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Thesis Project Portfolio: A NeoVernacular mixed developement in Torshavn, The Faroe Islands Master Thesis / El Kendi Abderrahmane

Institute of Architecture & Technology M.A in Architecture Copenhagen, Denmark

Illustration by Author

El Kendi Abderrahmane Semester IV / Portfolio Tutor : David Garcia The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture IBT, Architecture and Extreme Environments

INTRODUCTION_ This portfolio is a summary of design & investigation work developed during the fourth semester studio of the Architecture and Extreme Environments course, at the Institute of Architecture and Technology, in the Royal Danish Academy - School of Architecture. The studio aims to investigate contexts that may be described as Extreme Environments : ones where environmental, political or social complexities arise, and have subsequently important impact on the built environment in the area. In this case, the studied context is Torshavn, in the Faroe Islands, a site of high interest for the program : as one of the world’s most remote countries, but also one where the climate can be extremely powerful, with wind speeds casually reaching 17 m/s.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK _ PHASE ONE

4 INFO

Through out the history of Architecture, and especially within the 20th Century, Architectural projects have been perceived as a sculptural expression of the Architect, an artistic statement of spatial functions in three dimensional form. However, the current climate crisis has taught us that the built environment is far too big of a responsibility to be subject to only sculptural qualities. Moving to a radical sustainable Architecture is a must, and it is a must immediately. The most important tool to design sustainably is studying the context.

5 FABRIC.

TEMPORAL

- Climate change ( Large fires, Heatwaves, Epidemics) - Carbon footprint reduction in the Faroe Islands (Minimizing imports is a must)

HYPERSPECIFIC SITE COMPLEXITIES

SPATIAL COMPLEXITIES - Rise of warehouse Architecture in the Faroe Islands. -Rise of decontextualized building forms. -Exponential increase in Road & parking spaces, with serious reduction in pedestrian, enjoyable urban areas. - Loss of cultural identity through out the built environment. - Rise of obesity in Faroese urban areas. - Non inviting urban design due to poor environmental performance analysis ( Streets that act as wind corridors.)

6 THEORY

PROPOSED DESIGN VISION :

NEO-VERNACULAR -Contemporary construction & fabrication techniques. -Computational design for performance optimization. - Scientific analysis of site specific environmental factors. - 21st century Technological advancements explored through local materials. - Lifecycle analysis & carbon footprint study.

- Thorough investigation of vernacular forms of Architecture & Urbanism in order to extract knowledge. - Testing vernacular urban, architectural, and constructive techniques with scientific tools to assess performance. -Gathering information from multiple vernacular contexts, in order to utilize thousands of year old spatial management techniques.

THE FAROESE OLD TOWN URBAN COMFORT MACHINES When strolling through the modern streets of Thorshavn, a very common feeling is weather caused discomfort, due to very fast winds, powerful rain or snow particles in one’s face, or extreme cold caused by the high wind speeds. The faroese old town resolves these complexities surprisingly well, as an elite example of vernacular urban form. By generating a series of oriented houses, the old town slows down wind speeds to almost 0 m/s, creating a microclimate that is super calm, super comfortable, and enjoyable, and extremely inviting for social interaction. This was perceived during the school stroll where one of the few places where we could comfortably sit and talk was in one of the «plazas» of the Old Town. A following CFD test of the Old Town confirms this conjecture, showing the urban effect of rotated buildings, and how that allows to generate protected pockets through out the different areas of the Old Town, to the contrary of the sharp wind speeds in the Contemporary street corridors.

8 THEORY

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 m/s Wind speed

45 FABRIC.

THE MOROCCAN MEDINA URBAN COMFORT MACHINES As a parallel to the vernacular context of the Faroe Islands, it is interesting for the study to also investigate the ancient Architecture of a radically different context. That is, in order to draw parallels. For such study, I chose to look into the vernacualr Architecture of the Medinas in Morocco, which are the Old Towns in the Moorish context. A first noticable feature that we can clearly see is the high density of the urban form. Voids become the only shaping tool for the city, while the built mass performs as a continum that is only interrupted by courtyards & streets. This design methodology allows for very high heat mitigation, through the density of the built form, area of buildings exposed to the direct sun is very small, and hence thermal comfort is optimized. The need for daylight is then resolved through a series of courtyards, which buildings are shaped around. This allows for good access to daylight into interior rooms that are open on the courtyards (named Ryiad). This Vernacular urban environment is a great example of mitiagtion of heat through urban form, an incredible contrast to the Faroese vernacular architecture, which mainly aims to combat Cold & wind.

