TEST BANK
TEST BANK
Part One Central Concepts of Pathophysiology: Cells and Tissues
Unit I The Cell Chapter 1 Cellular Biology Chapter 2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Chapter 3 The Cellular Environment
Unit II Genes, Gene-Environment Interaction, and Epigenetics Chapter 4 Genes and Genetic Diseases Chapter 5 Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases Chapter 6 Epigenetics and Disease
Unit III Mechanisms of Self-Defense Chapter 7 Innate Immunity Chapter 8 Adaptive Immunity Chapter 9 Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Chapter 10 Infection Chapter 11 Stress and Disease
Unit IV Cellular Proliferation: Cancer Chapter 12 Cancer Biology Chapter 13 Cancer Epidemiology Chapter 14 Cancer in Children
Part Two Pathophysiologic Alterations: Organs and Systems
Unit V Pathophysiologic Alterations: Organs and Systems Chapter 15 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System Chapter 16 Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function
Chapter 17 Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function Chapter 18 Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction Chapter 19 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder Chapter 20 Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit VI The Endocrine System Chapter 21 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation Chapter 22 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation Chapter 23 Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition
Unit VII The Reproductive Systems Chapter 24 Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Chapter 25 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Chapter 26 Alterations of the Male Reproductive System Chapter 27 Sexually Transmitted Infections
Unit VIII The Hematologic System Chapter 28 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Chapter 29 Alterations of Erythrocyte, Platelet, and Hemostatic Function Chapter 30 Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function Chapter 31 Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Unit IX The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Chapter 32 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Chapter 33 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function Chapter 34 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit X The Pulmonary System Chapter 35 Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Chapter 36 Alterations of Pulmonary Function Chapter 37 Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit XI The Renal and Urologic Systems Chapter 38 Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Chapter 39 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Chapter 40 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Unit XII The Digestive System Chapter 41 Structure and Function of the Digestive System Chapter 42 Alterations of Digestive Function Chapter 43 Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Unit XIII The Musculoskeletal System Chapter 44 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Chapter 45 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function Chapter 46 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
Unit XIV The Integumentary System Chapter 47 Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Chapter 48 Alterations of the Integument in Children
Unit XV Multiple Interacting Systems Chapter 49 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults Chapter 50 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption? a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats. ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic absorption. PTS: 1
REF: Page 2
2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the: a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus b. Ribosome d. Lysosome ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a cell’s genetic information. PTS: 1
REF: Page 2
3. Which component of the cell prodNuUceRsS IhNyGd TroBg. CenO M peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes ANS: B
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme production. PTS: 1
REF: Page 8
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
injury? a. Ribosome b. Golgi complex ANS: D
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. Lysosomes
c. Being capable of transporting macromolecules d. Requiring energy generated by the cell ANS: A
Water and small electrically uncharged molecules move easily through pores in the plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer. This process, called passive transport, naturally occurs through any semipermeable barrier. It is driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion, all of which depend on the laws of physics and do not require life. The other options do not correctly describe passive transport. PTS: 1
REF: Page 28
20. Active transport occurs across which type of membranes? a. Membranes that have a higher concentration of the solute on the outside of the cell b. Membranes that are semipermeable to water and small electrically uncharged
molecules c. Membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to
be transported d. Membranes that have a cell membrane that is hydrophobic rather than hydrophilic ANS: C
Some molecules are moved into the cell by mechanisms of active transport, which require receptors that are capable of recognizing and binding with the substance to be transported. Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. Osmosis is the movement of water down a concentration gradient; that is, across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentratiNo Un RtoSIaN lGoTwBe.Cr OwMa t e r concentration PTS: 1
REF: Page 28
21. Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree
of specificity for the substance being transported? a. Active c. Transmembranous b. Mediated d. Passive ANS: B
Mediated transport (passive and active) involves integral or transmembrane proteins with receptors having a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported. Inorganic anions and cations (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca++, chloride [Cl–], bicarbonate [HCO3–]) and charged and uncharged organic compounds (e.g., amino acids, sugars) require specific transport systems to facilitate movement through different cellular membranes. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process described. PTS: 1
REF: Page 31
22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial
fluid surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process? a. Hydrostatic pressure c. Diffusion b. Osmosis d. Active transport ANS: A
Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. In the vascular system, hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated in vessels by the contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25 to 30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process described. PTS: 1
REF: Pages 29-30
23. Why is osmolality preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic activity in the
clinical assessment of individuals? a. Plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solution. b. Volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutes. c. More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes, such as protein and glucose, rather than by water. d. Osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma, such as proteins and glucose. ANS: C
In plasma, less of the plasma weight is water; therefore the overall concentration of particles is greater. The osmolality will be greater than the osmolarity because of the smaller proportion of water. Osmolality is thus the preferred measure of osmotic activity in clinical assessment of individuals. PTS: 1
REF: Page 30
24. A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the N U R SIN G T B . C O M
sodium and chloride lost in the s t o o l . W h a t e f f e c t w i l l this fluid replacement have on cells? a. Become hydrated c. Shrink b. Swell or burst d. Divide ANS: C
A hypertonic solution has a concentration of greater than 285 to 294 mOsm/kg. An example of a hypertonic solution is 3% saline solution. Water can be pulled out of the cells by a hypertonic solution; therefore the cells shrink. The remaining options do not correctly describe the effect identified in the stem. PTS: 1
REF: Page 31
25. The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process? a. Active-mediated transport (active transport) b. Active diffusion c. Passive osmosis d. Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion) ANS: D
Facilitated diffusion is the means by which glucose is transported from the blood to the cells. The remaining options do not correctly identify this process. PTS: 1
REF: Pages 31-32
26. Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranes by: