9-am by sloven

Òàìàðà Áîíäàð Òåòÿíà Ïàõîìîâà

ÀÍÃËIÉÑÜÊÀ ÌÎÂÀ

2017

Òàìàðà Áîíäàð Òåòÿíà Ïàõîìîâà

ENGLISH

ÀÍÃËIÉÑÜÊÀ ÌÎÂÀ

ENGLISH

Тамара Бондар, Тетяна Пахомова

Англійська мова (5-й рік навчання) Підручник для 9 класу закладів загальної середньої освіти

Tamara Bondar, Tetiana Pakhomova

English Year 5 A textbook for the ninth form of secondary schools

Рекомендовано Міністерством освіти і науки України

Київ «Методика Паблішинг» 2021

УДК 811.111(075.3) П21 Рекомендовано Міністерством освіти і науки України (наказ Міністерства освіти і науки України від 03.12.2021 № 1306) Видання підготовлено з використанням матеріалів видавництва “Ernst Klett Verlag” (Orange Line 4, Green Line 4,: Marion Horner, Stephanie Ashford, Jenifer Baer-Engel, Elizabeth Daymond, Paul Dennis, Axel Plitsch). Автор і видавництво висловлюють щиру подяку Маріон Ґорнер, Дженіфер Бaeр-Енгель, а також видавництву “Ernst Klett Verlag” за надані матеріали, підтримку і сприяння у реалізації проекту.

Умовні позначення Let’s talk Давайте поспілкуємося Let’s listen Давайте послухаємо For my folder Для мого учнівського досьє CD містить цей матеріал Вправи підвищеної складності Робота в парах Робота в групах

Прослухати і завантижити аудіосупровід: https://bit.ly/JoyofEnglish9

Bondar Tamara, Pakhomova Tetiana English. (Year 5) : a textbook for the ninth form of secondary schools. / Tamara Bondar, Tetiana Pakhomova, – К. : Metodika Publishing, 2021. – 272 pages. Бондар Тамара, Пахомова Тетяна П21 Англійська мова (5-й рік навчання) : підруч. для 9 класу закладів загальної середньої освіти / Т. І. Бондар, Т. Г. Пахомова, – К. : Методика Паблішинг, 2021. – 272 с. : іл. ISBN 978-617-7462-53-7 УДК 811.111(075.3)

ISBN 978-617-7462-53-7

Шановне товариство! Вітаємо вас у новому навчальному році! Бажаємо продовжувати наполегливо вивчати англійську мову. Сподіваємось, що п’ятий рік з підручником “Joy of English” буде надзвичайно цікавим. Ми пропонуємо захоплюючі теми, після вивчення яких ви зможете характеризувати якості особистості та вчинки людей, розповідати про види діяльності, написати власну біографію, пройти співбесіду, проявити лідерські якості, порівняти шкільні системи різних країн, розповідати про захоплення у вільний час та протягом канікул, аргументувати вибір професії, зрозуміти мету волонтерства, надавати загальну інформацію про Канаду, Австралію, Індію, США, Україну та місто де ви проживаєте, ділитися враженнями, вирішувати конфліктні ситуації, давати поради, висловлювати свої почуття, емоції та враження. Тематика ситуативного спілкування досить широка: я і мої друзі, шкільне життя (улюблений предмет, плани на майбутнє), кіно, література і театр, англомовні країни, подорож по Україні. Ви відчуєте гордість за нашу країну, за її історичне минуле і багате на події сьогодення. Для найкращого розуміння особливостей роботи з підручником пояснимо складники уроків, що розмішені в колонтитулах. Check-in нові слова та краєзнавча інформація Language мовний і мовленнєвий (граматичний) матеріал Everyday English необхідні фрази для повсякденного спілкування Get fit! тренувальні вправи Overheard вправи для слухання Facts and fiction тексти для читання Words in action лексичні вправи Skills in action мої уміння Free section читацький калейдоскоп Try it out! проектна робота, тестові завдання Revision вправи для повторення Кожен розділ містить різножанрові тексти, що розширюють ваш кругозір. Ми віримо, що саме читання допомагає ефективно засвоювати мову. Пам’ятайте, чим більше ви читаєте, тим більший стає ваш словниковий запас, покращується відчуття мови, зростає інтерес до культури народу мови, яку ви вивчаєте. У розділі Grammar (граматичний довідник) подано необхідний граматичний матеріал у таблицях. Поняття, важливі для розуміння правил, виділені курсивом або жирним шрифтом. Кожне правило проілюстроване прикладом. Правила супроводжуються схемами та малюнками. Розділ доповнено граматичним матеріалом з підручника за 8 клас, який постійно вживається у підручнику 9 класу. Таким чином, ви маєте можливість повторити раніше засвоєний матеріал про Simple present і past, present progressive, present perfect active, degrees of comparison of adjectives та уникнути неправильного вживання граматичних форм. У кінці підручника запропоновано розділ Vocabulary (поурочний словник). Слова поурочного словника подано з транскрипцією, що допомагає працювати з підручником самостійно. Поурочний словник містить слова в порядку вживання в текстах та завданнях уроку. Розділ Dictionary (English-Ukrainian) подає слова в алфавітному порядку. Щиро бажаємо подальших успіхів у вивчення англійської мови! Автори і видавництво

Contents

Unit 1

It’s my life

Check in

Let’s listen: Jack’s biography

8-9

Let’s talk: My personal biography Language 1

Used to, didn’t use to

Language 2

Get, make, let, have

11-12

Language 3

Talking about the future

Everyday English

How I see myself

How to talk about personal qualities

A letter of application

Making a good impression at the interview

Get fit

Interview etiquette

Overheard

Let’s listen: Mark Zuckerberg

Facts and fiction

Now that’s what I call living

20-23

Words in action

More about Mark Zuckerberg

24-25

Zodiac signs and people’s character

26-27

Try it out 1

The Bible

28-29

Unit 2

School prepares me for my future

Check in

Let’s listen: Make a Difference Day

Let’s talk: Website info

Language 1

The present perfect

Language 2

Modal verbs: must, mustn’t, need, needn’t

Language 3

The past perfect

34-35

Everyday English

The art of leadership

Let’s listen: Making the first move

Get fit

School structure

Overheard

Let’s listen: Attention, please!

Let’s listen: PVHS cheerleader chants

Facts and fiction

Choosing a career

40-43

Words in action

Favourite subjects

What is needed for a job?

Ready for the homecoming dance?

46-47

Contents

Skills in action

What’s a formal discussion?

Stand UP stands for the kids! Will you?

Try it out 2

Part-time jobs

50-51

Revision 1

Make, let, have, get, talking about the future, have someone or have something done, present perfect, must, mustn’t, needn’t

52-53

Unit 3

Stars in your eyes?

Check in

Let’s listen and talk: The Chronicles of Narnia

54-55

Language 1

Using defining relative clauses

56-57

Everyday English

Music matters

Interviews with the four friends

Get fit

How to understand an English song?

Overheard

Let’s listen: Musicians

Let’s listen: Their music

Facts and fiction

Prince Caspian

62-65

Words in action

Let’s make a great mobile movie

66-67

Skills in action

Letters and e-mails

68-69

Unit 4

Discover books and theater

Check in

Let’s listen: Who?

70-72

Let’s talk: The best book

72-73

Language 1

So – such, enough – too

Language 2

As…as , not as …as

Everyday English

Four steps to create a story

Let’s listen: The theater bug

Theater superstitions

About Broadway

Get fit

How to create tension?

Overheard

Let’s listen: Edgar Allan Poe

Let’s listen: Mark Twain

Best theater shows for teenagers

82-85

Facts and fiction

Contents

Words in action

Let’s add depth to language

Books you might write once

Free section

Battle of the books

88-89

Try it out 3

Coraline by Neil Gaiman

90-91

Revision 2

So – such, too – enough, who, which

92-93

Unit 5

The world speaks English

Check in

Let’s listen: What country are they talking about?

94-95

Let’s talk: Facts

Language 1

The present perfect progressive

97-99

Everyday English

Different phrases for different feelings

100-103

Get fit

Take part in a discussion

104

Overheard

Let’s listen: English is everywhere

105

Facts and fiction

What Australians think about Americans

106-109

Words in action

Fun with words and countries

110-111

Try it out 4

City of Melbourne

112-113

Unit 6

Exploring the world

Check in

Let’s listen: Out and about

114

Let’s talk: A New York City quiz

115

Language 1

The simple present passive

116-117

Language 2

The simple past passive

118-119

Everyday English

No time for boredom

120-123

Get fit

Effective reading strategy

124

Overheard

Let’s listen: Sidewalks, mansions, and skyscrapers

125

Facts and fiction

Traveler’s impressions

126-127

Words in action

Ticket types

128-129

Try it out 5

Travel brochures

130-131

Revision 3

The present perfect progressive, the simple past passive

132-133

Contents

Unit 7

Home and away

Check-in

Let’s listen: Cherkasy region

134

Let’s talk: More about the photos

135

Language

If-clauses

136-137

Everyday English

Home for Thanksgiving

138-139

Get fit

How to write a factual text

140

Overheard

Let’s listen: Fun activities for teenagers

141

Facts and fiction

Traveler’s diary

142-143

Words in action

At a summer language camp

144-145

Try it out 6

Seneca’s story

146-147

Revision 4

If-clause,

148-149

Grammar

150-177

Vocabulary

178-231

Dictionary

English – Ukrainian

232-271

Check-in

Unit 1 It’s my life

• Most autobiographies, regardless of their length and target audience, will contain basic facts like the time and places in which the person lived. • There is a difference between a biography and autobiography. A biography is the story of a person’s life in the words of another person, while an autobiography or personal biography is the story of a person’s life in his/her own words. • According to The Telegraph, the bestselling biographies of all time include “Lives of the Twelve Caesars” by Suetonius, who served as a private secretary to all the Caesars; “The Life of Samuel Johnson” by James Boswell, which provides insight into an entire era

and “The Life of Charlotte Brontë” by Elizabeth Gaskell, which offers an inside look at the great author’s life. • Everyone wants your bio to be shorter. The shorter your bio, the more people will read it. No one is impressed by a long series of unimpressive things. If you have a great one sentence bio, people will be curious enough to find out more. • You need to put the important facts first. The fancy term for this is the inverted pyramid. It comes from the assumption that with each word in your bio fewer and fewer people will keep reading. It’s a great assumption because it’s true.

DID YOU KNOW?

Check-in

1 Your autobiography a) Have you ever written your personal biography? When? Why? b) Look at the inverted pyramid and answer the questions in “Most newsworthy info” section. Example: Who are your parents? When and where were you born?

2 Let’s listen: Jack’s biography

a) Look at the pictures on page 8 and think how they can be connected. b) Listen to Jacks’ personal biography. Choose a headline for the story; one is extra. a) b) c) d)

My goals Who am I? My childhood My ups and downs.

c) Listen to Jacks’ personal biography. Arrange the pictures according to the story. Example: Picture 1 represents his …. d) Think which part of Jack’s personal biography is the most interesting. Discuss with your partner.

3 Let’s talk: My personal biography a) Work with your partner, asking and answering the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What do you remember of your childhood? What do parents tell about you as a three-year-old child? What were you passionate about in primary school? Has your passion changed today? How? What are your ups and downs? What are your goals?

b) Think of your own questions. c) Tell your friend about him / her. Ask for your friend’s permission to tell the group about him or her.

4 For my folder a) Discover yourself further by asking your parents and friends about: • your childhood • your personality • you as a friend • your strengths and weakness b) Make a fact file and present it to your class.

Language 1

used to, didn’t use

Used to I am ten years old. It’s my first year at middle We use used+to Infinitive to school. Middle school is a big transition for me. describe past habits or states. I went from a class of 15 to a class of 30. Note that you can talk about My biggest difficulty is that middle school past habits using past simple starts 45 minutes later than my elementary tense with no difference in school. I used to start elementary school at 8 in meaning. However, used to the morning and finish at twelve. In elementary phrase is better to contrast two school, we used to learn from one teacher. habits in time and it’s more She explained everything and answered any emotional.  G1 and every question, but in middle school there is one teacher per subject. There is also a difference in workload. In elementary school, I used to have about an hour of homework a night, and in middle school it became about two hours. It scares me a bit, but I am getting used to it, and that definitely prepares me for high school.

1 Your turn: Then and now a) Talk about things you used to do / like, but don’t any more, and what you do / like now. Use the useful phrases from the box. Examples: I used to paint much but now I love taking pictures. I didn’t use to like healthy food but now I think it’s ok.

Useful phrases to be interested in to be good at to enjoy to love to hate to like

2 Match Match the phrases in the left column with the phrases in the right column. I used to eat a lot of chocolate but Paul used to study in London but He used to take the bus to school but When I was a child I didn’t use to eat cheese My parents used to go to a very traditional school I used to really enjoy his company but She used to play the piano a lot but We used to go to the beach for our holidays My father used to ride a motorbike but When I lived in the city

now he walks. but now I eat a lot. now I find him boring. now I am on a diet. when we were young children. I often used to go to the theater. now he studies in Ukraine. now she plays the guitar. where they wore uniforms. now he drives.

