Innovative VETERINARY CARE
VOLUME 13 ISSUE 2
HOW NUTRITIONAL THERAPY HELPS TREAT CANINE SKIN DISEASE A BALANCED DIET, INCLUDING SUPPLEMENTATION WITH ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO TREAT SKIN DISEASES IN DOGS. — P. 28
CAN CATS BENEFIT FROM REHABILITATION?
WHY USE AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO CCLD?
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Once used mostly for dogs, rehabilitation techniques such as massage and hydrotherapy are also bringing good results for cats. — P. 32
Adding alternative therapies such as acupuncture, laser therapy and stem cell therapy to the treatment plan for a dog with CCLD can increase your chances of success. —P. 16
REGULATING THE EQUINE IMMUNE SYSTEM WITH ADAPTOGENS
NUTRINOURISHMENT — FOR PATIENTS WITH“DRY EYE”
Adaptogens are a class of herbs that can modulate the horse’s response to stress, and help support immunity. — P. 36
CONSIDER ESSENTIAL OILS FOR SKIN DISORDERS
Skin problems in pets can be hard to treat, and medications may have unwanted side effects. Used properly, essential oils are a valuable alternative. — P. 18
How “nutrinourishment” and other modalities can aid in treating keratoconjunctivitis, a common eye problem affecting many dogs and cats. — P. 24
CHRONIC URINARY TRACT INFLAMMATION RESPONDS TO TCVM
Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine can be more successful than conventional medicine when chronic urinary tract inflammation in small animals becomes chronic. — P. 42
contents FEATURES
MEDICINE FOR 8 BIOREGULATORY BLADDER CANCER IN DOGS By Marlene Siegel, DVM
Bioregulatory medicine, a modality that factors in everything from lifestyle to biology, is showing promise as an alternative treatment for bladder cancer in canine patients.
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OPTIONS FOR 24 INTEGRATIVE KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS IN PETS
By Denise Elizabeth Hall, DVM, CVA, MDIV An integrative approach to managing KSC or “dry eye” in animal patients includes “nutrinourishment” as well as other modalities such as TCM and laser treatment.
APPROACH TO AIHA NOOK 12 INTEGRATIVE 28 NUTRITION IN DOGS NUTRITIONAL THERAPY FOR CANINE SKIN DISEASES By W. Jean Dodds, DVM
How dietary changes, Chinese herbs, and other alternative therapies can help treat dogs with autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
OPTIONS FOR CCLD IN DOGS 16 NON-SURGICAL By Miraida Rivera-Viera, DVM
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Adding alternative therapies — such as acupuncture, laser therapy and stem cell therapy — to the treatment plan for a dog with CCLD increases the chances of recovery.
OILS FOR PET SKIN 18 ESSENTIAL DISORDERS
By Jared Mitchell, DVM, CVMA, CVA, CVFT
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Skin disorders in pets can be difficult to treat. Conventional medications give rapid relief but may have negative side effects. Essential oils are an amazing and effective alternative.
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By Terri Rosado, DVM, CTCVMP, CCRT A balanced diet, as well as supplementation with a variety of essential nutrients, is crucial when it comes to treating canine skin diseases.
32 FELINE REHABILITATION By Kelly Diehl, DVM, MS
Cats getting massages? Kitties on underwater treadmills? Rehabilitation for feline patients takes off.
FOR IMMUNE 36 ADAPTOGENS FUNCTION MODULATION IN HORSES By Cynthia Lankenau, DVM Among other things, adaptogenic herbs can modulate the horse’s response to stress and help regulate the immune system.
TCVM FOR CHRONIC URINARY TRACT INFLAMMATION 42 USING IN SMALL ANIMALS By Lorena Lloret Nadal, DVM, MSTCVM While conventional medicine can quickly treat the signs of chronic urinary tract inflammation, TCVM is more effective when the condition becomes chronic and recurrent.
