Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council
January/February 2018
Doveweed
Coming to a Turf Area Near You
Avoid Herbicide Resistance by Understanding How Turfgrass Herbicides Work Plus, Program
for the Mid-Atlantic Turfgrass Expo January 29 – February 1
Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council | January/February 2018
16
22 16 Upcoming Event Program for the 2018 Mid-Atlantic Turfgrass Expo, January 29 – February 1
30 DEPARTMENTS 6 Presidentʼs Message
from Rick Owens, CGCS
8 Directorʼs Corner
20 Upcoming Event VTC’s Come to the Bay, February 27–28
22 Cover Story
Doveweed… Coming to a Turf Area Near You
30 Feature Story Avoid Herbicide Resistance By Understanding How Turfgrass Herbicides Work 4 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
from Tom Tracy, Ph.D.
9 Virginia Tech Turf Team 10 Editorʼs Perspective
from Mark Vaughn, CGCS
12 VTF Report
from Betty B. Parker
14 VTC Membership Application 38 Turfgrass Calendar 38 Index of Advertisers
Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council
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President’s Message
A Great
Virginia Turfgrass Journal is the official publication of The Virginia Turfgrass Council P.O. Box 5989 Virginia Beach, VA 23471 Office: (757) 464-1004 Fax: (757) 282-2693 vaturf@verizon.net
YEAR
for the VTC!
Rick Owens, CGCS 2016–2017 President
The
past two years have gone by quickly, and I am pleased to say that they have been good ones for the turfgrass industry and the Virginia Turfgrass Council. Two Mid-Atlantic Turfgrass Expos have been successful and profitable, with profits earmarked for the Virginia Tech and the University of Maryland’s turfgrass programs. For the first time, the VTC and the VGCSA combined their efforts and talents to create a new Virginia Tech Turf Research Golf Classic Tournament to raise even more money for turfgrass research at Virginia Tech. The new tournament replaced two separate tournaments sponsored by the two organizations and raised much more money than the two previous tournaments combined. Many thanks to Mark Petrus and Fred Biggers who worked long and hard on the tournament on behalf of the VTC. Many thanks also to the Virginia Golf Course Superintendents Association’s tournament committee and executive director, David Norman, for their considerable efforts. Also, thank you to the sponsors and participants for making this new cooperative venture with the VGCSA a success. This past year, the VTC created another mini-conference called “Come to the Valley.” Like “Come to the Bay,” the “Come to the Valley” conference wraps education around a pesticide recertification class, providing turfgrass professionals in that particular region of our state some education within easy driving distance. Our executive director, Dr. Tom Tracy, deserves most of the credit for the launch and success of these programs. Much credit also goes to Drs. Mike Goatley, Shawn Askew, Jeff Derr, Erik Ervin, David McCall and the rest of the Virginia Tech turf team for their participation and support of these programs, as well as the MidAtlantic Turfgrass Expo. Most of you have heard that Dr. Erik Ervin is leaving Virginia Tech to take a position at the University of Delaware. His contribution to the turfgrass industry in Virginia over the years has been immense. The VTC will lead a push to ensure that his position will be filled with an excellent candidate. It has been a privilege to work with the many capable VTC board members who have served along with me, especially vice president Scott Woodward and treasurer Michael Skelton, who ensured that the VTC remains financially sound. I also want to thank committee members and chairs who keep the Virginia Turfgrass Council active. Last, but not least, thanks to our magazine’s managing editor, Liz Nutter, who manages to gently prod me to write these messages, cleans up my grammar and otherwise keeps me from saying anything too foolish. It has been an honor to serve as Virginia Turfgrass Council president.
Rick Owens, CGCS 2016–2017 VTC President
6 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
PUBLISHED BY Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street Franklin, Tennessee 37064 (615) 790-3718 Fax: (615) 794-4524 Email: info@leadingedgecommunications.com EDITOR Mark Vaughn, CGCS VTC OFFICERS President Rick Owens, CGCS Laurel Hill Golf Club (703) 674-6934 Vice President Scott Woodward Woodward Turf Farms (540) 727-0020 Treasurer Michael Skelton Culpeper County (540) 727-3412 Past President Fredrick Biggers, CGCS Wintergreen Resort (434) 325-8252 VTC DIRECTORS Steve Glass Tony Montgomery Jesse Pritchard, CSFM David Smith T.J. Skirsky Rick Viancour, CGCS Jimmy Viars, CGM Craig Zeigler VTC ADVISORY MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Mike Goatley, Ph.D. (Chair) Shawn Askew, Ph.D. Jeffrey Derr, Ph.D. David McCall Ph.D. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR/ DIRECTOR OF PROGRAMS Tom Tracy, Ph.D. (757) 464-1004 VIRGINIA TURFGRASS FOUNDATION Betty Parker (757) 574-9061
Director’s Corner
WORKING TOGETHER T
hanks to the hard and consistent work by our members, the VTC is taking the greenindustry lead on environmental issues. Across the commonwealth, turfgrass professionals are consistently and properly managing the entire landscape. You keep tree leaves from entering stormwater systems. You ensure
that fertilizers and pesticides are applied properly — the right product, in the right amount, at the right time and in the right place. Because of the proper turfgrass management applied on golf courses, university research consistently shows that streams are cleaner when they leave a course than when they entered.
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Tom Tracy, Ph.D. VTC Executive Director
Sports field managers apply proper practices to provide safe and environmentally friendly playing surfaces. These accomplishments have not been done in a vacuum. They are possible because of alliances forged between turfgrass professionals and similar professionals with other industries. We have fantastic relationships with Virginia Tech, many turfgrass associations and government agencies, but we also seek to work with non-turfgrass entities. As we work with an extremely diverse set of groups, we find that none of us agree all the time. That disagreement is okay. Answers to issues faced by our members are often not found in black-and-white extremes but in the multi-faceted gray areas. Exploring the gray takes us out of our comfort zones and inserts the moderating influences of diversity. Here is a partial list of the nonturfgrass groups we are working with: • Virginia Recreation and Park Society • Norfolk Botanical Garden • Groundworks RVA • Mid Atlantic Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture • Elizabeth River Project •The Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay Alliances succeed when all parties adhere to basic tenets. One of those tenets is a commitment to work to accomplish a greater good. Virginia’s turfgrass industry is strong, and its growth is possible only because of your hard work and your willingness to work together.
Virginia Tech Turf Team Shawn D. Askew, Ph.D.
Virginia Tech 435 Old Glade Road Blacksburg, VA 24061 (540) 231-5807 saskew@vt.edu
Jeffrey F. Derr, Ph.D.
Virginia Tech Hampton Roads Agricultural Research Station 1444 Diamond Springs Rd. Virginia Beach, VA 23455 (757) 363-3912 jderr@vt.edu
Mike Goatley Jr., Ph.D.
Virginia Tech 420 Smyth Hall, CSES Dept. Blacksburg, VA 24061 (540) 231-2951 goatley@vt.edu
David McCall, Ph.D.
Virginia Tech 435 Old Glade Road Blacksburg, VA 24061 (540) 231-9598 dsmccall@vt.edu
WITH SUPPORT FROM: Thomas P. Kuhar, Ph.D.