12 THEORY

The day heat in the area of Chefchaouen is solved through the urban organizations of the ancient Medina. As it can be seen, even during hottest hours of the day, the streets of the medina receive little radiation compared to the exterior areas. This surrounds the houses with cold air, allowing to create fresh interiors, also supported by the courtyards within the homes.

C O NT E X T UA L ANALYSIS _ PHASE ONE

16 ANALYSIS

Through out the modern history of Architecture, and especially within the 20th Century, Architectural projects have been perceived as a free sculptural expression of the Architect, an artistic statement of spatial functions in three dimensional form. As Le Corbusier describes it in his manifesto «Free Plan, Free Facade». However, the current climate crisis has taught us that the built environment is far too big of a responsibility to be subject to sculptural freedom. Moving to a radical sustainable Architecture is a must, and it is a must immediately. In order to achieve such vision, a thorough study of the context is a necessary first step in the design process.

PREFACE_ This project aims to investigate potential existing links between Faroethe Islands urban developement of cities and environmental conditions of the site context, mainly focusing on wind velocities as a tool to understand old forms of Architecture, while speculating about the future applications of such knowledge in new Urbanism and Architecture.

URBAN COMFORT IN THE FAROES : CONJECTURES & GAME PLAN. Political impact

High Wind speed

Urban Wind

Danger The most endangered form of urban mobility is cycling, as wind can cause tilting and loss of control over the vehicule, or in the case of rain, visibility and focus of drivers can be greatly reduced.

Cyclists Psychology

Pedestrians Impact on choice

Consumption User Surveys Statistics / Real-time footage

The comfort level ends up impacting the consumption choices of users : Shops and stores in calm areas attract more buyers, as users have the comfort needed to look and analyze products / services provided, that is to the contrary of highly uncomfortable zones where people just want to «exit» the uncomfortable areas, usually not even paying attention to the shops.

Mobility Choices

User behaviour High sale shops VS Ghosted Shops

The strong wind impacts the user choices in urban mobility. One naturally tends to escape streets and areas where wind is too strong, and visualize these as «avoid» or «fast pass through» areas, while comfortable zones are perceived as preferable for passage or stay areas.

Busier plazas / streets VS «Fast pass-through» areas

User Surveys Statistics / Real-time footage

User Surveys Statistics / Urban survey

Category The people impacted by the strong urban wind are mainly the Pedestrians and Cyclists, as car drivers are generally not confronted with the discomfort or the dangers of fast urban winds.

The City

Real Estate Valuation

User Surveys Real-time measurements

Mobility & Safety The strong wind negatively impacts urban mobility. This is through generating both terrible pedestrian and bike rider discomfort, but also increasing the risk of accidents within those areas.

Impact on users

CFD // User Surveys Calculations of UTCI

Urban Comfort In the Faroes, throughout mutliple large cities and mainly Torshavn, wind speed generates great discomfort within urban environments, especially in certain urban infrastructures like bridges and large roads.

User Surveys Statistics / Real-time

Impact on wind

Environment

Urban Form

Cities are, unfortunately, not decided by Architects or Urban planners : They are decided by Politics and Money. Through this reasoning diagram, we can see how urban comfort and especially Wind speed comfort can strongly influence Real Estate value and urban flows planning and hence strongly influence what our cities look like and how they perform.

User Surveys Statistics / Real-time footage

Tools Methodology

Economic impact

Urban Politics

18 ANALYSIS

CONTEXT_

FAROE ISLANDS ACCIDENT

http://local.fo/van-blown-over-by-powerful-gust-of-wind/

Not only do wind speeds in the Faroe Islands have important impact on the developement of cities, they can also cause major accidents both for pedestrians, and vehicules. This has caused wind to be one of the shaping factors of the built environment in the Faroes, in ancient planning or contemporary territorial decisions.