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advisory board Dr. Richard Palmquist, DVM GDipVCHM(CIVT) CVCHM (IVAS), graduated from Colorado State University in 1983. He is chief of integrative health services at Centinela Animal Hospital in Inglewood, California, former president and research chair of the AHVMA, and an international speaker in integrative veterinary medicine. Dr. Palmquist is a consultant for the Veterinary Information Network (VIN) and a past president of the AHVM Foundation. He has published two books, one for conventional veterinarians and a second for clients discussing how integrative thinking works.
COLUMNS & DEPARTMENTS
7 Editorial
Michelle J. Rivera, MT, VDT, is an instructor at the University of Wisconsin and The Healing Oasis Wellness Center, a post-graduate educational institution offering state-approved programs. She is coowner of The Healing Oasis Veterinary Hospital, offering massage, rehabilitation, chiropractic and Chinese and Western Herbology. Michelle completed the Chinese Herbal Medicine program from the China Beijing International Acupuncture Training Center, and is certified in Chinese Medicine by the Wisconsin Institute of Chinese Herbology.
Dr. Joyce Harman, DVM, MRCVS, graduated in 1984 from Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine. Her practice is 100% holistic, using acupuncture, chiropractic, herbal medicine and homeopathy to treat horses to enhance performance and those with a variety of chronic conditions, with an emphasis on Lyme Disease. Her publications include the Pain Free Back and Saddle Fit Books, and numerous articles in lay and professional magazines. She maintains an informative website: www.harmanyequine.com.
23 From the AHVMA 27 Industry innovations 35 From the VMAA
Dr. Steve Marsden, DVM, ND, MSOM, Lac. Dipl.CH, CVA, AHG lectures for IVAS, the AHVMA, the AVMA, and numerous other organizations. He is co-founder of the College of Integrative Veterinary Therapies and is a director emeritus of the National University of Natural Medicine in Portland OR. He authored the Manual of Natural Veterinary Medicine (Mosby); and Essential Guide to Chinese Herbal Formulas (CIVT). Dr. Marsden is extensively trained in alternative medicine, including Chinese herbology, acupuncture and naturopathic medicine. He has holistic veterinary and naturopathic medical practices in Edmonton, Alberta. In 2010, Dr. Marsden was named Teacher of the Year by the AHVMA; and Small Animal Veterinarian of the year by the CVMA in 2009.
41 From the VBMA 46 In the news
Dr. Jean Dodds, DVM, received her veterinary degree in 1964 from the Ontario Veterinary College. In 1986, she moved to Southern California to establish Hemopet, the first non-profit national blood bank program for animals. Dr. Dodds has been a member of many national and international committees on hematology, animal models of human disease, veterinary medicine, and laboratory animal science. She received the Holistic Veterinarian of the Year Award from the AHVMA in 1994.
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Dr. Barbara Fougere, DVM, CVAA graduated in 1986, and was named the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association Educator for 2011. Dr. Fougere is the principal and one of the founders of the College of Integrative Veterinary Therapies. She has continued studying over the last 26 years, and has three Bachelor degrees, two Masters degrees, three post Graduate Diplomas, several Certifications and numerous other courses under her belt.
Dr. Christina Chambreau, DVM, CVH, graduated from the University of Georgia Veterinary College in 1980. She is a founder of the Academy of Veterinary Homeopathy, was on the faculty of the National Center for Homeopathy Summer School and has been the holistic modality adjunct faculty liaison for the Maryland Veterinary Technician Program and is the former Associate Editor of IVC Journal. Dr. Chambreau teaches classes in homeopathy for animals, lectures on many topics, speaks on Radio and TV, and is the author of the Healthy Animal’s Journal among other titles. She is now on the faculty of the Holistic Actions Academy, which empowers members to keep their animals healthy with weekly live webinars.
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Essential oils for pet skin disorders BY DR. JARED MITCHELL, DVM, CVMA, CVA, CVFT
Skin disorders in pets can be complicated and difficult to treat. Conventional medications provide rapid relief but may have negative side effects. Essential oils are an amazing and effective alternative.