Virginia Tech Dept. of Entomology 216 Price Hall 170 Drillfield Drive Blacksburg, VA 24061 (540) 231-6129 tkuhar@vt.edu Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council
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Editor’s Perspective
2018 PREDICTIONS T
wo Zero One Eight. No, not the follow-up to the highly acclaimed mix tape by Chief Keef entitled Two Zero One Seven. Twenty Eighteen. Two Thousand Eighteen. Depending on your math, that’s 81 generations A.D. And we still haven’t destroyed this place, so we humans have that going for us. Here at VTC headquarters, we realize you don’t move forward by looking backwards. No, wise decisions now can be made only by gazing into the future. In that vein, we once again have gone to great lengths to get this vital information to you, our readers and members FIRST, before it is leaked to every major news outlet, and then twisted and turned. Disclaimer for THE MAN: If you do not wish to be offended, you should probably stop reading now.
#1 In an effort to lure more students into its turf program, the Virginia Tech CSES Department makes the bold move of hiring Thad Turnipseed, director of recruiting and external affairs for Clemson. Turnipseed — great, great grandson of Johnny Appleseed — was lured away from Clemson after directing the development of the new $55M football complex and performing similar duties at Alabama in years past. “People have scoffed at the old ‘Build it, and they will come’ line, but here in Blacksburg, we believe it’s the wave of the future,” says Turnipseed. The old-school days of nonair-conditioned dorms, hot and
sticky greenhouses and walking across the drill field in subzero wind chill are over! Modeled after “The Truman Show,” a new climate-controlled dome dubbed the Hokie Hump is built over the remaining nine holes of the campus golf course. “Our turf students will never leave it,” waxes Turnipseed. “Our artificial sun rises in the morning and, like clockwork, sets every evening. Rain is scheduled over certain sectors of the dome on certain days of the
Mark Vaughn, CGCS Virginia Turfgrass Journal Editor
week. All our instruction is performed by, ahem, ‘faculty’ using the latest A.I.” Responding to the chuckles in the audience, Turnipseed responds, “Yeah, they laughed at Patrick O’Brien when he said ultradwarfs would be in Richmond, too.” In related news, departing CSES Department Head Erik Ervin says, “Oh yeah, sure. Hire the NEW guy, and give HIM all the money. That’s NEVER happened in this business before.”
Sidebar: Using the paragraphs above as an example, let’s investigate how a professional such as yours truly can weave the narrative and take you lemmings down the fake news path to Grandma’s house. In an effort to lure more students into the turf program, the Virginia Tech CSES Dept. makes the bold move of hiring (false) Thad Turnipseed, director of recruiting and external affairs for Clemson (true). Turnipseed — great, great grandson of Johnny Appleseed (false) — was lured away from Clemson (false) after directing the development of the new $55M football complex and performing similar duties at Alabama in years past (true). “People have scoffed at the old ‘Build it, and they will come’ line (true), but here in Blacksburg, we believe it’s the wave of the future (on ANY college campus, definitely true).” The old-school days of non-air-conditioned dorms, hot and sticky greenhouses and walking across the drill field in subzero wind chill (all true) are over! Modeled after “The Truman Show,” a new climate-controlled dome dubbed the Hokie Hump is built over the remaining nine holes of the campus golf course. “Our turf students will never leave it,” waxes Turnipseed. “Our artificial sun rises in the morning, and like clockwork sets every evening. Rain is scheduled over certain sectors of the dome on certain days of the week. All our instruction is performed by, ahem, ‘faculty’ using the latest A.I.” (All false) Responding to the chuckles in the audience, Turnipseed responds, “Yeah, they laughed at Patrick O’Brien when he said ultradwarfs would be in Richmond, too.” (True) In related news, departing CSES Department Head Erik Ervin says (false), “Oh, yeah, sure. Hire the NEW guy, and give HIM all the money. That’s NEVER happened in this business before.” (Sarcasm: Oh, how true.)
10 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
#2 The “you show me yours, and I’ll show you mine” contest between Kim Jong-Un and The Donald sparks a huge back-order of Hokie Humps. “We don’t believe golf will be a pressing need in the post-nuclear world,” says Codsworth Fillingham, chairman of the Emerald City Club, one of the first purchasers of The Hump. Initiation fees to the Emerald City Club are quickly raised to $20M.
Another sidebar: You do realize that when the Bunker at The Greenbrier was built, it was for members of Congress, right? So, out of all the people in this country to save, we pick that bunch, huh? Kinda like our choices in the last election.
#3 A new cover band, “The Pervs,” pack them in at clubs around D.C. and L.A. Featuring Al Franken and Garrison Keillor on vocals, Harvey Weinstein on drums, John Conyers on bass, Roy Moore on keyboards and Anthony Weiner on lead guitar, their most requested song is the 1970 hit “The Rapper.” Crowds are whipped into a frenzy when the guys open their second set with Marvin Gaye’s “Sexual Healing.”
#4 Forced to hunker down in the Capitol Building one weekend due to the Arctic Blast and blizzard of ’18, Congress watches The Hunger Games trilogy. In May, it is announced that voting will be abolished in both houses. After the relocation of citizens into Blue and Red “districts,” representatives will be sent to Washington for a series of “contests” that will decide the outcome of pertinent issues. In a joint statement, Nancy Pelosi, Mitch McConnell, Chuck Schumer and Paul Ryan declare, “After years of getting pretty much nothing accomplished, along with the related stresses of trying to look like we are, we declare the Philadelphia model flawed and failed. It took Hollywood to make us realize how simple the solution has
been all along. Now, we can devote more time to the really important things, like how to retire as multizillionaires.”
#5 Hundreds of angry superintendents and club members gather outside 377 Bonita Place, Macon, GA, as the Arctic Blast of ’18 wipes out ultradwarfs from Atlanta to D.C. As the siege goes on for two weeks, a disheveled Pat O’Brien finally makes his way out onto the driveway and makes a statement. “Well, you know…. Who knew the climate was variable? Golly… nobody said these things were bulletproof and that you guy were losers if you didn’t make the switch.” Reminded that he pretty much had, O’Brien continues, “Well…… who cares anyway? Unless you’ve got a Hokie Hump, you’re not going to be around to worry about it.”
A shiny, bald head pokes through the curtain as an individual in a grey Nehru jacket and pants appears. The T-Man delivers a blistering, rapid-fire tirade against the North Korea leader. As he drops the mic, the ecstatic crowd (minus the Chinese delegation) rushes the stage and hoists “Dr. Evil” on their shoulders. Asked later about bringing the world back from the brink, Trump grins broadly and replies, “I was made for big, really BIG moments. All that stuff I do on Twitter — child’s play. Just there to tick you off. Now THIS — this was HUGE. Humongous. My good buddy Eminem and I have been working for weeks on this. And the hair thing — was that brilliant or what? Melania and I were just hanging one night in the WH, and she said, ‘You know, Dunal, if you’d git rid of the comb-over, you’d be even sexier.’ I didn’t realize that was possible, but I guess if you look at the crowd reaction tonight, she was right.”
#6 After months of negotiations, nuclear tensions are eased as Kim Jong-Un and The Donald agree to a solution brokered by a class of fifth graders from Forest Hills school in Danville, VA. The antagonists will appear on TBS’s “Drop the Mic,” with a winner-take-all outcome in the balance. Anticipation is off the charts as the scheduled Halloween dustup draws near. Airports, public transportation and most commerce draw to a halt, and humanoids gather around every screen on the planet as October 31, 8 p.m. Eastern, finally arrives. After a card cut, “Rocket Man” goes first. Appearing from his dressing room in a 1970s Elton John outfit with large top hat, flowing boa, highheeled boots and flashing sequins, Jong-Un rips into the Trumpster with a searing four-minute takedown. The studio audience, made up entirely of United Nations delegates, goes nuts (particularly the Chinese delegation). It’s not looking good for The Donald, host Dennis Rodman notes, but then co-host Hillary Clinton reminds him that neither was the 2016 election, which is followed by her head exploding on live TV. After a short delay to clean up the mess in the anchor booth, and with world peace hanging in the balance, spotlights focus stage left.