Illustration by NESDIS NOAA US DEPARTEMENT OF COMMERCE https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/hurricane-florence-nears-east-coast

20 ANALYSIS

/ A STORY OF WIND & PEOPLE

The fact that storms are a common occurence in the Faroes, generates an interesting relating between residents of the country and the outdoor environment. Socially, as the book «The land of maybe» describes, individuals have their weeks and events planned based on the weather, rather than personal preference. This creates a strong need for climate resilient urban spaces, as the interaction of people with the outdoors can be very limited. for extended periods of time.

https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/04/12/metro/expect-strong-windsheavy-rain-possible-power-outages-monday/

CFD ANALYSIS / Wind speeds in urban area https://www.simscale.com/projects/dheiny/urban_development_cfd/

WIND / DANGERS AND DICOMFORT Multiple urban environments, especially in contemporary cities, have known major complexities and incidents during climatic events. Fortunately, contemporary computational tools allow to understand and assess risks and wind velocities before even deciding on a specific building proposal.

22 ANALYSIS

Faroes/ Wind/ Wave speed measurements https://www.ventusky.com/?p=61.90;-6.97;8&l=wave

TORSHAVN / SHELTERED CAPITAL The site choice of the city of Torshavn reflects a relevant study of the wind conditions of the country by the original founders of the city. In fact, it can be noticed through multiple wind analysis of the country that Torshavn is placed in a sheltered area, while the Southern area are facing much intensive winds.

INFOGRAPHICS_ Better understanding the faroese Weather, the geography, and the surrounding Ocean, were all important analysis steps, which were developed during investigation phase about the Faroe Islands. Infographics that summarize this information were developed to gather site specific data.

24 ANALYSIS

Infographic / Climate data of Torshavn, The Faroe Islands Lotta E. Locklund

LANDUSE_ Industrial Housing Commercial Educational Religious Cultural

Site Plot

26 ANALYSIS

nte

Pr oje

Sit

Site Topgraphy Hoyvik, Torshavn

Slope scale

Slope angle analysis Hoyvik, Torshavn

Wind speed

Sunpath Site sun analysis

Windrose Site wind analysis

28 ANALYSIS

Psychometric Comfort Chart Torshavn

Yearly Dry bulb temperature Torshavn

Yearly Relative humidity Torshavn

Yearly Wind speed Torshavn

30 ANALYSIS

UTCI ( IN WIND PROTECTED AREA) Torshavn

UTCI Torshavn

These two graphs are of very high interest for the project.We can clearly see that the UTCI, one of the most reliable comfort indices used, shows large periods of cold stress through out the year in Torshavn. This should not be surprising as The Faroe Islands are almost in an arctic area. However, what is surprising is that in wind protected areas, the UTCI index shows very comfortable conditions outdoors, that are almost unimaginable in the Faroe Islands. In Wind protected area UTCI : (4415 yearly hours of No thermal stress, 4018 of Slight cold stress, and 327 of Moderate cold stress and 0 hours of strong, very strong, or extreme cold stress ) Not wind protected UTCI : (416 yearly hours of No thermal stress, 2217 of Slight cold stress, 3913 of Moderate cold stress and 1972 hours of strong stress, 241 very strong, 1 extreme cold stress )

PROGRAM_ PHASE TWO

32 PRGM

/ AIMS I GUIDING PRINCIPLES 1/ CLIMATE MITIGATION As the context of the Faroe islands is one of great cliamtic difficulty, one of the leading principles of the project is to generate climate resilient urban and building spaces.

2/ URBAN COMFORT Different criteria can be utilized to describe urban comfort, including different metrics ( UTCI, etc) that are based on environmental knowledge and simulations of the project.

3/ LANDSCAPE IDENTITY The spatial landscape of the faroe islands is one of the most unique in the world : with the incredible visual relation to the ocean, and the architectural heritage, the project aims to be in continuity with the existing landscape, opposing the rising industrialized landscape.

4/ LOCAL BUILT ENVIRONMENT HERITAGE The heritage of the Faroe Islands, both on an urban and architectural scale, is one of high specificity as a climatic response, and learnings from the Old Town should be tested in the scope of a contemporary program.

5/ MOBILITY Urban Mobility is one of the largest issues in the Faroe Islands at the moment, as the warehouse urbanism that has taken over is a result of car oriented policies, so it would be of interest for the project to find mobility related solutions that allow both comfort for citizens, and efficiency for industrial transportation.