As most veterinarians in clinical practice can attest, skin conditions are among the most common presenting complaints. From simple itching to severe infection, the clinical appearance of skin problems can run the gambit when it comes to the spectrum of presentation and severity. Another consensus among veterinarians revolves around the complex nature of dermatological conditions and the difficulty in treating them. In most instances, an integrative approach is often warranted. Essential oils can play an integral part in the treatment protocol, and are the focus of this article.
REVIEW OF THE SKIN There is an old saying that the eyes are the mirrors of the soul. In veterinary medicine, however, the skin can be a mirror of a pet’s overall health. As the largest organ of the body, the skin may be influenced by other pathological processes occurring within the body. When evaluating the skin, therefore, it is important to look at the pet as a whole and include environmental and dietary discussions with the owner. The skin is composed of three major layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer.1
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1. T he epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It is composed of numerous cell types and provides protection from the environment as well as foreign substances.2 2. T he dermis is the next layer. It supports and nourishes the epidermis as well as other components of the skin, such as hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, and claws. This layer is rich with blood vessels that supply nutrients for the skin as well as regulate skin and body temperature. Sensory nerves are located in the dermis and hair follicles. 3. T he subcutaneous layer is the innermost layer of the skin. Subcutaneous fat and muscles are located within this layer. It has many functions, including as an insulator; a reservoir for fluids, electrolytes, and energy; and a shock absorber.2
COMMON SKIN DISORDERS With the skin being the largest organ of the body, and reflecting disorders associated with other organ systems, it goes without saying that many pathological processes can affect the skin.3 Before formulating a treatment plan, therefore, it
is critical to determine the cause of the pathology. This can sometimes be challenging when dealing with dermatological conditions. Diagnostic options can be as simple as a physical exam and skin scraping, or as in-depth as allergy testing, biopsies, and referrals to specialists. The sidebar on page 18 outlines some of the common diagnostic options available. While there are many options for treating symptoms, getting to the root cause is critical for the successful management of dermatological disorders. • P ruritis and alopecia: Pruritis is defined as itching or scratching at the skin. More specifically, it can be an unpleasant sensation that provokes a desire to scratch.4,5 A lopecia, on the other hand, is a loss or lack of hair. It can occur in any amount or distribution on the body, even culminating in complete baldness. While alopecia can be a primary disorder (i.e. caused by genetic conditions), it is most commonly a secondary occurrence resulting from other conditions affecting the body.5 • A topic dermatitis: Allergies can be very frustrating for owners and veterinarians, since so many factors can influence a pet’s susceptibility. Environmental allergens, genetic predisposition, and a weakened immune system response are just a few. The Merck Veterinary Manual defines atopic dermatitis as “a condition characterized by chronic pruritis and a typical distribution of skin lesions. It is generally associated with IgE antibodies to environmental allergens to which susceptible animals are genetically predisposed to become sensitized.”6,7 • E ctoparasites: Fleas and ticks comprise the major group of ectoparasites. They can cause severe inflammation and irritation, leading to alopecia and pruritis with secondary skin infections. Fleas and ticks not only affect the skin, but can also transmit diseases to the pet and have the potential to cause zoonotic disease in humans. • M ange: Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) is a highly contagious disease of dogs. While generally host specific, infection of other animals as well as zoonotic spread to humans can occur. Primary lesions consist of papulocrustous eruptions with thick, yellow crusts, excoriation, erythema, and alopecia. Secondary bacterial and yeast infections may develop.8 D emodex mange (Demodex canis) is the non-contagious form. In small numbers, these mites are considered part of the normal skin flora. However, large numbers of mites cause demodex mange. Immunosuppression, whether
natural or iatrogenic, can precipitate the disease in some cases. Secondary bacterial deep folliculitis, furunculosis, or cellulitis may occur, leading to a guarded prognosis.8 • B acterial and fungal skin infections: Veterinarians have seen an increase in skin infections over the last several years. While there is often an underlying cause, such as allergies, which can weaken the overall immune system, these infections can be challenging to treat. Antimicrobial resistance and concurrent multi-organism infections are at the forefront of the battle.9