#7 And finally, the Masters prediction. The sexual-harassment storm sweeping the nation envelopes Augusta National as Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore hold a shocking news conference on the Monday of Masters week. Speaking from the Hooters parking lot on Washington Rd., Rice and Moore declare, “No longer will what happens on Magnolia Lane stay on Magnolia Lane.” Asked to respond, former chairman Billy Payne says, “Look, I got them in. I never promised separate locker rooms or showers. They knew the deal when they signed up. Maybe we should have just stayed with OWGs.” When asked to explain the acronym, a disbelieving Payne says, “You know, Old White Guys!”
Well, there you have it. Another year of highs and lows, all laid out for you. As for my financial advice, I’m taking all of my life savings and putting it into Bitcoin. If past performance is any indicator, my $4,283 will be worth several million in just a few months. Then it’s, “So long, suckers.” I’m moving to the Bahamas and buying a… a… a… a golf course. Yeah, that’s what I’m going to do. Then I can make some REAL money. Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council
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VTF Report
I Am Honored Betty B. Parker VTF Manager
TO BE WITH YOU I’ve
been involved in the turfgrass industry for 40+ years, and I can say without hesitation that it breeds and attracts a most versatile group of people. This industry has had to reinvent itself so many times, I can barely recognize it from the start of my involvement in the 1970s. I won’t lie; I didn’t step into this — I married into to it. My husband, Brook Parker, was mowing ditches at the Country Club of Virginia under Jack Hall that first summer we dated. Upon his graduation from Virginia Tech with a BS in Agronomy and an emphasis on turf, he was promoted to spray technician the next summer. That was the summer of 1977. He was employed to the tune of $3.30/hour, and I had yet to secure a job teaching as I had hoped. I have no idea how we afforded food
that summer, but by fall, Brook was with Ken Giedd working as an assistant superintendent at Hermitage Country Club for a whopping $9K. We felt so rich! I won’t bore you with the rest of his story, but I can tell you that he has had to reinvent himself many times over these past 40 years to maintain a vibrant career. We have seen and prospered from the incredible growth of the golf industry in the final decade of the last century and into the beginning of the next. Then we watched it crumble twice as fast as the real estate market imploded in the century’s first decade. The boom of real estate during those flush times brought great opportunities for the golf industry as well as for sod producers and lawn care contractors. New neighborhoods were enhanced by golf course proximity,
12 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
and all that manicured real estate precipitated maintained turf. Sod producers could not grow and cut the sod fast enough to meet the demand. The lawn care business skyrocketed, as two-income families became the norm, and neither husband nor wife had time to mow grass and maintain their sculptured landscape. But then, with the new millennium, it all came crashing down. In the January 2014 issue of Bloomberg’s magazine, it was reported that more golf courses had closed than had opened from 2006–2013. A staggering 800 golf courses closed during that time. Newhome construction came to a screeching halt, and demand for sod followed the downward spiral. Finally, we are seeing a recovery from this bleak time, and a resurgence of youth golf programs promises a renewed interest in the game.
New neighborhoods are once again springing up and bringing with them the need for turfgrass professionals. There’s been lot of change in my husband’s profession, yet there seems to be a quality of survival and innovative genius that comes with the personality. What has remained constant in the turf industry over those 40 years has been the quality of research that is being produced by Virginia Tech’s research team. Whether it’s turfgrass drought tolerance and the need for warm-season grasses in our transition state or just the verification of better maintenance practices by our professionals, VT’s turfgrass scientists and educators remain focused on what is demanded by our industry. What has also remained constant is the commitment of the VTF to ensure that their research gets funded. The seed law fund that was brought into law in 1988 has proven to be the catalyst in growing our endowment, as we are able to fund projects through this revenue and not tap into our stable fund. A record bull market has provided a great platform for growth, and we are beginning to talk about accessing the interest from this fund to enhance research dollars. It has gone up 8.7% in the last fiscal year, and it stands at over $610,000. As sure as time evolves, there will be changes. I am quite certain that the people who make up this industry will go the extra mile to embrace those changes. My husband retired recently after a wonderful and rewarding career filled with the usual ups, downs and loads of change. I marvel at him and the people who proudly claim the turfgrass industry to be their own. The demands of their jobs evolve with the times, and they have to change with them. They represent what is good and honorable about hard work that demands flexibility. They never fail to keep a healthy balance between reality and the ambitions of their labor. They are a group of men and woman I am honored in which to be affiliated.
Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council
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VTC Membership
JOIN THE
TODAY!
Membership Benefits For ALL members include: FREE pesticide recertification training at the one-day regional seminars. FREE Certified Fertilizer Applicator training at the MidAtlantic Turfgrass Expo in January (M-A-T-E) and the Come to the Bay (February) and Come to the Valley (May) regional conferences. FREE entry to the research tour of turfgrass studies in June at the Hampton Roads AREC. FREE subscription to our bi-monthly Virginia Turfgrass Journal, offering research and industry updates. Valuable assistance on state and local legislative and bureaucratic issues. Do you know that every member of Virginia’s General Assembly receives our bi-monthly Virginia Turfgrass Journal? Several Delegates and Senators have said how much they appreciate being on our mailing list. Monthly email of job postings. Discounts to every one of our activities.
Join as a GROUP or as an INDIVIDUAL Individual Membership One Year — $85 Individual Membership Two Years — $150 Platinum Group Membership Membership fee of $1,250 includes: 11 to 20 members. Send up to 100 of your employees to one of our Regional Pesticide Training Classes — AT NO COST. Year-round membership listing and link from VTC website. Fertilizer Certification Training and Recertification Training (3A, 3B 60) at your site. Gold Group Membership Membership fee of $800 includes: 6 to 10 members Silver Group Membership Membership fee of $400 includes: 1 to 5 members
14 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
Membership Application Complete this application form and —
OR Join/Renew online at
www.vaturf.org
• Mail it to the address at the bottom of this page. • Or fax it to 757-282-2693
Member Information First Name ___________________________________________ Last Name___________________________________________ Company or Organization___________________________________________________________________________________ Address ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ City _________________________________________________ State_________ Zip___________________________________ Phone _______________________________________________ Fax _________________________________________________ E-Mail ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Payment SELECT ONE Platinum Group Membership (11 or more members + Year-round listing and link from VTC website) ..................$1,250 Gold Group Membership (6 – 10 members) ..................................................................................................................$800 Silver Group Membership (1 – 5 members) ...................................................................................................................$400 Individual for Two Years ..................................................................................................................................................$150 Individual for One Year ...................................................................................................................................................$85
Pay by Check or by Credit Card Please check appropriate box:
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Card #: ______________________________________________ Print Cardholder Name:_______________________________ Security Code: ________________________________________ Expiration Date: _____________________________________ Dues may be deductible as a business expense but not as a charitable contribution. Based on 2013 activity, one percent (1%) of dues are not deductible in accordance with IRS Section 6033.