Language 2

get, make, let, have

3 Make, let, and have a) Find all the examples of make, let and have in the text. Bully. What does the word make you think of? For some people, it’s that girl at school who always makes fun of them. For others, it’s the biggest guy in the neighborhood who beats them up or takes their things, or makes someone do things he or she doesn’t want to do. No matter what situation or form it comes in, bullying can make you feel depressed, hurt, and alone. Bullying happens everywhere, all the time, and it’s happened since forever. Because it’s so common, many adults think bullying is just a normal part of growing up. You’ve probably heard parents or teachers say things like: «Don’t let it get to you» or «You just have to be tougher.» However, when these are done to someone more than once, and usually over and over again for a long period of time, that’s bullying. Parents should have their kids talk about their problems. Parents also should let bullies’ parents know about the problem. Many antibullying organizations run campaigns to let victims know that they are not alone. They get kids, who fought the problem, to come to the studio and talk how to become strong.

4 Difference Explain the difference between make, let, and have. Check your answers with G 2.

The teacher made Jack focus more.

The teacher had Ann show her hometask.

The teacher let her students sit on the floor.

5 Make – let

a) Complete the sentences with make or let. Did your parents… you go to the cinema? The English teacher …the students choose their own essay topics. My mother …me repeat the whole poem over and over again. My brother and I messed up our room, so my father … us clean our room. Parents ….me eat vegetables every day to keep fit. The school manager ….the students stay after class because they broke the window. 7. My father …me drive his car on Sunday. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

b) Listen and check.

Language 2

get, make, let, have

6 Get – have

a) Complete the sentences with have or get. Put the verbs into the correct tense. Our mother … us to clean the room yesterday. The teacher … every student to write a story about their hometown. Our teacher … us clean up our classroom on Sunday mornings. I’ll … Sally to wash the dishes when she comes. Your computer is making some strange sounds. I think you should … a technician to look at it. 6. We bought a new computer, and we … my brother install the new game for us. 7. I had little time, so I … my brother complete my homework last night. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

b) Listen and check.

7 Two forms Active form

Passive form

Have + somebody + do (verb 1) + something In active form, we use somebody and base form of the verb (verb 1) after the verb «have».

Have + something + done (verb 3) + (by someone) In passive form, we use something and past participle of the verb (verb 3) after the verb «have».  G2

Choose the right word. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Mary had the nurse check / checked her temperature. I must have the mechanic check / checked my car. We’ve had a web designer make / made our website. Mary had her temperature checked/ check by the nurse. I must have my car checked / checked by the mechanic. We’ve had our website make / made by a web designer.

8 Unscramble Make the right sentences by putting the words in the right order. She • never • her • lets • me • drive • car We • are • room • painted • getting • the • living You • mechanic • must • the • brakes • have • the • controlled • by him • apologize • Sam • made • for • the • mistake 5. The • collect • the • teacher • made • me • garbage 6. The • secretary • boss • the • report • will • get • the • to • write 7. The • doctor • give • up • made • smoking • her

1. 2. 3. 4.

Language 3

Talking about the future

• present progressive: for future arrangements • ‘will’ future: for personal predictions • ‘going to’ future: for plans or when it is already clear what is going to happen • simple present: for ‘timetable’ information

Talking about the future 1 Remind yourself of the forms First look at the information on the right. Then read the dialogue and find examples of how to talk about the future. Explain why the different tenses are used. Naomi’s sister Lucy, a college student, wants to earn some money.

 G3,4,5

Lucy: H ey, Naomi, have you heard my news? Naomi: No, but I can see you’re going to tell me! So go on. Lucy: Well, I phoned about a Saturday job in a shoe shop, and I’m going for an interview with the manager tomorrow! Naomi: Oh, that’s cool. Well, good luck! Lucy: Thanks. The interview starts at 9.45. I don’t expect it’ll take too long. Naomi: What are you going to wear?

2 Say what Naomi is doing next week a) Use Naomi’s notes to give the information. Example: On Monday she is having her hair cut. Her appointment is at 4.30. b) What arrangements do you and your partner have for next week? Ask and answer questions. 1. Are you going anywhere special next week? 2. What are you doing after school on …? 3. What time does/is …? …?

ent Mon 4.30 Hair appointm Tues Geog. project presentatio

n! ugh ro bo P’ iew rv te Wed 11.15 in Regional college Volleyball Thurs after school Sat 12.40 meet Gran dad at station rt sta Charity Walk Sun am outside sports centre 10 adviser Fri Phone personal

3 Talk about plans for the future a) Go on with what Marco tells his friends about his plans for a great life. Find your own verbs. “When I leave school, I’m going to study IT at uni. Then I’m going to start …” b) Marco’s friends want to have a little fun with him. Use your own ideas to make their predictions. 1. “Sorry, but I don’t think your plans will work out!” 2. “It’s quite possible that/Maybe … will/won’t …”

IT at uni • own business • computer games • lots of money • big house • wife and kids • great life!

c) Your turn: How do you see your own future? Write a paragraph describing your plans and predicting what your life will be like. (You needn’t be too serious!)

Everyday English

HOW I SEE MYSELF : Read the following sentences. If you think a sentence describes you, give yourself one point for the colour of that sentence. If there are two colours, give yourself a point for each. The colour for

which you have most points at the end of the questionnaire is the one that suits you best (although other colours may also be important). Find out what this means by reading your colour profile below.

1. I enjoy painting and drawing. 2. I am quick at learning how to use new technical equipment. 3. One of my favourite subjects is Chemistry. 4. I enjoy watching TV commercials. 5. I like helping people. 6. I am interested in why firms lose money or make money. 7. I write my own computer programmes. 8. I am good at making my own decisions, but I am also a reliable team member. 9. I enjoy making my bedroom look nice. 10. I am interested in nature. 11. I am good with numbers. 12. Writing stories or plays is fun. 13. I sometimes raise money for charities. 14. I love cooking and thinking of my own recipes.

15. I would like to make things that I can sell. 16. I compare prices when I go shopping. 17. I know how much I can earn on money in the bank. 18. I enjoy performing on stage. 19. I like hanging out with friends. 20. It would be fun to make a machine that uses wind power. 21. I try to be tactful. 22. I have an idea for a great new invention. 23. I like making guests feel welcome. 24. Music helps me to express my feelings. 25. I enjoy examining things to find out how they work. 26. I am (would like to be) in a dance group. 27. I always try to win competitions or races. 28. I am interested in the design and construction of buildings.

✔✔ Green: You are good with people and would enjoy a job in a field like health, social work, education or management, e. g. a nurse, a teacher, a personnel manager. If you prefer animals, you could be a vet or work in a zoo. ✔✔ Blue: A job where you are involved in science or technology and where you can use your practical skills would suit you, e. g. a research scientist, an engineer.

✔✔ Yellow: As a creative person, you would be suited to a job in design or in some form of art or entertainment, e. g. an architect, a cartoon artist, a musician. ✔✔ Red: The business world is full of different opportunities for ambitious, competitive people like you. You could become a banker or a lawyer, or you could even found your own company – if you haven’t already done it!

1 Talk about the questionnaire a) Do the questionnaire. Do you agree with what it says about you? Say why or why not.

b) Think of more jobs and more sentences for each colour.

Everyday English

2 How to: Talk about personal qualities a) Look at what a student tells her personal adviser. Then collect words and phrases to describe your own personal qualities. The Useful phrases can help. You can also use phrases from the questionnaire on page 14.

I like challenges and I’m good at solving problems. I can work alone, but I prefer to work in a team. I’d say I’m an ambitious person.

USEFUL PHRASES

• • • • •

I think/I’d say I’m reliable/practical/creative/patient/… I’m (not so) good/with children/at using words/… I find it easy/fun/… to meet people/learn new skills/… I (don’t) like deadlines/computers/challenges/… I prefer to work alone/outside/…

TIP

Ask your teacher or use a dictionary for any new words you need. Collect ‘personal vocabulary’ in your folder.

b) In groups, take turns to present yourselves. Tell the truth, but try to stress your good qualities. Listen critically to the others in your group and make helpful suggestions. 4

3 Mediation and communication: Personal stories a) You are going to listen to three personal stories of school leaders. Summarize the information completing the sentences in the boxes below.

Mark Student government president

Sandy Outreach coordinator

Mark always wanted to be … Sandy helps … He likes … She raises … He never … She has done… He keeps his team …

Mathew Student newspaper correspondent Mathew brings… He is …. He understands … He wants

b) Are you a leader? Who is a leader in your class? Why do you think so? c) Write a profile for your leaders and post them on your school website.

Everyday English

A letter of application Webb-Miller Architects 16-18 Rutland Way Peterborough PE1 5JN UK

vul. Сhornovola 29, 18003 Cherkasy Ukraine 3 March 2016

Application for a work experience placement in summer 2016

Put the other person’s name and address here or at the end of the letter. Show what the letter is about in a heading.

Dear Mr Webb I am writing to apply for a work experience placement with your firm this summer. Your name was given to me by friends in Peterborough. When I leave school I plan to study architecture. As you will see from the enclosed CV, I spent a month last summer with a firm of architects in Kyiv, so I already have some knowledge of the job. Having learnt English at school for over five years, I would have no language problems. I hope very much that you are able to offer me a placement. I would work hard for your firm and make myself as useful as possible. Thank you for reading this application. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely,

Put your address here.

In the first paragraph, say why you are writing. In the second paragraph, add useful information. Find/use a friendly ending. Print your name under your signature and show what you are enclosing. Do not send a photo.

Nina Boiko Nina Boiko

Curriculum Vitae: Nina Boiko

Encl. CV

Personal details Name: Nina Boiko Address: vul. Сhornovola 29, 18003 Cherkasy, Ukraine Tel: 00 38 (0) 63 556 3764 E-mail: nina_boiko@yahoo.com Nationality: Ukraine Date of birth: 22 January, 2000

1 Look at the letter a) Talk about possible reasons why Nina wants a placement in England. b) Say how the letter is different in style and form from a letter to a friend. Collect phrases that are typical of letters of application.

2 Talk about the CV

Education 2006–2010 Cherkasy primary school 2010–2016 Cherkasy gymnasium In 2018 will take exterior independent testing

a) Why is a CV important? What should be in it? Could Nina have added anything to hers?

Work experience August 2015 Design (architects in Kyiv) July 2014 volunteer with theatre project

b) Think of other ways to organise a CV.

3 Your turn: Your own application

Think what kind of firm you would enjoy a placement with. Write your CV and a letter of application in English. Then exchange your application with a partner and compare them.

Personal profile I am creative and reliable, and I have good computer skills. I like travelling because it gives me the chance to meet new people and see different lifestyles. My main hobbies are art and drama. In my free time I also play tennis and swim. References available if needed

Everyday English

Making a good impression at an interview When you have an interview for a job or for work experience, you are almost always in competition with other people, so it is very important to make a good impression.

1 Talk about how to prepare before the day of the interview Say what information you should get or what you should do to … 1. … be in the right place by the right time. 2. … look suitable for the job. 3. … have answers ready to give at the interview. 4. … show you are really interested in that company. 5. … feel fresh on the day.

2 Comment on the applicants Your body language and how you look can say as much about you as your words! Look at the two applicants and say what impression you think they make. What might employers find good or not so good? 5

3 Listening: A job in a sports shop a) Before you listen, read the interview tips on the right. They are from the Connexions website. Put them in the order needed. Can you think of anything else you should try to remember? b) A boy is being interviewed for a job in a sports shop. Listen and make notes in two lists: 1. Things he does well. 2. Mistakes he makes. S c) Listen again, and write down phrases which could be used in other interviews. Start a list of Useful phrases.

4 Team activity: Job interviews Form groups of four, with two pairs of partners. Each pair acts two dialogues, taking turns to be the interviewer and the applicant. Choose jobs for the interviews and use the ideas on the right to prepare. While one pair does the role play, the other pair watches and listens. Then they can make helpful comments about how to improve.

A Say why you want the job and why you’re suitable for it. B Wait until you are asked to take a seat. C Ask how long it will be before you find out whether you’ve been accepted. D Answer questions with more than ‘yes’ or ‘no’, and don’t speak too casually. E Thank the interviewer when you leave. F Smile and say good morning/afternoon. G Ask important questions – about the training, work etc. You can ask about the pay, but don’t make it your first question.

Interviewer: Write down questions you can ask and information you might have to give about the job or the company. Applicant: Write down ideas about how to ‘sell yourself’ and what questions to ask. Think what to say about yourself, and what body language to use.

Get fit!

I n terv ie w eti q uette

S K

It’s vital that you prepare for the interview with your advisor or summer job employer. These tips will help you. • Rehearse. There are several questions that will be asked during an interview: “Why do you want to work here?” “What are your strengths and weaknesses?” So be prepared with insightful answers. • Brush up on Body Language Don’t: sit with your arms and legs crossed, keep your hands in your lap, twirl your hair. • Dress and smile. It’s always better to overdress than underdress. A dark suit (jacket and pants or skirt) and a crisp white shirt, and clean, professional shoes will be perfect in most cases. Smile naturally!