ESSENTIAL OILS AND THE SKIN Topical application is one of the easiest and most effective methods for applying essential oils. This is especially true for conditions affecting the skin, where direct treatment at the site of the lesion is important. Essential oils can be applied neat or diluted with a carrier oil. Other than with certain emergency situations, it is always best to follow proper dilution and safety guidelines. Topical applications can be subdivided into specific techniques, including direct topical application; petting along the body; rubbing oils on the tips of the ears; applying them to the pads and feet; and adding them to shampoos and ointments.10 Of these, direct application to a lesion, petting along the body, and oils added to shampoos and ointments are most commonly used. The effects essential oils have on the skin and its disorders can be numerous. The benefits of adding an essential oil regimen to skin care dates back thousands of years and can be both preventative and curative. The ancient Egyptians recognized this and were among the first to include essential oils in their daily lives.11 Following are some of the benefits essential oils offer to the skin:
1. Nourishing and protecting the skin Essential oils have been used for many years in the cosmetic and perfumery industries. They are well known for their ability to help nourish and protect the skin from the results of aging and UV exposure. Research is now underway to further develop the use of essential oils in products designed for UV protection.12 Essential oils are also being studied for their powerful antioxidant abilities. Antioxidants help with scavenging the free radicals and other pathophysiological components that can lead to inflammation and cellular damage.13 IVC Spring 2023
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2. Alleviating pruritis Pruritis (itching) is a very common symptom with most skin disorders seen in veterinary medicine. It’s often what pet owners notice first, and is honestly what concerns them the most. Essential oils, studied alone and in combination with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), have shown great success in improving pruritus in dogs with canine atopic dermatitis (CAD).14,15
3. Easing inflammation A great number of essential oils are known for their antiinflammatory properties. A large number of these have been researched over the years, with some better known than others. The inflammatory cascade produced within the body is a very complex response. Essential oils, with their large number of constituents and synergistic properties, can produce anti-inflammatory effects through varying mechanisms. One such mechanism is the inhibition of degranulation and the expression of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators.16
4. Offering antimicrobial properties Over the years, the overuse of antibiotics and other antimicrobial medications has created multi-drug-resistant organisms. This creates an urgent problem for the future of healthcare, both human and veterinary, as conventional treatments can be limited at best. But essential oils can provide a viable alternative in the fight against resistant organisms. Essential oils and their constituents have been studied in great detail for their antimicrobial properties. While most essential oils possess some degree of antimicrobial action, it should be noted that of all the commercially available oils (approximately 250 at this time), only about a dozen possess high antimicrobial potential.17 In fungal pathogens, essential oils establish a membrane potential across cell walls and disrupt ATP assembly, leading to cell wall damage. Essential oils can also disintegrate mitochondrial membranes interfering with the electron transport system (ETS) pathway. When it comes to bacterial pathogens, essential oils primarily destabilize the cellular architecture, leading to the breakdown of membrane integrity and disrupting many cellular activities, including energy production and membrane transport. Membrane rupture induced by essential oils can lead to the leakage of cellular components and loss of ions.18
5. Healing wounds Wound healing is a very complex mechanism, involving the collaborative functions of multiple body responses working
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Diagnostic options for skin disorders • • • •
External parasite examination
• • • • • •
Fungal culture/DTM
• • •
Skin scraping Skin cytology acterial skin culture and B sensitivity Trichogram Skin biopsy Allergy testing Thyroid blood panel yperadrenocorticism H (Cushing’s) testing pecialized hormonal, mineral, S and toxic exposure testing Specialized genetic testing on’t forget the basics: CBC D and chemistry panel
together to rebuild and repair the injury. In one study, essential oils containing the constituents of thymol and carvacrol were able to modulate the release production of reactive species, such as nitric oxide; pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β; and growth factors such as TGF-1β involved in the initial stages of the healing process. Carvacrol and thymol have been shown to stimulate re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, formation of granulation tissue and deposition of collagen fibers.19