Virginia Turfgrass Council P.O. Box 5989 Virginia Beach, VA 23471 • Phone: 757-464-1004 • Fax: 757-282-2693 Email: vaturf@verizon.net • Web: www.vaturf.org Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council
| 15
Upcoming Event
MID-ATLANTIC TURFGRASS EXPO (M-A-T-E) January 29 – February 1, 2018 Fredericksburg Conference & Expo Center • Fredericksburg, VA Monday, January 29 10:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Golf Session Selecting Bermudagrass Control in Creeping Bentgrass John Brewer, Graduate Student, and Shawn Askew, Ph.D., Virginia Tech Panel: Real-World Pros and Cons to Bermudagrass Putting Green Conversion Dan Taylor, CGCS, Independence Golf Club, and Jordan Booth, CGCS, Willow Oaks Country Club USGA 2017 Year in Review Darin Bevard and Elliott Dowling, United States Golf Association Direction of Golf and the USGA Darin Bevard and Elliott Dowling, United States Golf Association Interactive Rapid Fire: Turf Disease Management Joe Roberts, Ph.D., University of Maryland; Brandon Horvath, Ph.D., University of Tennessee; and David McCall, Ph.D., Virginia Tech 10:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Everything But The Kitchen Sink Understanding Turf Insecticides Tom Kuhar, Ph.D., Virginia Tech Practices that Enhance Turfgrass Microbiology Joe Roberts, Ph.D., and J.R. Doherty, Graduate Student, University of Maryland
Topdressing Lawns: When It Works and When It Doesn’t Mark Carroll, Ph.D., University of Maryland The Grim Reaper: Mechanisms of Turfgrass Death Mike Goatley, Ph.D., Virginia Tech
Tuesday, January 30 8:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.
General Session MTC and VTC Annual Meetings Keynote Address: Growing Weeders into Leaders Jeff McManus, Director of Landscape Services, University of Mississippi 9:45 a.m. – 12:45 p.m.
Golf Session Pythium Diseases: Root Rots, Foliar Blights and Dysfunction of Both Warm- and Cool-Season Turfgrasses Brandon Horvath, Ph.D., University of Tennessee Siduron Programs for Crabgrass and Goosegrass Control in Greens Shawn Askew, Ph.D., Virginia Tech
9:45 a.m. – 12:45 p.m.
Sports Field Management Making Cultivation a “Core” Part of Your Maintenance Plan Gregg Munshaw, Ph.D., University of Kentucky Thinking Outside the Box on Your Sports Fields Mike Skelton, Culpeper P&R; Charlie Fultz, Strutter Turf; and Mike Goatley, Ph.D., Virginia Tech Pros and Cons in Organic Sports Turf Management Jason Bowers, Virginia Tech 9:45 a.m. – 12:45 p.m.
Lawn and Landscape Session Developing Your Crew Jeff McManus, Director of Landscape Services, University of Mississippi A New Look at Reduced Input Lawn Care — Is There a Market? Gregg Munshaw, Ph.D., University of Kentucky Controlling Sedges and Doveweed in Turf and Landscape Plantings Jeff Derr, Ph.D., Virginia Tech 9:45 a.m. – 12:45 p.m.
Sod Production Session Spring Dead Spot Management: Many Ways to Cook an Egg, Even Some That Taste Terrible David McCall, Ph.D., Virginia Tech
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Programs to Optimize Spring Seeding Success of Tall Fescue Adam Nichols, Hampton Roads AREC, Virginia Tech
Brown Patch Management: Options for Both Fungicide and Non-Fungicide Control Brandon Horvath, Ph.D., University of Tennessee Weed Control and Identification Gregg Munshaw, Ph.D., University of Kentucky 8:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.
Wednesday, January 31
Tradeshow and Lunch 7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.
Fellowship Breakfast
2:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.
God’s Promises When Life Is Hard Danny Allen, Camden Country Club
Sod Growers’ Meeting
8:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m.
Thursday, February 1
W.S. Connelly Graduate Student Oral Presentation Contest
Mechanic’s Seminar
8:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m.
Day One of Three (See below)
Innovation Corner See the latest in turf science!
12:45 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.
10:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m.
Lunch and Tradeshow
8:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.
4:00 p.m. – 7:30 p.m.
Day Two of Three (See below)
Corn Hole Tournament and Reception
8:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.
Mechanic’s Seminar
9:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.
Mechanic’s Seminar Day Three of Three (See below) Pesticide Recertification and Certification (2, 3A, 3B, 5A, 6, 8, 10 and 60) Certified Fertilizer Applicator Recertification and Certification
Limited Pesticide Recertification (3A, 3B and 60 only) Includes Lunch and Tradeshow
Mechanic’s Seminar During the MID-ATLANTIC TURFGRASS EXPO January 30 – February 1 Tuesday, January 30
Wednesday, January 31
8:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Reel Cutting Unit Optimization: A class to cover reel setup to improve quality of cut Chris Langley from Bernhard
8:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Light Maintenance, New Products and Discussion from Floor Kenneth Glass from Stihl
11:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Lunch and Tradeshow Included with Registration 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. Maintenance, and Preventative Maintenance on Landscape Equipment Charles Coonradt from Mortons Power
11:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Lunch and Tradeshow Included with Registration 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Update on Tier 4 Engines: Revisit the maintenance that technicians can do on these engines Cort Rash and Greg Womble 3:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. “KIS” — Keep It Simple — Record Keeping Nick Hamner
Thursday, February 1 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Basic Electrical: Schematic Review, Light Theory and Trouble Shooting Cort Rash and Greg Womble 11:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Lunch on your own 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. Basic Hydraulics: Schematic Review, Components, Diagnostics Cort Rash and Greg Womble
Registration Details Only $95 for VTC Members $120 for Non-Members
Register online at
www.turfconference.org Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council
| 17
Registration Form
MID-ATLANTIC TURFGRASS EXPO (M-A-T-E) January 29 – February 1, 2018 • Fredericksburg, VA • Fredericksburg Conference & Expo Center Program and lodging information: www.turfconference.org Full Name: ___________________________________________ (First name for badge): _______________________________ Company/Organization: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Preferred Mailing Address: __________________________________________________________________________________ City: _________________________________________________ State: _____________ Zip/Postal Code: __________________ Telephone:(______) ___________________________________ Fax:(______) ________________________________________ Email: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ CONFERENCE FEES 1. Registration Fees MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY One Day Two Days Three Days Mechanic’s Seminar ONLY THURSDAY
MTC OR VTC MEMBER Member Rate Non-Member Rate $115 $150 $195 $230 $275 $310 $95 $120 FREE
$85
WHEN ARE YOU ATTENDING? Circle the day(s). Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; Mechanics Seminar (ONLY); Thursday COST:
$ _________________________
2. Attend Trade Show ONLY ($10 per Day, includes Lunch and Tuesday Reception) WHEN ARE YOU ATTENDING? Circle the day(s): Tuesday or Wednesday
$ _________________________
3. JOIN OR RENEW YOUR MEMBERSHIP
$ _________________________
VTC Regular Membership (January 1 – December 31) $85 MTC Regular Membership (February 1 – January 31) $50 Further membership options at http://turfconference.org/registration.html Total Enclosed
$ _________________________
PAYMENT METHOD: Check to: Mid-Atlantic Turfgrass Expo (or MATE). Registration confirmation/receipt will be mailed. Please check appropriate box: Check AMEX VISA MasterCard Card #: ______________________________________________ Print Cardholder Name:_______________________________ Card Security Code Number: ___________________________ Expiration Date: _____________________________________ Please mail, fax, or scan and email completed registration form with payment to: M-A-T-E P.O. Box 5989 Virginia Beach, VA 23471
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For up-to-the-minute updates and to register online, visit www.turfconference.org
Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council
| 19
Upcoming Event
February 27–28
COME TO THE BAY Presented by
Land & Coates
VIRGINIA BEACH RESORT HOTEL AND CONFERENCE CENTER EDUCATION PROGRAM Tuesday, February 27 General Session 8:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Chesapeake Bay and the TMDLs Rich Batiuk, EPA’s Chesapeake Bay Program Office, and James Davis Martin, Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality Forging Alliances Corinne Stephens, Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay Business Partnerships
Keeping Fertilizers Out of Virginia’s Waters 10:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. Sponsored by Luck Ecosystems (with lunch at 12:15 p.m.) Moderated by: Cindy Smith, Environmental Scientist, George Mason University 10:15 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Proper Maintenance of Turfgrass Near Water Mike Goatley, Virginia Tech 11:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. Using Plants Other Than Turfgrass Barbara Gavin, Elizabeth River Project 11:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Nutrient Management Regulations Chantel Wilson, VA Dept. of Conservation and Recreation 12:15 p.m. Lunch 12:45 p.m. –1:30 p.m. Water-Quality Case Study(ies) Cindy Smith, George Mason Univ. 1:30 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. Alternative Low-Input Plantings for Pollinators J. Christopher Ludwig, Chief Biologist, VA Dept. of Conservation & Rec.
2:15 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Legal Requirements Joan Salvati, VA Dept. of Environmental Quality 3:00 p.m. – 3:30 p.m. Using Pavers to Minimize Runoff J.P. Teig, Belgard 3:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m. Advances in Breeding Reduces Water Use Jack Karlin, Turfgrass Water Conservation Alliance
Certified Turfgrass Professional — Day 1 of 2 10:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. (with lunch at 12:15 p.m.)
Arborist Classes 10:00 a.m. – 10:45 a.m. American Chestnut: Restoring a Classic Tom Saielli, American Chestnut Foundation 10:45 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. Mushrooms and Their Relationship with Trees — Mushrooms Can Be a Tree’s Best Friend or Its Worst Enemy Theresa Augustin, Norfolk Botanical Garden 11:30 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. Pruning Early and Properly Joel Koci, VA Cooperative Extension 12:15 p.m. Lunch 1:15 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. Early Identification of Defects (Before Planting) Renee Frith, Norfolk Botanical Garden 2:00 p.m. – 2:45 p.m. Proper Planting Jason Heizer, Bartlett Tree Experts
2:45 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. Insect Update: Emerald Ash Borer and Other Tree Pests Eric Day, Virginia Tech 4:30 p.m. – 6:30 p.m. Social Mixer (onsite) Sponsored by Lawns & Gardens Plus
Wednesday, February 28 8:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. Pesticide Recertification 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Pesticide Review for Core Examinations Ed Olsen, VA Cooperative Extension 9:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. Fertilizer Training Karen Carter, VA Cooperative Extension – Retired 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Fertilizer Recertification Karen Carter, VA Cooperative Extension – Retired 9:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. Certified Turfgrass Professional — Day 2 of 2 1:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Pesticide Exams
REGISTRATION Register online at
www.ComeToTheBay.org and pay using PayPal.
HOTEL INFORMATION The Virginia Beach Resort Hotel & Conference Center is located at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay — 2800 Shore Drive Virginia Beach, VA 23451 Reserve your room by contacting the hotel directly at
(800) 468-2722 20 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
(Mention you are with the VTC).
Cover Story
Coming to a Turf Area Near You By Jeffrey Derr, Ph.D., and Adam Nichols, Virginia Tech, Hampton Roads Ag. Research and Extension Center, Virginia Beach
I
first started studying doveweed (Murdannia nudiflora) about ten years ago when it began appearing at some of the container nurseries in Virginia. This weed can then move into — and become a weed problem in — landscape beds through the planting of contaminated nursery plants. In cooperation with a fellow weed scientist at North Carolina State University, Dr. Joe Neal, I worked out control programs for this new weed in nursery production and in maintenance of landscape ornamentals. More recently, I have been receiving questions about controlling this weed in turf areas, prompting additional research by Adam and me at the research station. This is a weed that is spreading in Virginia.
Doveweed has grass-like leaves but it is in the spiderwort family.
Doveweed biology Although it resembles grasses, doveweed is a summer annual monocot weed in the spiderwort family (Commelinaceae), which includes other problem weeds such as tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis), Asiatic dayflower (Commelina communis), spreading dayflower (Commelina diffusa) and marsh dayflower (Murdannia keisak). Members of the spiderwort family
are monocots, having one seed leaf (cotyledon), like grasses. Doveweed is native to India, infests crops in many countries and has been considered
22 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
one of the worst weeds of the Commelinaceae family worldwide. Doveweed has become a common weed in southeastern United States’
nursery crops, cotton, soybeans and turfgrass, ranging from Texas to North Carolina, and it has since moved into Virginia. It is common in wet areas such as drainage ditches and low areas with standing water, but it will also grow in cultivated ground where doveweed forms dense mats that compete with crops. Doveweed is a difficult weed to control, as are other members of the Commelinaceae, such as Asiatic dayflower. One possible reason that doveweed and others members of the spiderwort family are increasing is that these species have a degree of tolerance to glyphosate (Roundup, others). They do not have unlimited tolerance to glyphosate, as higher rates will suppress or control them. However, the lower rates of glyphosate used in Roundup-Ready crops will not adequately control these weeds while controlling other sensitive weed species, allowing doveweed and Asiatic dayflower to increase in density. Also, many preemergence herbicides will not control doveweed, allowing this weed to dominate treated areas. Consequently, in cropping systems, populations of doveweed and related species have increased. It is important to separate doveweed and other members of the Commelinaceae family from the grass family. Preemergence herbicides effective for the control of annual grasses, such as prodiamine (Barricade), pendimethalin (Pendulum) and oryzalin (Surflan), do not provide effective control of doveweed. Also, the postemergence grass herbicides used in ornamentals and in certain turfgrass, such as fluazifop (Fusilade/Ornamec), sethoxydim (Segment), clethodim (Envoy) and fenoxaprop (Acclaim Extra), do not control this weed. So, it is important to tell doveweed from grasses, such as crabgrass. Doveweed has thin, pointed leaves about 2" to 5" long and about 1/4" to 1/2" wide. Leaves clasp the stem with a sheath. Stems tend to grow close to the ground and root into the soil at the nodes. It has a small purplish-white flower with 3 petals and forms small
Doveweed has small, purplish-white flowers. Doveweed produces seed in small capsules.
Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council
| 23
Cover Story capsules that contain the seed. Doveweed is strictly a weed of summer, as it does not tolerate cold weather. I cannot grow doveweed in my greenhouse over the winter since we keep temperatures low to save money on fuel. Doveweed does not like 50°F! So, it germinates later in spring than crabgrass, and it tends to die off sooner in
fall. Doveweed seeds lack dormancy when produced, so seeds produced in early summer can germinate, leading to multiple generations per year.
Doveweed control in landscape beds I have found only three preemergence herbicides that control doveweed in
ornamentals — metolachlor (Pennant Magnum), dimethenamid (FreeHand, Tower) and flumioxazin (BroadStar, SureGuard). The use of BroadStar, a granular formulation, is primarily in established woody landscape trees and shrubs. SureGuard is a sprayable formulation of flumioxazin and must be used as a directed spray around trees and shrubs since it has significant postemergence activity. In fact, SureGuard will control small doveweed plants. In a range of bedding plants, groundcovers and woody plants, FreeHand would be a good option for preemergence control. Early spring applications, though, may dissipate prior to the onset of peak doveweed germination in summer, so repeat applications may be needed during the growing season. Alternately, sprayed applications of Pennant Magnum or Tower could be used in a range of nursery plants. But, they should be applied as a directed spray. For postemergence control of doveweed, glufosinate (Finale) provides greater control than glyphosate (Roundup, etc.). SureGuard is an option around trees and shrubs if the doveweed plants are small. Nonselective contact herbicides such as diquat (Reward) would also be an option for control. I do not know of a postemergence herbicide we could use over the top of ornamentals for controlling emerged doveweed, so directed applications will be needed for these applications.