34 PRGM

/ AIMS II GUIDING PRINCIPLES 6/ SOCIAL COHESION IN PUBLIC AREAS The program expects the building proposal to perform as a continuity of public spaces, it is hence interesting to think of how these spaces can be designed in ways to optimize social interaction and cohesion.

7/ TERRITORIAL ATTRACTIVNESS As the project is also an attempt to create a new urban nucleus for Torshavn, amidst the surrounding warehouse urbanism, it is important that territorial attractiveness is considered in decision making.

8/ CO2 FOOTPRINT The carbon footprint of the project is of evident value as a guiding principle, especially that the Faroe Islands imports most building materials.

9/ CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LIFESPAN The current warehouse buildings have a lifespan of 30-50 years, it is hence very important to speculate on what the landscape will look like by 2100, and what new usage can exist for such elements.

10/ INCLUSIVENESS The program expects the building proposal to perform as a continuity of public spaces, it is hence interesting to think of how these spaces can be designed in ways to be inclusive of both inhabitants of the developement, and people living outside of it.

/ AIMS III GUIDING PRINCIPLES 11/ DAYLIGHT QUALITY The Faroe Islands is one of the countries that receive the least daylight amounts per year in Europe, it is hence very important that the hours of daylight are well utilized by citizens, and so this is a core guiding principle in the design process

12/ THERMAL PERFORMANCE Heating in the Faroe Islands also consums large amounts of energy, as solar radiation is generally weak, and not sufficient to heat buildings, thermal performance as a combination of insulation and solar exposure is also of high importance.

13/ ACOUSTIC QUALITIES Strong winds are not just uncomfortable, they are also noisy, it is also of interest for the project to study how wind and urban noise impact the cityscape, and the interiors of buildings.

14/ FORMAL NOVELTY As an architectural project that takes a wide array of references, from the Islamic medinas to the Old Town, to more contemporary developements, formal and sculptural novelty will also be of interest in the design developement of the project.

15/ POETIC NARRATIVE As Kevin Lynch describes cities in his «The Image of the city» as a sequence of ‘public images’, the project will also be considered with regard to the poetic sequences that the building would generate within the urban environment.

36 PRGM

/ DIAGRAM SPATIAL PROGRAM

Green areas

University annex

Workspace

Commerce

Green areas

Streetscape

Housing 40%

Social

Education 20%

Pavilions

Sport areas

High School

Streetscape

Kindergarten

G r e e n

PROGRAM The project is to be designed in the spirit of a village-building, that gathers multiple activties within a high density urban scape. 40% of the site area is meant for the housing developement, while the Education and workscape each will cover 20% of the program. The remaining area is for urban spaces, including green areas, and sport fields

/ DIAGRAM SPATIAL PROGRAM

Building program

Diagramatic connections

38 PRGM

CITY

LIFE

Creating better cities is evidently one of the purposes of this project, as the urban context of expansion of Torshavn has had multiple negatives impacts on the site. Both for the Fauna/Flaura, and for the humans that live in these new buildings.

Humans,Landscapes, animals, greenery, all these elements will benefit from the creation of a human scale secondary city center that would allow the city to take its normal ancient shape where life can flourish through all its forms, and where interaction between them is optimal.

HEALTH

INFRASTRUCTURE

Urban spaces have very high impact on the quality of life, and health of the residents of a certain area. As citizens of new districts in Torshavn receive more noise, pollution, and stress in their roads and public spaces, it is very urgent to create new solutions for more human friendly environments.

The process of creating a wind mitigating urban entity, that behaves as one building is infrastructurally innovative, but also lowtech inspired, as the ancient Medinas also behave as one building, although they cover large surfaces.

FORMAL RESEARCH & DESIGN PHASE THREE

11 40 PROGRAM DESIGN

Formal research consists of multiple massing design iterations aiming to improve the general efficency & aesthetic of the project. Different paths of design research will be explored, of different visions, and sometimes opposing formal developements. This allows for maximum pushing of design ideas into their optimal forms.

