Land Stewardship Letter, No. 2, 2021 by landstewardshipproject7

The

Land Stewardship Letter 39 Years of Keeping the Land & People Together Volume 39

landstewardshipproject.org

Number 2, 2021

A ground-level peek at regenerative farming’s potential (page 22).

u —Dave Serfling’s Ag Policy Legacy— —MN State Legislative Preview— —Drought: Short Term Relief & Long Term Solutions— —Prairie’s Horizontal Grandeur— — Soil Health & a ‘Wonder Field’ — —Building Community Food Webs—

Contents

The

Land Stewardship Keeping the Land & People Together

Letter

Vol. 39—Number 2, 2021

The Land Stewardship Letter is published by the Land Stewardship Project, a private, nonprofit organization. The Land Stewardship Project’s mission is to foster an ethic of stewardship for farmland, to promote sustainable agriculture, and to develop healthy communities. Members of the Land Stewardship Project receive this publication as a benefit. Annual membership dues are $35. All inquiries pertaining to the Land Stewardship Letter should be addressed to the editor, Brian DeVore, 4917 Nokomis Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55417; phone: 612-816-9342; e-mail: bdevore@landstewardshipproject.org.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Deborah Allan, Laurie Driessen, Andrew Ehrmann, Laura Frerichs, Jon Jovaag, Dan McGrath, Darrel Mosel, Linda Peck, Kristin Tombers, Paula Williams

STAFF Southeastern Minnesota

180 E. Main St., P.O. Box 130, Lewiston, MN 55952; phone: 507-523-3366; fax: 2729; e-mail: ssnater@landstewardshipproject.org Annelie Livingston-Anderson, Maura Curry, Bairet Eiter, Barb Sogn-Frank, Alex Romano, Shona Snater, Karen Stettler

Western Minnesota

117 South 1st Street, Montevideo, MN 56265; phone: 320-269-2105; fax: 2190; e-mail: rmoore@landstewardshipproject.org Amy Bacigalupo, Scott DeMuth, Robin Moore, Nick Olson

Stewardship Roots…3

• LSP & Dave Serfling’s Policy Breakthrough

Myth Buster…4

• Manure Methane Indigestion

Policy & Organizing…6

This LSL printed by Johnson Printers, Rochester, Minn.

No. 2, 2021

• Staff Changes • Want an LSPer to Speak to Your Group? • LSP Staffers form Union

• 2022 MN Legislature Preview • Let’s Bolster Local Processing in Minnesota • Drought Stricken Farmers Call for Short Term Help, Long Term Strategies • Factory Farming Decision a Win in SE MN • ‘Fighting Factory Farms’ Cohort this Winter • Fighting Corporate Control in Meat • The Unpalatability of Food Concentration • Sign-up for the LSAF Hotlist

Soil Health…12

• The Wonder of Working with Nature • Join the Soil Builders’ Network • Grass-based Meat Marketing Videos

Farm as Natural Habitat…14

• Prairie: To Blitz it is to Appreciate it

Farm Beginnings…16

• Profile: Making Room for Relationships • Farm Beginnings & Journeyperson Primer

Farm Transitions…19

• Seeking Farmers-Seeking Land Clearinghouse • Continuing a Stewardship Legacy

Land Access…20

• A Common Approach to Acres Accessibility • One Farm’s Incubator Swim Team

Farmer-to-Farmer…22 • A Season of Field Days

Twin Cities

821 East 35th St., Suite 200 Minneapolis, MN 55407; phone: 612-722-6377; fax: 6474; e-mail: info@landstewardshipproject.org Julie Emery, Olivia Blanchflower, Sean Carroll, Brian DeVore, Natalia Espina, Sarah Goldman, Josh Journey-Heinz, Jessica Kochick, Amanda Koehler, Elizabeth Makarewicz, Emily Minge, Ryan Perez, Timothy Kenney, Clara Sanders, Matthew Sheets, Megan Smith, Charles Spencer

LSP News…5

Reviews…32

• Building Community Food Webs • Sacred Cow • The Drama of a Rural Community’s Life Cycle

Stewardship Shop…34 Membership Update…35 • Membership Questions? • Showing Up Where it Counts • MEF Closes Doors • LSP Fact Sheets • Get Current with LIVE-WIRE • In Memory & in Honor

Stewardship Calendar…36 The Land Stewardship Letter

conservation program in the country — at least 70 million acres of cropland, forest acres, pastures, and rangeland are enrolled in the program. I’ve been on dozens of CSP farms that are using innovative practices to save soil, protect water, build carbon, and provide wildlife habitat. Unfortunately, Dave never had the opporHow Dave Serfling & an LSP Farmer Committee Changed Conservation Policy tunity to see his vision fully realized. Less than a year after he signed that CSP contract, conservation policy. His fellow farmers on By Brian DeVore he was killed in an auto accident. He was the committee went over the proposal, and only 46 at the time, and it’s astounding the with the assistance of then-LSP policy direcimpact he had on regenerative agriculture, tor Mark Schultz, hammered out an initiat was the summer of 2005, and Dave policy, and his local community in such a tive that, rather than promote the production Serfling was ecstatic. The 350 acres short time. of more monocrops, would reward resultshe and his wife Diane were raisBesides being a key player in the develoriented whole-farm conservation practices ing crops and livestock on in southeastern opment of one of the most innovative farm on working land. This was groundbreakMinnesota had just enrolled in a new USDA conservation programs in history, Dave was ing — federal farm conservation programs conservation program that paid farmers deeply involved in on-farm research and have traditionally relied on retiring acres via for producing environmental benefits on farmer-to-farmer education. The Serfling initiatives such as the Conservation Reserve working farmland. I had called Dave to talk farm was frequently featured in the media, Program and funding the establishment of about the implementation of what was then and Dave himself was an eloquent and efpiecemeal projects such as terraces that called the “Conservation Security Program,” fective communicator. His presentations, don’t always produce the results intended. and he informed me that a 2,000-acre crop essays, and fact sheets blended the farmer’s “You have over one million creative operation in his watershed was also enrolled razor-sharp analysis of numbers with his in the program but didn’t qualify for as own family’s experience as land stewmuch money. ards. Dave had a knack for expressing to Why? It turns out the program was non-farmers the joys of making a living going to reward Dave and Diane not on the land. “As you can probably tell, I based on how many acres of corn they love farming,” he wrote in one newsparaised, but on how much of a positive per commentary that described in loving impact they were having on the landdetail the life he and Diane, along with scape. Over the years, they had estabtheir children, Hannah and Ethan, had lished diverse crop rotations, rotational on those 350 acres. grazing, and perennial systems like Perhaps Dave was his most animated hay and pasture, and they had plans for when he talked about working with putting in more of what today would livestock. He loved figuring out how to be called “regenerative” practices. In a balance care of the land with profitable region where rain can send soil flying production of hogs, cattle, sheep, and off steep hillsides and karst geology chickens, and he saw animals as playing makes groundwater vulnerable to conan integral role in creating a diverse, Dave, Hannah, Diane, and Ethan Serfling in a photo taken tamination, the Serflings felt this was sustainable operation. The Serfling farm in 2001. “As you can probably tell, I love farming,” Dave the only way to farm. And now, for was an early supplier of antibiotic-free once wrote. (LSP Photo) the first time, government policy, and pork to Niman Ranch. indirectly, society itself, was recognizIt’s fitting that Dave is closely associfarmer minds out there in the country. If ing that fact as well. ated with an innovative piece of policy like you tell them the environmental results that “This never happened in the commodity CSP. Its foundation was built on the ideal you want and give them financial incentive program, where I actually was paid more that when given a chance, farming can have to achieve them, they will find a way to dethan the big cropping operations,” Dave told a positive impact on the land, people, and liver,” Dave told the U.S. Senate Agriculture me over the phone. community. Dave Serfling lived that ideal Committee in 2001. But he wasn’t bragging about a financial every day. p “Dave’s idea was that policy ought to windfall at the expense of a fellow farmer. reward farming practices that create public Dave was simply expressing amazement that Brian DeVore is the editor of the Land goods,” recalls Schultz, who retired in 2020 for once his diverse production techniques Stewardship Letter. as the executive director of LSP. were not being penalized by policy. And A working lands conservation program the program, called CSP for short, wasn’t that took a whole-farm approach resonated prescribing how to farm. Rather, it was proGive it a Listen with Tom Harkin, who was then a U.S. viding goals — cleaner water, less erosion, pisode 204 of LSP’s Ear to the Ground Senator from Iowa and chair of the Senate more wildlife habitat, for example — and podcast features former executive direcAgriculture Committee. After meeting with then leaving it up to the farmers to creativity tor Mark Schultz describing how Dave Serfling members of the LSP committee, Harkin reach them. That’s exactly what Dave had in and other members of the organization’s Federal made CSP part of the 2002 Farm Bill. mind when, a few years before, he walked Farm Policy Committee created the Conservation Two decades later, what is now called into a meeting of the Land Stewardship ProjStewardship Program: landstewardshipproject. the Conservation Stewardship Program is, ect’s Federal Farm Policy Committee with org/series/ear-to-the-ground. by farm acreage covered, the largest federal an 11-page proposal to revamp federal farm

Stewardship Roots

Helping Stewardship Farms Deliver Public Goods

The Land Stewardship Letter

No. 2, 2021

Myth Buster Box

An Ongoing Series on Ag Myths & Ways of Deflating Them

➔ Myth: CAFO Digesters are a Good Public Investment ➔ Fact:

It’s an enticing concept to take a waste product and transform it into something useful. For example, an on-farm digester breaks down manure and generates a biogas. That biogas is made up mostly of methane, which is the primary component of natural gas, a valuable part of our energy infrastructure. Any method that can keep a nasty greenhouse gas like methane out of the atmosphere is a big deal. Methane is more than 25 times as potent as carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Methane concentrations in the atmosphere have more than doubled the past 200 years, and that’s largely as a result of human-related activities. Agriculture makes up 9.6% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and the liquid manure systems utilized by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are a big reason food production is such a major contributor to climate change. Overall, emissions from manure jumped over 60% between 1990 and 2019, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Methane emissions alone increased almost 68% during this period. The majority of the increased methane production was from swine and dairy cattle manure. It’s no accident that methane production by agriculture coincides with the boom in large CAFOs. In these industrialized systems, liquid manure is managed by storing it in large lagoon systems in liquid form, which creates an anaerobic (no oxygen) situation, creating the perfect broth for cooking up methane emissions. In such a system, manure is no longer a source of fertility, it’s a waste product to be gotten rid of. Methane digesters offer a way to make that waste into something useful, in the process “greening up” the factory farm industry. Currently, there are 273 manure digesters in operation on U.S. livestock farms, according to the EPA’s AgSTAR program, which promotes biogas production from livestock waste. Of those, 216 are strictly dairy operations and 37 focus on swine. Wisconsin has 39 manure digesters, Minnesota has six, and Iowa has five. What’s striking when one scans the AgSTAR database is how large the operations are. Most are raising thousands of head of livestock in one location. One esti-

No. 2, 2021

mate is that a dairy would need 2,500 cows to support a standalone digester — the average dairy farm in the U.S. has around 240 cows. Riverview Dairy, which is based out of Morris, Minn., and has operations in several states, is operating digesters on two operations in Minnesota — one has 7,665 cows, the other 6,300. There’s a reason that digesters tend to be on mega-farms — they cost mega-bucks. The price tag can typically be around $1.2 million, according to AgSTAR. Through grants, cost-share funding, low-interest loans, and tax breaks, agencies like the Minnesota Department of Agriculture, the EPA, and the USDA are supporting the construction of methane digesters on CAFOs. In an open market situation, a digester wouldn’t even come close to making sense economically once a farmer burns through government funding to set one up. But a relatively recent development has altered the math. Traditionally, digesters were used to produce energy that was used right on the farm. But promoters of this technology are particularly excited about the potential to pipe the gas off the farm to other states and regions and provide income via offset carbon markets. Smithfield Foods, the largest pork producer in the country, is getting into biogas in a big way, and has partnered with Dominion Energy to sell natural gas into California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard market. Amp Americas is working with Riverview at three of its dairies to produce biogas that can also tap into the California market. In 2020, the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission approved CenterPoint Energy’s proposal to create an infrastructure for supplying biogas generated from manure, among other waste products. The government’s excitement around digesters is beginning to smell a lot like yet another subsidy for factory farm livestock production. Civil Eats recently documented how an analysis in California showed government grants typically covered 40% of the costs of building digesters. Ninety-three percent of the projected revenue from the manure digester operations studied by University of CaliforniaDavis came from selling government-created environmental credits. Subsidizing the construction — and providing a bit of taxpayer funded greenwashing — for factory farms is bad news not just for our public coffers. It also helps prop up a system

that has proven to be a major burden on the public in the form of water and air pollution. Those impacts also decimate rural Main Streets that owe their economic survival to the families that run small and medium-sized farms. Subsidizing mega-sized digesters is just one more way to help the Riverviews of the world crush their smaller neighbors. And this is not the case of a methane digester on a CAFO providing a net gain in the battle to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Much of the methane produced by a 7,000-cow dairy would not be there in the first place if it wasn’t for the fact that it relied on a massive liquid manure system. A problem was created by this system and now the public is being asked to pay for solving it on massive operations that only make this, and numerous other environmental and economic problems, worse. That’s particularly hard to swallow when one realizes there are better ways to raise livestock. Buried in EPA’s most recent “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks” report is a line describing how when manure is “handled as a solid” and deposited on pasture, it tends to decompose aerobically, producing little or no methane. In a nutshell, they are describing why livestock production systems that rely on rotational grazing of cattle or straw bedding for hogs are a climate-smart way to raise animals. Much of the money that’s been going into building manure digesters comes out of the USDA’s Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). There have been calls by LSP and its allies to bar CAFOs from using EQIP funds. That would free up more resources for kick-starting the kind of regenerative livestock production systems that don’t treat manure as a waste product, but as a source of biologically-rich fertility.

➔ More Information:

• EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (1990-2019), https:// bit.ly/3E7zYlI • Civil Eats: “Are Biogas Subsidies Benefiting the Largest Animal Farms?” https:// bit.ly/3ne6Y5f • EPA AgSTAR Livestock Anaerobic Digester Database, https://bit.ly/3m2NTU8

The Land Stewardship Letter

LSP News LSP Staff Update

fter a short hiatus, Amy Bacigalupo has returned to the Land Stewardship Project as the codirector of its Farm Beginnings and Food Systems programs. Before leaving LSP in 2020 to spend more time on her family’s western Minnesota orchard operation, Bacigalupo spent two decades making LSP’s Farm Beginnings Program one of the most successful and respected beginning farmer training initiatives in the country (see page 17). The follow-up training initiative, Journeyperson, was designed Amy Bacigalupo and implemented with her guidance, and Farm Beginnings is now being taught in over a dozen states because of the Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program and the Farm Beginnings Collaborative, both of which Bacigalupo took the lead on creating and supporting. More recently, Bacigalupo served as program director and co-managing director at LSP, and led efforts to make opportunities in agriculture available to more farmers of color, including Indigenous people. Bacigalupo can be contacted at amyb@ landstewardshipproject.org or 320-2692105. Olivia Blanchflower has been hired as LSP’s development director. Blanchflower has a bachelor’s degree in liberal arts from Sarah Lawrence College, and has extensive experience writing grants to support resilient

food systems. Prior to joining LSP, she led and raised money for food systems programs in New York City for 13 years with GrowNYC. During this time, she and her team grew Olivia Blanchflower a network of youth-run farm stands into a wholesale distribution enterprise that delivers foods from local farms to hundreds of community-based partners, institutions, and businesses. At LSP, she is cultivating relationships with potential donors, current donors, strategic partners, and others to ensure the success of the organization’s mission. Blanchflower can be contacted at oblanchflower@ landstewardshipproject.org or 612-4006356. When Johanna Rupprecht became a policy organizer in LSP’s southeastern Minnesota office in 2012, she didn’t need a tutorial on the organization’s history. Rupprecht’s parents, Mike and Jennifer Rupprecht, were founding farmer-members and have been involved in many aspects of LSP’s work over the years. Johanna recently ended her “employment” connection to LSP, taking a position as the arts administrator for the River Arts Alliance in Winona, Minn. During the past nine years, Rupprecht worked with members to organize successful campaigns related to healthcare, corporate control, and stewardship of the land. Johanna Rupprecht Most notably,

she worked with Winona County residents on a 17-month grassroots campaign to put in place a frac sand mining ban. Through narrative development, organizing meetings, a special report, letters-to-the-editor, lawn signs, and expert testimony, the campaign brought about a ban that set a national precedent. Rupprecht’s organizing combined person-to-person connections with rocksolid documentation of the facts. As a result, the ban has withstood numerous legal challenges all the way to the Minnesota Supreme Court. Maddie Hyde has left LSP to return to farming. Since joining the staff in 2019, Hyde has worked as a membership and base building organizer. In that role, she worked Maddie Hyde with LSP’s programs to help bolster membership recruitment and membership involvement. During her time with LSP, membership grew and new ways were created to increase members’ ability to have a positive impact through LSP’s work. Hyde also helped develop support initiatives for new members. p

LSP Staffers Form Union

and Stewardship Project staff, like many employees of nonprofits around the country, have chosen to form a union. This fall, LSP’s board and management announced that they fully support staff members’ right to unionize and have recognized the Land Stewardship Workers Union, which is part of Local 12 of the Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU). LSP’s management team and board look forward to working with the union as a contract is negotiated. p

Want Someone to Speak about LSP’s Work to Your Group?

ould others in your community or a group you’re a part of be interested in learning about the Land Stewardship Project’s programmatic, policy, or electoral work? Our staff are available to speak about our various initiatives. Contact us at info@landstewardshipproject.org to learn more and to get something set up. For details on other ways to connect with LSP, see landstewardshipproject.org/connect-with-lsp.

The Land Stewardship Letter

No. 2, 2021

Policy & Organizing 2022 Minnesota Legislative Session

LSP to Prioritize Soil & Communities Note: The 2022 session of the Minnesota Legislature will convene Jan. 31 in Saint Paul. Land Stewardship Project policy manager Amanda Koehler recently talked to the Land Stewardship Letter about what issues our members will be focusing on during the session.