Doveweed control in turfgrass Since doveweed can move into turf areas from infested ornamental beds or be brought in on sod, control measures are needed for cool- and warmseason turfgrass. We have been evaluating turfgrass herbicides over the last few years for selective control of doveweed. Some of my colleagues have talked about using the three-way postemergence herbicides that contain 2,4-D, MCPP, dicamba or related herbicides.
24 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
Cover Story Although we have seen injury to doveweed from these products, single applications have not provided acceptable control. For example, single applications of Triplet, 4-Speed XT and Surge did not provide acceptable doveweed control in a 2016 trial (Table 1). The injury to bermudagrass from 4Speed XT was most likely due to the triclopyr component. Celsius caused 53% injury to doveweed at 25 days after treatment (DAT), but plants outgrew the injury over time. We did not
see acceptable control with Change Up applied either alone or in combination with Manor (Table 2). Certainty, Celsius and Avenue South also did not provide acceptable control in that trial after one application. We tried some additional herbicides in a field and a container trial in 2017, in this case making two applications one month apart. Similar results were seen in both the field and container trials, with the container results listed in Tables 3 and 4. Treating doveweed
in containers allows us to easily record shoot weights. At 20 days after the first application, atrazine, Surge, Tribute Total and Celsius were providing good control (Table 3). We used a higher rate of Surge in this trial compared to the 2016 study; this could explain the better results we saw in 2017. Also, we added a methylated seed oil (MSO) to Surge in 2017 but did not in 2016, so that also could be a reason for the better control in 2017.
TABLE 1. Postemergence doveweed control in a field trial using a single application in 2016.
1
Treatment Nontreated
2
Triplet
3 4 5 LSD
4-Speed XT Surge Celsius P=.05
Bermudagrass injury July 14 1–9 3 DAT 1
July 19
July 27
Aug. 5
Aug. 15
8 DAT 0%
16 DAT 0%
25 DAT 1%
35 DAT 1%
3.5 pint/acre
1
19%
35%
23%
14%
3.5 pint/acre 3.25 pint/acre 4.9 oz./acre
7 1 4 0
3% 4% 24% 4
11% 10% 39% 6
14% 4% 53% 9
6% 1% 31% 8
Percent doveweed control
TABLE 2. Postemergence control of doveweed in bermudagrass using a single application in a 2017 trial.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 LSD
Treatment Nontreated Certainty + Capsil Certainty + Capsil Certainty + Manor + Capsil Change Up Change Up + Manor Change Up + Manor Manor +Capsil Celsius +Capsil Avenue South P=.05
1 0.25 1.25 0.25 1 0.5 0.25 2 1 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 0.25 3.7 0.25 4
oz./a. % v/v oz./a. % v/v oz./a. oz./a. % v/v pt./a. pt./a. oz./a. pt./a. oz./a. oz./a. % v/v oz./a. % v/v pt./a.
Percent doveweed control July 19 July 26 21 DAT 28 DAT 0% 0%
July 5 7 DAT 0%
July 13 15 DAT 0%
Aug. 4 37 DAT 0%
Aug. 15 48 DAT 0%
1%
5%
8%
9%
4%
1%
3%
5%
11%
14%
8%
5%
5%
11%
20%
25%
18%
9%
5%
5%
10%
5%
4%
2%
7%
13%
24%
16%
11%
5%
11%
19%
34%
44%
36%
24%
5%
16%
25%
31%
23%
15%
1%
5%
20%
30%
26%
19%
5% 3
15% 5
20% 4
11% 5
6% 4
0% 2
Capsil is a nonionic surfactant. 26 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
Cover Story TABLE 3. Doveweed control in a container trial after one application in a 2017 trial.
After two applications, excellent doveweed control was seen with Tenacity, atrazine, Surge and Tribute Total (Table 4). Doveweed shoot fresh weight at 27 days after the second application confirmed our control ratings that were taken visually. Tenacity, atrazine, Surge and Tribute Total all reduced doveweed shoot fresh weight by 99% to 100%. Pylex and Celsius also significantly reduced doveweed shoot weight, with fewer reductions seen with Revolver and Image. In cool-season turfgrass, two applications of Tenacity should be an effective treatment for doveweed control. In bermudgrass, Tribute Total applied twice would be a control option. Use of atrazine would probably be limited to St. Augustine. Repeat applications of Surge would be an option in both cool- and warm-season turfgrass species. We plan to continue our work on doveweed to optimize the timing, rate and surfactant addition needed for optimum doveweed control in turfgrass.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 LSD
Percent doveweed control Aug. 23 Aug. 30 Sept. 6 6 DAT 13 DAT 20 DAT 0 0 0
Treatment Nontreated Pylex + MSO Tenacity + MSO Atrazine + MSO Revolver + MSO Surge + MSO Image + MSO Dismiss + MSO Tribute Total + MSO Celsius + MSO Basagran + MSO P=.05
2.8 1.5 fl. oz./a. 1 1 % v/v 4 8 fl. oz./a. 1 1 % v/v 4 1 lb. ai/a 1 1 % v/v 0.19 17.4 fl. oz./a 1 1 % v/v 2.18 4 pt./a. 1 1 % v/v 70 11.4 oz./a. 1 1 % v/v 4 8 fl. oz./a 1 1 % v/v 60.6 3.2 oz./a. 1 1 % v/v 68 4.9 oz./a. 1 1 % v/v 4 1 qt./a. 1 1 % v/v
47%
40%
33%
63%
62%
57%
87%
90%
95%
13%
23%
30%
60%
72%
83%
10%
22%
40%
27%
20%
10%
60%
77%
83%
63%
73%
78%
3%
3%
10%
10
7
14
MSO = methylated seed oil adjuvant.
TABLE 4. Doveweed control and shoot fresh weight after two applications in a 2017 trial.
Sept. 14 % 7 DAT2 3%
Sept. 20 % 13 DAT2 0%
Sept. 27 % 20 DAT2 0%
Oct. 4 % 27 DAT2 0%
Doveweed Shoot Fresh Weight Oct. 4 grams 27 DAT2 242.2 g.
12%
60%
62%
57%
21.2 g.
80%
99%
100%
100%
0.0 g.
98%
99%
99%
98%
0.2 g.
33%
47%
28%
20%
37.5 g.
94%
99%
97%
96%
0.7 g.
27%
50%
42%
33%
34.9 g.
17%
0%
0%
0%
151.4 g.
78%
83%
88%
88%
2.3 g.
62%
73%
77%
71%
10.7 g.
10%
0%
0%
0%
205.4 g.
Percent doveweed control
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Treatment Nontreated Pylex MSO Tenacity MSO Atrazine MSO Revolver MSO Surge MSO Image MSO Dismiss MSO Tribute Total MSO Celsius MSO Basagran
1.5 1 8 1 1 1 17.4 1 4 1 11.4 1 8 1 3.2 1 4.9 1 1
fl. oz./a. % v/v fl. oz./a. % v/v lb. ai/a % v/v fl. oz./a. % v/v pt./a. % v/v oz./a. % v/v fl. oz./a. % v/v oz./a. % v/v oz./a. % v/v qt./a.