/ SECTION 1 THEORETICAL (VOID STUDY)

/ SECTION 1 APPLIED (VOID TO VOLUME STUDY)

Office

Housing Housing Office Housing

Office Office

Housing School Housing

Housing

Office University annex

Housing Commercial areas

Commercial areas

/ SECTION 2 SAME UNIT / DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS : A VERTICAL CITYSCAPE

Unit - can be : Housing Office

42 DESIGN

MASTERPLAN_001

A DENSE COMPUTATIONAL MEDINA APPLIED TO SITE 05X31

05X31 A dense town is developed along the site; following the topography lines for optimal road and accessibility.

MASTERPLAN_002 FAROESE DENSITY 05X31

05X31 A series of Faroese triangular roof shaped homes are placed on the site with same density as the Medinal example. A merger of cultures is tested in this proposal. (Too dense)

MASTERPLAN_003 TECTONIC COMPUTATIONAL 05X31

05X31 A parametric landscape of void courtyards is allowed to develop on the site, following the logic of a Medinal site with contemporary lines.

MASTERPLAN_004 COURTYARD CITY 05X31

05X31 A similar attempt is a flat layer that develops aroudn the block peirced by urban and Architectural courtyards.

MASTERPLAN_005

DUAL ENTITY ( RESIDENTIAL & ACTIVITY) 05X31

05X31 Residential buildings are placed in a protective loop that allows us to create a microclimate within the large urban courtyard.

MASTERPLAN_006 ENTERTWINED 05X31

05X31 Interior elements of the urban courtyard are scaled up to intertwine with the urban elements of the residential loop.

MASTERPLAN_007 PREFINAL 05X31

05X31 One of the more elaborated developements is a loop of 2 scaled elements. Interior small elements that generate a walkable landscape in between them, and a large loop of buildings that organize the landscape and protect the interior urban courtyard.

COURTYARD X GENERATIVE MASSING

TWITED FAROESE COURTYARD 05X31

05X31 As courtyard are considered a very important theoretical element in this project, we utilizie computational generative design to test what an optimat twisted courtyard can become for the context of the Faroe Islands.

MASTERPLAN OF CHOICE

URBAN DESIGN DEVELOPEMENT 05X31

05X31

One of the more elaborate masterplans represents a loop of large buildings that are mainly residential, surrounding a large number of small units that are used for daily functions (Educational, Offices, Shops). The disposition generates a walkable loop that travels through the different courtyards, but also a comfortable urban interior space.

52 DESIGN

MASTERPLAN OF CHOICE

URBAN DESIGN DEVELOPEMENT 05X31

Elderly Family Mixed Youth Shops Offices Educational

MASTERPLAN

TOPOGRAPHY INTEGRATION 05X31

Torshavn, The Faroe Islands

MASTERPLAN

ACOUSTIC PROGRAMMING 05X31

Torshavn, The Faroe Islands

MASTERPLAN WIND ROSE ON SITE 05X31

Torshavn, The Faroe Islands

MASTERPLAN

58 DESIGN

THERMAL PROGRAMMING 05X31

Torshavn, The Faroe Islands

MASTERPLAN

SITE SHAPING 05X31

During masterplan testing it was important to study scale and proportion of site in relation to the context. Hence why different iterations were developed each of them performing differently and generating different landscape and urban form settings.

BUILDING MASSING

60 DESIGN

ITERATIVE / WALKABLE ? 05X31

An important concept for the developement of the massing is walkability. A roof that is connected to the ground at one point, and then completely walkable, all the way to the highest point. Just like a Faroese mountain. In this logic, the building becomes exactly as an inhabited mountain, an extension of the landscape. Iterative Roof

Simple Iterative roof

Different levels

Smooth slope

BUILDING MASSING

SHARP ITERATIVE

Albeit being inspired from the sharp faroese mountains, the sharp edges of this massing form generate a secluded space through out the roof, one that is clearly disconnected from the landscape.

BUILDING MASSING SMOOTH WALKABLE

The smooth walkable version fo the courtyard building certainly allows for a more enjoyable experience for walkers. The building roof truly becomes an extension of the landscape, where one might even struggle to distinguish between where they are, on a building , or a mountain.