Often the argument is that there isn’t enough money to go around to fund various public initiatives. u Koehler: We know that there is enough to go around for all Minnesotans and the land to truly thrive. Right now, big corporations and the richest don’t pay their fair share. They often skew the laws in their favor and dominate the state budget. That’s why LSP has worked with numerous allies to equitably raise revenue in Minnesota, increase the percentage of our state budget’s investment in regenerative agriculture and climate change, and confront and expose big corporate interests. During the upcoming legislative session, our biggest opportunity for funding is the multi-billion dollar bonding bill, which we will be leveraging. There are few opportunities to secure funding from the supplemental budget, but we will explore what’s available. It is possible that legislators will also push a supplemental Clean Water Fund bill, which is how LSP has secured funding for numerous sustainable agriculture programs

addressed. The Legislature is still negotiatu LSL: Describe how the 2022 session ing how to spend funds appropriated for will be different from the 2021 session and pandemic frontline workers and how the how that will change LSP’s approach. state can provide drought relief for farmu Koehler: The Minnesota Legislature ers, something LSP has worked to shape has a biennial calendar. In odd-numbered and support (see page 8). Unfortunately, years, like 2021, the Legislature must write instead of delivering for frontline workers a two-year budget for the state. In evenand farmers, the Senate majority has focused numbered years, such as the upcoming 2022 its attention on firing members of Governor legislative session, lawmakers will be focused on a supplemental budget (adjusting the budget from 2021 based on actual revenue and spending), passing policy proposals that generally have no price tag, and putting together a bonding bill. A bonding bill is how the Legislature decides to spend income from the sale of state bonds, which are primarily used for capital projects. With all that in mind, LSP will be focusing on passing our statewide soil-healthy farming goals, leveraging the bonding bill to invest in the infrastructure needed to support small and mid-sized farms, exploring supplemental budget opportunities, and protecting people and the land from harmful corporate-backed proposals. More priorities may emerge between now and the beginning of the legislative session, based on the direction of our member-led steering committees. We are also going into an election year where all state Representatives, In September, members of LSP and Clean River Partners gathered on the Mike Peterson farm Senators, the Governor, and others near Northfield, Minn., to discuss state and federal policy priorities. (LSP Photo) are up for re-election. With a split Legislature — one party controls Tim Walz’s cabinet, which they can only do the House and another controls the Senover the years. It’s also important to know during a regular or special session. Thereate – majorities and minorities double down that the Legacy Amendment, which estabfore, in valuing a stable state government, on delivering their priorities and stopping lished the Clean Water Fund, amongst other as of this writing the Governor has not yet proposals they oppose. environmental and arts funds, needs to be called a special session. It is likely these is renewed on the 2022 ballot. sues will remain unaddressed until the 2022 u LSL: Is there some leftover business regular legislative session. from the last session that can be dealt with during this session? State Legislature, see page 7… u LSL: What are you hearing in the air u Koehler: There is some business as far as what funding will be available? from the 2021 session that has yet to be

No. 2, 2021

The Land Stewardship Letter

…State Legislature, from page 6 u LSL: Does LSP have a certain approach to organizing at the 2022 Legislature? Will we be trying a hybrid of in-person and virtual interactions? u Koehler: Due to COVID-19, the Legislature had to create more avenues for engagement in 2020 and 2021. These broadened ways to engage have been meaningful to our members and supporters — people can testify in a hearing, meet with a legislator, and organize from across the state. No one needs to drive three hours to get just two-to-five minutes in front of a committee or their legislator. As accessibility issues and barriers have been reduced, we have seen more engagement in our legislative work. However, there is a lot of value to inperson organizing. It is powerful to show up in big numbers, confront lawmakers who can easily avoid us in a virtual setting, and be in physical community with one another. We are hopeful that it will be safe to have an in-person element to this coming session.

Despite the positive impact of in-person organizing, we always prioritize the health and safety of our members and supporters. There will certainly be a virtual element, but how much in-person engagement we have will depend on what is open to the public, what COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations look like, and how comfortable our members are with face-to-face engagement. u LSL: What’s the best way for members to make their voices heard before and during the session? Often, there are special committee hearings before it begins, aren’t there? u Koehler: Lawmakers need to hear from their constituents, not just corporate lobbyists. Before or during the legislative session, you can call them, e-mail them, or request a virtual or in-person meeting with them. Please reach out to us if you need support in lobbying your legislator or organizing people in your legislative district to meet with your legislator. You can also reach out to us if you’re interested in sharing your story with lawmakers, whether that’s in a small meeting or in front of a committee.

Another way to get involved is to submit letters to local and statewide newspapers — lawmakers tend to pay attention when their constituents speak out publicly. Finally, if members are interested in getting involved, request a one-to-one conversation with a policy organizer. We would love to co-create a meaningful role in this work for members, no matter how much time and resources they have available. p

Get Involved

ant to make your voice heard during the 2022 session of the Minnesota Legislature? Contact Amanda Koehler at akoehler@landstewardshipproject.org or 612-400-6355 for details on how to get involved. For action alerts and other resources related to the upcoming session, check LSP’s State Policy web page at landstewardshipproject.org/state-policy.

MN Legislators Can Bolster Local Processing in 2022

he COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of global, concentrated supply chains. In addition, farmers adopting regenerative practices and growing food that nourishes people need markets to sell their production to. That’s why the Land Stewardship Project will be working during the 2022 session of the Minnesota Legislature to pass policies that help create a more resilient food and farm system, says Sarah Goldman, who organizes on regional food systems for LSP. Goldman recently outlined three food-related areas LSP will be working on during the session:

Transition Planning

Just as farm owners face many challenges transitioning their operations to the next generation of farmers, so too do meat processors face significant obstacles in creating sustainable business transition plans

when they reach retirement age. Often, a lack of holistic business transition planning leads to processors closing their doors when they reach retirement age or passing on their business to new owners who are not well prepared or informed about how to continue operating small processing facilities.

Certification & Training

All meat and poultry processors under federal or state inspection must have Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOP) and a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) plan or plans in place. These measures help ensure that meat and poultry processors are producing safe products. However, there are limited HACCP training courses available in Minnesota to meet this requirement and often processors do not know how to navigate the certification process.

Workforce Shortages

Many meat processors cannot recruit and retain skilled workers to keep small plants running. In addition, when workers are available, plant managers often need to provide extensive training due to workers’ lack of previous experience in meat processing and meat cutting. The Land Stewardship Project looks forward to working with its allies and members to address these and other regional food issues during the 2022 legislative session. Do you want to get involved? Contact Sarah Goldman at sgoldman@ landstewardshipproject.org or 612-4006341. More on LSP’s regional food systems work is at landstewardshipproject. org/regional-food-systems. For more on LSP’s efforts to support local meat processing, see page 10.

Resources for Navigating the Meat Processing Business

onfused about the current rules related to starting up and operating a meat and poultry processing business in Minnesota? Join the club — it can be a confusing process that’s constantly in flux. The Minnesota Department of Agriculture’s Meat, Poultry, and Egg Inspection Division web page has numerous resources to help entrepreneurs navigate the system. Check it The Land Stewardship Letter

out at mda.state.mn.us/food-feed/startingmeat-poultry-processing-business. Included on that web page are descriptions of the different inspection types and exemptions, as well as a link to guidelines on Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOP) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HAACP) plans. There is also an extensive map showing the location

of the state’s various local processors. For details, contact the division at 651-201-6300 or MDA.MeatPoultryEgg@state.mn.us. Nationally, the Meat Processor Assistance Network provides resources for small and medium-sized meat and poultry businesses, including peer-to-peer consulting. That website is at nichemeatprocessing.org. p No. 2, 2021

Policy & Organizing State Issues

Drought-Stricken Farmers Call for Short-Term Relief & Long-Term Climate Solutions

Listening Session Highlights Toll on Small & Medium-Sized Produce & Livestock Farmers

he 2021 drought had a devastating impact on Liz Dwyer: her well went dry, vegetable plantings shriveled, livestock had to be butchered early because of lack of hay, and the Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program at her Dancing the Land Farm had to stop deliveries eight weeks early. Yet, when the Stearns County, Minn., farmer called her local USDA Farm Service Agency office to find out about drought assistance, Dwyer was told she didn’t qualify because her diversified operation didn’t fit the mold of farms the agency was used to working with. “The reality is I feed hundreds of people, and yet there’s no support in a year like this, and this is the kind of year that just kills small farms,” she said during a drought listening session held by the Land Stewardship Project and the Minnesota Farmers’ Market Association in late September. Other small and medium-sized farmers who raise vegetables, fruit, and livestock shared similar stories during the virtual event, which was attended by Minnesota Commissioner of Agriculture Thom Petersen, as well as several state legislators. In many parts of the region, the drought started in the spring and extended throughout the summer. By August, more than three-quarters of Minnesota was considered to be suffering from “severe” or “extreme” drought, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor.

Red Lake Nation in northwestern Minnesota. “We need state-mandated climate mitigation action.” KaZoua Berry, program manager for Big River Farms in Washington County, said policymakers need to take steps to help farmers deal with climate change in the long term by adjusting programs to support small-scale farmers while cutting red tape and providing incentives for consumers to support these farmers at places like farmers’ markets. “This is the kind of conversation we should have had a decade ago,” she said. When lawmakers are considering drought assistance, an emphasis should be placed on small to medium-sized producers who have

Listening session participants made it clear that for many farmers this is an emergency situation requiring immediate assistance. During the fall, Governor Tim Walz announced that he is proposing a $10 million drought assistance package that he would like to be considered at a special session of the Legislature. That proposal includes $5 million in grants of up to $5,000 for livestock watering systems and irrigation equipment while also offering $5 million for a zerointerest loan program. Land Stewardship Project organizer Sarah Goldman said short-term relief is critical, but the public By August, more than three-quarters of Minnesota was sufferneeds to push for long- ing from “severe” or “extreme” drought. (LSP Photo) term resiliency planthe kind of operations often left out of mainning funding to proactively address extreme stream farm program support, said Kathy weather in future growing seasons. Zeman, executive director of the Minnesota “Over the past few years, we have seen Farmers’ Market Association. unprecedented droughts and flooding across “It’s critical that this relief package is acthe state, and these events have pushed cessible to smaller-scale, diversified farms, farmers to the brink,” she said. “It is time those who are renting land, those who are to support farmers in integrating practices selling good food directly to our commuthat will mitigate some of nities and ensuring they have the support the most harmful effects needed to navigate applying for this aid,” “The reality is I feed hundreds of people, and yet there’s of these extreme weather said Zeman. p events and ensure those no support in a year like this, and this is the kind of currently on the land can year that just kills small farms.” stay farming with adequate — Minnesota farmer Liz Dwyer relief resources.” h e Minnesota Department of Other listening session Agriculture (MDA) has an online participants made it clear list of resources to help farmers struggling By late summer, nearly 60% of the state’s that the state needs to address long-term with drought. Its drought resources web pastureland was in “very poor” or “poor” climate change issues if agriculture is to repage also includes a link to Farm Advocondition, according to Petersen. Dry condimain viable. University of Minnesota Extencates, a nationally recognized program the tions did not end come fall: as of December sion fruit production educator Annie Klodd Land Stewardship Project has long sup2021, significant parts of the state’s farming said her office is dealing with unprecedented ported. Farm Advocates provides one-onregions were still experiencing “moderate climate-related issues such as the need for one support for farmers and their families drought” or were “abnormally dry,” accordmore irrigation in areas that historically have grappling with economic and legal issues. ing to the Drought Monitor — an ominous not required it. “Climate change is here,” Check out the MDA page at www.mda. sign for the 2022 growing season. said David Manuel, a farm manager for the state.mn.us/drought-resources.

Crisis Resources

No. 2, 2021

The Land Stewardship Letter

Factory Farming

Court’s Decision a Win for Land, Communities & Farms Winona County Residents Speak Out — Will CAFO Owners Listen?

By Matthew Sheets n a win for the people and the land of southeastern Minnesota’s Winona County, the Minnesota Court of Appeals has declined to take up a case that was brought forward by a large dairy attempting to expand well beyond an existing animal unit cap. This comes after years of neighborto-neighbor action and public engagement by Land Stewardship Project members and other people in Winona County in support of the current animal unit cap, which was put in place to protect the communities, as well as the land, water, and air, that everyone relies on. At issue is Daley Farm’s attempt to add roughly 3,000 animals to its existing operation, which would put the operation at around 6,000 animal units, almost four times the county’s animal unit cap of 1,500 animal units. That cap is equivalent to 1,071 dairy cows, 5,000 market hogs, and 1,500 beef cows/steers; the overwhelming majority of livestock operations in Winona County and across Minnesota are well below this limit, meaning this cap readily allows for a family farm-based system of livestock agriculture. Such a cap is particularly important in a region like southeastern Minnesota, where groundwater is vulnerable to contamination as a result of the porous karst geology that predominates. In 2019, the animal unit cap was challenged by Daley Farm’s lawyers after the Winona County Board of Adjustment ruled that the proposed expansion could not move forward because it would exceed the cap. The expanded facility would use 92 million gallons of the area’s groundwater per year and produce 46 million gallons of manure and wastewater. For context, the nearby town of Lewiston (pop. 1,506) uses 33 million gallons of water annually. And the operation is in a region where tests have shown wells with nitrate levels nearing or above the Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum allowable nitrate level of 10 milligrams per liter. The Minnesota Court of Appeals decision keeps with a long legal tradition in Minnesota of giving regulatory favor to the local governing body and the people who have the most at stake. Even after being denied an exception to the county animal unit cap rule — called a “variance” — by the local community, and after the courts have decided that the local The Land Stewardship Letter

decision takes precedence, Daley Farm put forward yet another request for a variance for the same project. And, yet again, the Board of Adjustment voted on Dec. 2 to deny the variance. During the past two years, neighbors to the proposed expansion, along with other folks in Winona County, have repeatedly made it clear such a large expansion is not welcome in their community. They have testified at public meetings, submitted detailed evidence to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and written letters-to-the-editor. Unfortunately, the owners of Daley Farm have strongly hinted that they will continue to push for this unwanted expansion. This proposal is seen as a bellwether by large agribusiness interests within Minnesota, which are pushing for ever more expansion of mega-sized concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) at the expense of small and moderate-sized family farms. As a result, Daley Farm has had significant resources backing up its expansion efforts, including a law firm that serves major agribusiness clients. Rather than follow the law, Daley Farm is attempting to force the law to follow it by basically rewriting the ordinance, despite the wishes of the community. It should be made clear that this expansion doesn’t just violate what’s considered a sensible animal unit limitation in Winona County. Several other southeastern Minnesota counties — Freeborn, Fillmore, Dodge, and Faribault — also limit the size of livestock operations. Local governments are taking serious steps toward protecting groundwater and the viability of small to moderate-sized livestock farms. As LSP farmer-members in the region have been proving for decades, concentrating thousands of animals in CAFOs is not the future of agriculture; there are ways to profitably raise livestock while keeping our communities and the land viable and healthy. The people of Winona County made it clear in 1998 when the animal unit cap was instituted, in 2019 when the original request for a variance was denied, and now in 2021 when it was denied again — the area’s water, air, and small to mid-sized farms are more important to the community than the profits of one mega-operation or the advancement of an unsustainable model of agriculture that has already decimated numerous other communities across the country. Those community values have remained rock solid over the years.

That was made apparent earlier this fall when LSP member-leaders in Winona County brought together other members of the community to talk about Daley Farm’s continued efforts to overturn those community values and how local people can ensure that the county animal unit cap is enforced. The folks who pulled together for this meeting shared a resolve to protect their community and be in communication with their neighbors about the importance of the county animal unit cap and the values that are behind it. One result of that discussion was that residents penned over a dozen letters-to-the editor expressing their stewardship values and how the proposed Daley Farm expansion undermines them. LSP is looking forward to this renewed community conversation and is confident that the people of Winona County will, yet again, make their voices heard. Local government and the courts have listened and acted accordingly. It’s time the owners of Daley Farm and other boosters of the megadairy model got the message as well. p LSP organizer Matthew Sheets works on factory farm and livestock concentration issues. He can be reached at msheets@ landstewardshipproject.org or at 612767-9709. For more on how to get involved with LSP’s factory farm work, see landstewardshipproject.org/factory-farms.

LSP ‘Fighting Factory Farms’ Cohort this Winter

he Land Stewardship Project invites members to participate in its “Fighting Factory Farms” cohort this winter. This will be an opportunity to learn about local, state, and judiciary levers available to stop factory farms in your community. There will be opportunities to ask questions of experts and to develop skills around having one-on-one conversations with your neighbors, building leadership in your community, testifying at local meetings, and developing communications and narrative strategies. The gatherings will be held Jan. 22, Feb. 5, and Feb. 19. At this time, LSP is planning to gather in-person in a central location for this cohort. Participants must be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 or show proof of a negative test within 48 hours of each gathering. The cost is $100 (or a donation that is meaningful to you). You can register at https:// bit.ly/FFcohortreg. For more information, contact Matthew Sheets (320-766-4395, msheets@landstewardshipproject.org) or Amanda Koehler (612-400-6355, akoehler@ landstewardshipproject.org).

No. 2, 2021

Policy & Organizing Federal Policy

Corporate Meat’s Supply Chain Chokehold LSP Members Advocate for Competition in the Processing Sector

By Sarah Goldman

n July, the White House issued a sweeping executive order on Competition in the American Economy, shedding light on the issues that Land Stewardship Project members have been talking about for years. The opening line in the agriculture section of the statement succinctly summarizes the issue: “Over the past few decades, key agricultural markets have become more concentrated and less competitive.” As the sidebar below indicates, this concentration is bad news not just for farmers, but consumers as well. LSP members and supporters have talked about the negative consequences of consolidation in agriculture, especially in the livestock sectors, and the COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated and made farmers and consumers more aware of the negative consequences that arise when brittle supply chains begin to snap.

No. 2, 2021

National Reforms to Address Consolidation

At the national level, the federal government has started to show signs that it is ready to tackle corporate consolidation head-on. As part of the Executive Order on

Supply Chain, see page 11…

Meat Concentration: Turns Out it’s Bad for Consumers Too

he statistics are staggering. At last count, four companies — Cargill, JBS, Tyson Foods, and National Beef Packing — slaughter over 80% of the nation’s cattle at 24 plants. The problems with such immense concentration briefly became clear to the general public in 2020 when COVID-19 outbreaks swept through meatpacking plants, slowing and even closing some of the massive operations. A cyber attack last summer forced a shutdown of JBS plants until the company paid a ransom to hackers. These are just two signs that a highly concentrated food processing system is also highly vulnerable. There’s no doubt this is hurting farmers. For every dollar spent on food, the share that went to ranchers and farmers dropped from 35 cents in the 1970s to around 14 cents this year, according to the USDA. As DTN’s Chris Clayton points out, during the fall of 2021 farmers received on average

Kristin Tombers owns Clancey’s Meats & Fish in Minneapolis and sources meat from local farmers. She says that as a result of the pandemic, customers became aware of the vulnerability of a corporate-controlled food supply chain. Now’s the time to act on that teachable moment and let the public know how this consolidated system has negative impacts all the way down to the farm level. “Many small, local processing plants have gone out of business because of corporate consolidation in the food system,” says Beth Slocum, an LSP member who raises livestock in Goodhue County, Minn. “This ends up costing us, the local independent livestock producers, more.”

Competition, the White House has directed the USDA to consider issuing new rules under the Packers and Stockyards Act to provide additional protections to livestock farmers. The 100-year-old law was originally designed to protect livestock farmers from unfair, deceptive, and anti-competitive practices in meat markets. However, not only are stronger antitrust policies needed, but small processors and farmers require additional support in order to get off the ground and remain viable. The federal government has also expanded funding for small meat processing, recently requesting input for how to invest an estimated $500 million of American Rescue Plan funds to improve infrastructure, increase capacity, and bring about diversification across the processing industry. LSP members took the opportunity to weigh-in on this request, with over 80 signing-on to a public comment (see page 11) asking for the USDA to create a grants program to help small-scale federally inspected plants expand and update their infrastructure and equipment, and thus increase processing capacity. In addition, members requested that the federal government fund technical assistance to support processors with workforce shortages and prioritize funding for Black, Indigenous, and people of color owned businesses, as well as for plants that serve these groups of people.

about $122.56 per hundredweight for their cattle, which is roughly 12.5% higher than what they were receiving a year ago. But the packers were receiving around $297 per hundredweight, almost 27% higher than the year previous, according to the USDA. Overall, the argument made for allowing such massive concentration in agriculture, or any industry for that matter, is that it’s more “efficient” and thus produces benefits for the consumer via lower prices, among other things. In the late 1970s, law professor Robert Bork wrote an influential book called The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War With Itself, which argued that antitrust laws actually increased prices for consumers and protected inefficient businesses from competition. As the New Yorker’s Dan Kaufman recently pointed out, “The prioritization of consumer benefits—over the wages of farmers and other producers—has shaped antitrust enforcement ever since.”

But there are indications that megaconcentration doesn’t just hurt farmers. Kaufman reports on the research of economist John Kwoka, who analyzed the effects of 46 mergers approved by the federal government. For 38 of them, prices for consumers rose by more than 10% on average. In October, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the consumer price index for beef consumed at home rose 17.6% compared to a year ago. Overall, the prices consumers paid for food produced by an industry that is fast consolidating in just about every sector increased 4.5% during the past 12 months. Not surprisingly, in October JBS reported earnings before interest, taxes, and depreciation in its beef sector for the second quarter of 2021 was up 162% from the first quarter, and 23.1% higher than a year ago.