28 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
Feature Story
AVOID HERBICIDE RESISTANCE By Understanding How Turfgrass Herbicides Work By Gregory K. Breeden, UT Extension Specialist, Turfgrass Weed Science; James T. Brosnan, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Turfgrass Weed Science; and Javier Vargas, Research Associate, Turfgrass Weed Science, The University of Tennessee
H
erbicides are chemicals that inhibit normal plantgrowth processes, resulting in the death of susceptible weeds. The processes by which herbicides kill weeds are called modes of action, while the location where these effects occur at the cellular level is termed the site of action or the mechanism of action. The Weed Science Society of
America (WSSA) uses a numerical system to group herbicides by mechanism of action. A more detailed description of this numerical system is presented in Table 1. Continual reliance on herbicides that employ the same mechanism of action has led to the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds in turfgrass, as well as in other agricultural systems.
30 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
Developing weed-management programs utilizing herbicides that employ different mechanisms of action is critical to both preventing and managing herbicide-resistant weeds. It is recommended to rotate herbicides that employ different mechanisms of action as often as possible, as well as implementing cultural practices that maximize turf competition and limit weed
TABLE 1. Mechanisms for action of herbicides used to control weeds in turfgrass. WSSA Action Group
Mechanism of Action
Description
1
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Inhibitor
Inhibits synthesis of fatty acids required for building new cell membranes
2
Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) Inhibitor
Inhibits the acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme involved in synthesizing branch chain amino acids such as isoleucine, leucine and valine
3
Microtubule Inhibitor
Inhibits microtubule structure and function during cell division
4
Synthetic Auxin
5, 6 & 7
Photosystem II Inhibitor
8 & 16
Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor
9
EPSP Synthase Inhibitor
10
Glutamine Synthetase Inhibitor
14
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPO) Inhibitor
15
Long Chain Fatty Acid Inhibitor
17
Specific Site Unknown
21 & 29
Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI)
Acts similar to endogenous auxin (IAA) causing uncontrolled cell division and growth that damages vascular tissue Inhibits proper electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis (i.e., photosystem II) Inhibits synthesis of fatty acids and lipids Inhibits production of aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine) required for protein synthesis Inhibits conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine Inhibits the PPO enzyme involved in chlorophyll and heme synthesis Inhibits very long chain fatty acid synthesis The mechanism of action for these herbicides remains unknown, but could potentially be nucleic acid inhibitors Inhibits cell wall synthesis
22
Photosystem I Inhibitor
Herbicides accept electrons from photsystem I leading to oxidative stress that damages cellular structures
26
Specific Site Unknown
The mechanism of action for these herbicides remains unknown
27
Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitor
Inhibits synthesis of carotenoid pigments that protect chlorophyll from oxidative stress
encroachment. Table 2 lists single active ingredient herbicides used in turfgrass by mechanisms of action group number. These WSSA group numbers can also be found on most herbicide labels (Figure 1). In turfgrass, multiple active ingredients are often sold commercially as pre-packaged mixtures to broaden the spectrum of weeds controlled by a single herbicide application. While these products are quite useful tools for weed control, they do not replace the need to rotate to herbicides with other mechanisms of action because active ingredients in these mixtures are often included at rates lower than what would be recommended when these materials are applied alone (i.e., not in a mixture). Table 3 lists example herbicides labeled for use in turfgrass that contain multiple active ingredients and the corresponding WSSA group number for each. Figure 2 is an example of how these groups may be represented on the product label.
FIGURE 1. The Weed Society of America (WSSA) uses a numerical system to group herbicides by mechanism of action. The WSSA group number can be found on most herbicide labels.
FIGURE 2. Some herbicides labeled for use in turfgrass contain multiple active ingredients from various WSSA groups, as shown on the above label.
Journal of the Virginia Turfgrass Council
| 31
Feature Story
TABLE 2. Single herbicide active ingredients labeled for use in turfgrass. Mode of Action
Mechanism of Action
Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Inhibitor
WSSA Action Group
1
Chemical Family
Active Ingredient
Ex. Trade Names
Aryloxyphenoxypropionate (FOPs)
fenoxaprop
Acclaim Extra
fluazifop
Fusilade II
sethoxydim
Segment
Cyclohexanedione (DIMs)
Sulfonylurea
Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitor
Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) Inhibitor
2
Microtubule Inhibitor
Corsair Katana
foramsulfuron
Revolver
halosulfuron
SedgeHammer
imazosulfuron
Celero
iodosulfuron
*NA
metsulfuron
Manor
rimsulfuron
TranXit
sulfosulfuron
Certainty
trifloxysulfuron
Monument
thiencarbazone
*NA
imazaquin
Image
Sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone
imazapic
Plateau
Imidazolinone
florasulam
Defendor
Triazolopyrimidine
penoxsulam
Lockup
Pyrimidinyl(thio) benzoate
bispyribac-sodium
Velocity
Dinitroaniline Root Growth Inhibitor
chlorsulfuron flazasulfuron
3
benefin
Balan
oryzalin
Surflan
pendimethalin
Pendulum
prodiamine
Barricade
trifluralin
Treflan
Pyridine
dithiopyr
Dimension
Benzamide
pronamide
Kerb
Phthalic Acid
DCPA
*NA
2,4-D Phenoxy 4 Synthetic Auxin
Not Well Understood
4 & 26**
MCPP MCPA
Various
2,4-DB Benzoic Acid
dicamba
Banvel
Pyridine Carboxylic Acid
clopyralid
Lontrel
fluroxypyr
*NA
triclopyr
Garlon
Quinoline Carboxylic Acid
quinclorac
Drive XLR8
(table continued on page 34) 32 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
Feature Story
TABLE 2. (continued from page 32) Single herbicide active ingredients labeled for use in turfgrass. Mode of Action
Mechanism of Action
WSSA Action Group
Chemical Family Triazine
Photosynthesis Inhibitor
Photosystem II Inhibitor
Active Ingredient
Ex. Trade Names
atrazine
AAtrex
simazine
Princep
Triazinone
metribuzin
Sencor
Triazolinone
amicarbizone
Xonerate
5
Nitrile
bromoxynil
Buctril
Benzothiadiazinone
bentazon
Basagran
7
Urea
siduron
Tupersan
Not Well Understood
8
Phosphorodithioate
bensulide
Bensumec
Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitor
EPSP Synthase Inhibitor
9
Glycine
glyphosate
Roundup Pro
Nitrogen Metabolism
Glutamine Synthetase Inhibitor
10
Phosphinic Acid
glufosinateammonium
Finale
carfentrazone
Quicksilver
sulfentrazone
Dismiss
N-phenylphthalimide
flumioxazin
Sureguard
Oxadiazole
oxadiazon
Ronstar
Pyrazole
pyraflufen-ethyl
Octane
Photosynthesis Inhibitor
Photosystem II Inhibitor
6
Photosynthesis Inhibitor
Photosystem II Inhibitor
Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor
Aryl Triazinone Cell Membrane Disrupter
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPO) Inhibitor
14
dimethenamid
Tower
metolachlor
Pennant
Benzofuran
ethofumesate
Prograss
17
Organic Arsenical
monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)
Various
Not Well Understood
18
Carbamate
asulam
Asulox
Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitor (CBI)
Cell Wall Biosynthesis Inhibitor
21
Benzamide
isoxaben
Gallery
Cell Membrane Disrupter
Photosystem I Inhibitor
22
Bipyridilium
diquat
Reward
Not Well Understood
Not Well Understood
26 & 4**
Quinoline Carboxylic Acid
quinclorac
Drive XLR8
26
Dithiocarbamate
dazomet
Basamid
Triketone
mesotrione
Tenacity
Pyrazolone
topramezone
Pylex
Alkylazine
indaziflam
Specticle
Shoot Growth Inhibitor
Long Chain Fatty Acid Inhibitor
15
Chloroacetamide
Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor
Not Well Understood
16
Not Well Understood
Not Well Understood
Dihydropter-oate (DHP) Synthase Inhibitor
Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitor
4-HydroxyphenylPyruvate-Dioxygenase (HPPD) Inhibitor
27
Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitor (CBI)
Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitor
29
*NA = Not available alone, but can be found in numerous mixtures. **Quinclorac WSSA action groups are 4 for dicots and 26 for monocots.