• Ask questions. Such as details about the type of work, the corporate culture, and the typical career path. And don’t be scared to speak up: not asking questions can signal that you’re uninformed or uninterested. • Send a proper “Thank you“ note Express your thanks for the interviewer’s time and for the chance to learn more about the company. No need to go overboard and—please—do not send a gift or flowers after the interview (yes, it’s been done).

1 Body language Look at the pictures and tell what postures are appropriate and what are not during an interview. Why?

2 Let’s do an interview a) Read the information about some summer jobs for teens. Think of the qualities needed for these jobs and complete the table. b) Read the Interview Skills box and practice an interview for different summer jobs using questions from “rehearse” section. Summer job

dog walker

house sitter

baby sitter flyer distributor

Responsibility Watch and feed pets while the owners are away.

Walk dogs while families are at work or on vacation.

Live in the house while the owners are away. This job might include pet or plant sitting, maintenance.

Watch children while their parents are away.

Hand out flyers to promote events, venues or sales.

Qualities needed

You must love ? dogs – and be willing to scoop up their poop!

pet-sitter

Overhead 6

1 Let’s listen: Mark Zuckerberg Listen and complete the gaps. Mark Elliot Zuckerberg was born on May the 14th, 1984. He is the creator of ____________________ Facebook. He was a star student at school, winning ____________________, maths and physics. He also excelled in Classical studies. He studied Psychology and Computer Science at Harvard University, ____________________ created Facebook. His ____________________ his becoming Time magazine’s Person Of The Year for 2010. Zuckerberg excelled in everything ____________________. He was captain of the school fencing team, spoke many languages and was a ____________________ programmer. While other kids played computer games, he designed them. He created his first network while in high school ____________________ the computers in his father’s dental surgery. He also built a media player ____________________ interest of Microsoft and AOL. Zuckerberg started at Harvard in September 2002. In his first year, he created Facemash, a Facebook predecessor, that _________________ the college’s best looking people from ____________________. He launched Facebook from his Harvard room in February 2004. It was the start of ____________________ that would people worldwide and make him the world’s youngest billionaire. In 2010, Zuckerberg signed a promise called the «Giving Pledge», in which he promised to ____________________ of his life wealth to charity.

2 Let’s listen: Believe (Justin Bieber) Listen to the song and think how it can help you to achieve success. Believe, believe, believe, believe I don’t know how I got here I knew it wouldn’t be easy But your faith in me was so clear It didn’t matter how many times I got knocked on the floor But you knew one day I would be standing tall Just look at me now Cause everything starts from something But something would be nothing Nothing if your heart didn’t dream with me Where would I be, if you didn’t believe (Believe) Believe...

There were days when I was just broken, you know There were nights when I was doubting myself But you kept my heart from falling It didn’t matter how many times I got knocked on the floor But you knew one day I would be standing tall Just look at us now Cause … Where would I be, if you, if you If you didn’t believe Would I know how it feels to Touch the sky, if you didn’t believe, believe, believe It didn’t matter how many times I got knocked on the floor You knew one day I would be standing tall Just look at us now Cause …

1 8

Facts and fiction

Now that’s what I call living! The following text is from a British novel about a boy who is trying to discover what kind of person he is. ‘Now that’s what I call living!’ is the title of a little story told by the boy in the novel.

1 Before you read What do people mean when they say someone is weird? What does the word mean to you? Here’s a little story. This guy, let’s call him Jimmy, he lives with his family in an old school bus in New Mexico. There’s him, his mom and dad and his five brothers and sisters, all in this old bus. They’re driving it all around New Mexico and up into California, staying in different places, just bumming around. Only one day the poor old bus dies. “Dag nabbit,” it says, at the end of too many hot and hard days, “I’ve had enough of ol’ Route 66, or wherever we are. I’m off to meet the great bus-builder in the sky.” So when they get to the next corner, Dad turns the wheel and the hippy bus, for the first time in its life, doesn’t follow. Yes, for the first time in its long life, it does what it damn well wants. Goes straight on and off the road, down a slope and finally stops upside-down on its roof. And would you believe it! Mom and Dad and Jimmy and the other five little Brokers all climb out of the doors and windows, every one of them just fine. And Dad says, after he’s counted them all quickly, “OK. That’s the last time I live in a bus.” And off he goes and buys a tent. A big old army tent. And they’re off again, stopping here and there, and life’s not so bad until one day the poor old tent is grabbed by a tornado, up into the air and away. And Dad says, “OK. That’s the last time I live in a tent.” So they go to the coast, where he buys an old boat. One that’s seen better days, of course. And they’re planning to live off what they can get from the sea, only none of them has any idea about fishing. Two fishes they catch that first day, two fishes between the seven of them, and Jesus might have been able to feed the five thousand like that, but Mom and Dad, no way. A storm starts and they can’t get back into the harbour. So they’re out all night, thrown around by the waves at their most extreme. And Dad doesn’t know much about sailing a boat, I’m afraid, not having had much experience because he grew up as far from the sea as anybody can get, but he manages. Just about, he manages. And when they finally get back to dry land, Mom and Jimmy and the five brothers and sisters all say, like they’ve been rehearsing it for days, although they haven’t actually, “Listen, Dad,” they say. “That’s the last time we live in a boat. It’s time to get you act together, start living in the real world, find yourself a job and us a home!” And he does, in a way. He gets them a big trailer to live in and he turns himself into a taxi-driving part-time gardener (although he doesn’t know a lot about gardens,

Facts and fiction

and he thinks he can drive a cab the way he used to drive that poor old bus, not well at all). And Jimmy and the rest of the kids have a more normal life after that, with a roof over their heads, and schools, and enough food. But every one of them has been affected by their unusual childhood and so they can never quite match other people’s narrow expectations. In other words, they’re weird. Real weird. One grows up to be an artist in Ulan Bator, another becomes a wrestler in Southern Winnipeg and a third is a lion tamer in Outer Mongolia. (I actually haven’t any idea what they did – it didn’t tell you in the Sunday Information where I read about this Jimmy guy, but never mind, I’m sure that’s what story-telling is all about, making it up as you go along.) And each one of them goes their own crazy way.

2 Stop and think What do you think an unusual childhood is? How might it affect your later life? And Jimmy? Well, I can tell you a bit more about Jimmy. Jimmy saves lives. Jimmy studies and passes exams, and passes more exams, and Jimmy becomes a doctor. And not for Jimmy the nice easy life of a town doctor in the American Midwest, oh no. Jimmy goes to the Congo. Jimmy goes to a village in the middle of Africa, a village of great poverty, a village with lots of disease and no doctors at all. There Jimmy starts a hospital, and there Jimmy saves lives. Lots and lots of lives. People hear about this, and they come from miles around, on animals, on foot, any way they can get there. They camp outside and wait until Jimmy can help them. As many as his few medicines allow. And the people love Jimmy because he has a special gift. He can cure with drugs and he can cure with his hands. He’s thin and he has white skin and he wears little round John Lennon glasses like his father before him. Well, all those Africans think he’s the strangest guy they’ve ever seen, but they respect him. They respect him and they love him. For he can cure anything, almost. He comes to your bed when no one else wants to come to your bed, holds your hand when no one else wants to hold your hand, and he talks to you gently, sometimes in your language and sometimes in his. And you don’t understand what he’s saying and you don’t know how holding your hand is going to make you feel better, but it does.

Facts and fiction

And from time to time Jimmy leaves. He leaves his hospital in the hands of the African doctors and nurses he’s trained, and he flies back home to America and he begs for drugs and money to go on with his work. And he travels all around, talking to businessmen and politicians and church groups and colleges and anyone who’ll listen. And he tells them about women dying because there is no clean water, and children dying because they need medicine that costs fifty cents in the United States. And he shows them photos of hungry people and photos of disease and he shows them pictures that would make anyone with even half a heart cry. And this Jimmy, he shows all these people a photo of a girl who was brought to the hospital one night. She’d been carried twenty miles. She’s completely bald and her body is thin and her arms and legs are like sticks. Then, would you believe it! Here’s a picture of her a few months later, with a beautiful head of hair, a round face, and a big happy smile! “So put your hands into your pockets,” says Jimmy, “deep, deep down into the large pockets of the west. Because the poor are suffering. All over the world the poor are suffering, and it’s up to you to help them.” And they do! They take out their wallets, the businessmen. They open their doors, the bankers. They clear out their drug cupboards, the doctors, and they give our Jimmy what he needs to go on for another few months. And the drugs he gets, he uses to cure people. And the money he gets, he spends on cleaning the water system so there’s no more disease. And the rest of the money he spends on schools. Schools to give people an education. And one of the things he makes them teach people in the schools and the villages is how not to get AIDS. So that’s Jimmy. That’s what he does, that boy I was telling you about, the one who grew up in a bus, travelling around New Mexico. And it’s all true, because I read it in a Sunday paper some time ago. I’ve changed the names and the facts a bit, but it’s more or less all true. And if you’re still wondering why I’m telling you Jimmy’s story, not mine, then you don’t understand what I’m talking about at all. I’m talking about life! I’m talking about not just living the same old way everybody else does. I’m talking about getting out there and doing something real. Because that’s what I call living! That’s what I call living! (From Who is Jesse Flood? by Malachy Doyle)

Facts and fiction

3 Talk about Jimmy 1. How is Jimmy’s life different from most other people’s lives? 2. Why did he become the kind of person he is?

4 Look at the style How is a story told in the first person different from one written in the third person? Find typical phrases in the text.

5 Examine the text structure Divide the text into parts. Write down what each part is about. Start: Childhood: line 1 – …

6 Father’s story Look at the pictures and describe Jimmy’s father’s life.

7 Jimmy’s story a) Think of Jimmy’s activities in America. How does he raise money? Why does he need the money?

b) What does he do with the money in the Congo?

8 Writing texts: Biographies Choose one of Jimmy’s brothers or sisters and write their biography. You can make things up if you want to!

9 Create an ad for Jimmy’s campaign for Africa 10 Collaborative writing: Biographies In groups of four, decide on a person that you all know or admire. It can be someone famous. Make a plan of the person’s life, using your text structure from exercise 5 to help you. Then each of you writes one part of the biography. Check and improve your texts together. Is the style of your texts the same? Then read your complete biography to your class.

1 9

Words in action

1 More about Mark Zuckerberg a) Listen to the text again on page … and match the words from the article on the left with their synonyms on the right.

creator star invention excelled skilled interest

creation talented top maker attention shone

select launched connect influential regularly donate

link frequently choose give started important

b) Choose the right word in each of the pairs of italics. Mark Elliot Zuckerberg was born / birth on May the 14th, 1984. He is the creator / created of the social media site Facebook. He was a moon / star student at school, winning prizes in astronomy, maths and physics. He also excelled / excellent in Classical studies. He studied Psychology and Computer Science at Harvard University, which is where he created Facebook. His inventor / invention led to he / his becoming Time magazine’s Person Of The Year for 2010. Zuckerberg excelled in everything he did in his young / youth. He was captain of the school fences / fencing team, spoke many languages and was a highly / height skilled computer programmer. While other kids played computer games, he designed them. He created his first network wilt / while in high school to / by connect all of the computers in his father’s dental surgery. He also built a media player which attracted the interested / interest of Microsoft and AOL.

Zuckerberg started at Harvard in September 2002. In his first year, he created Facemash, a Facebook processor / predecessor, that let students choice / select the college’s best looking people from a selection of photos. He launched / lunched Facebook from his Harvard room in February 2004. It was the start of a rollercoaster attraction / ride that would joined / connect half a billion / thousand people worldwide and make him the world’s youngest billionaire. Mark Zuckerberg is now one of the most influence / influential people on the planet. He has dined / dimmed with the president of the USA and regularly / regilar attends global economic summits and technology forums. He stated: «The thing I really care about is the mission, making the world openly / open.” In 2010, Zuckerberg signed a promise called the “Giving Pledge”, in which he promised to donation / donate at least half / halves of his life wealth to charity.

Words in action c) What Mark’s achievements do these pictures represent? 10

d) Form nouns of the following verbs. Listen to a recording and check create lunch influence state promise choose attract dine care donate launch connect attend sign

3 Play with prefixes a) Form the antonyms of the following adjectives. Check with the dictionary. active

polite

fair happy

helpful sure

moral

accurate

organized

usual

interesting appropriate

regular

b) Use the adjectives in your sentences. Use such phrases as “can be a little” or “…can be a bit” or “not always” so that they sound less negative.

You can easily form opposite in meaning adjectives using negative prefixes ir, im, in, il, dis, un responsible – irresponsible reliable – unreliable logical – illogical loyal – disloyal sincere - insincere mature – immature

Example: She can be a little disorganized sometimes. Dan is not always mature. active, curious, and communicative

4 Givers’ qualities a) Although there are many different types of generous people, there are some common traits that the most generous people share. Look at those qualities and explain their meaning. Use the English-English dictionary if you need.

optimism

altruism

energy

trust

ability to lead

b) Which of these qualities do you have? Why do you think so?

5 Be aware of takers There are people who love taking. There are some warning signals that can tell you that you are dealing with a taker. • • • • • • •

They are impatient and hate to wait. They interrupt or butt into conversations. They act as if they are always right. They act as if they are never wrong. They blame others for their faults. They never appreciate your help. They aren’t motivated to care or do anything unless it gets them something.

Words in action

6 Zodiac signs and people’s characters a) Find your zodiac sign and analyze if it describes you accurately. Tell your partner what is right and what is wrong.

Capricorn 22 December 19 January People are sensible and organized, but sometimes can be conceited.

Aquarius 20 January 18 February are very loyal, but they can be a little insensitive at times.

Pisces 19 February 20 March can be very romantic, and are always sympathetic.

Aries 21 March 19 April are extremely energetic and adventurous.

Taurus 20 April 20 May are calm and patient, but also very materialistic.

Gemini 21 May 20 June are very witty, but they tend to be a little impatient.

Cancer 21 June 22 July are very kind and helpful, but they can sometimes be very moody.

Leo 23 July 22 August are very sociable, but can often be vain as well.

Virgo 23 August 22 September are hardworking, but a little bit fussy and very critical.

Libra 23 September 22 October are artistic, but they tend to be indecisive.

Scorpio 23 October 21 November are often passionate but sometimes a little cruel.

Sagittarius 22 November 21 December are always cheerful and optimistic, but they always tend to be reckless.

Words in action b) Read the descriptions and write adjectives that describe your strengths and weaknesses. Strengths organized Weaknesses c) Give justification for every adjective, describing yourself.

Example: I am organized. I keep things in order, so it is easy to find what I need.

7 Autobiographical poem Tamara, Strong, creative, enthusiastic, and caring, A daughter of Ivan and Lena, a sister of Dmytro, Loves being with the family, exploring life, Feels excited, loved, and taken care of, Is happy when she sees the sun, learns a new thing or feels a new emotion, Needs time with the dearest, strength to break old habits, and spirit to stand up to bullies, Gives her time, joy, and energy, Fears stupidity, lies, and dishonesty, Would like to see the world, ocean bottom and her great-grandchildren, Enjoys communicating, supporting, and caring, Wears earrings, scarfs, and smile, Wants people to be happy, Yarova

Autobiographical Poem

An autobiographical poem is a poem that the author writes about himself. Line 1: Your first name Line 2: Four adjectives that describe you Line 3: Son/daughter of ..., Brother/sister of ... Line 4: Lover of (three people or ideas or a combination) Line 5: Who feels (three sensations or emotions) Line 6: Who find happines in (three things) Line 7: Who needs (three things) Line 8: Who gives (three things) Line 9: Who fears (three things) Line 10: Who would like to see (three things) Line 11: Who enjoys (three things) Line 12: Who likes to wear (three things) Line 13: Add something you want to say Line 14: Your last name only

Yo u ca n alrea dy

✔✔ Distinguish between

✔✔ Talk about the future using different

autobiography and biography. ✔✔ Talk about personal biography. ✔✔ Describe people’s character. ✔✔ Use used to, make, let, have, and get.

constructions. ✔✔ Explore your strengths and weaknesses. ✔✔ Talk about people’s accomplishments. ✔✔ Write a letter of application. ✔✔ Prepare yourself for the interview. ✔✔ Write poems.

Try it out!

The Bible A young man from a wealthy family was about to graduate from high school. It was the custom in that affluent neighborhood for the parents to give the graduate an automobile. Bill and his father had spent months looking at cars, and the week before graduation they found the perfect car. Bill was certain that the car would be his on graduation night. Imagine his disappointment when, on the eve of his graduation, Bill’s father handed him a gift-wrapped Bible! Bill was so angry; he threw the Bible down and stormed out of the house. He and his father never saw each other again. It was the news of his father’s death that brought Bill home again. As he sat one night, going through his father’s possessions that he was to inherit, he came across the Bible his father had given him. He brushed away the dust and opened it to find a cashier’s check, dated the day of his graduation, in the exact amount of the car they had chosen. Beckah Fink Check these words in the dictionary. affluent • disappointment • gift-wrapped • stormed • go through • possessions • brush away • amount

A Reading Read the text and complete the sentences. a. A young man was from 1 a poor family.

2 a wealthy family.

3 an orphanage.

b. Parents always gave the graduate 1 a car. 2 the Bible.

3 a watch.

c. Looking for a car Bill and his father spent 1 a month. 2 a year.

3 months.

d. Bill’s father handed him 1 a wrapped box.

2 the Bible.

3 money.

e. Bill was so 1 happy.

2 excited.

3 furious.

f. After his father’s death Bill found 1 a cashier’s check. 2 a letter.

3 a testament.

Try it out!

B Language Read the sentences. How does Beckah say them? a. It was the custom in that wealthy community for the parents to give the graduate a car. b. Bill and his father looked for a car for months. c. The week before graduation they came across the perfect automobile. d. He and his father never met again. e. He dusted the Bible. 11

C Listening Look through the statements before you start listening. Listen to Kelly’s graduation speech and mark the statement as true (T) or false (F). a. b. c. d.

Kelly is a senior who is ready to graduate and move forward in the world. She measured the time spent in high school in bad marks and losses. After she graduates, she will measure her time at school in friendships. Kelly’s speech is about her future career.

D Mediation and communication You and your friend think of some questions to conduct a survey among students in Year 11. Here are some questions you can use to begin it. Conduct the survey and report results to your class. a. b. c. d. e.

Are you happy to leave school? What makes you feel so? What will you miss? Will you receive any gifts from your parents on your graduation? Have your discussed your gift with your parents?

E Writing as a process You are asked to write an article for a school newspaper about school graduates. The topic is “Saying ‘good bye’ to school.” 1 Skills. Do not get anxious with your writing. Remember that writing is more about Re-Writing. Follow the steps. a. b. c. d. e. f.

After you have conducted the survey, sort out answers. Think what questions triggered the most interesting answers. Plan your article. Write the draft. Read the draft to your partner at school. Come back home and rewrite it again. We are sure that you have some different opinions.

Sometimes, you may come up with three or more copies of the same article. Choose the one you and your friends like the most.

Check-in

Unit 2

S chool prepares me for my future

Home | Curriculum | Clubs&Activities | Students | Parents

PARADISE VALLEY High School (PVHS)

CLUBS & ACTIVITIES

BREAKING NEWS YEARBOOK CLUB

• first meeting • last year • plans for this year SPORTS CLUBS

• football – dates for games – practice • baseball – dates for games – practice HOMECOMING CLUB

• cheerleaders – tryouts • dance • parade/rally

Breaking news! Breaking news! Breaking news! Make a Difference Day: 9th Grade students win prize. At the beginning of the month the school organized a ‘Make a Difference Day’ for all classes. Each class did projects or activities which helped other people. There was a prize for the best project: a class trip to a theme park! Click here to find out more.

The winners!

OTHER CLUBS

• video club • hip hop club

BL U

E EAGLE

1 A school website a) What clubs and activities are there at Paradise Valley High School? b) Who or what can you see in the photos above? c) Read ‘Breaking news’. What do the students do on ‘Make a Difference Day’? Do you have anything like this at your school? If yes, what do you do then? 12

2 Let’s listen: Make a Difference Day a) Listen to an interview with PVHS students. 1. When is ‘Make a Difference Day’? 2. Which project won – the Chinese Day Project or the Garden Project? 3. Which theme park did they go to?

b) Listen again. What did a class do for ‘Chinese Day’? Choose from the phrases. put seats in cafeteria • put flowers on tables • put pictures on wall • put flowers in garden • made food • played music • sang songs • wore clothes

Check-in

3 Let’s talk: Website info a) Look at the pictures and match them with the texts below from the website. Have you already guessed which class is in the picture? Well, it’s Sandy from Mr MacDonald’s 9th Grade. Here, of course, she’s pledging allegiance to the flag as we all do in class every morning. But notice the big difference: Every class now has a brand new American flag! A

This year’s 9th Grade backto-school dance is in the second week of school. So the cheerleaders choose the homecoming queen this week. Remember: The lucky girl goes to the dance with the captain of the school football team. And don’t forget: Everybody wears formal dress at the dance. So, please, no jeans and no T-shirts! And you just have enough time to practice ballroom dancing. B

Cheerleaders are our greatest supporters at all the school games. When they chant, wave their pompoms and dance, they make every event more colorful and exciting. There are tryouts this week, where the sports teachers choose the best girls for this year’s cheerleader team. C

b) Compare your school life with the information from the website.

4 For my folder: American schools a) Make one mind map for each photo. Put these together and start a cluster. Add words as you go through the unit. b) Look for more info about one of the topics on the Internet and add more words to your cluster.

homecoming

cheerleaders clubs

… …

American schools

flag

c) At the end of the unit present your topic to the class.

Language 1

the present perfect

We use the present perfect for actions which happened at an unstated time in the past, or to express actions which have finished so recently that there is evidence in the present, or to talk about experiences. … some of you have already been … . Our … club hasn’t started yet.  G6 You can also use ‘ever’ for questions: … have you ever visited … ?

School yearbooks A student at PVHS is telling you about school yearbooks on the Internet: Hi, I’m Ellroy from Paradise Valley High …

“I’m sure some of you have already been to the US. But have you ever visited a high school here? Well, if not, you probably haven’t heard about yearbooks. A yearbook has lots of photos of important people and events which have happened during the year: who got a prize, who dated who at the homecoming dance, etc. It’s a lot of work! But luckily, our English teacher has promised to help us this year. The best thing to do: Look at a yearbook! But our 9th Grade Yearbook Club hasn’t started yet. Next week is our first meeting — so I haven’t got any material to show you. But have a look at these pages from last year’s yearbook.”

1 Let’s talk: About yearbooks a) Read the description above. What is a yearbook? Explain it to your partner. b) Look at the text again and make sentences about yearbooks. Some of you You probably They tell you about events which But luckily our English teacher The 9th Grade Yearbook Club

has hasn’t have haven’t

promised to help us this year. started yet. already been to the US. you ever visited a high school here? heard about yearbooks. happened during the year.

c) Has your class ever made a yearbook? If you want to, look on pages .... for ideas.

2 Plans for a yearbook What have the students already done? What haven’t they done yet? Example: 1. Tammy and Dave have already planned … . 2. But Brad hasn’t … yet. Tammy and Dave: plan yearbook ✔ • collect jokes ✘ • make a list of teachers ✔ • Brad: write about homecoming ✘ • interview students ✔ • take photos of cheerleaders ✘

must, mustn’t, need, needn’t

Home | Curriculum | Clubs&Activities | Students | Parents

Language 2

PARADISE VALLEY High School (PVHS)

School Rules! 1. Remember! If you have been ill, your parents needn’t write a letter. But you must bring an absence slip. One of your parents must sign the slip! If you are late, you must go to the school office before you go to your class.

2. Stop! You needn’t wear school uniform. But in school you mustn’t wear clothes with adverts for alcohol, drugs, tobacco or a gang. And you mustn’t bring guns, knives, drugs or cigarettes to school.

3. Ask! During lessons students mustn’t leave the classroom without a permission slip.

4. Think! If you have a problem, you mustn’t contact your teacher at home. If your parents want to phone the school, they must do this during the day or they can send an e-mail at any time.

mustn’t must

3 Rules to remember

needn’t a) Look at the rules and complete the sentences. Example: 1. If you have been ill, your parents needn’t write a letter. 1. 2. 3. 4.

If you have been ill, your … . One of your parents … . If you are late, … . … wear school uniform.

5. 6. 7. 8.

 G8

But in school you … . You … guns, … . During lessons students … . If you have a problem, you … . Your parents … .

b) What about your school rules? What is the same/different? Make two lists.

4 A game: What rule is it? Invent a rule. One of you starts to draw it. Can the other groups guess your rule?

Language 3

the past perfect

The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. [had + past participle]

 G7

1 A date Read the story and find the examples of the past perfect. Last weekend, Mark and Trisha went on a date. Mark took Trisha to the golf course. Mark loved to golf. He had learned to golf as a child. He had even played on a team in his childhood. Before that day, Trisha had never golfed. She didn’t know how to hold the golf club. She didn’t know the rules. Mark taught Trisha how to play. After Trisha had learned the basics, she hit the ball. It was a good hit. Mark had taught Trisha well.

2 Let’s practice Rewrite the following sentences as negative or positive sentences, yes/no questions, WH-questions (using the underlined word or phrase) and tag questions. Examples for the sentence “Brett had finished his task before lunch.” Negative: Brett hadn’t finished his task before lunch. Yes/No Question: Had Brett finished his task before lunch? WH-Question: Who had finished the task before lunch? Tag question: Brett had finished his task before lunch, hadn’t he?

 G7

1. He had learned to golf as a child. 2. Before that day, Trisha had never golfed. 3. Mark had taught Trisha well.

3 Questions Answer the following questions. Use the past perfect tense. 1. What had Mark learned to do as a child? 2. Before that day, had Trisha ever golfed? 3. When did Trisha finally hit her first ball? Had Mark taught her well?

the past perfect

Language 3

4 Dancing with the stars – DWTS Read the story and find the examples of the past perfect. Last night, Dane and Emily danced in a competition. They danced a salsa dance. They had practiced for 6 months before they danced in the competition. They were very good. Dane and Emily’s friends were in the audience. Before that night, they had never seen Dane and Emily dance. Dane and Emily had never danced in front of anyone before the competition. After everyone had danced, the judges announced the winners. Dane and Emily won. They were the best dancers in the competition. Emily said she had never practiced so hard before. She was glad they had practiced a lot.

5 Questions a) Answer the following questions. Use the past perfect tense. 1. How long had Dane and Emily practiced before the competition? 2. Before that night, who had seen Dane and Emily dance? 3. What happened after everyone had danced? b) Rewrite the following sentences as positive or negative sentences, yes/no questions, WH-questions (Using the underlined word or phrase) and tag questions. 1. They had practiced for 6 months. 2. Before that night, they had never seen Dane and Emily dance. 3. They had practiced a lot.

6 Changes Turn the following sentences into the past perfect. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

They ____________(finish) the game before it rained. She ____________(save) her money for two months before she bought the car. I ______________ (meet) him before he was my teacher. Tina said she __________(find) my purse in the car. She woke up early because she ____________(take) a new job.

7 A story Complete a story with the verb in the past perfect. I ____________(never/see) such beautiful sights before I visited Paris in 2015. I _________(save) money for five years before I booked a trip to Paris. I was very excited. Before my trip to Paris, I __________(never/be) out of the United States. When I went to Paris, I spent many days touring the city. The city was big. Sometimes I got lost and asked for directions. I asked for directions in French. That was easy because I __________(study) French for 2 years before I visited France. By the time I left Paris, I ___________(tour) many beautiful places. The Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame Cathedral were just a few of the places I saw. Before I visited Paris, I __________(see) those places on the Internet.

Everyday English

The art of leadership

Before you read, look at the exercises afterwards.

If leadership is your destiny, then your school needs you and your help. You can run for the school president. You should approach the people closest to you for help first. Approach the football team or cheerleading team to see if they need new equipment, a better playing field, or more support from the student body. As a student representative, you may be able to help them achieve these goals. Regardless of your class size, try to convince each individual to vote for you. Be friendly to everyone, including your fellow contenders. Follow the rules. Every school has different rules and guidelines for the use of marketing materials in your campaign. Make sure you are aware of these rules and follow them closely. Don’t hang flyers or posters for your campaign in areas of the school where they are not supposed to be. Don’t pass out trinkets or gifts to potential voters if this is not allowed in your school. Approach your friends.

Would you like to vote for me if I run for the school president?

Be outgoing and friendly

Follow rules

Let ’s work in the cafeteria. It ’s on me, my treat (not a bribe).

Thank you for your help with writing posters!

Seek out special interest groups.

What support does your cheerleading team need?

Follow the rule

Let ’s find out where we can hang our posters!

Prepare and deliver a good speech.

People, keep it short and to the point!

Everyday English

1 How to do it! a) Read the following tips and decide which steps are the most important (1) and the least important. Approach your friends. Seek out special interest groups. Be outgoing and friendly Follow the school rule Prepare and deliver a good speech. Go to all of your meetings as often as you can. Advertise yourself. Make a few (2-3) larger posters on the poster board. Get a bunch of people to wear T-shirts that support you. b) Discuss your list in groups of five. Example: The most important step for me is to be outgoing and friendly, because friends give you a lot of support.

2 The most difficult thing What is the most difficult thing for you when you are running for a school president? Talk about it in your group. Example: The most difficult thing for me is preparing a speech. 13

asking friends to vote for me • getting help from the school football team • identifying important student issues • being friendly to everyone • being friendly to my contenders • writing a speech • speaking in front of my peers • writing slogans • advertising myself • answering questions truthfully

3 Let’s listen: Making the first move a) Listen to the dialogues and match the names of the candidates with their ideas. Example: Charlie wants to… … switch to digital forms. … use iPads to access eBooks. … increase spending on career education. … recycle and reuse supplies.

Charlie

Nina Terri

Tammy

b) Listen to the dialogues again. Make a list of phrases for plans.

4 Mediation and communication: Plans… plans a) You and your partner are acting out the dialogue you like the most in Exercise 3. Use the expressions from our list. b) Discuss whose plans are the most realistic? Why? Why not?

Get fit!

School structure in Ukraine Read the text. Discuss the text with your partner. For Ukrainian pupils school begins at the age of six and primary school lasts four years. A middle school is for scholars aged 10 to 15. The curriculum includes the Ukrainian language and literature, a foreign language, algebra, biology, chemistry, geography, geometry, history, physics, music, art, and physical education. After Year 9 pupils sit for state exams in the Ukrainian language, mathematics and the one that the school has chosen. After taking exams, pupils receive their basic school leaving certificates. Then 3 years may be spent at high school or upper secondary school leading to a matriculation school certificate or atestat. In the process, pupils take a series of state assessment tests and then exterior independent standardized tests. The pupils can check their knowledge of the Ukrainian language and literature, English (German, French, Spanish) as well as biology, chemistry, geography, mathematics, and physics.

1 Comparing schools in the UK and the US a) Read the text. Discuss similarities and differences of the school systems. In the UK pupils leave primary school and then go to a comprehensive or grammar school at the age of 11 (Year 7). They can leave at 16. If they pass their GCSE exams, they can do two more years in the upper school, where they can take A-levels. In the US most students graduate from elementary school and go to a middle school (6th, 7th and 8th Grade). Then they move to a high school (9th to 12th Grade). Some may leave school at 16 but in many states they must stay at school until they are 18. Students must take school tests each year. Most students in the US go to public schools. In the UK a public school is a private school. And there is another difference. In the UK a student goes to college or university and only these students can graduate. At secondary school during Key Stage 3 (Years 7 to 9, ages 11-14) children are taught science, design and technology (ICT), history, geography, art and design, music, physical education, a modern foreign language, citizenship, careers education and guidance (during Year 9), sex and relationship education (SRE), religious education (parents have the right to withdraw children from this lesson). Careers education and guidance are about realizing the potential and nourishing the dreams of the next generation. b) Write a text about your own school. c) As always, ask a partner or your teacher to check your text.

Overhead

1 Let’s listen: Attention, please!

a) Before first period at PVHS there are often announcements. Listen, check the box and say what each announcement is about. Example: Announcement 1 is about … . Topics lockers • homecoming rally • the video wall • girls’ soccer • homecoming parade b) When can/must you go to the places in part a)? Example: You can/must go to … any day … . Times before first period • on Thursday at lunchtime • on Wednesday, at 4 p.m. • any day at lunchtime • by the end of the week

2 Sounds: PVHS cheerleader chants

a) Listen to the chants from Paradise Valley High and practise them in groups. Yes! Yes! P – V – H – S! We’re the best! P – V – H – S! Yes! Yes! P – V – H – S! Nothing less! P– V – H – S!

PV H S

P – V – H – S! Eagles score! P – V – H – S! Let’s have more! Go, Eagles! Go!

Let it begin! – Let’s fight! – Let’s win! Eagles are fair – But Eagles dare! So you take care!

PV H S

b) Write a chant for your school/club.

3 A song: First date

In the car I just can’t wait, to pick you up on our very first … . Is it … if I hold your hand? Is it wrong if I think it’s lame1 to dance? Do you like my … hair? Would you guess that I didn’t know what to …? I’m too … of what you think You make me … so I really can’t eat. Let’s go, don’t …, this night’s almost over. Honest2, let’s make this … last3 forever4 Forever and ever, let’s make this last forever (2x)

(Tr. L. Barker/Th. DeLonge/M. Hoppus © EMI Music Publishing Germany GmbH & Co. KG)

night stupid cool

wear scared

date nervous wait

a) Read the text. Where can you put in the words from the box? b) Listen. Were you right?

lame [leIm], 2honest [*OnIst], 3to last [lA:st], 4forever [fE*revE]

2 17

Facts and fiction

Choosing a career

Before you start working with the text, look at the exercises afterwards.

Miles

Sharleen a treasurer wants to be an insurance agent

Tyler a class president plans to become a game tester

Alysha

a captain of soccer team wants to become a professional soccer player

Donna a volunteer in a dog shelter considers a pet stylist career

a school correspondent wants to become a brand ambassador

Jay & Cal cheerleaders eager to become professional entertainers on football team

A A. There are many people who influence my decision to select this career field. One of my early mentors is a business friend of my mother, who works in the insurance industry and encourages me to explore opportunities in this field. I think she points me in the right direction to explore the possibilities. I think I have qualities necessary to become a good insurance agent. I am honest. Agents are expected to tell the truth up front. Besides, I am energetic. One of the most important traits of a good insurance agent is that they appear to be excited and eager at all times. B I want to become a professional football player for the money, fame, and joy. So now I play for fun. I have a drive and passion which matters much to me. I have determination to get through many training, stresses, downs and pressures of playing well. I have a true love for the game. So, one day I will play at Chelsea. I will gain the experience of training with top players and at top facilities, playing every week in big stadiums. That’s my motivation. C A brand ambassador is someone who promotes a brand and its products to their network trying to increase brand awareness and driving sales. Brand ambassadors use their fame, looks, talent, smarts, fans, reputation, etc. to get exposure for the brand. Actors, musicians, models are paid a lot to be brand ambassadors for a specified term. NBA basketball player Tony Parker was paid $600,000 USD to be the global ambassador for Tissot watches.

Facts and fiction

So I need to become famous first. I can do it if I get into “Dance with the Stars” program. I have the innate talent to interpret and communicate stories and feelings through the dance. I can work with other people. I always take direction from my choreographer, and coordinate my dance routines with other dancers in the company. D I want to work as a game tester. Most companies do not require a college degree to be hired as a game tester. But if I get a degree, then I have a much better chance of moving into higher-paying jobs, or moving into other areas of game development like art, design or programming. To be honest, those other jobs almost always pay a lot more than a job as a tester. So I want to have a career in the game industry; so it’s smart to get an education. Also, to be a good tester you need to be disciplined and focused. I pay attention in school and get good grades. What is more, I also learn about game design by reading through some of the top game design books. I take technical writing, computer programming (introduction), project management that will help me in my future. E I am thinking of becoming a pet stylists or groomer. I will bathe animals and trim their hair and nails. I might work in pet stores, styling salons, animal clinics and animal rescue organizations or be self-employed. Mobile businesses that offer pet styling services are also growing in demand, since pets can stay in more familiar surroundings. I need to have physical stamina since pet groomers spend many hours standing, and care must be taken with animals that might nip at unfamiliar people. I have necessary skills. I am strong enough to stand as long as I will need to and I am patient. I will obtain my skills through a short-term training program at grooming salons. One day when I have enough experience in this job I might want to start my own salon. Of course, I might consider taking basic business courses to learn how to manage employees and handle business operations. F Becoming a professional entertainer starts with building a particular set of talents, such as acting, singing, telling jokes, playing a sport or performing magic tricks. We spend long hours training and practicing our skills. We know that we could receive training through an academic program, or our skills might be self-taught. We think, we don’t need a formal education to become professional entertainers. We started preparing for this career playing in plays at the school theater. We also try writing screenplays or scenes to perform. At the music club, we learn song writing. We are witty. We can make people laugh. We are willing to commit the hours and sacrifice to reach the top.

1 Before you read: Students’ plans for the future a) Describe students’ qualities in the pictures. b) Read the stories. Were you right?

2 The characters a) Choose an adjective which you think describes each of these people best. b) Find a sentence in the story which tells you this.

Tyler Jay Cal …

determined • funny • energetic • talented • patient • disciplined • hard-working • goal-oriented • focused • witty • eager • honest • motivated • cooperative • strong • eager

Facts and fiction

3 Discover your future Think about the talents you already know you have, and ask friends and family what they think you are good at. You might be surprised by what they say. 1) What are some things you feel you do well? 2) What challenges you? 3) What are you good at? 4) Who do you look up to? 5) What’s something you’ve always wanted to try? 6) What accomplishment has made you most proud? 7) What’s your favourite subject? 8) What do you read about in your free time? 9) As a kid what did you want to be as you grew up? 10)Has your plan changed since then?

4 Word families a) Form nouns of the following verbs, using the suffixes -ment and – tion. Write them down in your notebook in two columns. explore • encourage • expect • determine • motivate • communicate • coordinate • require • move • develop • educate • manage • entertain • commit • promote

-tion

-ment

b) Which part of speech do you need in the gap in each of the following sentences – verb or a noun. Guess the words in purple. My father en… me to explore opportunities in this field. I like his en… . I have enough de…to get through pressures of playing well. My passion for chemistry d…my future career. My mo… is to gain the experience for my future life. The coach’s m…was “I believe in you.” The brand ambassador’s job is to p… a brand and its products. They offer free samples as a p… . I have the talent to c… feelings through the dance. English lessons develop my c…skills. c) Write more sentences to show that you understand when you use a verb and when you use a noun.

5 Role play: Your career! Write a dialogue about choosing your career and act it or read it out in class.

Facts and fiction READING SKILLS

Reading for research When you are doing research, especially on the Internet, different reading skills can help you to choose the right texts and then to get the information you need from them.