The Land Stewardship Letter

…Supply Chain, from page 10

State-level Support

Programs also exist at the state level to support small-scale meat producers and processors, including the AGRI Meat, Poultry, Egg, and Milk Processing Grant, which funds the start-up, modernization, or expansion of meat, poultry, egg, and milk processing businesses, and the AGRI Value-Added Grant, which funds projects that increase the sales of Minnesota agricultural products and

increase market access. The AGRI Livestock Investment Grant helps Minnesota livestock farmers improve, update, and modernize their livestock operation infrastructure and equipment. Most notably, during the last Minnesota state legislative session the Minnesota Farmers Union, an LSP ally, successfully pushed for funding that allows Central Lakes College to offer a meat processing course, beginning next fall. While there is much work to be done to reform the meat processing sector, action at

the state and federal level is encouraging. Now’s the time to make it clear to policymakers that a resilient food and farming system requires a fair, locally-based processing system. Contact me for details on how to get involved. p LSP organizer Sarah Goldman works on food systems policy and can be reached at landstewardshipproject.org/regional-foodsystems. For more on LSP’s 2022 Minnesota state legislative proposals for supporting local processing, see page 7.

LSP Letter: Time to Invest in Local Processing

people realized the fragility of a corporatecontrolled food supply-chain, and the critical role of small, local processors should be Note: Over 80 LSP members recently signed poultry sector has negative impacts on farmers, acknowledged and supported. USDA should this letter, which was submitted to the USDA. plant-workers, and consumers. LSP members, create a grants program to help small-scale many of whom are small and mid-sized farmfederally inspected plants expand and update he Land Stewardship Project is ers, are alarmed by the fact that many small, their infrastructure and equipment and thus grateful for the opportunity to local processing plants have gone out of increase processing capacity. It is provide input on the U.S. also important that grant programs Department of Agriculture’s investsupport new plants in areas where ment of an estimated $500 million there is critical need for investment. of American Rescue Plan funds to Many farmers, especially over the improve infrastructure, increase past year-and-a-half, had nowhere to capacity, and bring about diversificago with their animals, and we heard tion across the processing industry. from small and mid-sized processors The Land Stewardship Project is about the pressures they faced having a private, nonprofit organization to turn away customers who had no founded in 1982 to foster an ethic alternatives. Due to the workforce of stewardship for farmland, to proshortages in the small meat sector, mote sustainable agriculture, and to USDA should fund technical assisdevelop sustainable communities. tance and support for small procesLSP’s work has a broad and deep sors and their employees. impact, from new farmer training LSP believes that we can’t have and local organizing to federal policy a healthy food and farming system and community-based food systems in this nation without creating opSoutheastern Minnesota livestock producers Lisa and Eric development. At the core of all our work are the Klein, shown here with meat cutter Geoff Hart, launched portunities for all. For many farmers, values of stewardship, justice, and Dover Processing in 2017 because of a shortage of processing ranchers, and business owners who democracy. Integral to our mission capacity. On episode 253 of LSP’s Ear to the Ground podcast, are Black, Indigenous, and people is the integration of livestock into a organizer Alex Romano talks to Eric about the challenges of color, structural and institutional diversified agricultural system. In or- associated with meat processing and how local facilities can racism has hindered access to agrider to achieve this goal, farmers need contribute to the economy of their communities. The Ear to the cultural programs and the funding consistent access to local processing Ground podcast page is at landstewardshipproject.org/series/ necessary to establish and maintain farm and processing operations. facilities. The Land Stewardship ear-to-the-ground. (LSP Photo) USDA should prioritize funding for Project has several recommendations Black, Indigenous, and people of as the USDA makes these new investments business because they could not compete in color owned businesses, as well as for plants in the meat and poultry processing industry. a corporately controlled and consolidated inthat serve these groups of people. Corporate consolidation in the meat and dustry. For a brief period during the pandemic,

Sign-up for the Land Stewardship Action Fund Hotlist

nterested in learning more about how the Land Stewardship Project and its members are harnessing collective political power to elect candidates who will be champions for our vision of a just food and farming system? Then check out LSP’s sister political advocacy organization, the Land Stewardship Action Fund (LSAF). Getting on the LSAF hotlist provides a chance to stay up-to-date on this work and to get involved. You can register at the LSAF website: landstewardshipaction.org/takeaction/sign-up. p The Land Stewardship Letter

No. 2, 2021

Soil Health The Wonder of Working with Nature

John Snyder’s Soil Health Journey Started with a Question: Where were the Worms?

with the many positive changes they’re seeing on their farm as a result of the switch to regenerative practices over the past few years. Their crops withstand drought better — a particularly key trait during the summer of 2021 — because there’s more moisture retained in the soil. Wildlife is also more plentiful around the farm. An added benefit to building fertility naturally is lowered cost of production. “Conventional corn’s $260 a bag,” John says. “My preferred organic seed corn is $160 a bag. And fertilizer just went up in price six times in six weeks.”

Snyder says his brother, who has some of the best farmland in the area, loves to fish. When it was time to go drop a line, he’d say, “I gotta go to the Amish to get some ome five decades ago, a young worms.” Even though the brother’s farm aspiring farmer named John Snyder looked great, John says, “His soil didn’t brought his bride Bernadette back Wonder, see page 13… have the life and diversity that you find in to Minnesota from Tennessee to begin their Amish country where they use more diverse farm and family dream together. The newlycropping and livestock weds settled in on a piece of rolling farmintegration.” land near Preston in southeastern Minnesota John and Ben started where oak savanna forests, limestone ridges, to make the switch and prairie meet. That first farmhouse had from Roundup Ready no running water, but it was home. And with seed to non-GMO and just a few hundred dollars in the bank, they organic production. launched their life’s work with beef cattle That required taking a and dairying, growing corn, soybeans and a different approach to family. weed control that relies Fast forward to October 2021: their farm on a rotary hoe, a culdream has taken on proportions they’d never tivator, and an electric have imagined decades ago. In addition to weed zapper, along with conventional row crops and hay, the Snyders a mix of cover crops. raise hogs and goats. All along, as John and John’s learned that, “… his son, Ben, planned, planted and hartiming is critical. You’re vested, they took care observing their land, not a windshield farmer its weather, and water patterns. They paid anymore. Next year I’ll attention to the farm’s wildlife and the health do barley. Also, clover, of their crops and livestock as carefully as alfalfa, and grass, and then I hay it for a couple “What’s underneath your feet is what’s of rounds. making the health of those plants.” You gotta — John Snyder break up the cycle, you gotta have oats or beans. they managed seasonal planting, production All your weeds germicycles, and farm finances. nate at different times Over time, John got concerned about so you gotta change up some things he was observing on the farm. your tillage.” “Something was wrong with my livestock They switched to — puffy joints, ornery…I went to the vet spring interseeding of and he recommended no Roundup Ready inIn October, John Snyder (left) described his soil health methods cover crops in standing to Minnesota Commissioner of Agriculture Thom Petersen. fused feed and to go with non-GMO feed in corn. About 200 of their (Photo by Barb Sogn-Frank) general. I did, and the animals got healthier 700 acres are now either and happier,” he recalls. “I think Roundup certified organic or in is doing more damage than we know. I’m transition away from talking as a farmer here, I’m not a radical, conventional, non-GMO corn left-wing, socialist…There’s something goand soybeans to organic. Their Video: Soil & the Next Generation ing on there. I got a lot to learn and I think remaining acres are convenIn a Land Stewardship Project video, John Snyder we all do.” tional, non-GMO crops and describes why building soil health on his farm is key to Erosion and the lack of soil life bothered cover crops. allowing him to pass the land on to the next generation: the farmer too. One question in particular The Snyders are happy www.youtube.com/watch?v=4438_5qQ3fY. nagged him: Where were the worms? By Barb Sogn-Frank

No. 2, 2021

The Land Stewardship Letter

…Wonder, from page 12

The ‘Wonder Field’ Tells the Story

Recently, on an unseasonably warm, overcast October afternoon, John hosted a group of about a dozen visitors, including Thom Petersen, Commissioner of the Minnesota Department of Agriculture. They came to see and hear about what Snyder calls his “wonder field” — a stand of 11-foottall organic corn. It was indeed a wonder to see and walk through; the response of the visitors that day was genuine awe and appreciation. John and Ben led the group into the midst of the massive stalks to demonstrate how to do a yield estimate by counting kernels on a cob and extrapolating. Folks calculated the averages on their phones, yielding a reasonable estimate of 188 bushels per-acre, which would make for a profitable harvest for the Snyders. “What’s underneath your feet is what’s making the health of those plants,” John told his guests emphatically. Towards the end of the Commissioner’s visit, he and the farmer had a chance to walk and talk a bit. To John, this was the most important aspect of the Commissioner’s visit. While it was nice to have him stop by to see the Snyders’ soil building results firsthand, the vital element was for the Agriculture Department head to leave with a visceral understanding of what the future of farming could and should be for the next generation. p LSP soil health organizer Barb Sogn-Frank can be reached at bsognfrank@ landstewardshipproject.org or 507-479-9119.

Join the Soil Builders’ Network

oin the Land Stewardship Project’s Soil Builders’ Network to get regular updates on workshops, field days, and on-farm demonstrations, as well as the latest soil health and cover crop research. For more information on joining, see the web page at landstewardshipproject.org/soil-health or call 507-523-3366.

Winter Soil Health Workshops

LSP’s Bridge to Soil Health initiative will be holding several soil health workshops this winter. See page 36 or landstewardshipproject.org/ upcoming-events for details.

John Snyder says his corn’s vibrant health has its roots in healthy soil. (Photo by Barb Sogn-Frank)

Ear Dirt Podcast Series

heck out LSP’s Ear Dirt podcast series for conversations on cover cropping, no-till, managed rotational grazing, fungi, and just about anything else that builds soil health: landstewardshipproject.org/ear-dirt. p

Grass-based Meat Marketing Videos

n a new Land Stewardship Project video series, three pasturebased farmers describe how they are marketing meat directly to consumers:

Fostering Connection in a Digital World

Leslie Svacina of Cylon Rolling Acres describes how she uses website sales and social media to market her meat through wholesale accounts and directly to customers locally and nationwide: https:// bit.ly/3vD3nBe.

Building Relationships and Running a Business

Rachelle Meyer of Wholesome Family Farms describes how her farm direct markets multiple grass-fed species through a combination of local farmers’ markets and website sales: https://bit. ly/3m3cEzC.

Raising and Selling an Exceptionally Good Product

Mike Rupprecht of Earth-Be-Glad Farm describe how decades of refining grazing techniques and grass-fed genetics has resulted in a high-quality beef product which his family sells direct: https://bit.ly/3b2NJWy. The Land Stewardship Letter

No. 2, 2021

Farm as Natural Habitat The Hidden Charisma of Grasslands

Prairie BioBlitz Reveals the Power of Observation

the Land Stewardship Project, Clean Up the River Environment ou can’t appreciate what you (CURE), Univerdon’t know, and in the case of sity of Minnesota some natural habitats, one may Extension’s Master need to work a little harder to unearth that Naturalist Program, needed knowledge. Consider the tallgrass and the Minnesota prairie — to the untrained, auto-bound eye Department of Natu- During the BioBlitz, volunteers surveyed vegetation on a calcareous fen, a buzzing by at 65-miles-per-hour, it lacks the ral Resources. type of small wetland that produces habitat for a unique set of plants. charisma of the Big Woods or the Rocky A BioBlitz is an (LSP Photo) Mountains. But by getting out of the car, intense, communityParle Wildlife Management Area, which is wading through the grasses and forbs, and based period of biological surveying that 30,000 acres of natural habitat, including taking a closer look, one can get a sense of attempts to record as many living species prairie, that runs 35 miles along the Minnethis habitat’s “horizontal grandeur,” as writer possible in a designated area. Groups of scisota River, including a 6,000-acre reservoir Bill Holm calls it. entists, naturalists, and volunteers conduct formed in 1939 to control flooding on the During two days in mid-July, some 270 this survey over a specific period of time, Minnesota River. people gathered at Lac qui Parle State Park often uploading their observations on the The BioBlitz surveys focus on the birds, and environs in western Minnesota to do iNaturalist app straight from the field. This plants, mammals, insects, amphibians, and some “bioblitzing” and add a fish that call a region home. But little to the knowledge base this isn’t just about the health of of this critical resource, in the the natural world, said Peg Furprocess providing insights shong, Operations and Program into how it can be protected Director for CURE. and propagated. The conver“From CURE’s perspecsion of the tallgrass prairie to tive, we know that if we have crops over the past centurya healthy, vibrant environment, and-a-half may represent one we have healthy vibrant comof the biggest alternations munities,” she told the crowd of a natural landscape ever. before they headed out to the Minnesota was once covered prairie with binoculars, nets, by 18 million acres of prairie; smart phones, and notebooks today around 1% of that is in-hand to assess just how left, mostly on public lands, healthy the natural community in private natural areas, and was. along railroad rights-of-way. The results were mixed: durHundreds of species of plants ing one insect survey, experts can live in a native prairie, with the Minnesota Dragonfly and their deep root systems Society expressed disappointhave created incredibly rich The Tallgrass Prairie BioBlitz brought together scientists, naturalists, and soil, which provides a myriad volunteers to tabulate as many living species as possible in the area of Lac ment at the lack of dragonflies showing up in nets near the of ecosystem services: carbon qui Parle State Park. (LSP Photo) reservoir and a wetland. Insects sequestration and water manlike dragonflies and mayflies rely on water agement, as well as pollinator and wildlife is the fifth BioBlitz LSP has been involved systems that aren’t full of eroded soil, habitat, among others. with in western Minnesota in recent years. which can disrupt reproduction and make it “You hear the stories about the first EuKuchenreuther and other prairie enthudifficult to access their food supply. In this ropeans to break the prairie with their plows siasts are excited to see events such as this case, although the BioBlitz was taking place and the prairie grasses would almost sing BioBlitz take place since they get the public in natural habitat, the area is surrounded by as they snapped with the plow being pulled out into this incredibly diverse habitat that, corn and soybean fields that drain into the through them,” said Margaret Kuchenfrom the road, can be easily dismissed. Minnesota River, which has long had a probreuther, an associate professor of biology “We take better care of things we know lem with sedimentation and agrichemical at the University of Minnesota-Morris. more about,” said LSP organizer Robin contamination. It was a reminder that threats She was one of the prairie experts who led Moore on the first morning of the BioBlitz. walking tours during the 2021 Tallgrass She was addressing the dozens of people Prairie BioBlitz, which was sponsored by BioBlitz, see page 15… gathered at the headquarters of the Lac qui By Brian DeVore

No. 2, 2021

The Land Stewardship Letter

Knowledge is Power

In addition, state and federal natural resource agencies, along with private environmental groups like The Nature Conservancy, to healthy ecosystems don’t respect property are increasingly utilizing rotational grazing boundaries. of livestock to improve natural habitats on “So they’re kind of like the canaries in lands they manage. the coal mines of our prairie streams,” said BioBlitz participant Brian Christiansen, Kuchenreuther of the winged insects. who, before retiring, was a soil conserDragonflies and vationist with the mayflies aren’t unique in USDA’s Natural the insect world when it Resources Conservacomes to the challenges tion Service, has been they face. Pesticides, loss monitoring the impact of habitat, and climate of grazing on waterchange have combined to fowl habitat the U.S. cause dramatic populaFish and Wildlife tion drops in the largest Service manages in class of animals on Earth. southwestern MinThe journal Science nesota. By the third reported in 2020 that year, a flash grazing about a quarter of the strategy that effecworld’s terrestrial insects tively controls weeds have perished in the past was leaving the mix three decades. The study of native grasses and found that the Midwest forbs thriving, and had some of the most he’s noticed more dramatic declines, with bird life. Christiansen 4% of its bug population says this piece of being lost annually. That land is marginal, and has major implications shouldn’t be planted for the many services into crops in the first sects provide: pollination place. It’s a prime of crops and other plants, Prairie ecologist Margaret Kuchenreuther, shown here leading a plant survey during the location for working decomposition of manure BioBlitz, has seen firsthand how farmers have used working lands conservation practices like managed grazing to revitalize grasslands. “We can have a landscape that supports all of the organisms lands conservation in and other “waste,” and that should be part of this beautiful prairie puzzle — humans as well as native flora and fauna,” action. serving as a source of “That’s suppleshe said. (LSP Photo) food for many birds, mental feed for the animals, and fish. cattle producers, so that’s a win situation for As part of the BioBlitz, there were workHigher up on the prairie itself, the news them,” he said. “Plus we need to replicate shops on how to restore prairie habitat on was better. Despite the intense drought blanthe bisons’ impact with those hooves to refarms and in backyards. Amy Rager, a U of keting the region, plants like big bluestem, move excess vegetation. It’s a win-win.” p M Extension educator who works with the Indian grass, leadplant, wild bergamot, Master Naturalist Program, described how and dogbane seemed to be thriving. A few she recently raced to collect prairie seed miles from the Wildlife Management Area, from a Conservation Reserve Program plantsurveyors checked out a calcareous fen, a ing that was slated to be sprayed with herbiunique type of small wetland — usually less cide and planted to row crops. Such “rescue hat happens when you get out of than 4 acres — that is formed when water is operations” are important, but in the long the car and wade into a prairie? confined by limestone long enough to make run we need to find ways to add economic On episode 258 of the Land Stewardship it high in calcium and magnesium carbonvalue to natural grasslands, said Moore and Project’s Ear to the Ground podcast, ates. This, in turn, provides a unique habitat Kuchenreuther. One way to do that is via prairie ecologist Margaret Kuchenreuther for various plant species not usually found managed rotational grazing of livestock, talks about this biome’s under-appreciated in the region; the presence of a fen says a lot which can provide the animal impact, fertilbeauty, its outsized benefits, and how about the health of the groundwater. ity (in the form of manure), and control of grazing can fuel its ecological energy: This particular fen was located in a pasinvasive species that prairies need and which landstewardshipproject.org/series/ear-toture and was marked by cattails growing in they’ve lacked since large bison herds were the-ground. the wet ground. It was around 200-feet-wide removed from the landscape. Kuchenreuther and hugged a hillside for about 100 yards in cited a handful of examples of farmers in the a curve — above and below the hummocky Prairie Podcasts Galore region who are grazing livestock on restored habitat, the soil was bone dry. As BioBlitz Want to learn more about the relationprairie utilizing managed rotational systems participants waded through the fen, they ship between prairies and regenerative that take into account when these grasslands found wetland species like marsh bellflower agriculture? The podcast page for episode are at their most vulnerable and when they and American water horehound — good 258 includes links to over a dozen other need disturbance. signs that this habitat was thriving in the episodes about the role agriculture can “Their prairies look beautiful because middle of working farmland. play in supporting these natural grasslands. they graze them,” she said.

…BioBlitz, from page 14

Eventually, over the course of the weekend over 1,400 observations were uploaded to iNaturalist. It was clear the main goal of the event was accomplished: people got out and learned more about this critical habitat. But what to do with that knowledge?