34 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
Feature Story
TABLE 3. Select herbicides labeled for use in turfgrass that contain multiple active ingredients. Trade Name(s)
Active Ingredients
WSSA Action Groups
2DQ
2,4-D + dicamba + quinclorac
4 + 4 + (26 or 4)
4-Speed XT
2,4-D + triclopyr + dicamba + pyraflufenethyl
4 + 4 + 4 + 14
Anderson’s Goosegrass/Crabgrass
oxadiazon + dithiopyr
14 + 3
Blindside
sulfentrazone + metsulfuron
14 + 2
Brushmaster
2,4-D + 2,4-DB + dicamba
4+4+4
Celsius
thiencarbazone + iodosulfuron + dicamba
2+2+4
ChangeUp
MCPA + fluroxypyr + dicamba
4+4+4
Confront, 2D
triclopyr + clopyralid
4+4
Coolpower, Horsepower, Eliminate
MCPA + triclopyr + dicamba
4+4+4
Dismiss South
sulfentrazone + imazethapyr
14 + 2
Echelon
sulfentrazone + prodiamine
14 + 3
Escalade 2
2,4-D + fluroxypyr + dicamba
4+4+4
Freehand
dimethenamid + pendimethalin
15 + 3
Last Call
fenoxaprop + fluroxypyr + dicamba
1+4+4
Millennium Ultra 2
2,4-D + clopyralid + dicamba
4+4+4
Momentum FX2
2,4-D + triclopyr + fluroxypyr
4+4+4
Negate
metsulfuron + rimsulfuron
2+2
Powerzone
carfentrazone + MCPA + MCPP + dicamba
14 + 4 + 4 + 4
ProDeuce
glyphosate + prodiamine
9+3
Q-4 Plus
quinclorac + sulfentrazone + 2,4-D + dicamba
(26 or 4) + 14 + 4 + 4
QuickPro
glyphosate + diquat
9 + 22
Solitare
sulfentrazone + quinclorac
14 + (26 or 4)
Specticle Total
indaziflam + glyphosate + diquat
29 + 9 + 22
Speedzone
carfentrazone + 2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba
14 + 4 + 4 + 4
Squareone
carfentrazone + quinclorac
14 + (26 or 4)
Surge, Surezone
sulfentrazone + 2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba
14 + 4 + 4 + 4
Tribute Total
thiencarbazone + foramsulfuron + halosulfuron
2+2+2
Trimec Classic, Three Way, Others
2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba
4+4+4
Trimec Encore
MCPA + MCPP + dicamba
4+4+4
Trimec Plus
MSMA + 2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba
17 + 4 + 4 + 4
T-Zone
triclopyr + sulfentrazone + 2,4-D + dicamba
4 + 14 + 4 + 4
For more information on herbicide resistance and herbicide selection, please visit the following sites: • www.tennesseeturfgrassweeds.org/ pages/herbicide-resistance.aspx • www.tennesseeturfgrassweeds.org/ pages/herbicide-selection-tool.aspx
• www.mobileweedmanual.com If you suspect that a weed might be resistant to a herbicide, it is important to report cases to your Extension specialists and University researchers who are focused on weed management. Reporting allows specialists
36 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
to not only track herbicide resistance spread across the state but also to conduct tests to diagnose resistance in weeds of interest and provide alternative recommendations for control.
Advertisers Index
Turfgrass Calendar
Agronomic Lawn Management ............. 39 www.FertilizerWithALM.com
KWMI / K & W Products, Inc. ............... 29 www.KWMIequipment.com
Alliance Material Handling, Inc. ............. 9 www.alliancemat.com
Luck Ecosystems........................................ 5 www.luckstone.com
Brouwer Kesmac ..................................... 35 www.kesmac.com
McGill Premium Compost ..................... 39 www.mcgillsoilbuilder.com
Buy Sod ...................................................... 3 www.buysod.com
Mid-Atlantic STIHL, Inc. ........................ 33 www.stihldealers.com
Camp Chemical Corp. ............................ 13
Netafim U.S.A. ........................................ 19 www.netafimusa.com/landscape
Carolina Green Corp. ............................. 39 www.cgcfields.com Central Sod Farms of Maryland, Inc. .... 38 www.centralsodmd.com Chesapeake Valley Seed ......................... 19 www.chesapeakevalleyseed.com Collins Wharf Sod Farm ......................... 24 www.collinswharfsod.com Colonial Farm Credit.............................. 39 www.colonialfarmcredit.com Daniel Sod Farms .................................... 39 www.danielsodfarms.com East Coast Sod & Seed ............................ 39 www.eastcoastsod.com Ernst Conservation Seeds ......................... 8 www.ernstseed.com Fisher & Son Company Inc. ................... 27 www.fisherandson.com Harmon Turf Services, Inc. .................... 25 www.harmonturfservices.com Home Field Fertilizer / Meadowspring Turf Farm ........................ 9 www.meadowspringturf.com
January 29 – February 1, 2018 M-A-T-E: Mid-Atlantic Turfgrass Expo
Fredericksburg, VA
February 3–8 Golf Industry Show
Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center San Antonio, TX
Progressive Turf Equipment, Inc............. 5 www.progressiveturfequip.com Revels Tractor Co. Inc. ........................... 37 www.revelstractor.com Riverside Turf.......................................... 14 www.riversideturf.com
February 12–15 TPI International Education Conference & Field Day
(Turfgrass Producers Intl.) Westin LA Paloma Resort Tucson, AZ
Smith Seed Services ................................ 39 www.smithseed.com Smith Turf & Irrigation ........... Back Cover www.smithturf.com
February 27–28 VTC Come to the Bay
Virginia Beach, VA
TMI Truck Equipment, Inc.................... 24 www.TMITruck.com The Cutting Edge of VA ......................... 13 www.tce-va.com
May 8–9 VTC Come to the Valley
Staunton, VA The Turfgrass Group .......................... 7, 21 www.theturfgrassgroup.com Virginia Sand & Stone ..Inside Front Cover www.virginiasand.com Weed Man ............................................... 39 www.weedmanfranchise.com Woodward Turf Farms Inc. ...................... 5 www.woodwardturf.com
May 21 Virginia Tech Turfgrass Research Classic and Field Day
June 19 Pesticide Recertification
Hampton, VA
June 26 Virginia Tech Field Day
Hampton Roads AREC Virginia Beach, VA
August 14 Lawn and Landscape Field Day
Virginia Tech Campus Blacksburg, VA 38 | VIRGINIA TURFGRASS JOURNAL January/February 2018 www.vaturf.org
DIGITAL Marketplace
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