1 Skim to get the gist First use the title of this text to guess the topic. Then skim the text to see if you are right. The MySpace Age by Jonathan Duffy, BBC News Magazine In only a couple of years MySpace went from zero to being a top five website which no self-respecting US teenager can ignore. And the same thing has happened in Britain. MySpace is what is known as a social networking site. It’s by far the biggest, with over 100 million users around the world. Others include Facebook, Bebo, Friendster and Yahoo 360, all offering users a host of functions – blogging, forums, instant messaging, personal profiles, photo albums. Want to see someone who’s into the same music or films as you, or someone you just fancy? Send a message, and if they’re interested, hey, you’ve made a friend. Social networking sites make money out of advertising, and the success of MySpace is being used by companies to target potential customers. For example, anyone who mentions an interest in kite-surfing can expect a mass of e-mails trying to sell them the latest equipment. The easy development of relationships online is also changing the nature of friendship. Briana Dougherty, 25, has 224 “friends” on MySpace, although some are not individuals but bands she likes. Stella Sims, 26, sees a competitive streak among users. “It’s a statement of how popular you are,” says Stella. Not everyone may understand the idea of setting out one’s personal life to an audience of millions. MySpace users, however, show little sign of finding it a problem to deal with their extensive friendship networks.

“Andi” Girl, 17 years old Birmingham, UK Andi's quick info: Hi, my name is Andi and I'm 17 years old. I'm here to find new friends. How about sending me an e-mail? Andi's friends: Shirin Lisa Tess [more] Andi's interests: Pop music, love stories, movies, my friends [more]

2 Scan to get the facts you want You are researching the pros and cons for people using social networking sites. Look for what the text above says about this. (Only look up important new words.)

3 Check the source a) Why is it important to check the source of information you find on the Internet? b) Look more closely at the text above. Are there any reasons against using the social networking sites? Could you make a list of cons that everybody should be aware of when using social networking sites?

Words in action

1 Favourite subjects a) Read an article for the school contest about student’s favorite subject. b) Think of your favourite subject and prove why you like it. Here are some of the ideas to help you.

having small-group discussions working on a project

solving equations

writing essays for my folder getting pushup

s or sit ups

naming compounds

learning addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

understanding chemistry in everyda y life learning the art of problem reduction working in drills learning new phrases and grammar material playing basketball writing reactions

learning about types of chemical reactions, atomic theory

2 Sort words a) Decide which category (subjects) the words belong to. Some words can belong to more than one category. Explain why. Geometry

Physics

Geography Chemistry

Literature

English

map • angle • three toe-touches • distillation • border • nation • line • fable • circle • Pythagorean Theorem • dialogue • jump • monologue • syllable • acid • chlorine • electron • organic • triangle • laser • pollution • run • synthesis • oxygen • table • temperature • weight • water • global • hemisphere • equator • nucleus • mountain • radiation • five sit-ups • ballad • stress • historical fiction • legend • square b) Think of more words to fill the grid. c) Work in groups of four. Tell the word which will start with the last letter of previous word. The one who will tell the last word will win the game. Example: A: distillation, B: nucleus ..C: s…

Words in action

3 Learn to recognize suffixes a) A suffix is an added word ending that makes another word. Guess the new words in blue on the right. You already know other words from the same word family. b) Make lists of typical suffixes for nouns and adjectives. Give at least two examples for every suffix.

I’m not sure what kind of employment is best for me. I’m quite imaginative – I once won a prize with a drawing of an alien. I don’t think I’d like to work for a huge organization. Of course I want an enjoyable job. I need to be successful, too. Money is a weakness of mine. I definitely want a good lifestyle.

c) Think of more typical suffixes.

4 What is needed for a job? a) What kind of person do you need to be for the jobs in the photos?

5 Match the American and British words a) You already know some differences between American English (AE) and British English (BE). Look at the words below and pair up words with the same meaning. pupil • break • autumn • Year 1 • year • elementary school • grade • recess • kindergarten • fall • student • primary school • anorak • bill • bin • city center • crisps • football • jacket • garbage can • downtown • check • potato chips • soccer 18

b) Listen, check, and change if you need. Explain the meaning of the words you learned. c) Change the AE words in blue into the BE words. Don’t throw your trash in the street – put it into the garbage can. My brother is an elementary school student. Kindergarten students have lunch at 11 o’clock. Let’s meet in the downtown in 10 minutes. It’s cold outside. Don’t forget your jacket. My friend loves soccer. I do too. I don’t eat potato chips. It’s unhealthy. – Neither do I. A 20-minute recess is enough to discuss the latest news after the weekend.

Words in action

6 School words a) Make a grid. Use the headings: British schools, American schools, Ukrainian schools. Put the words from the box under the right heading. Some words can belong to more than one category. baseball • pupil • Make a Difference Day • Grade 9 • American football • cheerleaders • school uniform • Year 9 • holidays • • Ukrainian language • student • football • vacation • vyshyvanka b) Think of more school words and add them to your lists.

7 Let’s look: Ready for the homecoming dance? It’s time for the homecoming dance. Look at the two pictures. What has/hasn’t Miles done? And what about Sharleen? Use the box for help.

dyed hair • put on jacket • bought flowers • cleaned shoes • put tickets in wallet • chosen jewellery • put on dress • done hair • collected Sharleen • packed evening bag

Words in action

8 Messages from the dance Three students wrote text messages from the dance. Rewrite their messages with long forms. The words in the box can help you. HI CUZ. GR9 DECO + MUSIC! BUT HOQU CAME LATE AS ALWAYS. POOR MILES! CAN U IMAGINE?

donna, cal + miles have left dance. wot will sharl do

HOQU THRU CHERRY JUS AT HIM BUT IT LNDD ON AL’S DRESS! MORE L8ER. LUV BRENDA

girls’ fight about sth. cud b Miles!

nxt?!!!! bye mariya

Hi, Ted, hope ya leg is ok. Ya not missing much, only Al’s dress full of red jus. Sharl thru it. Just stupid

hey sis, u were right bout sharl. she fixt vote. big scene here! ali,

Leroy

juice • cousin • your/you’re • could • love • homecoming queen • landed • decorations • next • fixed • threw • something • later • sister • you • about • Sharleen • what • next • be

9 Different school rules Choose the right words and complete this e-mail from an American girl. Hi Kate, You are my … student. Our class teacher said we can … an e-mail to our partner. I have read your school … . We have some different rules and I … to tell you about them. You probably know that we … wear a school … . You can wear your own … here. But you can’t wear T-shirts with … on them for things like drugs and … . You … smoke in school or on the way there. There are some other rules but you needn’t know about them … you are here. Oh and I must tell you about the … dance. Dress is … so you must bring a long … with you. Bye! Terri

rules write

exchange adverts

homecoming needn’t want formal dress

uniform alcohol

until clothes mustn’t

Yo u ca n alrea dy

✔✔ Develop a school webpage. ✔✔ Report school news. ✔✔ Plan a year book. ✔✔ Plan a project. ✔✔ Follow school rules.

✔✔ Use present perfect and past perfect. ✔✔ Compare school rules. ✔✔ Talk about a school yearbook. ✔✔ Compare schools in Ukraine, the UK, and the USA. ✔✔ Describe your personality and career. ✔✔ Write messages. 47

Skills in action

1 What’s a formal discussion? Use the picture and the texts and explain to your partner what happens in a formal discussion. Students choose a statement Example: “How can volunteers help kids in need?”

Speakers prepare arguments for or against it.

The chairperson introduces the speakers.

At the end the audience votes for or against the statement.

2 Planning

a formal discussion

Plan a discussion. The skills box can help you.

G r o u n d rules f o r d iscussi o n

1. We will listen while others 3. We will listen and think are talking. about everyone’s ideas. 2. We will cooperate: try to 4. We can ask each other get along with each other. questions to help us to understand everyone’s ideas.

1. Agree on a statement, for example: “How can volunteers help kids in need?” Use the phrases to help you. 2. Choose a chairperson. What should he/she do and when? Write a list. The phrases can help.

How about … ? I think … is a good statement. I’ve got a better idea. Let’s say, … . Who’s for/against … ?

Welcome the group: Good morning/afternoon/ … . Introduce the statement: Our statement is … . Introduce the speakers: … and … will speak for/against it. Ask people to vote: Who is for/against … ?

3. Collect arguments. Use the collage on the opposite page. Write sentences. You can use some of the phrases in the box.

I think … streets are dangerous because … . The facts show us that … . … is/are not the only problem in … . Kids in … are frightened because … .

4. Choose some speakers. They must write down their arguments. They can speak for or against the statement.

I agree/don’t agree with … . In my opinion … . You say that … . I think that’s a prejudice. That isn’t true for … .

Skills in action

StandUP stands up for kids! Will you? Choose any statement from these texts start a discussion. Follow the ground rules for discussion. A typical volunteer in Ukraine is a teenage girl, with a secondary school diploma and a better-than-average financial status. She wants to help others and make this society a better place. Some 20 percent of her fellow volunteers want to spend even more time volunteering than they already do. In contrast, a typical volunteer in Western Europe is a married woman over 30 with children. Volunteering abroad is also a good way to find a job and gain practical experience. Another difference with the West is even more striking: The practice is neither popular in Ukraine nor firmly encouraged by government. Nonetheless, there are organizations in Ukraine that specialize in volunteer activities to various degrees. Three include: United Nations Volunteers, Dobra Volia and Alternatyva V.

scout Dobra Volia and Alternatyva V are ting scou an eric Am to clubs similar served organizations. UN Volunteers has er oth for lyst as a coordinator and cata er oth y man in reas organizations, whe nations, government or civil society organizations take on these roles.

Volunteering is encouraged on the state level in the USA, but has no widespread following or support in Ukraine. There are some 500 volunteers that work for the Kyiv Volunteer School in Kyiv, most of them aged 14-18 years old. They help children with disabilities, orphans and HIV positive people. national A student, Anna Yanyf, who enrolled in Inter es you etim “Som e: wrot ns ratio Volunteer Day celeb ive pass the life: your in thing some ge need to chan real the for r contemplation in front of your compute take tice, prac into e world, put theoretical knowledg to do for action, and make a child smile. There is a lot le, peop new t mee , help to like ld wou I this country. ” share ideas and do something useful.

Dear Friends and Supporters, Have you ever thought about volun teering your time to a local charity or comm unity organization? There are many diffe rent reasons for you to start volunteering: • to help others • to learn about an activity or organizat ion that interests you • to beat boredom (if you find your self sitting around the house feeling totall y bored, volunteering in an activity you enjoy can be a great way to change thing s) • to overcome a loss you have experienc ed (one of the best ways to help yourself in a time of loss is to help others) • to gain perspective on life (ther e is no better way to understand your bless ings than to help people in need)

One volunteer started the environ mental project. It encourages people to use ecologically friendly bags instead of plastic ones when going to a supermarket. “It’s very hard to love this country and the people who live in it who throw garbage on the streets. We need to start changes with ourselv es.”

Kids in Ukraine need volunteers’ help. You can volunteer at orphanages to teach English, lead children in songs, music, dance, sports, and other activities, teach cooking or handcrafts, act as mentor, and generally just spend time talking and sharing…

Try it out!

Part-time1 jobs

A Listening 1 Part a) Look at the photos above. Listen to part a) and match each photo with a name: Jason, Marie, Carly or Ramon. 2 Part b) Listen to part b) and find the correct answers about Ramon. a. Ramon 1 got a bike for his 2 got a bike from birthday. his dad. b. He has a job 1 in a company. 2 in a bike store. c. He has to 1 ride bikes. 2 test bikes. d. He gets 1 five dollars a day. 2 15 dollars an hour.

3 borrowed a bike. 3 in a deli. 3 deliver parts of bikes. 3 five dollars an hour.

3 Part c) Listen to part c). Which of the words in these sentences is wrong? a. I get seven dollars an hour for looking after kids. b. You’re silly, Marie. c. What do you do if you want a new bike? d. I can borrow more if I work around the house. e. I think it’s better to have a job inside. f. A game of baseball is what you need. g. I have to be home at six o’clock.

Try it out!

4 All parts

Listen to parts a), b) and c). The names in these sentences are mixed up2. Correct them. a. b. c. d.

The friends are waiting for Carly. Jason is always tired in class. Marie has to get up at 6 on Saturdays. Ramon’s dad won’t let him have a job.

e. f. g. h.

Carly gets 50 dollars a month. Marie meets lots of interesting people. Jason wants to go home and work. Marie needs a game of basketball.

B Speaking 1 Role play You are talking to an American kid about part-time jobs. Answer his/her questions. American: You: American: at home? You: American: You: American: You:

What do kids in Ukraine do when school finishes? … Do you get pocket money? How much? Do you have to do jobs … Can you have a part-time job while3 you are still at school? … What sort of jobs can kids do? …

2 Reporting What do you think Jason tells his dad when he gets home? Use these verbs: meet • want to • borrow • get • help • worry • should • look after Start like this: Dad, I met Ramon in the park this afternoon. We wanted to … . part-time job agree5

don’t agree

money

don’t need money

practice for job later

parents pay

learn not to be late

no time for friends

learn to work with people no time for homework part-time [+pA:t *taIm], 2mixed up [+mIkst^*0p], 3while [waIl], 4flow chart [*flEU +tSA:t], 5to agree [E*Gri:]

Revision

1 Make, let, have, get

( ➝ G2)

Complete the sentences with “make”, “let”, “have” and “get”. Listen and check your answers. 1. Sam really wants a dog, but his parents don’t ….him have a pet. 2. The teacher …each of her students write an essay describing their future goals in life. 3. Sally … me take off my shoes before I went into her house. She said she wanted to keep the carpet clean. 4. My parents … the courier take a copy of my application over to FLEX office last week. 5. Diane thinks television is a waste of time, so she won’t … her children watch TV. 6. Marcus … me ride his new bike. I couldn’t believe how fast it was. 7. How did you … the doctor to make a house call? 8. Tommy didn’t want to go to his cousin’s birthday, but his mom … him go. 9. I can’t believe the zoo keeper … you feed the snake. That was so cool. 10. I … the translator recheck his work several times to make sure there would be no misunderstandings.