Give it a Listen

The Land Stewardship Letter

No. 2, 2021

Farm Beginnings Making Room for Relationships

How Journeyperson is Helping Racing Heart Pace Itself By Brian DeVore

son Course. Through that experience, they learned that when making farming decisions, it’s not just about dollars and cents, productivity, and efficiency — it’s also about meeting the needs of every aspect of the farm in a holistic way, from the health of the soil to the quality-of-life of the farmers themselves. That training has given them the tools to regularly “check in” and assess whether the

They concede that first foray into farming together was a flop agronomically — it was on extremely sandy soil with a pH level only a pickle maker could love. But it helped them realize they liked farming and that they could work together raising food. Neither Dobrick nor Macare grew up on a farm, although they both have grandparents with farming backgrounds. Macare, 38, grew up in Connecticut and has worked on vegetable operations on both the East and West Coast. Dobrick, 45, grew up in Minneapolis, lived in Seattle for a dozen years, and came to farming through an interest in native plants and small-scale gardening. After the first year on the “sand farm,” they rented land for two more seasons on another piece of ground in the Twin Cities area. Through that experience, they gained

ack-shed or people? That’s the question Les Macare and Els Dobrick are grappling with on a dank day in mid-March as they brave a biting wind to inspect the garden plots, cover crops, and outbuildings on Racing Heart Farm in western Wisconsin. With the exception of some onions sprouting in one of the hoop houses, little sign of the coming spring is in sight, but the vegetable farmers need to decide soon how they will approach the 2021 growing season. Like many Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) operations, COVID-19 launched Racing Heart on a bit of a roller coaster ride in 2020. Demand for shares exploded as the pandemic fueled concerns about the food system and people were spending more time at home, cooking. “We had a hard time saying ‘no’ last year. We capped it at 100 members and then opened it up again when we were hearing everybody’s CSA was filling up,” recalls Macare. “And also we heard that one of our farmers’ markets was going totally online.” As a result, the CSA portion of Macare and Dobrick’s farm more than doubled from 70 to 200 shares in one year. The vegetables produced for those shares were shifted away from what they had been selling through two farmers’ markets they serviced on a weekly basis, so they didn’t have to cultivate more land to meet Els Dobrick (left) and Les Macare say training they received through LSP’s Journeyperson is helping them balance the needs of the land, community, and themselves. Having a common the requirements of the expanded CSA language to work with as a result of their Journeyperson training is key, says Macare. “It isn’t enterprise. But there was one downside just about our relationship with the land, it’s also about how we interact together.” (LSP Photo) to the CSA-centric shift: preparing more share boxes means more time in the packdecisions they are making contribute to the ing shed and less time with customers. more confidence in how to raise vegetables overall success of the farm or are leading “We like the efficiency of the CSA but on a larger scale for a combination of farmthem down unfruitful side roads. we also get a lot from the farmers’ market ers’ markets and CSA customers. But the “We can actually take a particular piece — it’s exhilarating, it’s fun, we get to have couple felt they still lacked the business out if it’s not working for us and that’s face-to-face interaction with the people who acumen needed to make farming a fulltime okay,” says Dobrick. “We don’t have to just are seeing the vegetables right in front of career. get so focused on one enterprise or spreadthem and oohing and ahhing,” says Macare. “We had no idea how to do the finances ing ourselves too thin, or focusing on someWould 2021 be another mega-CSA year, and just having some structure sounded rething that isn’t working out.” or would they shrink back that portion of the ally nice,” says Dobrick. enterprise to provide more face time at farmIn 2015, they enrolled in LSP’s JourFrom Sand to Soil ers’ markets? Fortunately, Dobrick and Maneyperson Course to get grounded in The couple has been thinking a lot about care feel equipped to make such decisions nuts-and-bolts financial management. The how to stay true to their values since launchthanks to the training they received through ing a small vegetable operation in Minnethe Land Stewardship Project’s JourneyperRacing Heart, see page 17… sota on a half-acre of rented land in 2014.

No. 2, 2021

The Land Stewardship Letter

…Racing Heart, from page 16 year-long Journeyperson Course is designed to support people who have several years of managing a farm under their belt, and are working to take their operation to the next level. It provides advanced farm business planning, a matched savings account, and a mentorship, as well as guidance on balancing farm, family, and personal needs. In a sense, Journeyperson is a good “post-graduate” step for people who take LSP’s Farm Beginnings course (see sidebar below). However, like some other Journeyperson participants, Dobrick and Macare are actually not Farm Beginnings grads. They found Journeyperson’s focus on Holistic Management particularly useful. Holistic Management, which was developed four decades ago by Allan Savory, focuses on “big picture” decision-making and goal setting processes. Savory’s expertise is in the area of livestock grazing, but over the years Holistic Management has helped farmers of all types, as well as other entrepreneurs and natural resource professionals, achieve a “triple bottom line” of sustainable economic, environmental, and social benefits. In a Holistic Management system, a farmer’s quality of life is put on the same level as the health of the soil or the operation’s economic viability. Holistic Management relies on a process of constantly monitoring whether a certain decision on the farm is helping meet long-term overall goals, or is just an offramp toward something that in the end may undermine a farmer’s values and needs. For Macare, who studied “non-violent communication” some years ago, Holistic Management was a bit of a homecoming. Founded by Marshall Rosenberg, nonviolent communication is based on the idea that every person has the same basic set of human needs, and every action that we take in life is an attempt to meet one of those universal needs. “Basically, Holistic Management is nonviolent communication for your farm,” says Macare. “When you think about holistic goals, you’re really talking about your needs, your values. Conflict only arises when we’re trying to meet those needs or values with a specific strategy.” To reduce that conflict, one needs to keep in mind not only their own needs, but the needs of who they are farming with, as well as neighbors and the wider community, say Macare and Dobrick, adding that when they started farming together their romantic partnership was new. That meant having a framework for talking about bigger personal/farm business visions and goals was even more critical. “Farming is very much a lifestyle, so The Land Stewardship Letter

having language to talk about that within a structure that we’re trying to create together is key,” says Macare. “It isn’t just about our relationship with the land, it’s also about how we interact together.”

A Useful Delay

Such relationships became even more real to the couple in 2017 when they purchased 36 acres of a former dairy farm in Wisconsin’s Dunn County. The farm is an hour-and-a-half from the Twin Cities and 25 miles from Menomonie, Wis., providing good access to markets. However, Dobrick and Macare ended up with more land than they need for their garden plots. They grow about 1.5 acres of vegetables — the rest is pasture and woods. The farm was sold to them by landowners who had listed it in LSP’s Seeking Farmers-Seeking Land Clearinghouse (see page 19) because they were looking for someone who would use it as a farm and a home, rather than just bulldoze the house and outbuildings and make it another corn-soybean field. Thus, the sellers were patient as Dobrick and Macare went through the eight-month application process of getting a USDA Farm Service Agency (FSA) Beginning Farmer Loan. Beginning farmers often express frustration over the lengthy FSA loan process, but

Give it a Listen

n episode 264 of the Land Stewardship Project’s Ear to the Ground podcast, Els Dobrick and Les Macare talk about how Journeyperson, holistic decision-making, and networking are helping make Racing Heart Farm successful: landstewardshipproject.org/series/ear-tothe-ground. Macare and Dobrick say the delay actually helped them become convinced they were ready to be landowners. “After the second season of renting, I was ready to have our own place to invest in,” says Dobrick. And the loan application process gave them a chance to put the Holistic Management financial plan they had developed through Journeyperson to good use. “We could just hand over the spreadsheet to our loan officer and it made sense to her, it wasn’t just my chicken scratch note-keeping,” says Macare. Having organized financials has also paid off since they moved onto the land and applied for other grants to help with develRacing Heart, see page 18…

LSP’s Farm Beginnings & Journeyperson Courses Farm Beginnings

he Land Stewardship Project’s Farm Beginnings class is a 12-month training session that helps beginning farmers clarify their goals and strengths, establish a strong enterprise plan, and start building their operation. The course uses a mix of farmerled classroom sessions, on-farm tours, and an extensive farmer network. Farm Beginnings is designed for new and prospective farmers who want to plan a profitable farm business. Students do not need to currently own land, but some farming or production experience is helpful to get the most out of the class. In this class, participants will: • Establish quality-of-life goals and clarify their values. • Learn about whole farm planning, marketing and financing. • Write a farm business proposal.

• Learn from some of the most innovative and skilled farmers operating in the Midwest. • Be in a peer-based classroom setting.

• Access an extensive network of farmers through LSP’s Farmer Network.

• See sustainable farming practices in action on working farms. The classes take place each winter between December and February, and are followed by on-farm educational events and special workshop offerings. Due to COVID-19, the past two sessions have taken place online; it is yet to be determined how the 2022-2023 course will be presented.

Journeyperson

SP’s Journeyperson Course is designed to support people who have several years of managing their own farm under their belt, and are working to take their operation to the next level. The course involves advanced farm business planning, a matched savings account, and a mentorship, as well as guidance on balancing farm, family, and personal needs. Farm Beginnings is a good prerequisite to taking Journeyperson, but non-graduates of Farm Beginnings are welcome to apply to Journeyperson. For more on Farm Beginnings or Journeyperson, including application details, see landstewardshipproject.org/new-farmers or contact Annelie Livingston-Anderson at annelie@ landstewardshipproject.org, 612-400-6350.

No. 2, 2021

Farm Beginnings …Racing Heart, from page 17 oping infrastructure. In the past few years, they’ve received another FSA loan along with a private grant through the Lakewinds Organic Field Fund to help build a packshed. Macare and Dobrick also successfully applied for USDA Environmental Quality Incentives Program support to erect a second hoop house in addition to the one that was already present on the farm. “It seems like every year we have occasion to organize and submit our finances to somebody,” Macare says. In general, the news that those spreadsheets are relaying is good. Through expansion of markets and putting aside money on a regular basis (something they got accustomed to through Journeyperson’s matched savings account program), Dobrick and Macare are at a place where they aren’t relying on off-farm income to get by. This has provided them the ability to take a longer view of what they, and the land, need.

All Ears

As the farmers walk the land on that March day, they point out areas where they want to establish more pollinator and other natural habitat. They also describe the no-till production system they are establishing as a way to build soil health and shield the land from the extreme weather that’s become more common as a result of climate change. With a combination of hay mulch, cover crops, broadforking, and utilizing landscape fabric to deny weeds access to sunlight, they’ve been able to avoid intense disturbance of the soil without using chemicalbased weed control. Long term plans include possibly using the rest of the farm as an incubator for other

beginning farmers. They are currently letting a neighbor hay their extra open land, and there are possibilities for other enterprises. Dobrick and Macare feel that when they were launching their own farming operation, they benefited from having access to land through low-cost rental arrangements — now they’d like to pay it forward. After all, because of the topography and soil type present on the farm, they don’t see themselves raising vegetables on much more than the few acres that already make up the garden plots — that leaves a lot of real Dobrick hamming it up during the peak of the season at Racing Heart’s farmers’ market stand. “We like the efestate for other enterprises. ficiency of the CSA but we also get a lot from the farmers’ “It hasn’t been revealed to us yet what exactly we’re going market — it’s exhilarating, it’s fun,” says Macare. (Photo to do,” says Dobrick. “We’re in Courtesy of Racing Heart Farm) the listening phase.” They are also getting a was a harder decision than what they faced chance to listen to other farmers in 2020, when the pandemic shut-down in the region who are dealing with similar limited choices. challenges and opportunities. Macare and “In 2020 it was like, something hapDobrick get together regularly with a group pened, and we have to make decisions now, of other producers from a six-county area now, now,” says Dobrick, punctuating the who direct-market what they raise. The words with a slap of the hands. group communicates via an e-mail listserv If the decision was based on pure ecoand holds “mini-conferences” every-othernomics and efficiencies, a 200-member CSA year or so — the last one drew 50 to 60 might have been the way to go. But in the people. end, after considering quality-of-life issues “It’s been really valuable to connect with and what really excites them about farmother folks in this region,” says Dobrick. “I ing, the vegetable producers went with an didn’t really know what we were getting into option somewhere in the middle. When they when we moved out here from Minneapolis. got word that at least one of the farmers’ I was sort of worried about moving away markets they had served in the past would be from something, and I was so pleased to reopen to in-person access, they decided to go alize I actually moved towards something.” with 120 CSA shares in 2021, which gave them the time and resources needed to still …And Back to that Decision have face-to-face contact with customers at So, fast forward: once the growing season the market stall. arrived, where did Racing Heart Farm land In this case, they didn’t just listen to their on the question of spending more time in the bank account, the land, or even the commupack-shed or with people? In some ways, it nity — they also listened to themselves. p

Is Farming in Your Future?

The desire to farm is powerful — sparked by love of food, the land, community, entrepreneurship, and more. But it is a complicated undertaking, and the list of questions that need to be addressed before diving in is long. If you are dreaming of farming and puzzled about how to get started, the Land Stewardship Project’s Farm Dreams initiative is for you. Farm Dreams is a four-hour workshop designed to help people clarify what motivates them to farm, get their vision on paper, inventory their strengths and training needs, and get perspective from an experienced farmer. Workshops are scheduled throughout the region during the course of a year. Details on upcoming workshops will be posted at landstewardshipproject.org/farm-dreams-workshop. Details on future classes are also available by contacting LSP’s Annelie LivingstonAnderson at annelie@landstewardshipproject.org or 612-400-6350.

Self-led Farm Dreams Exercise

By the way, during the Farm Dreams class, participants go through a special visioning exercise. To conduct this exercise at home, download it as a pdf document from landstewardshipproject.org/farm-dreams-workshop.

No. 2, 2021

The Land Stewardship Letter

Seeking Farmers-Seeking Land Clearinghouse

re you a beginning farmer looking to rent or purchase farmland in the Midwest? Or are you an established farmer/landowner in the Midwest who is seeking a beginning farmer to purchase or rent your land, or to work with in a partnership/employee situation? Then consider having your information circulated via the Land Stewardship Project’s Seeking Farmers-Seeking Land Clearinghouse. To fill out an online form and for more information, see landstewardshipproject.org/farmland-clearinghouse. You can also obtain forms by e-mailing LSP’s Karen Stettler at stettler@landstewardshipproject.org, or by calling her at 507-523-3366. Below are a few recent listings. For the latest listings, see landstewardshipproject.org/farmland-clearinghouse.

Seeking Farmland

u Katie Knott is seeking to purchase 1-2 acres of farmland in Minnesota. Land with greenhouses or space for greenhouses is needed. Contact: Katie Knott, 612-210-2825, k2flowers.edibles@gmail.com. u Pa Xiong is seeking to rent 1 acre of tillable farmland in Minnesota. No house is required. Contact: Pa Xiong, 763-318-6506, paxiong354@gmail.com. u Kindra Ericksen is seeking to rent 2050 acres of farmland in Wisconsin. Ericksen is seeking pasture to rotationally graze sheep on, and prefers land with perimeter fencing, water, and a barn/shed with electricity. Contact: Kindra Ericksen, 540-533-6658, kindra@oneofakindstudio.com. u Grace Brosnan is seeking to purchase 3-10 acres of farmland in Minnesota (Goodhue County preferred). Brosnan would like land that has 3-5 buildable acres for a composting site. Land with fencing, road, wells, and electrical hookup would be great. No house is required. Contact: Grace Brosnan, 507-995-8905, gcbrosnan@gmail.com. u Christopher Brenna is seeking to purchase 5 acres of tillable farmland in Minnesota. Land with 1 tillable acre, 3 forest acres, and 1 pasture acre is preferred. Land with water and power is preferred; no house is required. Contact: Christopher Brenna, 612-242-1434, cjbrenna@gmail.com. u Carly Talsma is seeking to rent 1+ acres of farmland in Michigan. Land with at least .5+ tillable acres is preferred. Land with outbuildings and water is preferred; no house is required. Contact: Carly Talsma, 248-808-7659, carly.talsma@gmail.com. u Cj Sandven is seeking to purchase 5-50 acres of farmland in Minnesota (Kandiyohi County area preferred). Land with 5-30 acres of pasture, 5-30 tillable acres, and 5-15 forest acres is preferred. Land that has not been sprayed is preferred. No house required; open to a long-term lease. Contact: Cj Sandven, 320-979-2131, 320-409-1149.

u Sreenivas Pondicherry is seeking to purchase 15 acres of farmland in the U.S. (Wisconsin is preferred). Land with 5 pasture acres, 5 tillable acres, and 5 forest acres is preferred. Land with a house, an outbuilding, water, and fencing is preferred. Land that hasn’t been sprayed for several years is preferred. Contact: Sreenivas Pondicherry, 312340-9776, sreenivas.pondicherry@gmail.com. u Chaede Vig is seeking to purchase farmland in Minnesota. Land that has not been sprayed for several years is preferred; no house is required. Contact: Chaede Vig, 715-815-0892, chaederv@gmail.com. u Lorna Grant is seeking to purchase 5+ acres of farmland in Minnesota. Land with 3+ acres of pasture and 3+ acres of forest is preferred. Land that has not been sprayed for several years is preferred; no house is required. Contact: Lorna Grant, 651-347-3764, ImLornaGrant@gmail.com. u John Douglas is seeking to purchase 15 acres of farmland in Illinois or Indiana. Land that includes 5 pasture acres, 5 tillable acres, and 5 forest acres is preferred. Land with a house and at least one outbuilding is preferred. Contact: John Douglas, 360-7749084, John10251995@icloud.com. u Experienced beekeepers Megan and Temuri are looking for a 3+ acre farm to rent in Minnesota. Land with 2+ acres of pasture and 1+ forest acres is preferred. Land that has not been sprayed for several years is preferred. Land with a house is required. They are interested in using pasture for restoration for pollinators and making honey, growing cut flowers, and having some poultry on the property. Contact: Megan and Temuri, 612963-9368, m.wannarka@gmail.com.

Farmland Available

u Nancy Lunzer has for sale 15.25 acres of farmland in east-central Minnesota’s Kanabec County (near Ogilvie). It consists of 2 tillable acres and it has not been sprayed for over 10 years. This is a Certified Water Quality

Farm and there are apple and ornamental trees. The land is fenced and cross-fenced for rotational grazing and there is an automatic waterer. There are several outbuildings and a fixer-upper house with fiber optic internet. The asking price is $174,900. Contact: Nancy Luzner, 320-223-3269, bearstreetranch@gmail.com. u Dusty Hinz has available 129 acres of gazing land in Spring Grove in southeastern Minnesota. The land consists of 72 acres that has previously been tilled, which he plans to convert to pasture. There are 57 acres of woods. There is electricity and a well. Hinz is seeking a farmer that can rotationally graze the land with their own cattle, sheep, or goats. Contact: Dusty Hinz, dusty. hinz@alumni.augsburg.edu. u Ed Lysne has for rent 10 acres of farmland in Minnesota’s Rice County (near Northfield). There are 5 tillable acres and 1 forested acre, and the land has not been sprayed in six growing seasons. Sugar maples are available to tap. There is a house and a small garage. The price range is $1,500; lease is somewhat negotiable. Contact: Ed Lysne, 612-790-7873, edriclysne@gmail.com. u Steven Harder has for sale a 15-acre operation in southwestern Minnesota’s Cottonwood County (near Mountain Lake). This land has been farmed with mixed vegetable production for 12 years using regenerative principals. No herbicides have been used; an integrated pest management system using only OMRI approved products was in place. An in-ground irrigation system is connected to hydrants at many of the plots. There are fruit and nut trees. An adjacent property includes a commercial building with a climate battery greenhouse and a cistern, which is currently attached to the in-ground irrigation system. This property is being sold separately. No housing is available. Contact: Steven Harder, 507-360-3294, stevenharder70@gmail.com.