6. Helping to control external parasites External parasites can be vectors for spreading diseases to humans and animals. Many pharmaceutical products on the market have a proven success rate at treating these unwanted visitors. However, these products are not without their side effects. The proper use of essential oils can help control external parasites.20,21
A SAMPLING OF ESSENTIAL OILS USED IN SKIN DISORDERS A wide variety of essential oils can benefit the skin. It is important to remember that each patient is an individual and may prefer or respond better to one oil or blend over another. For the best results, always use the purest and most therapeutic essential oils, and the proper technique for the species being treated. LAVENDER (Lavandula angustifolia) Lavender is one of the most well-known essential oils. Its popularity has also made it one of the most adulterated. It is important for the veterinarian or client to make sure they are using a pure grade Lavender oil when working with animals. Known as the “Swiss Army Knife” of essential oils, Lavender oil can provide calming and anti-anxiety properties as well as being anti-infective and displaying wound healing abilities. Topical application of Lavender oil has been shown to promote collagen synthesis and differentiation of fibroblasts, accompanied by up-regulation of TGF-β. These data suggest that Lavender oil has the potential to promote wound healing in the early stages by accelerating the formation of granulation tissue, remodeling tissue by collagen replacement, and by wound contraction through up-regulation of TGF-β.22 FRANKINCENSE (Boswellia carterii) Most veterinary aromatherapists consider Frankincense one of the must-have oils. It is safe, well tolerated, and very versatile in treating a number of conditions. Frankincense is
probably best known for its use in the treatment of various forms of cancer, but its other benefits are endless due to its amazing properties. It has anti-inflammatory actions, antiinfective properties, aids in tissue healing, and is immunostimulating, and antitumoral.23 Frankincense is a more expensive oil, since the growing and harvesting process is very time and labor intensive. A cheaper version, while appealing, is usually of poor quality or adulterated and should not be used. COPAIBA (Copaifera officinalis) Copaiba can have wonderful anti-inflammatory effects on the skin. Its main chemical constituent is β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon with powerful anti-inflammatory effects. It acts much like an NSAID by blocking the oxidation of 5-lipoxygenace, a major player in the inflammatory cascade, thus reducing pain and inflammation.24 HELICHRYSUM (Helichrysum italicum) This is an amazing essential oil. Reported medical properties include antioxidant and antispasmodic properties. It may also chelate chemicals and toxins, and help with neurologic issues by regenerating nerves. For disorders of the skin, Helichrysum has been reported to help prevent or lessen bruising, aid with tissue healing, and help stop bleeding.25 GERANIUM (Pelargonium graveolens) Geranium essential oil is well known for its positive effects on the skin. It has been used for centuries to help regenerate and heal the skin. It is now being studied alone and in combination with other essential oils for its antioxidant effect and SPF properties.26 Geranium is also noted to be very useful in treating fungal infections such as ringworm.27
MARJORAM (Origanum majorana) Marjoram was known as the “herb of happiness” by the ancient Romans, and “joy of the mountains” by the Greeks. It is best known for its wonderful musclesoothing properties, that help relieve muscle and joint discomfort. When it comes to skin conditions, it has anti-fungal properties and is very helpful when treating ringworm.28 OREGANO (Origanum vulgare) Oregano is considered a “hot” oil and should be used very carefully.29 Proper dilution and careful monitoring of the skin is a must. Within the current research, Oregano has many uses and has been shown to be very effective for a variety of cancers, as well as for eliminating internal parasites, and reducing stomatitis. Research on Oregano and its benefits for skin conditions include its ability to inhibit numerous strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (e.g. MRSA).29,30
Two important tips When we consider the treatment of skin disorders, especially from a conventional standpoint, we often think of topical applications and shampoos. We sometimes find ourselves falling into the same thought process when it comes to essential oils. While it is true that skin disorders benefit from direct topical applications, it is important to remember that all forms of essential oil application can be beneficial. Diffusing essential oils should not be overlooked.
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Another helpful suggestion is to focus on the entire pet as a whole. In other words, treat the primary medical condition to provide immediate relief, but do not forget that skin conditions usually have underlying causes. Every effort should be made to isolate and confirm the inciting cause. Essential oils can be used for this as well; for example, an oil blend could be used to help directly treat the skin conditions, while another blend could be used to treat any behavioral or anxiety issues that may be contributing to the skin conditions.