62 DESIGN

A C A D E DEVELOPEMENT PHASE THREE

11 64 PROGRAM FACADE

The process of design consists of multiple proposals and idea developements in order to test different iterations and formalizations of the theoretical framework of the project. Testing facade performance in the context of the Faroe Islands is of high importance, as voids and openings generate relevant impact on the building. Daylight, and Thermal performance, along with aesthetic qualities of the building are highly impact by the Facade. Hence, a varid study of differnet potential directions is developed through computational iterations.

ARCHES_001

ARCHES PIXELLATED FACADE 05X31

ARCHES_002

ARCHES PIXELLATED FACADE 05X51

ARCHES_002

ARCHES PIXELLATED FACADE 05X51

05X51 Arched windows may seem foreign to the Faroe Islands, but they are used in multiple occurences in ancient Architecture and churches, their appeal may be slightly too linked to Islamic architecture, so more simple nordic architecture patterns will be further explored.

STRIPES_001

EXTRUDED CHECKER STRIPES 05X31

STRIPES_002

EXTRUDED CHECKER STRIPES 05X51

STRIPES_003

EXTRUDED CHECKER STRIPES 03X101

STRIPES_004

EXTRUDED CHECKER STRIPES 05X61

DECONSTRUCTED_001 RANDOMIZED CHECKER STRIPES 05X31

DECONSTRUCTED_002 RANDOMIZED CHECKER STRIPES 05X51

DECONSTRUCTED_003 RANDOMIZED CHECKER STRIPES 03X101

DECONSTRUCTED_004 RANDOMIZED CHECKER STRIPES 05X61

TRIANGLES_001

EXTRUDED CHECKER STRIPES 05X31

TRIANGLES_002

EXTRUDED CHECKER STRIPES 05X51

TRIANGLES_003

EXTRUDED CHECKER STRIPES 03X101

TRIANGLES_004

EXTRUDED CHECKER STRIPES 05X61

FLOWING FACADE

PARAMETRIC PROCESS 05X61

Elegant curves flow along the facade of the building, separating the lower part (lobby / public area ) from the upper private residential part. The facade interacts beautifully with Faroese natural sky lights. Most facade materials will be imported ( Metal / Glass / Wood)

70 FACADE

STONE BASE FACADE

SIMPLE LINEAR STONE FACADE STRUCTURE 05X61

A primary example of NeoVernacular architecture; where stone is used not only as a cladding material, but also as the main structural material. A simple window layout values the sturctural grid of stone pillars and beams. Most material is locally sourced ( Faroese Basalt).

72 FACADE

STONE THIN FACADE

SIMPLE LINEAR STONE FACADE STRUCTURE 05X61

In a smilar attitude of NeoVernacular Architecture, this facade is an example of thin stone pillars & beams, that also perform structurally and not just as facade cladding. This is inspired from the stone houses of the Faroe Islands, while using contemporary construction techniques , like the ability to cut stone in a quarry. The carbon footprint is radically low,er than the first mentioned example ( the Flow facade) as most material is locally sourced.

74 FACADE

AXONOMETRY / SECTION

PROJECT URBAN DEVELOPEMENT 05X61

The formal developement of the project, as expressed through the section and axonometry clearly tells a story of a local Architecture. A marriage of small & large scale building volumes, heavily inspired by the Faroese old town, and Islamic Moroccan medinas, in order to generate optimized human comfort and minimized impact on the environment.

76 SITE

The section expresses the locality of the project even more, as the sloped green roofs, dense streets, sheltered urban spaces and small scale buildings in between them express a highly local vision, that is unique and enriching to the context of the Faroe Islands.