Continuing a Stewardship Farming Legacy

hether you are a new farmer looking for farmland or a retiring farmer looking to transition your operation to the next generation, the Land Stewardship Project’s website has resources for you at landstewardshipproject.org/new-farmers or landstewardshipproject. org/retiring-farmers-landowners. To discuss various land access/transition options, contact LSP’s Robin Moore (rmoore@landstewardshipproject.org, 320-269-2105) or Karen Stettler (stettler@landstewardshipproject.org, 507-523-3366). p The Land Stewardship Letter

No. 2, 2021

Land Access

The Non-Tragedy of the Commons

Cooperative Ownership of Farmland Offers Alternative Access to Acres By Robin Moore

working lives and that can be passed on. Farmers build equity by investing in their business rather than the mortgage, by owning any buildings or improvements they add to the land, and by having dependable, long-term tenure on agricultural land. The commons are governed and supported by a board consisting of one-third community members, one-third Agrarian Trust members, and one-third farmers who are part of the commons. The focus is on sustainable, soil-building practices, as well as sustainable community building practices and support for the farmers.

by, stewarded for, and contributes to the surrounding community. Under this model, poor stewardship of the farm is seen as damaging to the community, and community members hold each other accountable as well as support each other in the healing of the land. (The Agrarian Trust’s website has details about structure, equity building, and other aspects of agrarian commons operations, which are being created all over the country: agrariantrust.org.) It sounds so simple, but it’s complicated to rebuild and recreate land access under the “commons” model. For one thing, it runs counter to what most of us know about land ownership, financial value, wealth building, land tenure, independence, and success. Federal, state, and local laws, as well as ordinances and support structures, are all built for private ownership. That means quite a lot of work goes into finding legal paths for a different structure that includes the community’s as well as the individual’s values. The commons model is not the answer for everyone. There are many communities and individuals who prefer private ownership for good reasons, including a desire to control land use and the building of wealth. For others, this is a much needed path to altering our tendency to monetize land. There’s no mistake: it takes a lot of effort to step off the well-beaten path of private land ownership. For the Minnesota Agrarian Commons, it has taken over a year-and-a-half to get to the point where we are ready to enroll land into a commons situation and have a group of farmers ready to lease that land.

eet Sasa Organic Farms, a collective of Kenyan farmers. Sasa (sasaorganicfarms.com) is five family farms: Dawn2Dusk Organic Farms, Lisaviole Farms, Lisaviole Organic Farms, Green Joy Farm, Gedef Organic Farm, and Laurens Organic Farm. They provide Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) shares, produce, and seedlings to customers in and around Minnesota’s Twin Cities. Like many beginning farmers, their goal is to improve the health of a diversified Minnesota population and preserve farmland for future generations. They also strive to grow for their families and communities culturally appropriate food that cannot always be found in American supermarkets. Sasa farmers have been supported by the work of Moses Monyami and Lonah, who mentor new agrarians on their land in Cambridge, Minn. But the Sasa farmers are quickly outgrowing the incubator acres and are ready to establish themselves in long-term relationship with farmland and begin to grow their businesses serving Minnesota One Farm’s Land Needs communities. Currently, Minnesota AgrarMost beginning farmers face Farmers working on the Sasa Organic Farms operation near Cambridge, ian Commons (agrariantrust.org/ a similar dilemma: once they get Minn. They’ve outgrown their incubator acres and are seeking a permanent commons/minnesota-agrarianenough experience to launch a commons) is working to help home for their agricultural enterprises. (Photo courtesy of Sasa) going enterprise, they run into the with Sasa Organic Farms’ land brick wall of permanent access to land. This access needs. The Agrarian Trust would like The Commons Concept is especially true for farmers of color, who to identify, with the collaboration of the Sasa Land commons are not a new concept. Inhave less generational wealth and often lack farmers and a willing landowner, land that digenous cultures in this country and abroad, a background in generational land ownerwould fulfill the needs of the Sasa collective for whom land ownership is a settler/coship. They also have less access to traditionand put its members in a good position to lonial imposition, practiced for millennia al and alternative sources of credit. succeed with their collective farm ventures. (and still practice) community land relationThis is where the Agrarian Trust can play The landowner could either gift the land ships that do not involve private ownership. a role. I am part of a group of people workto Agrarian Trust, enter into a bargain sale Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom researched ing in Minnesota to use the “land commons” (below market value), or sell the land to and published important work (https://bit. model as a way to provide access to acres the Trust at market value, depending on the ly/2XmUrDu) on sustainable community for folks like the Sasa farmers. A “comlandowner’s needs. commons in answer to a dominant belief mons” creates a perpetual trust protecting Agrarian Trust, working with partners, that such cooperative arrangements were the land for agricultural stewardship while doomed to failure. removing it from private ownership, and In a commons situation, land is held farmers are given leases that last for their Commons, see page 21…

No. 2, 2021

The Land Stewardship Letter

…Commons, from page 20 will then begin a fundraising campaign to acquire the land, cover legal costs, and create a fund to establish appropriate infrastructure for the farmers. We will also work to identify and create a supportive community around the Sasa farmers, giving them the best opportunity to succeed. This model presents an opportunity for landowners ready for transition and looking to make a change in the systems that have been unfair

for a long time, especially in the realm of agricultural land access. So many Land Stewardship Project members have been champions for conservation values, seeing the connections these values have to overall community health. We’re asking landowners to start being champions for their social values as well, starting with their plans for land transition. Land is power, and we can start turning the wheel together to share that power with more intention. Are you interested in learning more about

this model and how you can help? Contact me at 320-269-2105 or rmoore@landstewardshipproject.org. p Land Stewardship Project organizer Robin Moore is based in western Minnesota and works with retiring farmers and nonoperating landowners who are looking to continue a stewardship legacy. For more on this work, see landstewardshipproject.org/ retiring-farmers-landowners.

Diving into Safer Waters

In a sense, the fact that Burtness and Nguyen are not experts in sheep or goat production has been a plus, says Eger — it has provided Nettle Valley Launches its 1st Pair of Incubatees freedom to make mistakes and learn from them. ayna Burtness calls the incuba67 acres of grass-pastured and silvopastured Lutz agrees. “I know I’ve made some choices tor system she and Nick Nguyen land they have access to. Lutz’s Listenmore that other people witnessed me make that they have set up on Nettle Valley Farm a kind of Farm raises goats and Eger’s Radicle Heart wouldn’t have made, and no one said anything. I “informed sink or swim” experience. And Farm produces sheep and chickens. learn a lot more from experience than I do from the first two incubatees to pass through the Burtness says having multispecies grazsomeone telling me something.” program appear to be, at the least, treading ing present on the Nettle Valley operation During the incubation period, both beginning water vigorously as they take the next step helps make better use of the landscape, farmers learned some hard lessons in their farming careers. about the importance of biosecurity and Bailey Lutz and Heidi Eger just wrapped up a three-year disease control when raising livestock. stint at Nettle Valley Farm Eger also saw the potential for mak(nettlevalleyfarm.com), which ing a living farming on land that’s not is a pasture-based operation considered highly productive in the in southeastern Minnesota’s conventional sense. Houston County. Burtness says “It just makes accessing land feel that when she was launching feasible,” says the beginning farmer. her own farming career about Both are direct-marketing their a decade ago, she benefited products, and Lutz is interested in using greatly from being on an incugoats to do prescribed contract grazing bator farm. It not only allowed in the area. After leaving Nettle Valley her to make mistakes without the financial burden of owning in the fall of 2021, both farmers landed land and infrastructure, but separate opportunities to rent acres they helped her decide what type of can graze and live on. “It’s definitely anfarming she did not want to do. Bailey Lutz (left) and Heidi Eger just wrapped up their three-year incubator other stepping stone to a forever place,” Burtness makes it clear relationship with Nettle Valley Farm, owned by Dayna Burtness (behind gate) says Lutz. Nettle Valley’s incubator Burtness, for her part, is excited and Nick Nguyen. (LSP Photo) is not an internship, job, or about launching the next three-year apprenticeship. It’s set up so incubator cohort at Nettle Valley. The first round that beginning farmers can share land and much of which is hilly and marginal. was a learning experience for her as well. “This equipment as they run their own enterprises “I know myself enough to know that I next cohort, we’ll have a lot more things written separate from Nettle Valley’s main business. need to do one, maybe two things, and just down,” she says. p In return, incubatees provide 12 hours of focus on that,” she says. labor per month to Burtness and Nguyen. Lutz and Eger grew up in Twin Cities For more on Nettle Valley, see page 26. Communication is key to making it work: suburbs, and got interested in farming while there are weekly check-ins and an off-farm at their respective colleges. Both were drawn mediator is used to deal with conflict. Burtto regenerative methods such as rotational ness says besides having the opportunity to grazing of livestock as a way to balance n episode 265 of the Land Stewardsupport the next generation of farmers, the food production with ecological health. ship Project’s Ear to the Ground incubator program provides Nettle Valley a They had interned on farms, but felt podcast, Dayna Burtness, Heidi Eger, and chance to better utilize its land base. Burtlaunching their own enterprises in an incuBailey Lutz discuss the incubator program ness and Nguyen are raising heritage breed bator type setting was the best way to figure at Nettle Valley Farm: landstewardshipprohogs for direct marketing on about 10 acres out if they were cut out to making food ject.org/series/ear-to-the-ground. of pasture, and would eventually like to use production a career.

Give it a Listen

The Land Stewardship Letter

No. 2, 2021

Farmer-to-Farmer

A Season of Field Days

A Ground-Level Peek at the Challenges (& Promise) of Regenerative Ag

By Brian DeVore t’s easy to get a bit down about the state of our farm and food system these days, what with consolidation making it difficult for small and mediumsized farmers to get a fair price, climate change wreaking the kind of weather havoc that at times resembles the plot of a bad movie, decades of abuse coming home to roost in the form of degraded soil, lack of local meat processing constricting family farm

together on a particular farm and see firsthand what its operators are experimenting with. Field days are the foundation of the farmer-to-farmer education model that the regenerative/sustainable agriculture movement was built on — a model that runs counter to the conventional system of passing on knowledge: an expert from academia or industry hands down the ultimate “truth” about a certain production method in a cookie-cutter manner, and then moves on to the next farm. True agricultural innovation isn’t that

Martin Larsen: “If I had a bigger dream for southeast Minnesota in the next 10 years, it’s that we need more small grains.” (LSP Photo) livestock production, bloated land prices blocking a new generation of farmers from launching careers, an “insect apocalypse” threatening the survival of key pollinators, and agriculture policy increasingly tilted in favor of industrialized, monocultural production that shutters Main Streets. But spending time on a farm that’s using creativity and grit to tackle any of these issues can provide one with a sense of hope and confidence that with a policy change here, a market shift there (coupled with a paradigm adjustment), a regenerative form of farming that supports economically and ecologically resilient communities has a real shot at becoming mainstream. One way to cultivate that optimism is to attend a field day. For decades, such events have been used by groups like the Land Stewardship Project, the Sustainable Farming Association of Minnesota, Practical Farmers of Iowa, and MOSES to bring folks

No. 2, 2021

clean and simple. Every farm —heck, every field – is different. Field days are a way for farmers to not only share what’s working, but just as importantly, what’s not. It takes a lot of courage to open up to the community and host a field day in farm country, a place where farmers will often plant a cover crop far from a public road to avoid the derision that can come with failure. Chris Gunderson, who hosted an LSP field day on his southeastern Minnesota corn and soybean farm in July, made it clear his initial foray into cover cropping has so far raised more questions than answers. “I’m just getting my feet wet,” he said while showing off the no-till equipment he uses. The following pages include minireports on eight field days held in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin during the summer of 2021. Some were sponsored by LSP, others by allied organizations, and

still others were a group effort. Some of the methods and systems that were discussed at these events represent a major overhaul of a farm’s production system — converting row crops to grass-based livestock, for example. Other innovations are less dramatic — one farm has simply re-introduced a small grain into its corn-soybean rotation. But these changes, ideas, and tweaks, taken as a whole, provide insights into the potential for creating a more sustainable, resilient system of producing food. l

Small Grains, Rotations & Economics

Witness to the Long View

tanding in the shade on his farmstead west of Rochester in southeastern Minnesota on a 90-degree July day, Martin Larsen pointed out a cross-section of a burr oak that he had recently cut down. “It’s 195-years-old and it’s witnessed my entire family’s history here, from homesteading in 1865 ‘til just a number of years ago when it died,” he told the roughly 40 farmers who had gathered there for a field day sponsored by LSP’s Soil Builders’ Network, along with the Soil and Water Conservation Districts in Olmsted and Wabasha counties. Larsen talked about all that this “witness tree” had overseen, from wars and economic collapse to changes in land ownership. Larsen’s point was that like that burr oak, farmers need to be in it for the long haul. That means building systems that create the kind of soil that can withstand the extremes climate change tosses their way. A few years ago in this part of Minnesota, that meant struggling with flooding of Biblical proportions. In 2021, it was the other extreme. By mid-July, over 70% of the state was experiencing “severe” drought, according to the National Weather Service. Although the part of the state where Larsen’s farm is located was only in a “moderate” state of dryness at the time of the field day, the impact of extreme weather in other parts of the country was literally in the air. Smoke from wildfires in Canada and out West had drifted into the Midwest, and during the field day one could catch the acrid smell of burning timber on the breeze. In fact, on this particular day the combination of smoke drift and weather patterns had created a situation where Minnesota had the worst air quality in the nation. “We went almost a full 28 days without Field Day Season, see page 23… The Land Stewardship Letter

back into the rotation. The farmer is particularly happy with the 2021 oat harvest, which produced an impressive yield of around 115 bushels per acre. Larsen did a quick calculation showing that when one considers the lower input costs associated with oats, along with the markets available for the grain and straw, it can at times out-compete corn financially. And that doesn’t include the long-term financial boost he receives by introducing a third crop into the rotation. Research out of Iowa shows that making small grains part of a rotation results in a yield bump for row crops down the line. In addition, harvesting an oat crop in July opens wide a planting window for a soil-building cover crop that might be hard to get established after harvesting corn in the fall. That, said Larsen, is the advantage of thinking beyond one growing season — of taking the long view. At one point, a field day participant

using conventional methods, for example. This communication can take the form of bad or inconsistent yields, eroded soil, any rain in that May-June period,” said even chronic pest problems. Conventional Larsen, who farms 700 acres of rented and practices can sometimes quiet the land’s owned land. But thanks to soil-building complaining through intense use of inputs, methods such as no-till, cover cropping, but that’s just a short-term fix, at best. and diverse rotations, the farmer was able to A few days after the LSP field day at the retain enough moisture to get through that Larsen farm, Rachelle and Jordan Meyer dry spell. He explained that by bolstering were telling a group of their neighbors that organic matter levels and keeping the soil the message they received was less a whiscovered he was able to retain any moisture per in the ear and more of a slap in the head. that was present, plus reduce the surface The beginning farmers — they are in their temperature of that soil. Larsen described late 20s — have launched an ag enterprise how one day the temperature of some of his on a combination of owned and rented acres bare soils had soared to a moisture-sucking in southeastern Minnesota’s Houston Coun115 degrees Fahrenheit, a full 30 degrees ty. They are farming in the heart of the Drifthigher than what it measured under crop less Region and some of those parcels are residue. pretty rugged — hillsides, wooded stretches, The farmer is convinced that not disturband oddly shaped fields are the norm. ing the soil and planting cover crops are key The site of this LSP Soil Builders’ ways to build the soil’s resilience. Besides Network field day, in particular, has been a farming, Larsen also works for the Olmchallenge to farm. The Meyers sted County Soil and Water tried row-cropping some of Conservation District, where, the open land for five years, among other things, he helps and struggled mightily. Much coordinate trials on a research of the land on this particular farm dedicated to soil health. farm is highly susceptible Those trials have shown that to erosion, especially when cover cropping dramatically planted to corn and soybeans. cuts the amount of nitrogen And the plant pests — espefertilizer leaching out of farm cially giant ragweed, thistle, fields and into the groundwaand wild parsnip — were lovter. That’s important to Larsing having the soil opened up en, who, as an avid caver, is and exposed for much of the intimately aware of the quality growing season. It was clear and quantity of water that runs the soils here were dominated through the karst geology of by bacteria. That’s important, southeastern Minnesota. Rachelle (left) and Jordan Meyer conducted a Brix test on giant ragweed since soil high in bacteria has He’s even more excited growing in one of their paddocks to determine its sugar content. “We real- a harder time making use of about the potential offered up ized we could use these weeds rather than pull them,” said Jordan. “The and storing fertility, and weed by reintroducing small grains land was telling us we need to graze this.” (LSP Photo) pests take advantage of the into a row crop rotation. For situation. Soil that’s higher in the past few years, Larsen has had good asked the farmer whether he considers soil fungal activity, on the other hand, is efficient luck with oats, which he raises for the food health or economics when making planting at recycling and utilizing nutrients. market while selling the straw to construcdecisions. “Both,” he said while holding a The Meyers had an idea — why not listen tion companies and transportation departdouble handful of oats. “We’re here to make to what the land was telling them and, rather ments. He’s found that a small grain like money off our farm and we make that off than trying to make it grow input-intensive oats breaks up pest cycles, provides fibrous our soils.” l row crops, run all those weeds through roots that keep nutrients in place, and overall grazing livestock? With that, they could provides the diversity healthy soil needs. accomplish two goals: in the short term it “I think we need more cover crops, but if would provide a cheap feed source for their Soil Health & Land Access I had a bigger dream for southeast Minneanimals, and in the long run they could feed sota in the next 10 years, it’s that we need fungal communities in the soil high amounts Embracing the Weed more small grains,” Larsen said. “It’s good of carbon, which they thrive on. The Meyfor the farm, good for the water.” ers’ grazing system, which relies on highHe walked the field day participants density, short-duration rotations of animals, over to a recently harvested oat field, where is an ideal way to feed carbon to the soil in ometimes the land speaks to farmers, some of the equipment he uses to grow and the form of cellulose provided by the plants and what it’s saying in none-tooharvest the crop was parked: a grain drill, a that are stomped into the ground during subtle terms is that a certain form of hay rake, and a combine — the latter which frequent paddock shifts. management isn’t quite working for this he also uses for corn and soybeans. Larsen’s “We realized we could use these weeds particular piece of real estate. Maybe it’s point was that it doesn’t take a lot of extra too wet, too dry, too hilly or just plain too expensive equipment to bring small grains Field Day Season, see page 24… impoverished to raise a decent crop of corn …Field Day Season, from page 22

The Land Stewardship Letter

No. 2, 2021

Farmer-to-Farmer …Field Day Season, from page 23 rather than pull them,” said Jordan. “The land was telling us we need to graze this.” The couple led the group behind a barn to a field that was covered in five-foot-tallplus weeds. Using portable fencing, the Meyers had set up a long, narrow paddock along a ridge. While people watched, they turned a small group of beef stockers into the paddock. Because of the narrowness of the paddock, the bovines were forced to feed on the weeds. “The first thing they’re eating is the ragweed!” shouted an onlooker. What they didn’t eat they were stomping

that we already have in the soil,” he said. In other intensively grazed paddocks, they’ve seen perennial rye grass, orchard grass, red clover, and white clover emerge. Even native species like wild bergamot and common yarrow come back. “It just opens the environment for a lot of different things to come in,” said Jordan. The pasture walk continued down a narrow, rocky path that passed through a gully surrounded by trees. The Meyers led the group up the other side of the gully and emerged into an open pasture full of goats. This pasture had been overgrazed in the past — neighbors used to joke that some pastures on the farm were so short that you could see a mouse run across them a-half-mile-away. But today, even under dry conditions, it was full of lush forage for the goats and other livestock. Chicory, red clover, and wild bergamot were growing in this pasture, and the soil compaction had been reduced to the

a variety of terrain —from almost impenetrable woods to open, steep pastures. “It’s definitely a learning experience,” said Rachelle. “You have to be willing to learn every year. We’ve learned to be a resilient farm.” Adding value to marginal land by building soil health with careful management of livestock fits in nicely with the Meyers’ business plan. They raise beef cattle, goats, chickens, and hogs on pasture. Through their Wholesome Family Farms business, they direct-market this meat as a grass-fed, non-GMO product. And the goats, which are a relatively recent addition to the business, provide another way to make use of marginal, rough land; Rachelle and Jordan find the goats can graze hillsides that are inaccessible to other livestock and are excellent at controlling invasive species such as multiflora rose. As with many beginning farmers, finding creative ways to add a spark to marginal acres is key for the young couple as they seek to access land affordably. “We don’t have to go around looking for the best land out there,” said Jordan. “Grazing brings life to the table.” l Land Grant Research