2 Talking about the future

( ➝ G5)

Put the verbs in the correct form (will, going to, simple present or present progressive). Listen and check your answers. 1. I love London. I …. probably go there next year. 2. Our train (leave) at 4:47. 3. What (wear / you) at the party tonight? 4. I haven’t made up my mind yet. But I think I (find) something nice in my mum’s wardrobe. 5. This is my last day here. I (go) back to England tomorrow. 6. Hurry up! The conference (begin) in 20 minutes. 7. My horoscope says that I (meet) an old friend this week. 8. Look at these big black clouds! It (rain) 9. Here is the weather forecast. Tomorrow (be) dry and sunny.

3 Have someone do or have something done

( ➝ G2)

Choose the right word. Listen and check your answers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I have the cleaners wash / washed the floor every day. She will have Taner paint / painted the house. Please have your secretary fax /faxed me the letter. I have the floor cleaned / clean by the cleaners every day. She will have the house paint / painted by Tom. Please have the letter fax / faxed me by your secretary.

Revision

4 Getting ready for the homecoming parade

(present perfect ➝ G6)

a) The drama club at Paradise Valley High School wants to take part in the homecoming parade. At their last meeting the students in the club made a list of things to do. Then they started to do them. Look at the list. What have they already done? Example: They’ve already put the club on the parade list in the Activities Office.

✔µ µ ✔µ ✔µ µ µ ✔µ µ ✔µ µ

TO DO before homecoming parade: put the club on the parade list in the Activities Office finish famous drama characters’ clothes make drama club flags choose photos from our last play for the brochure write the captions and the article about our next play print new drama club brochures order balloons with the PVHS drama club logo blow up the balloons ask the video club to make a video of us on the day meet for a last practice before the big event!

b) What haven’t they done yet?

5 Rules at the homecoming parade

(‘must’, ‘mustn’t’, ‘needn’t’ ➝ G8)

The organizers have made rules and tips for the event. Make sentences about what the students at the parade must, mustn’t or needn’t do. Example: Clubs which take part mustn’t arrive after 3 o’clock in the afternoon. Clubs which take part You really Your club But you At the parade you You In fact you really Remember: You But you You

must mustn’t needn’t

arrive after 3 o’clock in the afternoon. be late! keep their queue number with them. all stay in the right order until the end of the event. worry about photos. The camera club will be on the job! take drinks in glass bottles on the parade. take drinks at all! You can get them free at club stalls! never throw any rubbish onto the street. carry it around with you during the event. give paper cups and other rubbish to someone at a stall.

5 Your own school or club event

(‘must’, ‘mustn’t’, ‘needn’t’ ➝ G8)

Think of an event at your school or club and make rules and give tips about what the people there must, mustn’t or needn’t do.

Check-in

Unit 3 1

Stars in your eyes? 2

1 Daniel Jacob Radcliffe (born 23 July, 1989) is an English actor best known for his role as Harry Potter.

2 Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson (born 15 April, 1990) is a British actress, model, and activist known for her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series.

3 Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint (born 24 August, 1988) is an English actor who rose to prominence playing Ron Weasley, one of the three main characters in the Harry Potter film series.

1 Are they your favorite actors? What film series did this trio of stars appear in? Look at the actors and describe their emotions, what the characters are feeling (not film characters). The fact file box gives you some interesting examples from their lives to prove the character trait.

2 You are a researcher Search the Internet and find some more interesting facts about Emma, Daniel, and Rupert to describe their character traits. Use the Wiki pages. Adjectives in the box might help you to stay focused. Adjectives: emotional, hard-working, confident, educated, loyal, determined, strong-willed, ambitious, encouraging, intelligent.

We might infer a character trait from something a character does only once, or we might draw our conclusions from a series of things the character says and does. I think that Daniel is smart because … I guess Emma is … I consider Rupert …

Fact file Daniel achieved A grades in the three AS-level exams that he took in 2006. Grint took an avid interest in theatre, performing in school productions of a local theatre. Emma encourages young girls not to behave like princesses, but rather be active in helping others.

Check-in 4

4 Georgina Helen “Georgie” Henley (born 9 July, 1995) is an English actress, best known for her portrayal of Lucy Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia film series.

5 Anna Katherine Popplewell (born 16 December, 1988) is a British film actress known for her role as Susan Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia film series.

6 William Peter Moseley (born 27 April, 1987) is an English actor, known for his roles as Peter Pevensie in the film series The Chronicles of Narnia.

7 Alexander Amin Casper “Skandar” Keynes ([ˈkeɪnz]; born 5 September 1991) is an English former actor. He is best known for starring as Edmund Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia film series.

DID YOU KNOW? • The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of fantasy

films from Walden Media. • It is based on The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of novels written by C. S. Lewis. • From the seven novels, there have been three film adaptations so far – The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010) which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them. • Harry Potter is a British film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J. K. Rowling.

• The series is distributed by Warner

Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). • It is the second highest-grossing film series with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts, of which seven out of eight films are among the 50 highestgrossing films.

3 Let’s listen and talk: The Chronicles of Narnia: Interview

a) Listen to the interview with Anna Popplewell and William Moseley. b) Talk about teenagers’ perception of the “Narnia”, their auditioning, creating a feeling of family, acting with animatronic animals.

4 For my folder: Info from the Internet Find out more information about The Chronicles of Narnia on the Internet. Then answer the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4.

What is the lion’s name that guided children in Narnia? What is Narnia? Who are the main characters (protagonists) in the film series? What character is an antagonist (opposes the protagonists)?

Language 1

Remember: Using defining relative clauses

You use relative pronouns when you introduce a relative clause: … was the first person who produced photos … . The photos which he took … .  G10 The first public movie which people saw … .

Important people in film history

The journey from the first still (still picture) to the first movie (a film which moves) lasted about 70 years. It took another 30 years to go from silent movies to talkies (motion pictures with sound). 1877

1894

1. Eadweard Muybridge was the first person who produced photos of motion. The photos which he took were of a horse. He set up 24 cameras and put a string on the shutter of each one. But it was the horse which took the photos! As it ran, it broke the strings. This opened the shutters. Light fell onto the film and this produced the photos. 2. A famous American inventor, Thomas Edison, invented the Kinetoscope. But it was his assistant who built it. The Kinetoscope was a box with some film and a light bulb. The film showed a series of stills. But a motor moved the film quickly across the light and it became a movie.

1903

3. Edwin Porter directed the first western. Its title was ‘The Great Train Robbery’. And it was the first public movie which people saw in the US.

1911

4. They built the first film studio in Hollywood. Stage actors and actresses were more famous than those who acted in movies. But this soon changed and the rise of movie stars began. Charlie Chaplin was one of the first actors who became a star.

1927

5. The first ‘talkie’, ‘The Jazz Singer’, made film history. But two years later it was a silent movie which got the Oscar for Best Film.

Remember: Using defining relative clauses

Language 1

1 Who did what? a) Read the texts on page 56. Find the name of the person who did these things: first produced photos of motion • invented the Kinetoscope • was one of the first stars in Hollywood • built the Kinetoscope • directed the first Western b) Tell your partner about them. Start like this: It was … who first produced photos of motion.

2 People in the movie business Read the text again and make sentences which explain the underlined words. Use ‘who’ or ‘which’. Example: 1. Actors and actresses are people who … . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Actors and actresses are people A talkie is a film A film studio is a place The Kinetoscope was a box A Western is a movie Movie stars are people Oscars are awards

who which

they give to people in the movie business. act in movies or plays. had some film and a light bulb. tells a story about cowboys. has sound in it. they use to make movies. are popular and famous for their movies.

3 Let’s look: A movie poster a) Complete the sentences and describe the poster for “Prince Caspian”. Use ‘who’ or ‘which’. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I can see four chidren who … . Peter is hodling a sword which he received … . Susan was second born who … . I can see Lucy … . Lucy is holding a dagger … . There is also a man … . He is riding a horse … . He is holding a sword … .

b) Think of your own poster for this film and describe it using ‘who’ and ‘which’.

4 Let’s talk: Talking about a movie Talk to a partner about a film which you know. What type of film is it? Where is the film set? It’s a fantasy/… film/… which takes place in … . Who acts in it? … is in it. Do you know the actors He’s/she’s the one who was so good/bad/… in … . from other films? Compare The film is about … . it with other films which But … is more exciting/interesting than … . you like. Did it get any awards? It got an Oscar/the Best Song Award/… in the year … .

Everyday English

Music matters

W O

1 Let’s talk: My music a) What sort of music do you like most and least? Make a list and add the names of singers/rappers/ groups that make this sort of music. b) Discuss the music and the people in your lists in part a). Why do/don’t you like them?

independent alternative heavy metal punk

So you like … most/least. Why? Because … is a great/rubbish guitar player/singer/… . Because the music/song/… makes me feel happy/sick/… .

2 Messages in a music chat room a) When you chat, you can use slang words or short forms which you never write in other situations. Read the messages and make two lists.

slang/short form Peace! ur boyz

normal/long form Hello! you are (you’re) …

b) Read the messages again. Which style of music do the teenagers like?

Welcome to Teentalk’s message boards. You have to register before you can post a message. Just click on register. To view a message, just click on the forum which you want to visit. Strictly for gangstas Peace! So ur Atlanta (home of OutKast and Lil Jon) boyz or girlies (14—16) and hip hop muzik and bling blings ur style — Cum to the Harland Club Teen Center next Saturday at 6 pm and learn to rap with uz. If u’ve written a rap, then bring it with u. We’ll teach ya how to freestyle and diss other rappers. So chill out! Peace and c ya soon. Tuzie and Blugirl Rock is our thing Hi! We’re 14 n 15 n we’re from Atlanta. My homie and I like indie and rock music — Green Day, Led Zepplin etc. We don’t wanna diss anyone, but maybe you know a disco which plays ‘our’ music? U c, we can only listen to our sound on old CDs! Just post us a message. CU. Carly + Jo Any musicians (rock, metal, punk) in/around Austin? Hi. If you’re from Austin and you want to make music, read this! My friends and I live in Round Rock, a suburb of Austin. We aren’t gangsters and we don’t wear jewelry. We’re trying to form a band and we’re looking for a drummer, a bass player and a singer. Right now there are only 3 of us: 2 guitar players and a singer. We’re into almost everything — rock, pop, funk, Latino, EXCEPT HIP HOP (no disrespect to you gangsters!). We’re all 15 and at high school. So if you’re around our age and are interested, e-mail us or check us out at myspace. com. We hope to hear from ya! CU Rick, Sally an’ Sam

c) Use the words from part a) and answer one of the chat room messages. The phrases can help you.

Hi/Peace/Hello! I’m/we’re … years old. I’m/we’re from … . … music is my/our style. I/we write raps/sing/play … .

Everyday English

3 Mediation and communication: A song: Scared of myself

This song is performed by Simon Dawes and appears on the soundtrack in Spider-Man 3 (2007) Oh, I’m scared, scared of myself without you. May I never become unloved by you I have found a way to watch over you May you never have to know I have found a way to face the burden my shadows by the name of my dreams You're my heroine and you're a rose in my tea they are crooked but they’re, May I never become unloved by you. well they’re all I have May I always be on my way to you I have found a way to watch over you. May I never have to meet the man I'd be alone Yes, I’m scared scared of myself I'm your criminal and you're my only friend Oh, I’m scared, scared of myself May I always be on my way to you. Oh, I’m scared, scared of myself without you. Cause I'm scared, scared of myself Cause I’m scared, scared of myself without you. Oh, I'm scared, scared of myself Without you. Listen to a song. Can you tell why he is scared of himself? What do you need to do to be able to answer this question? Simon Dawes was a rock band originally from Malibu, California. The band’s current incarnation is Dawes. The band was composed of four friends. Two of its founding members, Taylor Goldsmith (vocals, guitar, keys, lyrics) and Blake Mills (vocals, guitar, and lyrics), began playing music together in junior high at Malibu High School, and their middle names formed the band name. The other two founding members were Grant Powell (bass) and Dylan Grombacher (drums). Their genres include Rock, Indie Rock, and Alternative.

4 More interviews

Watch the interview with the four friends. Read the phrases from the interview and explain what they mean.

• • • • • • • • • •

to bring out the inherent nature of the instrument our songs are based on our own experience the environment you grew up leaves the stamp on you it was written on the road to arrange a tour o ne performance is worth a bunch of rehearsals trace its roots teach me their perspective approach the situation resonate with me

Get fit!