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SUMMARY Skin disorders can be very complicated and create frustration among pet owners and veterinarians alike. It is crucial that you work with the client to get to the underlying cause of the disorder. While conventional medications have been shown to help, they can have unwanted side effects. Essential oils provide a wonderful alternative.
1Al-Bagdadi F. The Integument. Chapter 3. Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog, 3rd ed. W.B. Saunders
Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1993. 98-121.
2Moriello K. Structure of the Skin in Dogs. www.merckvetmanual.com. Last review/revision Jun 2018 | Modified Oct 2022. Last accessed 2/24/2023. 3Montagna, William. The Skin. Scientific American 212 (2). 1965. 56–69. www.jstor.org/
stable/24931778.
4Bensignor E, Marignac G, Crosaz O, Cavana P. Pruritus in dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2013;24(2):292.
doi:10.1111/vde.12005.
5Lorenz M. Chapter 15: Pruritus. Small Animal Medical Diagnosis, 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams
and Wilkins. Philadelphia. 1993. 105-110.
6Diaz S. Canine Atopic Dermatitis. www.merckvetmanual.com. Last review/revision August
2020 | Modified Oct 2022. Last accessed 2/24/2023.
7Nuttall TJ, Marsella R, Rosenbaum MR, Gonzales AJ, Fadok VA. Update on pathogenesis,
diagnosis, and treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2019;254(11):12911300. doi:10.2460/javma.254.11.1291. 8 Dryden MW. Mange in Dogs and Cats. www.merckvetmanual.com. Last review/revision May
2015 | Modified Oct 2022. Last accessed 2/24/2023. 9 Dadgostar P. Antimicrobial resistance: implications and costs. Infection and drug resistance.
2019. 3903-3910. 10Shelton M. Topical Applications. ADR II: The Animal Desk Reference, 2 nd ed. 2018. 174-183 11Farrar AJ, Farrar FC. Clinical Aromatherapy. Nurs Clin North Am. 2020;55(4):489-504 doi:
10.1016/j.cnur.2020.06.015.
12High Throughput Preparation of UV-Protective Polymers from Essential Oil Extracts via the
Biginelli Reaction. Tengfei Mao, Guoqiang Liu, Haibo Wu, Yen Wei, Yanzi Gou, Jun Wang, and Lei TaoJournal of the American Chemical Society 2018 140 (22), 6865-6872 doi: 10.1021/ jacs.8b01576.
From the AHVMA The mindful leader elevating the veterinary profession through innovation, education and advocacy of integrative medicine.
13Miguel, M.G. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short
Review. Molecules 2010, 15, 9252-9287. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15129252.
14Blaskovic M, Rosenkrantz W, Neuber A, Sauter-Louis C, Mueller RS. The effect of a spot-on
formulation containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential oils on dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet J. 2014;199(1):39-43. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.024. 15Tretter S, Mueller RS. The influence of topical unsaturated fatty acids and essential oils on
normal and atopic dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2011;47(4):236-240. doi:10.5326/JAAHAMS-5607. 16Yang J, Choi WS, Kim KJ, Eom CD, Park MJ. Investigation of Active Anti-Inflammatory
Constituents of Essential Oil from Pinus koraiensis (Sieb. et Zucc.) Wood in LPS-Stimulated RBL-2H3 Cells. Biomolecules. 2021;11(6):817. Published 2021 May 31. doi:10.3390/ biom11060817.
17Wińska K, Mączka W, Łyczko J, Grabarczyk M, Czubaszek A, Szumny A. Essential Oils as
Antimicrobial Agents-Myth or Real Alternative? Molecules. 2019;24(11):2130. Published 2019 Jun 5. doi:10.3390/molecules24112130.
18Tariq S, Wani S, Rasool W, et al. A comprehensive review of the antibacterial, antifungal
and antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents against drugresistant microbial pathogens. Microb Pathog. 2019;134:103580. doi:10.1016/j.micpath. 2019.103580.