Pushing a Perennial

U of M researcher Jacob Jungers (left) and farmer Kaleb Anderson describe how they are pushing Kernza’s productive life with grazing. “The question is, ‘Can you continue to push it each year and still get profitable grain yields?’ ” said Jungers. (LSP Photo) into the ground, which the young farmers explained helps build biomass while covering the soil. While the cattle grazed, Jordan and Rachelle used a portable Brix Meter to measure the sugar content of a few crushed ragweed leaves. The reading was relatively high, a sign that it can serve as a good source of forage for livestock. “In fact, maybe I should start raising ragweed for seed,” Jordan said with a sly smile. In recent years, giant ragweed has evolved into one of the Corn Belt’s nastiest weed pests. Jordan’s comment elicited a nervous laugh among the gathered farmers. But the goal is not to propagate more ragweed in this paddock. Within 30 days, it will be growing a lush carpet of grass and other forage species, said Jordan. “When we trample that down and let other things grow back, we see lots of new species come through from the seed bank

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point where portable fence posts could easily be pushed into the ground by hand. But the young farmers explained that it hasn’t been easy. For one, as beginners, the Meyers have limited access to equipment. They utilize bale grazing to build fertility on impoverished spots, and that requires moving thousand-pound bales, even in winter. They manage that by rolling them downhill and utilizing a hay unroller fashioned from angle iron and towed behind a four-wheeler. And then there’s the fencing, which is a fulltime, ever-changing job. The land on this farm is so rough they had to bulldoze a path to put in portable poly-wire. And because they use “adaptive managed grazing” it must live up to its name. That means adapting to conditions that can change on a daily basis, moving portable fencing constantly, and investing in thousands of feet of flexible, moveable water lines that can run through

et’s be honest, despite all the impressive innovations it’s spawned in American agriculture, the land grant research system has not exactly been an ally of regenerative farming. In fact, the system’s emphasis on input-intensive, industrialized crop and livestock production systems has resulted in some significant economic and ecological problems over the years. It’s frustrating to watch the resources of all those labs, test plots, and classrooms focused almost solely on such a reductionist way of producing food. That’s why it’s so gratifying when an innovation emerges from the land grant system that is not just one more way to boost yields of corn and soybeans or represents a new twist on producing livestock in large concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Take, for example, the Forever Green Initiative at the University of Minnesota. Forever Green is working to develop a variety of crops that can provide an alternative to monocultural plantings of corn and soybeans while keeping the soil covered year-round. During the past several sessions of the Minnesota state Legislature, LSP and its Field Day Season, see page 25… The Land Stewardship Letter

traveling to North Dakota to see how Gabe Brown and other members of the Burleigh County Soil Health Team were using animal allies have successfully pushed for public impact and cover crops to build soil health, funding of Forever Green. This funding not Anderson began raising livestock on peronly helps advance this key research, it is manent pasture as well as cover crops. His a moral victory for farmers and others who focus now is to utilize managed rotational would like to see more public resources grazing to balance productivity with ecologidirected at promoting a diverse form of cal health. Having a crop like Kernza helps agriculture. the farmer strike this balance, since grazing Perhaps the most exciting crop to come it in the spring takes pressure off cool season out of this initiative thus far is a form of pastures that might otherwise be damaged perennial grain. Intermediate wheatgrass by early-season livestock impact. was first introduced to the United “Soil regeneration is everything States in 1907 as a forage, and that we do. And we are dealing with a in recent decades groups like the degraded resource on this farm,” said Rodale Institute and the Land Anderson. “So, everything that we do Institute have been experimentneeds to be an attempt to improve that ing with it to develop a grain and resource. The organic matter levels forage crop that would produce in your soil are directly related to the multiple economic and environprofitability of your farm.” mental benefits without having to Finding a way for a farmer like be re-planted year-after-year. Anderson to make a perennial like Out of this research has Kernza profitable isn’t just good for emerged Kernza, an intermediate this specific farm. At one point during wheatgrass that appears to grow the field day, participants checked out well in the Midwest. In recent a pit that had been dug at the edge of years, the University of Minnesothe stand of Kernza. The root system ta has been working with Kernza of the wheatgrass spider-webbed germplasm to develop lines that through the soil profile that was will thrive in the climate and soil exposed to the July air. Standing in conditions found in the Upper the bottom of the pit, Bailey Tangen, Midwest. Kernza represents a key a University of Minnesota graduate step in developing the world’s student in water resources science, first commercially viable perenpointed out the impressive root mass nial grain. and root depth. Innovation in regenerative “We dug down five-and-a-half feet “I think the common story or narrative out there when it comes to farmagriculture is always exciting. ing and growing food is it’s either farmland, or it’s woods,” said Dayna and we haven’t even reached the botWhat’s particularly positive about Burtness (in yellow jacket), shown leading a tour of Nettle Valley Farm. tom of the root,” she said. Kernza is how farmers are taking “I want to illustrate we can do all of these things at once.” (LSP Photo) Soil scientist John Beck pointed the baton from researchers and out that this kind of root system is putting their own creative twist made for the new climate reality — it on raising this innovative crop. Kernza re-grows and it’s harvested for grain can help soils manage water both by storing For example, consider what Kaleb in late July or early August. Anderson also moisture during dry times and by taking up Anderson is doing. For the past three years harvests the straw, which he uses as a source excessive rains during extreme precipitation he’s been attempting to boost the lifespan of of feed for over-wintering cattle. He then events. In fact, research has shown Kernza Kernza on his southeastern Minnesota farm grazes the Kernza again in the fall. can cut nitrogen fertilizer pollution by 90% by utilizing an intensive form of managed The goal is to not only get multiple compared to annual row crops. rotational grazing. It turns out that although sources of income off the stand, but to keep That’s good news in this part of the state, Kernza is a perennial, the older and more the plant stressed, and thus in a reproductive which is home to the 1,460 square-mile Canmature it gets, the more its productivity state. It’s a fine line between pushing the non River watershed, a basin that empties starts to wane. In fact, research and realplant too hard and just hard enough to keep into the Mississippi River just above Lake world results on other farms shows proit viable. Pepin and that has been heavily impacted by ductivity starts to slump significantly after “The question is, ‘Can you continue to agricultural runoff. the third year. Anderson’s hope is that by push it each year and still get profitable “Any drop of rain that falls on our farm pushing the plant through intensive grazing, grain yields?’ ” said Jungers, adding that so we want it to stay on our farm,” said Anderhe can extend its productive life well beyond far, this grazing regimen is showing great son. “So, anything we can do to improve our three years. potential for extending the life of the perensoils and have that deep, deep root system, Anderson, along with U of M Kernza nial. “This is probably the best third-year that’s attractive to me. And those root sysresearcher Jacob Jungers, described this crop of Kernza I’ve ever seen.” tems will hold the soil and keep sediment plant hack during a field day in late July Anderson grew up on this farm and was from running into Lake Pepin.” sponsored by the Cannon River Watershed initially not a fan of livestock — he had But can this alternative crop be lucrative Joint Powers Board, Goodhue County Soil seen how overgrazing resulted in erosion and Water Conservation District, the Forever and water quality problems. However, after Field Day Season, see page 26…

…Field Day Season, from page 24

The Land Stewardship Letter

Green Initiative, the Sustainable Farming Association of Minnesota, the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and Clean River Partners. The two gave their presentation while standing in front of Anderson’s six-acre Kernza field, which looked to be thriving after three years of intensive grazing. Anderson explained that he grazes the Kernza in the spring for a short, intense time — four to six days — and compares the viability of the stands to control plots that are not grazed. After the cattle are taken off, the

No. 2, 2021

Farmer-to-Farmer …Field Day Season, from page 25 enough to have a significant impact on a wide expanse of the Midwestern landscape? After all, despite all the buzz, it’s still seen as a niche product that only a few specialty bakers and brewers have experimented with. Currently, roughly 1,200 acres of Kernza are raised on farms around Minnesota, and it faces the classic chicken-and-egg dilemma: how do we create a profitable, consistent market for a product that is just getting off the ground? Carmen Fernholz, a pioneering Kernza producer from southwestern Minnesota, stepped before the field day crowd to announce that prior to the event, a group of Kernza producers had held a meeting at the Anderson farm. There, they signed the articles of incorporation for the Perennial Promise Growers Cooperative, which Fernholz, Anderson, and others hope will provide a way for Kernza producers to access profitable markets far into the future. It was one more example of farmers taking a land grant innovation and pushing it just a little bit further. “It’s exciting,” said Fernholz. l Silvopasturing & Marginal Land

Interaction & Integration

t its most basic, silvopasturing is a system of integrating livestock grazing with wooded habitat. Ecologists are excited by the potential this system holds for giving farmers an economic incentive to preserve healthy timber and control invasive species. This holds special promise in areas of the Upper Midwest where oak savanna habitat — open meadows interspersed with trees — once dominated much of the region, but which has been replaced by row cropped fields and development, as well as decimated by invasive species. On the other hand, because of the difficulty of row-cropping some of the steeper hillsides that make up places like the Driftless Region of southwestern Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and extreme northwestern Illinois, that region has prime pockets of oak savanna habitat remaining. In fact, scientists believe this region has the largest area of what they call “restorable” oak savanna. And beginning farmers benefit from finding a way to raise livestock in stands

No. 2, 2021

Joining the group touring the paddocks of timber and woodlots because those trees on this day were Bailey Lutz and Heidi are often growing on land too marginal to Eger, two young farmers who represent be prime corn and soybean ground anyway, another way in which Nettle Valley is trying which makes them more affordable. to make the best use of this marginal land But on a Saturday in early August, Dayna while supporting the next generation of Burtness wanted to make one thing crystal agrarians. In 2021, Lutz and Eger wrapped clear: good silvopasturing management up a three-year incubator program on the does not entail simply turning animals out farm, which has helped them launch their amongst the trees and forgetting about them, own farming careers without investing especially on a day like this — a steady, heavily in land and facilities (see page 21). drought-breaking downpour was in progress, Burtness benefited from her own incubator and chain-linked lightning flashes in the experience when she was getting started in surrounding hills signaled that an outright agriculture, and sees this as a way to give thunderstorm was in the offing. back. And having two more enterprises on “They’d be liquefying the soil, so right the land also helps Nettle Valley make use now the pigs as we speak are in their barn of acres that its hog enterprise simply can’t. in a deep bedded system snuggled up in the Lutz’s Listenmore Farm is a goat-production hay,” she said while leading a sodden group enterprise, and Eger’s Radicle Heart Farm of Practical Farmers of Iowa field day parfocuses on sheep and chickens. Burtness ticipants past Nettle Valley Farm’s grazing feels that multi-species grazing is what this paddocks and down into a wooded valley. The farm is near Spring Grove in the heart of the Driftless Region, and, not surprisingly, it’s extremely hilly. The marginal nature of the land made it affordable for Burtness and her husband, Nick Nguyen, when they came to the area seven years ago to raise heritage breed hogs on “Pastured livestock really complete our system,” said Rachel Henderson pasture. (center), shown leading a tour of her orchard. (LSP Photo) “As a land needs economically and ecologically, beginning farmer, that was the only kind of but she’s quite satisfied to focus on one land we could afford,” said Burtness. “We animal: hogs. would have never been able to get prime, “This land needs sheep and goats and tillable land.” eventually it needs cattle, but I certainly And that’s okay, since by using portable don’t want to manage all these enterprises,” fencing and frequent movement of the hogs, said Burtness. “I do think we need to be able along with innovative direct-marketing techto farm in a way that doesn’t force us to do niques, they’ve been able to draw economic everything all the time.” value from these owned and rented acres. By utilizing livestock to control invaIt’s taken adaptation as well. For example, sive species in these woods, Burtness and on this day the hogs are holed up in a barn Nguyen have gained a greater appreciation that’s part of Nettle Valley’s “wagon wheel for the ecological benefits of sustaining an hub” system, which consists of centeroak savanna habitat. That’s why one of the ing the grazing paddocks around the main tour participants was Karin Jokela, a polstructure like the spokes of a wagon wheel. linator conservation planner for the USDA’s It provides the hogs shelter during rough NRCS. Pollinators are in major peril these weather and allows Burtness and Nguyen days, with exposure to pesticides and the flexibility of keeping them off those hilly paddocks when they are vulnerable to damage — such as during a rainstorm. Field Day Season, see page 27… The Land Stewardship Letter

…Field Day Season, from page 26 chronic disease threatening the viability of a class of animals that is responsible for every third bite of food. Hanging over all of this is a massive loss of insect habitat and places for these beleaguered critters to forage. Jokela explained to the participants that when people think of establishing pollinator habitat, their thoughts naturally turn to open meadows. But it turns out wooded areas also provide key support for insects like the rusty patched bumblebee, a federally endangered species. That’s why Jokela is recruiting farmers who are interested in pollinator habitat in the Driftless Region. Supported by the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Xerces Society, Practical Farmers of Iowa, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jokela is helping farmers optimize habitat in places like remnant woods. Jokela, who also co-owns and operates Sogn Valley Farm, a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) vegetable operation, said her business benefits immensely from the services provided by pollinators. She is especially excited about working with Nettle Valley, where the enhancement involves using “forestry mowing” — basically using a mulcher mounted on a skid steer loader to clear out multiflora rose and other invasive species on a few acres of forest floor this winter. In 2022, grasses and forbs will be seeded in the area that’s been opened to sunlight. Those grasses and forbs will benefit pollinators as well as provide forage for livestock, which, in turn, can help control the return of invasive species. Livestock and woods have a mixed history, with overgrazing often resulting in wrecked habitat. But managed rotational grazing has shown great promise for balancing farming and habitat improvement. “What I like about the silvopasture system is that it’s bringing people and animals to parts of the farm that have been ignored for a long time and become impenetrable because of invasive species,” said Jokela as she took shelter from the storm under a porch overhang. “We just need more interaction and integration.” l An Orchard’s Fruitful Side Enterprise

Completing the System

n its efforts to blend farming and forests, Nettle Valley Farm is executing a “silvopasture by subtraction” strategy via removal of invasive species that crowd out beneficial plants. Two weeks after that The Land Stewardship Letter

“Biology needs one thing — it needs plants,” said soil expert Steve Lawler, shown here holding a soil sample on the Jon and Ruth Jovaag farm. (LSP Photo)

sodden field day, Mary Dirty Face Farm in western Wisconsin’s Dunn County showcased the opposite approach: “silvopasture by addition.” Rachel Henderson, who owns and operates the farm with Anton Ptak, led a group participating in this MOSES field day out into a pasture where two parallel rows ran 100 yards part as they headed downhill several hundred feet. The rows were sprouting a mix of a couple dozen species of trees and berry bushes, some as tall as 18 inches, which were planted in the spring of 2021. Species like red maple, dogwood, basswood, Juneberry, quaking aspen, burr oak, shagbark hickory, and hackberry were represented. Fencing was protecting these new plantings for now, but eventually they will be mature enough to provide dual services to the farm: pollinator habitat and shade for grazing livestock. Unlike forestry mowing and seeding grass, this is a long game: although benefits for pollinators will emerge almost immediately (leafcutting bees were already utilizing the Juneberry leaves on this day in late summer), it will be five to 10 years before any meaningful shade will come from some of the canopy producing trees. That’s not a big problem for Henderson and Ptak, given the nature of their farming operation. On both sides of the pasture stands of organically certified apple and other fruit trees such as plums grew on gentle slopes. The farmers started planting the orchard soon after acquiring an open, 20-acre hay field in 2008. Henderson and Ptak eventually purchased 40 adjoining acres, and they didn’t get their first fruit crop until around 2012. It’s only been in the past few years that they’ve had enough fruit and berry production to consistently supply CSA

and farmers’ market customers. “It is a long-term project when you’re doing an orchard and a long-term project to establish silvopasture,” said Henderson. “So I think we have the right temperament to do this kind of work.” One of the participants in the field day was Sarah Foltz Jordan, a senior pollinator conservation specialist with the Xerces Society, which focuses on invertebrate conservation. Last winter, she approached Mary Dirty Face Farm about establishing more pollinator habitat. That appealed to Henderson and Ptak — they have always focused on farming in a way that enhances natural habitat, and as fruit producers they rely on the pollination services of insects. “When I got the e-mail and had my first conversation with Sarah, my mind sort of went to wildflower plantings,” recalled Henderson. But, as Karin Jokela has found across the border in southeastern Minnesota, wooded habitat can be critical for pollinators as well. Over 350 species of butterflies and moths feed on the leaves of certain canopy tree species, for example. It turns out Henderson and Ptak have long been interested in silvopasturing. They are graduates of LSP’s Farm Beginnings and Journeyperson courses (see page 17), through which they were introduced to Holistic Management, which teaches participants to look at things from a whole farm perspective, rather than focusing on raising just one commodity. Once they got the orchard business set up, they began thinking about what would complement it without interfering with their existing workload too Field Day Season, see page 28… No. 2, 2021

Farmer-to-Farmer …Field Day Season, from page 27 much. Vegetable production can be labor intensive at a time when fruit production is as well. They needed another enterprise that was perennially based. A few years ago, the couple started rotationally grazing a neighbor’s cattle on open land not planted to trees. They also turn hogs into their orchards in the spring and fall to clean up apples, helping to break up pest cycles. “Pastured livestock really complete our system,” said Henderson. So, she and Foltz Jordan struck on a plan to establish trees and bushes in a pasture. Henderson said one major benefit for the farm is that with climate change making extreme heat waves more common, livestock increasingly need access to shade. Henderson and Ptak are also interested in adding other ruminants to the farm eventually, and species like goats can actually feed off some woody species without damaging them. Foltz Jordan is fascinated by ways working farms and pollinator habitat can gohand-in-hand, often in ways more nuanced than planting a row of trees and shrubs. At one point during the tour, she pointed out how carpenter bees were nesting in the pruned canes of raspberries. Creating habitat by carrying out a routine orchard chore strikes a critical eco-agricultural balance on this farm, said the insect expert. “It’s really a win-win for their agricultural systems and also for wildlife conservation.” l Organics, Crimping & Soil Structure

The House Biology Built

t’s been said that soil without biology is just geology. Such a clever quip succinctly describes why, without bugs, fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that stuff beneath our feet is about as lively as a box of rocks. And participants in an LSP field day at the Ruth and Jon Jovaag farm in southern Minnesota were reminded that all that biology doesn’t just magically materialize out of thin air. “Biology needs one thing — it needs plants,” said Steve Lawler, a resource specialist with the Mower County Soil and Water Conservation District. He was saying this while spading up a sample of Jovaag soil a few hundred yards from the Cedar River,

No. 2, 2021

and he liked what he saw. This field was sprouting a cocktail mix of cover crops such as peas, buckwheat, and brassicas that had been seeded after cereal rye was harvested a few weeks before. Years of management that relies on a diverse mix of cover crops and as little tillage as possible was paying off in the form of stable soil aggregates that were sticking together while allowing space for air and water to move through. “Sometimes we are dealing with compaction created by 100 years of certain farming methods,” Lawler observed while farmers gathered around the sample. “What I’m seeing here is that the soil is repairing itself.” Keeping enough living plant roots in the ground can be a challenge when raising crops in the harsh climate of the Upper Midwest. Add to that the fact that the Jovaags are transitioning all their 500 acres to certified organic production. Although avoiding the use of petroleum-based fertilizers and pesticides is good for the soil biome, organic farmers are often more reliant on mechani-

ers gathered for the field day. “We’re trying to mimic nature, somewhat. You never see a single crop in nature.” Of particular interest to the farmers in attendance was the Jovaag family’s use of an implement called a “roller crimper” — a long metal drum mounted on a tractor with a chevron pattern welded to its face. The tool, which was developed by the Rodale Institute, is designed to pass over a cover crop in the spring at the time when it’s most vulnerable to being killed by having the stalks crimped. That method not only terminates the cover without chemicals or tillage, but leaves a natural mulch layer. The mulch, combined with the allelopathic weed suppression characteristics provided by cover crops like cereal rye, is a nice fit for an organic system. In September 2019, the Jovaags planted a field to a cereal rye cover crop after oats were harvested. The rye overwintered and when it was about five-feet-tall in the spring, the farmers crimped it and planted

