... 17 1.3. Strength criteria ............................................................................................. 17 1.3.1. Admissible stress for static loads ....................................................... 18 1.3.2. Stress-strain relations ......................................................................... 18 1.3.3. Static factor of safety ......................................................................... 19 2. Tensile and compressive strength calculations .................................................... 21 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 21 2.2. Tensile stresses ............................................................................................... 21 2.2.1. Gravitational breaking ....................................................................... 22 2.2.2. Hooke’s law ....................................................................................... 22 2.3. Compressive stresses ..................................................................................... 23 2.4. Deformations ................................................................................................. 24 2.4.1. Longitudinal deformations ................................................................. 24 2.4.2. Lateral deformations .......................................................................... 24 2.5. Calculation of elements under tensile/compressive strength ......................... 25 2.6. Examples of calculations for stretched and compressed elements ................ 26 3. Tensile stresses in the vessels ................................................................................ 45 3.1. Stresses in cylindrical walls – barrels ............................................................ 46 3.1.1. Tensile circumferential stresses ......................................................... 47 3.1.2. Longitudinal tensile stresses .............................................................. 47 3.2. Stresses and wall thickness of cylindrical vessels ......................................... 47 3.3. Stress and wall thickness of spherical vessels ............................................... 48 3.4. Calculation of bolts for flange connections in vessels ................................... 48 3.5. Calculation of thin-walled vessel shells ......................................................... 55 3.6. Combined calculations for thin-walled shells and bolts .................................... 64
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