78 RENDER

80 RENDER

82 RENDER

84 RENDER

86 RENDER

88 RENDER

90 RENDER

92 RENDER

93 ACKNO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS _ ”So which of the favors of your Lord would you deny?” 55:13 - The Holy Quran We deny none of your favors, our Lord. All blessings and thanks be to your majesty. This thesis, and the research behind it, would not have been possible without the generosity and favor of Allah, the only God, Creator of the universe, the all knowing, the all powerful and the sender of Prophets, including Jesus and Mohammed peace and salutations be upon them. This academic project would also have not been possible with the kind and loving support of my dear parents, Hassan El Kendi and Houda El Khamar, my Grandparents, Uncles and Aunts, especially Amina Yahya, Salha Hamcha, Kaouthar, Rachad and Zakaria El Khamar, Chama and Fatiha El Kendi. It is also, without doubt, my duty to sincerely thank David A. Garcia, my thesis supervisor for his dedicated involvement, great sense of academic responsibility ,unmatched artistic sense, and enthusiasm to making an elite future generation of Architects. Moreover, I would like to show great gratitude to the academic team of the Architecture and Technology department at the Royal Danish Academy, especially Will Lambeth, Runa Johannessen, Thomas Bøjstrup, Mads Johnsen, and to the professors of the Ecole Nationale d’Architecture in Tetouan, including Younes Diouri, Sefiani Abdellatif, Rania Ez-zoubir, Mohammed Benidir, Youssef Et-toumi, Mohammed Amezguiou, and Salmane Bouchra.

94 BIBLIOG.

BIBLIOGRAPHY_ - Jianong Li, Jianlei Niu, Cheuk Ming Mak, Taiyang Huang, Yongxin Xie, Exploration of applicability of UTCI and thermally comfortable sun and wind conditions outdoors in a subtropical city of Hong Kong, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 52, 2020, 101793, ISSN 2210-6707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scs.2019.101793. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S2210670719300885) - Kastner, P., Dogan, T. (2020). Predicting space usage by multi-objective assessment of outdoor thermal comfort around a university campus. Proceedings of SimAUD 2020. - Kastner, P., & Dogan, T. (2019). A cylindrical meshing methodology for annual urban computational fluid dynamics simulations. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 13(1), 59-68. - Dogan, T., Kastner, P. (2018). Streamlined CFD Simulation Framework to Generate Wind-Pressure Coefficients on Building Facades for Airflow Network Simulations. Proceedings of IBPC 2018. - Beyer, Hans Georg & Niclasen, Bárður. (2017). Analysis of the Match of Heating Load and Wind Turbine Production – a Case Study for the Faroe Islands. 10.18086/swc.2017.37.02. - Poulsen, Turid & Beyer, Hans Georg & Øihusom, Øystein. (2019). Spatial dispersion of the wind and produced power in the Faroe Islands.

BUILDINGS, THE STATE OF THE ART. - NASA Photography / International Space Station photography - Ivanco, Thomas & Keller, Donald & Pinkerton, Jennifer. (2021). Wind Tunnel to Full Scale Mapping of Winds and Loads for Launch-Vehicle Ground Wind Loads. 10.2514/6.2021-1072. - Natanian, J., Kastner, P., Dogan T., Auer T. (2020). From energy performative to livable Mediterranean cities: An annual outdoor thermal comfort and energy balance cross-climatic typological study. Energy & Buildings. - Kastner, P., Dogan, T. (2020). Predicting space usage by multi-objective assessment of outdoor thermal comfort around a university campus. Proceedings of SimAUD 2020. - Kastner, P., Dogan, T. (2020). Solving Thermal Bridging Problems for Architectural Applications with OpenFOAM. Proceedings of SimAUD 2020. - Kastner, P., Dogan, T. (2019). A cylindrical meshing methodology for annual urban computational fluid dynamics simulations. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 13(1), 59-68.

- The Skin Senses, edited by D. R. Kenshalo, Springfield, IL, 1968

- Kastner, P., Dogan, T. (2019). Towards High-Resolution Annual Outdoor Thermal Comfort Mapping In Urban Design. Building Simulation 2019 Conference.

Y. Hashim, Aqeel & Al-Asadip, J & Alramdhan, Wathiq. (2010). An attempt to solar still productivity optimization; solar still shape, glass cover inclination and inner surface area of a single basin solar still, optimization. 39-48.

- Dong, Xinghui & Li, Jia & Gao, Di & Zheng, Kai. (2021). Wind speed modeling for cascade clusters of wind turbines Part 2: Wind speed reduction and aggregation superposition. Energy. 215. 119145. 10.1016/j.energy.2020.119145.

- Fundamentals of wind energy, Wei Tong ,Kollmorgen Corporation, Virginia, USA.

- Windy.com / Map wind and weather conditions analysis

- https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/ gridded_bathymetry_data/ - Gunawardena, Tharaka & Fernando, Shiromal & Mendis, Priyan & Waduge, Bhathiya & Hettiarachchi, Dilina. (2017). WIND ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TALL