Anna Racer described how Waxwing Farm has used various government programs to build its infrastructure and become a consistent source of local food in the community. (LSP Photo) cal weed control than they’d like. And that tillage is bad news for soil structure. So, since their first field was certified organic in 2014, the Jovaags have relied on a strategy of diverse rotations and cover crops to keep the soil as biologically active as possible. Besides corn, soybeans, and hay, they raise small grains like oats and rye for organic markets. They have also grown sunflowers and buckwheat. Their most recent foray into soil health involves participation in an LSP on-farm experiment involving the Johnson-Su Bioreactor, a composting system that has shown promise for inoculating soil with the kind of biology it needs to achieve a healthy balance. “What you do this year will impact the next three to four years,” Jon told the farm-

soybeans into the mulch with a no-till drill. By October of 2020, those organic soybeans had yielded an impressive 58-bushels-peracre. “It was a perfect year,” said Jon. Roller crimping not only suppresses weeds and builds organic matter, its mulching effect saves moisture by keeping the soil cool in the depths of summer. Moisture probes showed the Jovaags were able to delay turning on their irrigators for an extra week or more during the summer of 2020. Ruth and Jon led the field day participants across the road from their farmstead to another soybean field that had been roller crimped, this time in the spring of 2021. They planted those soybeans on June 4, and Field Day Season, see page 29… The Land Stewardship Letter

Field Day Season, from page 28 it didn’t rain for two weeks, but they looked good during the field day, which was being held during the first week of September. A thick matt of dead rye covered the soil between rows. However, Jon expressed some concern that the soybeans were a little behind as the first frost fast approached. Roller crimping worked so well in 2020 that the farmer was afraid he was being set up for a letdown. It doesn’t hurt to remind oneself that every year is different when it comes to weather, soil conditions, and work schedules. “With organics, I joke that it will always keep you humble, because the minute that you think you might have something figured out, a curve ball comes in, and you don’t have some of the Band-Aids that you have in the conventional system,” Jon said. Roller crimping is a creative way to control weeds without chemicals while protecting the soil. But the Jovaag field day also highlighted that a piece of ingenuous iron used in isolation isn’t enough—it must be coupled with a diverse rotation that opens wide a cover crop planting window. Léa Vereecke, an organic consultant with the Rodale Institute who has worked with roller crimping research at the University of Wisconsin, walked into the soybean field and checked out the mat of dead rye between the rows. She congratulated the Jovaags on the “best roller crimped field” she’d ever seen. She said the key was that they planted a crop like oats that could be taken off early enough in the growing season to get the rye cover crop established well before fall freeze-up. That provided the biomass needed to suppress weeds throughout the growing season. Waiting until after corn or soybean harvest in the fall wouldn’t have provided the same opportunity. “That’s why the four-year rotation is important,” said Vereecke. Field day attendees, many of whom were transitioning to organic crop production on their own farms in Minnesota and Iowa, peppered the Jovaags with a myriad of questions about roller crimping. What about seeding rates? What kind of cover crop mix is best? When’s the best time to plant the cover crop and to terminate it? The Jovaags fielded the questions as best they could, but also acknowledged that last year was different than this year, which will be different from the following year. After all, regenerative farming is not a destination, but an ongoing journey. “We’re five years from where we want to be, and then we’ll be five years from where we want to be,” said Jon with a laugh. l The Land Stewardship Letter

Government Programs & Local Foods

Infrastructure Investment

ne can get pretty cynical about government’s relationship with agriculture. Over the years, countless billions in tax dollars have gone into creating and supporting a system that often does more harm to small and medium-sized farmers than good. It’s frequently a case of good intentions gone awry. Federally subsidized crop insurance, for example, was set up to protect farmers from weather disasters. While it still does that, it also has given mega-cropping operations the resources needed to crowd smaller producers and beginning farmers out of the land market. And the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), which was set up to provide grants to farmers looking to adopt environmentally friendly production systems, has unfortunately become a major source of funds for CAFOs looking to build massive liquid manure systems. But during an LSP-Clean River Partners field day in late August, the good side of food and farm policy was showcased. The audience was farmers, but just as importantly, legislators, local food enthusiasts, and environmentalists. The focus of the event was to make the case for using public funds to support a public good — in this case, regenerative farms. One way to support these farms is to take a little of the risk out of experimenting with an innovative practice. “What we need the public to understand is that conservation can’t lead to crop failures,” said crop and livestock producer Mike Peterson during the first stop of the field day on his farm near Northfield, just south of Minnesota’s Twin Cities. He explained that planting cover crops on his farm is a $35 per-acre investment that may not produce economic benefits right away. The majority of farmers won’t adopt such a practice without some sort of public support to get them through those first few trial years. The federal Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) provided Peterson the financial support needed for him to transition from moldboard plowing to conservation tillage. It was a good public investment: after the CSP contract expired, the farmer liked the new system so much he made it a permanent part of his operation. That kind of “priming the pump strategy” went into LSP’s push for the “100% Soil-Healthy Farming Bill” during the 2021 session of the Minnesota Legislature. In the end, parts of the legislation went into initiatives that provide $5.35 million in funding to help farmers adopt practices such as cover cropping and managed rotational grazing. After leaving the Peterson farm, tour

participants caravanned a few miles west to Waxwing Farm, where Anna Racer and Pete Skold explained how they’ve used a variety of state and federal grants to help launch a thriving vegetable operation. Since graduating from LSP’s Farm Beginnings program and starting their farm over a decade ago, Racer and Skold have built up a 130-share CSA that also markets produce to local schools and restaurants. They had one fulltime employee in 2014; in 2021 they had close to four fulltime equivalent workers. The farmers did all this thanks to hard work, creativity, and a little bit of luck. But Racer and Skold are the first to admit that another key ingredient has been government programs that help jump-start infrastructure building. They’ve used EQIP money to erect high tunnels, Minnesota Department of Agriculture AGRI funds for packing facilities, and a USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education grant to establish a radicchio and Belgian endive growing operation, which allows them to market to restaurants during the winter. Racer pointed out that there are indirect ways public support can help support more local, resilient farms. For example, recent Minnesota state legislative funding to create smoother connections between farms and schools has helped break down barriers that kept these two parties from doing business in the past. “Public schools are something our state has already invested in,” said Racer. “So why wouldn’t we connect those dots and help to invest in those schools purchasing from local farmers?” It’s important to note that the kind of government support Peterson, Racer, and Skold have benefited from is not a long-term subsidy in the way that price supports or even subsidized crop insurance premiums can be. Rather, it’s a short-term push down the road toward self-reliance and resiliency. Such help is a sparkplug, rather than a tank of gas that constantly needs refilling. “We’re not reliant on the income from those infrastructure grants we’ve received,” said Skold. “But they lowered the cost of entry for those big investments that have had huge impacts on the profitability of our farm. It’s a onetime infusion that allows us to take the next step, or to get over those barriers when we couldn’t just go and get a loan for the full amount we needed.” And Waxwing’s stable infrastructure makes it possible for Racer and Skold to spend more locally on Main Street and to employ more people for more of the year, in a way closing the public expenditure loop by putting money back in the state coffers via Field Day Season, see page 30… No. 2, 2021

Farmer-to-Farmer …Field Day Season, from page 29 the payroll tax. “That’s going to add up and the return on investment is going to be significant,” said Skold. Jessica Kochick, who organizes around federal policy issues for LSP, told the field day participants that since the COVID-19 pandemic revealed to the general public just how fragile our food and farm system is, it’s become clearer than ever that we need a public investment in making it more resilient. That means directing public resources toward climate-friendly, regenerative practices, as well as local processing facilities and safe working environments for food industry workers. That’s one reason the Land Stewardship Project and its allies have been pushing for funding of such initiatives in infrastructure legislation Congress has recently passed (see page 10). “The farm and food system is infrastructure,” said Kochick. l Innovators, Adopters & Networking

Sugar High to Soil Health

ll the on-farm events described in the preceding pages share a common element: farmers sharing information with farmers. For good measure, stir into the mix experts in areas like soil science, agronomy, organic weed control, and entomology to provide that crucial link between innovative idea and implementation. And, oh yeah, it never hurts to launch the proceedings with a little shot of adrenaline. “Good morning! We’re going to have fun today!” shouted Ray Archuleta at around 8:30 a.m. on an August day while standing in front of some 100 field day attendees on a farm in northern Iowa’s Mitchell County. Archuleta is very aware of the purpose he serves in the soil health movement: he’s a messenger of doom and source of hope, all rolled up into one. The bad news is that conventional agriculture has decimated our soil’s health. The good news is we can fix it, and farmers have the ability to do that on their very own piece of real estate. “I’m like the grandparent that comes and brings candy to the kids and gets them all wound up and then gives them back to the local parents,” Archuleta said with a laugh

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later that day. By that time, he had spent roughly eight hours presenting, leading soil health demonstrations, grubbing up dirt samples, answering endless questions, and putting up with the demands of a French television crew that was following him around. His energy level seemed little diminished, despite the long day and hot weather. He’s a soil sciRay Archuleta talked about experimenting with soil health practices entist who, before at an LSP field day. “I tell farmers, ‘Don’t do this on your own,’ ” retiring in 2017, spent over 30 years he said. (LSP Photo) with the USDA’s tions and municipalities trying to figure out NRCS. He has recently founded two initiaways healthy soil can protect water quality tives related to regenerative farming: Underand sequester greenhouse gases. standing Ag and the Soil Health Academy. Mervin Beachy is a prime example Archuleta also owns and operates a farm in of someone who has been energized by southwestern Missouri. It’s fair to say that Archuleta’s sugar shot. He and his wife, during the past decade or so, he has played Cherlyn, operate Red Rooster Ranch, which a critical role in launching and advancing was hosting this field day with the support the soil health movement. He travels the of LSP, the NRCS, the Mitchell County Soil country and gives presentations to farmers and Water Conservation District, the Iowa and soil conservation professionals about Department of Agriculture and Land Stewthe ecological interconnectedness of soil ardship, Byron Seeds, and the Rock Creek systems. His PowerPoints and hands-on Watershed Project. demonstrations touch on a wide array of topThe Beachy family raises beef, pork, ics: from chemistry and biology to ancient broilers, and eggs using rotational grazing history and psychology. He takes audiences and other soil healthy methods, and they sell on a journey around the world of soil and their products direct to consumers. Mervin then brings them back to the farm. The meslaunched his farming enterprise six years sage: sick soil is a global problem, but we ago armed with information he had gleaned can do something about it right here at home from some conventional sources and, as he utilizing a basic knowledge of ecological tells it, had a rough start as a result of “adinteractions. vice they were giving me.” “How we farm affects the rest of the “I thought I was farming, but was going world,” Archuleta said at one point during backwards,” he said. Animals were sick, the his opening presentation. “It’s all connectworkload was unsustainable, and the ecoed.” He uttered that last phrase several times nomics were simply not working out. during the course of the day. One thing he noticed during this time was If you’ve spent anytime viewing Youthat his fields were suffering as well, with Tube videos related to soil health, you’ve compaction and lack of earthworms tell-tale probably run into one of his high-energy signs. Inspired by the writings of farmers presentations, which have been tailored to like Gabe Brown and Joel Salatin, as well appeal to a variety of audiences. Farmers as food journalist Michael Pollan, Mervin and conservation professionals are the main became committed to raising livestock in a folks he’s trying to reach, but gardeners, way that mimicked nature. public officials, and environmentalists also “They were all saying get biology in come away from his talks inspired about the the soil,” said the farmer of the people he power of the soil biome. This field day was was reading about. But how? Then, while dominated by farmers — regenerative, conattending a soil health conference in Kansas, ventional, even some members of the Amish he saw Archuleta speak, and Mervin began community — but there were also a handful of non-farmers who represented organizaField Day Season, see page 31… The Land Stewardship Letter

…Field Day Season, from page 30 to connect the dots. The Beachy family experimented with cover crops on a small scale in their garden plots, put up fencing for rotational grazing, and by 2018 were well on their way to changing their relationship with soil and food production. In fact, Mervin is so committed to cover crops that he started Focus Forage and Consulting, which provides seed to other farmers for cover crop and forage systems. While speaking to the field day participants, the farmer conceded he is very early in his journey, but has already seen some significant benefits to building soil health such as healthier livestock, double the pasture productivity, better water infiltration, and lower stress for him and his family. “I’m not telling this story because I think everyone should do what we’re doing. Every farm is different,” he said. “Isn’t that awesome? You would be surprised how many people don’t want to share their story,” Archuleta said after Mervin finished. Archuleta is convinced that the soil has a story to tell as well. That’s why a mainstay of his presentation on Red Rooster Ranch consisted of four hands-on, tabletop soil demonstrations. With the help of audience members, he showed how building soil biology helps this natural resource manage water better, build its own fertility, and, in general, remain more resilient. The demonstrations compared conventionally farmed soils to those managed using cover crops, no-till, and rotational grazing. The evidence was hard to ignore: the conventionally managed soils that Archuleta exposed to various tests crumbled and dissolved before the audience’s eyes, a sure sign they were wasting water and sunlight, and in the process wasting farmers’ money by remaining so reliant on purchased inputs to be productive. “The more sunlight you capture, the more freedom you have,” he said during one demonstration. “More freedom from the bank,

freedom from the chemical companies.” After a morning of pure motivation, it was time to get people’s hands dirty. When lunch was finished, field day participants headed out into Red Rooster’s fields for practical break-out sessions on cover cropping, setting up a no-till planter, monitoring soil health, and using a roller crimper. At the various learning stations, farmers shot Archuleta, Beachy, and other presenters questions about seed varieties, weed control, forage management, disease issues, and ways to monitor soil health. Perhaps the best conversations took place as people rotated between stations. While they walked, farmers shared with each other ideas around equipment hacks and seeding tricks, as well as what hasn’t worked so well. Sociologists have long studied how innovations in agriculture are germinated and broadcast. A landmark 1941 study conducted in Greene County in central Iowa traced the adoption of hybrid seed corn during the 1930s. On the face of it, this technology appeared to be an overnight success — in 1927 it was considered an experimental product not seen outside of college research plots; a decade later it was almost universally planted by Iowa farmers. But through extensive interviews, rural sociologists discovered that the majority of farmers did not accept the innovation immediately, but rather “delayed acceptance for a considerable time after initial contact with innovation.” That’s a key point to keep in mind when considering that one can’t pick up a farm magazine these days without seeing an article on soil health — the word on cover cropping and diverse rotations is getting out. However, awareness of an innovation does not always result in immediate adoption — many Iowa farmers who put off planting hybrid seed for years were first made aware of its existence at the same time as their early-innovator neighbors. Archuleta thinks a lot about how soil health practices catch on. After all, despite all the buzz around soil regeneration, only around 3% of U.S. farm fields are regularly

cover cropped. But he likes to point to statistics showing how that figure was next to zero not so long ago. “We’re gaining,” said the eternal optimist after the field day. He’s confident it will continue to grow because of what he observes at field days like this one: early innovators — farmers who are constantly pushing the envelope and questioning the status quo — having conversations with the early adopters who will take on a new practice once they see a few thought leaders in the neighborhood making successful use of it. Once those two groups show an innovation like cover cropping works, then the rest follow, with the exception of what Archuleta calls the “incorrigibles” — folks “you will never reach” no matter how much evidence they are exposed to. “I don’t worry about them — I get the first 80%, I’m good,” he said. But the key is forging consistent connections between those groups of farmers long after Grandpa Sugar has left the building. Field days like this help, but they tend to be seasonal. The long-term, sustainable way to make regenerative practices as ubiquitous as hybrid corn is for farmers to get together with other farmers on a regular basis — formerly and informally. That’s the idea behind LSP’s Soil Builders’ Network, which is made up of over 800 farmers who regularly trade ideas and resources (see page 13). Glomalin, a protein produced by fungi, is the “glue” that holds soil aggregates together. In a way, farmer networks are the glomalin that gives the regenerative ag movement the long-term stability it needs. “I tell farmers, ‘Don’t do this on your own, you’ll spend the rest of your life figuring it out,’ ” said Archuleta before climbing into his truck and heading back to Missouri. “Community. The collective whole. Criticizing. Working with people that really think like you. That’s power.” p For the latest details on field days, workshops, and other events, see page 36 or check out LSP’s online events page at landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events.

Podcast Series: Out Loud-Out in the Field

special “field day series” of Ear to the Ground podcasts features the voices of farmers, soil health experts, and ecologists. Check out the episodes on Spotify, Stitcher, or other podcasts platforms. You can also find these and other Ear to the Ground episodes at landstewardshipproject.org/series/ear-to-the-ground. ➔ Episode 255: What happened when beginning farmers Rachelle and Jordan Meyer started listening to the land. ➔ Episode 256: Soil health cheerleader Ray Archuleta and Iowa farmer Mervin Beachy talk about the importance of farmer learning networks. ➔ Episode 257: Soil without biology is just geology, and that biology needs one thing: plants. ➔ Episode 259: Kaleb Anderson is pushing a plant science breakthrough further using rotational grazing. ➔ Episode 260: Martin Larsen’s focus on integrating small grains into his cropping operation is building resilience in the long term. ➔ Episode 261: What happens when operations like Nettle Valley Farm pay attention to neglected corners of the land? ➔ Episode 262: An orchard’s search for a side enterprise opens the door for pollinator habitat restoration. ➔ Episode 263: How Waxwing Farm is proving that public goods need a public investment.