19 Costa MF, Durço AO, Rabelo TK, Barreto RSS, Guimarães AG. Effects of Carvacrol, Thymol
and essential oils containing such monoterpenes on wound healing: a systematic review. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;71(2):141-155. doi:10.1111/jphp.13054.
20 Oliveira LM, de Almeida Chaves DS, Raquel de Jesus IL, et al. Ocimum gratissimum
essential oil and eugenol against Ctenocephalides felis felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus: In vitro activity and residual efficacy of a eugenol-based spray formulation. Vet Parasitol. 2022;309:109771. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109771.
21Pohlit AM, Lopes NP, Gama RA, Tadei WP, Neto VF. Patent literature on mosquito repel-
lent inventions which contain plant essential oils—a review. Planta Med. 2011;77(6):598617. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1270723.
22Mori HM, Kawanami H, Kawahata H, Aoki M. Wound healing potential of lavender oil
by acceleration of granulation and wound contraction through induction of TGF-β in a rat model. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16:144. Published 2016 May 26. doi:10.1186/ s12906-016-1128-7. 23Shelton M. Frankincense. Essential Oil Singles. ADR II: The Animal Desk Reference, 2 nd ed.
2018. 256-261.
24Baylac S, Racine P. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by essential oils and other natural fragrant
extracts. Int J Aromather. 2003;13:138-142.
25Schnaubelt K. Chapter 11: Essential Oils and the Skin. The Healing Intelligence of Essential
ANNUAL CONFERENCE REMINDER Save the dates for the 2023 AHVMA Annual Conference and Exhibition in San Diego, California from October 7 to 10. Expect over 100 hours of complementary and integrative CE sessions, hands-on labs, and special events. Over the past six years, AHVMA has applied for and received AAVSB RACE approval for over 80 hours of continuing education. The Conference Program Committee has been busy putting together an exciting lineup of speakers for this year’s conference. You can expect lectures on cannabis and mushrooms, homeopathy, rehabilitation, TCVM, ozone, and much more! AHVMA returns to the beautifully remodeled Town and Country Resort and Convention Center in San Diego. In 2017, when AHVMA was last in San Diego, we had our largest attendance ever! It’s the perfect place to see and connect with everyone in person.
NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR The AHVMA Board is pleased to announce they have contracted Heather Vaughn, with Vaughn Management, LLC, as the new Executive Director. Heather has worked with several other groups, including state associations and other allied holistic groups. We are excited to have Heather as part of the AHVMA family and look forward to working with her. Her knowledge of organized veterinary medicine, as well as her experience with association management and conference planning, make for a hopeful future for the AHVMA.
INTERESTED IN SPEAKING AT THE 2024 CONFERENCE?
Oils. Healing Arts Press. Rochester, Vermont. 2011. 152-163.
26Lohani A, Mishra AK, Verma A. Cosmeceutical potential of geranium and calendula essential
oil: Determination of antioxidant activity and in vitro sun protection factor. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(2):550-557. doi:10.1111/jocd.12789. 27Shelton M. Geranium. Essential Oil Singles. ADR II: The Animal Desk Reference, 2 nd ed. 2018.
262-263.
28 Marjoram. Chapter 4: Single Essential Oils. Essential Oils Animal Desk Reference. Life Science
Publishing. 2017. 65.
The Conference Program Committee is still taking speaker submissions for the 2024 AHVMA Conference. For consideration, submit your proposal(s) via the online Call for Papers portal no later than November 1, 2023. Those selected will be contacted by the committee. Submitted by Melissa Kellagher, AHVMA Director of Operations
29Shelton M. Oregano. Essential Oil Singles. ADR II: The Animal Desk Reference, 2 nd ed. 2018.
300-302.
30 Kim BC, Kim H, Lee HS, et al. 4-Chloro-2-Isopropyl-5-Methylphenol Exhibits Antimi-
crobial and Adjuvant Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022;32(6):730-739. doi:10.4014/jmb.2203.03054.
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