The Land Stewardship Letter

No. 2, 2021

be dispersed nationally — and increasingly, internationally. Building Community Food Webs is about networks of people and organizations that have challenged the prevailing food supply Building Community structure by working to reintegrate the growFood Webs ing and eating of food into local economies through community food systems. Eight By Ken Meter chapters describe these successful collabora304 pages tions in eight different places. But before he Island Press dives into these fascinating profiles, Meter islandpress.org prefaces things with a must-read first chapter: “The Extractive U.S. Economy.” It’s a Reviewed by Dana Jackson history, with extensive economic data, of how the American food system became what it is today. He y friend Ann was helping me explains that “potent economic look for a window air condistructures” created through tioner on the seventh, consecupublic policy to draw money tive, unprecedented, blistering hot day in away from rural America June, and every department store in the town pushed farmers into commodity where I live — Stillwater, Minn. — was production. Public policy could sold out. We were close to an Aldi grocery reverse this extractive economy, store, so we went there to look too, because, but likely won’t. No one is Ann said, “You never know what you’ll better credentialed to write this find there.” She’s right — I wouldn’t know instructive chapter than Meter, because I never shop at Aldi. It’s a Germanwho has performed food system owned supermarket chain operating 10,000 assessments in 15 states and stores worldwide, including all the Trader provinces and is well known for Joe’s in the U. S., and it does not pretend consulting, speaking, and writto care about the geographical origin of ing on food system economics. products on its shelves. That matters to me, The first food web profiled in the book so I choose to shop for groceries at River was initiated in Montana during the farm Market Community Food Co-op in Stillcredit crisis of the 1980s, when some very water. The receipt for my last shopping trip discouraged farmers, aided by AERO (Alterstated: “45% of your purchases today were native Energy Resourclocal items.” Although es Organization), based “local” is not easy in Helena, began meetto define, I’m fairly This book is not about ing in small groups confident my food “local” food. The point isn’t just to explore new crop dollars didn’t end up how far the food item traveled to systems involving edin Germany. get to the consumer, but what kind ible legumes and grains Aldi is not that dif— alternatives to the of food system brought it there. ferent from American major commodity crop, owned-supermarkets wheat. The groups as they are all part of evolved into Farm and Ranch Improvethe prevailing food supply structure, which ment Clubs for diverse crop and livestock “systematically extracts wealth from rural farmers. Growers’ cooperatives opened and urban communities alike,” according to new marketing avenues, and the Mission Ken Meter, author of Building Community Mountain Food Enterprise Center was built Food Webs. He explains that most of today’s in Ronan, Mont., to convert raw crops into farms do not grow food for their neighbors, value-added foods, such as lentil burgers, but produce raw commodities such as corn frozen cherries, and herbal tea. Over several and soybeans, cattle, pigs, or milk for indecades, AERO staff helped farmers acquire dustrial processing. The farmers’ income — grant funds for research, connected them to some from government subsidies — flows university advisers and legislative agencies, out of the farm community to pay for equipand promoted new food products to consumment and chemical inputs to achieve high ers. Meter calls it “an effort to create a social productivity. In 2017, farmers earned less movement centered on collaboration.” cash income than at the onset of the Great “Invoking Traditional Wisdom to Depression. In the same year, the U. S. govRecover from Plantation Agriculture” is a ernment paid out $60 billion in food stamps memorable chapter about the building of to prevent malnutrition, and Americans community food webs in Hawaii. The island became increasingly obese, while the dollars people there were once food self-sufficient, they spent for food left their communities to

No. 2, 2021

reliant upon traditional foods harvested without destroying natural resources. But the imposition of a plantation system to produce sugar and pineapple for export ended their food self-sufficiency and forced islanders to import what they ate. A high level of poverty, hunger, and homelessness became the burdens of this legacy. Meter describes how Hawaiian leaders found that reviving old customs and traditional foods led to healthier life patterns. A food agency called the Food Basket began to purchase and distribute fresh food from farms instead of just surplus foods donated by retail markets. It helped farmers form a cooperative to raise breadfruit, a traditional and nutritious tree food, and garnered the finances to process it for longer shelf life. Chapters that follow describe community food webs in other regions, where, after years of collaborator meetings involving farmers, local governments, food banks, economic development agencies, and food distribution companies, farmers again produced and sold food that regional people purchased. In chapter 10, Meter tackles the most important obstacle to creating community food webs: building market power for farmers so that they get the prices they need to make a profit. He describes tactics for building consumer loyalty and collaborative business strategies that keep buyers paying the prices producers need. This book is not about “local” food, although the author writes: “To reduce our food’s dependence on fossil fuels and to obtain the freshest foods possible, we need to localize our food supplies.” The point isn’t just how far the food item traveled to get to the consumer, but what kind of food system brought it there. “Local food is an outcome we desire, not the purpose of food work,” Meter writes. River Market Community Co-op is where I’ll continue to spend my food dollars because it offers products — pork, ground beef, milk, butter, pancake mixes, and vegetables — from regional growers and companies that care about good land stewardship. I don’t care if there are thousands more, lower-priced grocery items at Aldi. By the way, it doesn’t sell air conditioners. p Former Land Stewardship Project associate director Dana Jackson has a deep background in developing and promoting regional food systems in Minnesota and western Wisconsin.

The Land Stewardship Letter

Sacred Cow

The Case for (Better) Meat: Why Well-Raised Meat Is Good for You and Good for the Planet By Diana Rodgers & Robb Wolf 320 pages BenBella Books sacredcow.info/book

Reviewed by Angela Anderson

he authors of Sacred Cow — Diana Rodgers and Robb Wolf — are dieticians. That’s good, because this book is an important look at the issues of today’s agricultural and food industries from all angles, including the detrimental effects of those industries on the health of humans and the planet. Perhaps the book’s title should have been “It’s Not the Cow, It’s the How,” as they write at the end of chapter 9, because this phrase so succinctly summarizes the livestock problem in our food and food industries. We are omnivores and must eat a variety of foods, including meat, plenty of vegetables, and unprocessed grains to stay healthy, which is why the book’s ultimate suggestion is a “nutrivore” diet, which, in short, involves eating a combination of locally grown, seasonal, sustainably-produced options and reducing your intake of highly processed foods. This book may be too basic for those already well-versed in the issues inherent in these industries and, unfortunately, it became a tedious read for me because of the format in which the information was presented. The authors attempt to get their message across by using a basic questionand-answer approach. While the message of growing better meat is there, it gets lost, scattered amongst tables and charts and many digressions. The authors spend each chapter first debunking the industry’s claims and then making suggestions on what and how people should eat. It would have perhaps been better to present a clear message on what the authors stand for and let that speak for itself. This could have been said in half the number of pages and would have made a stronger counterpoint to people’s assumptions and the narratives put forth by the promoters of industrial food and big agribusiness. The authors begin by explaining the various terms and concepts presented and used in the book. A section titled “Snacks for the Cold War” explains how we got into our present food situation. The advent of The Land Stewardship Letter

synthetic fertilizers after World War II and the subsidies provided by the government encouraging farmers to produce as much food as possible—especially grain, corn, and soybeans in monocultures—were the true beginning of our current obesity epidemic and billion-dollar junk food industry. I remember growing up in postwar Germany and being appalled when I read about America dumping food because of overproduction. I found the book’s section on the “MidVictorian Diet” an illustrative snapshot of a diet that could be a model for an improved way of eating today. During the Victorian Age, food was grown and consumed mostly locally and regionally and was abundant and much less processed. Many people, members of the middle class in particular, were generally healthy. Meat was a consistent part of the diet. At that time, it was paramount for farmers to assure soil health through vigorous crop rotations, cover cropping, and using the manure of animals that were grazed on pastures. Today’s regenerative farming is nothing new; we have simply forgotten, within a span of several generations, how to do it without massive amounts of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. With the advent of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and big machinery, it became possible to ignore the soil for the short term and create enormous fields of monocultural crops, which destroyed living soil and the natural diversity of the land. Many government subsidies implemented in the second half of the 20th century still support these industrialized practices. To reverse this damage, those subsidies need to be reined in or done away with entirely while support for small and medium-sized farmers that practice regenerative agriculture needs to increase significantly. The authors clearly demonstrate the health benefits of eating meat as part of one’s diet. For people less well off, grass-fed beef and organic produce are often not seen as financially feasible and highly processed junk food is the “affordable” option. The book’s table illustrating what Americans spend on dining out annually highlights just how much of this financial outlay is actually a question of priority and convenience. This begs the question: If dining out dollars were redirected to whole or “real” foods intended to be prepared at home, could grass-fed and organic be accessible to all? I took issue with the book’s tables that explain vegetarian and vegan diets, lumping

them together and labeling them as nutrient deficient. There is a big difference between vegetarian and vegan diets, and they should not really be addressed as a single diet. Vegetarians eat animal proteins in the form of milk, cheese, eggs, etc. and are less prone to nutrient deficiencies as a result. In the chapter titled “Are Cattle Contributing to Climate Change?” the authors erroneously state that “methane claims against cattle are overblown,” instead blaming the problem on the pork, egg, and dairy industries. In fact, large, industrialized cattle feedlots are also an integral part of the problem. The authors do not hesitate to include “conventional” or “typical beef” in their dietary recommendations, for reasons of affordability; however, these cattle are often raised in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), which are highly problematic. These animals may see some grass in their youth, but are “finished” in a CAFO environment where they are fed grain and antibiotics are used to promote growth. That grain is grown in monocultural systems, which create their own environmental problems. One problem with all CAFOs, including those for beef, is that they greatly exceed the carrying capacity of the land they occupy — there simply aren’t enough acres to use up all the waste manure they produce. Once this land is turned into feedlots, it becomes “sacrifice” land, useless for anything else. This means that “typical” (conventional) beef also contributes considerably to emissions of methane, in the short term an even more dangerous greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Of course, if cattle are raised using well managed rotational grazing systems on perennial pastures, as is described in various parts of the book, they are beneficial to the land. But the same would then hold true for any well-managed type of livestock. This book is a good entry point for people new to sustainable food production and looking for ways to improve their eating habits. It is heavy on nutrition and light on sustainable agricultural practices. I found the 2021 film documentary (sacredcow.info) based on this book to be a more digestible summary of the authors’ message. p LSP member Angela Anderson has spent more than half-a-century working in natural resource preservation and restoration and has a particular interest in sustainable agriculture and environmental stewardship.

No. 2, 2021

The Drama of a Rural Community’s Life Cycle Its Prehistory, Birth, Growth, Maturity, Decline, and Rebirth

By S. Roy Kaufman 277 pages Wipf & Stock wipfandstock.com Reviewed by Dale Hadler

hat happens when a group of people known for their communal culture relocates to one of the most individualistic countries on the planet? History shows that for most immigrants some assimilation is inevitable. But as S. Roy Kaufman points out in his book, The Drama of a Rural Community’s Life Cycle, we never really lose connection to our roots, no matter how overwhelming our new home may be. And in the case of rural communities in the Midwest and Great Plains, tapping into some of the communal ideals of old may save them. Kaufman approaches his argument by providing a detailed, 150-year “life cycle” analysis of his home community of Freeman (pop. 1,306) in southeastern South Dakota. The author grew up on a farm in the community and went on to be a Mennonite pastor for four decades, serving rural communities in Iowa, Illinois, and Saskatchewan before being called to serve his hometown in 1999. In a book that melds personal observation with research on history, theology, and environmental ethics, Kaufman pres-

ents a “drama” revolving around European “Anabaptist” groups that settled in the Freeman area in the 1870s. Anabaptism is a Protestant movement that traces its origins to the Radical Reformation. In this country, we associate Anabaptism with groups like the Amish, the Brethren, Hutterites, and the Mennonites. Traditionally, Anabaptist communities are centered around adherence to Protestant Christianity, of course, but they are also deeply connected to agrarianism and living and working in communal settings. At first, the Freeman Anabaptists resisted adopting “modern” Americanized approaches to life, but one overwhelming force became too much to resist: industrial agriculture. It started with leaving behind the communal village lifestyle they had in the old country and settling on isolated homesteads. By the latter half of the 20th century, the Freeman Anabaptists, far removed from their communal foundations, felt compelled to compete with other farmers to remain viable. They planted monocrops, erected large concentrated animal feeding operations, and outbid each other for land. Kaufman noted this shift away from the communal in his own congregations. “Faith became an individual, private matter, irrelevant to the forces of dominant culture being imposed upon the community,” he writes. The results were predictable — populations in town and in the countryside plummeted as farms became larger and wealth was sucked out of the area by the exportdriven economy. The population of the two counties in the Freeman area is around half of what it was in the 1930s. This impacts not just Main Street businesses, but also

the institutions that are the heart of communities. In one particularly poignant “case study,” Kaufman tells the story of depopulation through the history of Salem Mennonite Church — in 1970 it had 578 members; today it consists of less than 340 souls. But he’s an optimist. For one thing, there is a greater acknowledgement that an industrialized, corporate-controlled agricultural system that sets farmer-against-farmer doesn’t just decimate the Freemans of the world; it impacts all of us. The author acknowledges the work of groups like the Land Stewardship Project, specifically citing Look Who’s Knockin’, a play written by Doug Nopar that features a couple grappling with their farm’s legacy and the ramifications for the larger community. Kaufman’s key source of hope lies in a simple act that has traditionally tied members of faith communities together: the sharing of food. He sees this act as sacred, and the raising, processing, and preparation of it as a “divine vocation.” All of us — no matter what, if any, our religious background — can help reverse the secularization of food through systems that reconnect land, people, and communities. It will require an acknowledgement that our personal faith in a more resilient world hinges on significant communal connections. “I have a hunch that the Freeman community is in the process of recovering its agricultural vocation of raising food to sustain life,” writes Kaufman. “In the process, the community itself will be restored.” p LSP member Dale Hadler lives in Winona in southeastern Minnesota.

Go Public With Your LSP Support

here are numerous fun ways you can show your support publicly for the Land Stewardship Project. LSP has available for purchase t-shirts ($20), window decals ($3), tote bags ($15) and, marking the return of a classic, “Let’s Stop Treating Our Soil Like Dirt” bumper stickers ($3). Our latest additions to the LSP store are an 8 x 10 metal barn sign ($20) and our 2022 edition of the “Farm Creatures of LSP Calendar” ($20). All of these items can be ordered from our online store at landstewardshipproject.org/shop or by calling 612-722-6377.

Bumper Sticker Window Decal T-shirt

No. 2, 2021

Tote Bag

Metal Barn Sign

Farm Creatures of LSP Calendar The Land Stewardship Letter

Membership Update Showing Up Where it Counts

Membership Questions?

f you have questions about your Land Stewardship Project membership, contact LSP’s membership coordinator, Clara Sanders, at 612-400-6340 or csanders@landstewardshipproject.org. To renew, mail in the envelope included in this Land Stewardship Letter, or see landstewardshipproject.org/join.

Has Your Address Changed?

as your address changed or do you anticipate moving in the next few months? Take a moment to update your address with the Land Stewardship Project so that you can continue receiving the Land Stewardship Letter, event invitations, and other updates. To update your address, see landstewardshipproject.org/address. Make sure you use the same e-mail address you have on file with LSP to ensure your data updates correctly.

“We’ve been members since we started farming in 2014, and the LSP Journeyperson class really helped us to form our business around our values and the life we want to live. As our business grows, LSP continues to offer quality education, support, and community. We know LSP shows up where it counts for small farms like us, and we are proud to support them.” — Les Macare, shown here (right) with Els Dobrick on their Racing Heart Farm in Colfax, Wis. For more on Macare and Dobrick’s experience with Journeyperson, see page 16. (LSP Photo)

Volunteer for LSP

he Land Stewardship Project literally could not fulfill its mission without the hard work of our volunteers. Volunteers help us do everything from stuff envelopes and make telephone calls to enter data and set up logistics for meetings. Remote opportunities are available. If you’d like to volunteer, call 612400-6340 or fill out the form at landstewardshipproject.org/volunteer.

Get Current With

ign up for the LIVE-WIRE e-letter to get monthly updates from the Land Stewardship Project sent straight to your inbox. Details are at landstewardshipproject. org/live-wire-sign-up. p

LSP Fact Sheets

ant a quick primer on everything from regenerative farming techniques and the negative repercussions of factory farming to how to write a letter-tothe-editor and make sure a lease meets your stewardship goals? Check out LSP’s fact sheets at landstewardshipproject.org/ fact-sheets. p The Land Stewardship Letter

MEF Closes its Doors

e are sad to share the news that the Minnesota Environmental Fund (MEF), a longtime funder of the Land Stewardship Project, will be closing its doors in early 2022. LSP is extremely grateful for the many years of support this workplace initiative provided us through the generous donations of our members. You can read MEF’s full announcement at mnenvirofund.org. p

In Memory & in Honor…

he Land Stewardship Project is grateful to have received the following gifts made to honor and remember loved ones and friends:

In Memory of Lawrence Wendell Peterson u Jean Greenwood

In Honor of Dave Serfling & LSP u Alicia Laporte of Niman Ranch

In Memory of Thomas & Joel Walsh u Diane Calabria In Memory of Les Young u Joyce Young

To donate to the Land Stewardship Project in the name of someone, contact Clara Sanders at 612-400-6340 or csanders@landstewardshipproject.org. Donations can be made online at landstewardshipproject.org/join. No. 2, 2021

NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION U.S. POSTAGE PAID ROCHESTER, MN PERMIT NO. 289

LAND STEWARDSHIP PROJECT 821 E 35TH ST STE 200 MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55407-2102

Address Service Requested

Your timely renewal saves paper and reduces the expense of sending out renewal notices. To renew, use the envelope inside or visit landstewardshipproject.org/join.

Stewardship Calendar ➔ JAN. 6 — LSP Whole Farm Planning for Climate Resiliency, online, 9:30 a.m.-noon, landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ JAN. 13 — LSP Resiliency Forum for Specialty Crop Producers (Time & People Management), online, noon-1:30 p.m., landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ JAN. 20 — 2022 CSA Farm Directory Submission Deadline (see sidebar) ➔ JAN. 20 — LSP Whole Farm Planning for Climate Resiliency, online, 9:30 a.m.-noon, landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ JAN. 22 — LSP Fighting Factory Farms Cohort (see page 9) ➔ JAN. 27 — LSP Resiliency Forum for Specialty Crop Producers (Irrigation Systems), online, 7 p.m.-8:30 p.m., landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ JAN. 31—2022 session of the Minnesota Legislature Convenes (see page 6) ➔ FEB. 1 — LSP Soil Health Workshop with Alejandro Carrillo of Las Damas Ranch, Willmar, Minn., landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ FEB. 2 — LSP Soil Health Workshop with Alejandro Carrillo of Las Damas Ranch, Stewartville, Minn., landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ FEB. 3 — LSP Soil Health Workshop with Alejandro Carrillo of Las Damas Ranch, Plainview, Minn., landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ FEB. 3 — LSP Whole Farm Planning for Climate Resiliency, online, 9:30 a.m.-noon, landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ FEB. 4 — LSP Soil Health Workshop with Alejandro Carrillo of Las Damas Ranch, River Falls, Wis., landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ FEB. 5 — LSP Fighting Factory Farms Cohort (see page 9) ➔ FEB. 10 — LSP Resiliency Forum for

No. 2, 2021

Specialty Crop Producers (Incubating Beginning Farmers), online, noon-1:30 p.m., landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ FEB. 17 — LSP Whole Farm Planning for Climate Resiliency, online, 9:30 a.m.-noon, landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ FEB. 19 — LSP Fighting Factory Farms Cohort (see page 9) ➔ LATE FEBRUARY — LSP Soil Health Workshop with Allen Williams of the Soil Health Academy (location to be determined), landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ MARCH 3— LSP Whole Farm Planning for Climate Resiliency, online, 9:30 a.m.-

noon, landstewardshipproject.org/ upcoming-events ➔ MARCH 10 — LSP Resiliency Forum for Specialty Crop Producers (Whole Farm Planning), online, 7 p.m.-8:30 p.m., landstewardshipproject.org/upcoming-events ➔ SEPT. 15 — Application Deadline for LSP’s 2022-2023 Farm Beginnings Course (see page 17)

Latest LSP Events:

landstewardshipproject.org/ upcoming-events

CSA Farmers: Time to Sign-up for the 2022 Directory

f you are a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) farmer operating in Minnesota or western Wisconsin, the Land Stewardship Project invites you to be listed in the 2022 edition of LSP’s Twin Cities, Minnesota & Western Wisconsin Region CSA Farm Directory. An online version of the CSA Farm Directory will be available in February at landstewardshipproject.org/ Sign-up by January 20 csa-farm-directory. On that web page, you will find an online form for submitting information about your farm. The deadline for submitting listings is Thursday, Jan. 20. The listing fee is $15 for LSP members and $20 for nonmembers. There is a 250-word limit for listings. For details on having your farm listed, contact LSP’s Brian DeVore at bdevore@landstewardshipproject.org or 612-816-9342.

We’ve Revamped Our Website!

he Land Stewardship Project’s website has received a significant makeover. The new design offers more resources than ever on policy campaigns, soil health, land access, transitioning farms to the next generation, and launching a regenerative farm operation. Thanks to the work of Scott Anderson at Room34, our digital presence is more userfriendly and interactive, giving LSP’s members and allies more ways than ever to help us advance the work of “keeping the land and people together.” Check it out at landstewardshipproject.org. p The Land Stewardship Letter