L I ST E N I N G

S K

How to understand an English song? Many songs tell a story about the lives of young people – their dreams and problems. Other songs have a special message. Without the lyrics in front of you, it may be difficult, to understand a song in English. These tips may help you: 1. L ook at the cover of the CD. The cover can give you a clue what the song is all about. 2. Listen to the song. Write down all the words that you recognize. 3. Listen to the song one more time. Listen to the sentence, in which the new word appears. 4. A new word? Do not worry! If you hear an unfamiliar word, think about what it could mean. 5. Listen to the refrain. It often tells the main idea or the main problem of the song. 6. Listen to each stanza. They will tell you the story. 7. Listen to the song again. Write a story. Sit back and enjoy it! If you want to check yourself, go on the Internet. You can find lyrics of any song quite easily.

1 A song: The Supreme being teaches Spider-Man how to be in love a) Follow the steps in the skills box as you listen to the song. Answer the questions. 1. What do you know about Spider-man? Describe him in two or three sentences. These phrases can help you: to wear red and blue outfit • consider oneself a hero and a sinless person • fight criminals • to wear black outfit • nobody knows him • he has got the power of a spider • he is on love with … 2. Listen. Which of the words above are in the song? 3. Listen to the sentences in which the words are used. 4. Listen again. Stop when you hear the words ‘Mohammed Ali’. Listen to the sentence they are in. Write the sentences to describe Mohammed Ali’s actions. 5. Which sentence in the refrain tells you that the person needs help? 6. Choose one ‘idea’ for each of the three verses:

• he is not ready to tell the truth • he is about to let people know the truth • the truth is revealed

Overhead

1 Before you listen: Musicians a) Describe the three people in the pictures. What are they wearing?

b) How do the people look – friendly/unfriendly, happy/unhappy, … ? c) Which musician would you like to meet? Why? What would you ask him or say to him? 28

2 Let’s listen: Their music a) Listen to three interviews. Match each interview with a picture from exercise 1 a). Why do you think so? Example: I think picture … is of the guy in the first interview. He looks like … , who is a famous … singer/musician/star. b) Now listen to three short pieces of music. Match them with a style. Choose from the box. reggae • pop • rock • hip hop • country • dancehall • R&B • soul • folk • rap • heavy metal c) Now match each music style with a picture from exercise 1.

3 Let’s listen: Teenage boys by Carol J. They are just teenage boys running wild and free Mama can’t stop them boys, gotta let them be But she worries about them day and night She is wondering if they’re gonna be alright They are just teenage boys running wild and free Mama’s love was strong and true No matter what the boys will do They can’t take that from her you see They are just teenage boys running wild and free They are just teenage boys running wild and free Mama can’t stop them boys, gotta let them be She loves them boys with all her heart She don’t understand how they drifted apart But mama just let them be ‘cuz they are teenage boys running wild and free

Running wild and free Mama can’t stop them boys, gotta let them be But she worries about them day and night She is wondering if they’re gonna be alright They are just teenage boys running wild and free When they was small she had control They would do as they were told But now they’ve grown up you see And they are just teenage boys running wild and free They are just teenage boys running wild and free Mama can’t stop them boys, gotta let them be She loves them boys with all her heart She don’t understand how they drifted apart Mama just let them be ‘cuz they are teenage boys running wild and free

3 30

Facts and fiction

Prince Caspian Before you start working with the text, look at the exercises afterwards.

A While standing on a British railway station, Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie are magically whisked away to a beach near an old and ruined castle. They determine the ruin is Cair Paravel, where they ruled as the Kings and Queens of Narnia, and discover the treasure vault where Peter's sword and shield, Susan's bow and arrows, and Lucy's bottle of magical cordial and dagger are stored. Susan's horn for summoning help is missing, as she left it in the woods the day they returned to England after their prior visit to Narnia. Although only a year has passed in England, centuries have passed in Narnia. B The children intervene to rescue Trumpkin, the dwarf, from soldiers who have brought him to the ruins to drown him. Trumpkin tells the children that since their disappearance, a race of men called Telmarines have invaded Narnia, driving the Talking Beasts into the wilderness and pushing even their memory underground. Narnia is ruled by King Miraz and his wife Queen Prunaprismia, but the rightful king is Miraz's nephew, Prince Caspian, who has gained the support of the Old Narnians. C Miraz usurped the throne by killing his brother, Caspian's father King Caspian IX. Miraz tolerated Caspian as heir until his own son was born. Prince Caspian, until that point ignorant of his uncle's deeds, escaped from Miraz's Castle with the aid of his tutor Doctor Cornelius, who schooled him in the lore of Old Narnia, and gave him Queen Susan's horn. Caspian fled into the forest but was knocked unconscious when his horse bolted. He awoke in the den of a talking badger, Trufflehunter, and two dwarfs, Nikabrik and Trumpkin, who accepted Caspian as their king. D The badger and dwarves took Caspian to meet many creatures of Old Narnia. During a midnight council on Dancing Lawn, Doctor Cornelius arrived to warn them of the approach of King Miraz and his army; he urged them to flee to Aslan's How in the great woods near Cair Paravel. The Telmarines followed the Narnians to the How, and after several skirmishes the Narnians appeared close to defeat. At a second war council, they discussed whether to use Queen Susan's horn, and whether it would bring Aslan or the Kings and Queens of the golden age. Not knowing where help would arrive, they dispatched Pattertwig the Squirrel to Lantern Waste and Trumpkin to Cair Paravel; it is then that Trumpkin was captured by the Telmarines and rescued by the Pevensies.

Facts and fiction

E Trumpkin and the Pevensies make their way to Caspian. They try to save time by travelling up Glasswater Creek, but lose their way. Lucy sees Aslan and wants to follow where he leads, but the others do not believe her and follow their original course, which becomes increasingly difficult. In the night, Aslan calls Lucy and tells her she must awaken the others and insist they follow her on Aslan's path. When the others obey, they begin to see Aslan's shadow, then Aslan himself. Aslan sends Peter, Edmund, and Trumpkin ahead to Aslan's How to deal with treachery brewing there, and follows with Susan and Lucy. F Peter, Edmund, and Trumpkin enter Aslan's How; they overhear Nikabrik and his confederates, a Hag and a Wer-Wolf, trying to convince Caspian, Cornelius, and Trufflehunter to help them resurrect the White Witch in hopes of using her power to defeat Miraz. A fight ensues, and Nikabrik and his comrades are slain. Peter challenges Miraz to single combat. Miraz accepts the challenge, goaded by Lords Glozelle and Sopespian. Miraz also feels his pride is on the line. Peter and Miraz duke it out old-school style with swords and armor. But their duel is cut short when two Telmarine lords, Glozelle and Sopespian, betray and stab Miraz in the back (literally). The Telmarines fight the Narnians, but with Peter and Edmund in command, the Narnians beat them back to the river. G Wait, but what were Susan and Lucy up to during all this? Well, they were with Aslan invading the town of Beruna. With the gods and creatures of old, they scared off the Telmarines who were scared of the old ways while accepting others into their fold. Victory and success! Caspian becomes King of Narnia, and the Old Narnians can again live freely in their land. Aslan allows the Telmarines who wish to remain in Narnia to do so, but teleports the others to an island in our world. As for Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy, they have to return to their own world, too. For Peter and Susan, it’s bittersweet as Aslan says they’ve become too old to return to Narnia again (a.k.a. too tall to ride this ride). It’s hinted that Edmund and Lucy will return one day, though. And with that, they return to the railway station and the promise of the coming school year after one last summer adventure.

Facts and fiction

1 Before you read: The title Look at the title of the book. What do you think it is about? 31

2 The plot a) Read the story and match the characters with the information about them. Lucy Pevensie

is the oldest of the Pevensie siblings who is High-King of Narnia.

Edmund Pevensie is the second oldest of the Pevensie children. She uses a bow and arrow. Peter Pevensie

is the rightful Telmarine King, who becomes King of Narnia.

Susan Pevensie

is a talking mouse who freed Aslan and was thus given the gift of speech. He is a fearless swordsman and supporter of Aslan and Caspian.

Prince Caspian

is the youngest Pevensie child who is the first to see Aslan again.

Aslan

half-dwarf and half-human, is a tutor to Caspian and aids in the Narnians’ defeat of the Telmarines.

Doctor Cornelius

is the Great Lion, who created Narnia.

Reepicheep

is the third Pevensie child. Unlike his older siblings, he trusts Lucy’s sighting of Aslan.

b) Listen and check.

3 Watch Prince Caspian Discover many virtues of its characters. As you do, fill in this table. You may need to look up some of these words in the dictionary. Say as in the example: Peter shows courage when he … or Reepicheep is humble when he... Peter Susan serious wise leader cautious brave chivalrous

Edmund loyal courageous logical mature

Lucy Reepicheep King Miraz loyal courageous proud supportive humble arrogant caring dangerous

Aslan wise compassionate mysterious benevolent

4 For my folder: A succession of actions a) Read the story and make a list of action words, e.g. determine, discover. Action verb

Noun

Who /what did that?

were whisked away

Peter, Susan, Edmund, Lucy magic

determine

the ruin

children

b) Talk about the events expressed by the action words. c) Draw some pictures to illustrate these events. d) Explain to your friends why you have chosen this part.

Why?

Facts and fiction 32

5 Match Match the characters with their descriptions. Listen and check your answers. 1. Peter Pevensie 2. Prince Caspian 3. Lucy Pevensie 4. Miraz 5. Edmund Pevensie 6. Trufflehunter 7. Nikabrik 8. Aslan

a) … is a cruel leader with no compassion or honor. b) … is the High King of Narnia and is a natural leader. c) … h as to make a quick escape from his home in the middle of the night. d) … p ossesses a diamond flask containing a healing cordial. f) … is a dwarf who is killed when a fight breaks out after he tries to introduce dark magic as a means of acquiring power. g) … b rought his flashlight with him into Narnia and is an accomplished warrior and leader. h) … is a badger who remembers the ancient ways of Narnia. i) … created the world of Narnia.

5 Aslan Aslan, also known as the Great Lion, is the creator and one true king of the world of Narnia, and generally a representation of all that is good. a) Read the poem and describe Aslans’ character. “Wrong will be right when Aslan comes in sight, At the sound of his roar, sorrows will be no more, When he bares his teeth, winter meets its death, And when he shakes his mane, we shall have spring again...” From The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, by C.S. Lewis b) Read the text about Aslan. What can you add to the description? As he appears in Narnia, Aslan is a large, talking lion, who is terrifying, magnificent and beautiful all at once. He appears in different sizes to different people, although he himself never changes; as people grow in wisdom and character, they can perceive more of his greatness. Aslan is very wise, and a powerful force for good, but as Narnians often say, “He’s not a tame lion.” He is dangerous, and an unconquerable enemy, but he is unquestionably good. Aslan is the one true king of Narnia; all of its inhabitants have faith in him, and obey him absolutely. Generally, he comes to Narnia to aid its leaders and heroes on important missions for external and personal peace, and to protect it from various evils. He watches over Narnia constantly, although he does not choose to solve all of its problems for its inhabitants. Aslan also periodically brings humans from Earth, both to help Narnia, and to teach both peoples important lessons.

6 Creative essay When the Pevensie children arrive in Narnia unexpectedly, they have a few items with them from England, such as Edmund’s electric torch, their lunches, a pocket knife, and some matches. Write an essay in which select three items you would want to have with you if you were whisked away to Narnia and explain why you chose those items.

Words in action

1 Let’s make a great mobile movie. 1. Take time to get to know your mobile device so you can take full advantage of its features and abilities to get the best shots. 2. The sunlight is your best friend. When shooting outside, keep the light behind your camera and on the subject’s face. 3. Focus on close ups. Learn about the 5-shot sequence, which is made up of mostly close up shots and clearly demonstrates action in your scenario.

The five-shot filming technique is popular in video and slideshow productions In a five-shot sequence, the first shot is a close-up of a subject’s hands – a pianist, for example, tickling the ivories. The next shot is a close-up of the subject’s face. For the third shot, move back from the action and capture a medium shot of the subject. Next, move to an “over-the-shoulder” shot. Standing just behind the subject, shoot downward toward the action – hands on the keyboard, for example – showing what’s happening from a point-of-view. For the final shot, think of the most creative composition possible. You might use an unusual angle, shooting from the ground or high above the subject’s head, or you might move far away and capture an extreme wide-angle shot. You could capture the pianist from the other end of the room or stage, for example. Once these patterns are mastered, you can mix and match them in lots of creative ways to create more complex sequences. Multiple sequences make scenes. And long-form video stories – even feature-length films – are ultimately made from lots of short shot sequences arranged back-to-back to build complex, multi-part scenes.

2 Arrange a five-shot technique Look at the pictures and arrange them in a five-shot sequence. Put the numbers in the boxes. Explain why.

Words in action

3 Words which describe a) Make a ‘positive’ (+) and a ‘negative’ (–) list from the words in the box. Add more words to your lists. b) Choose words from your lists and write sentences about three things and three people. Here are some tips:

a star

a film

fantastic • outrageous • sad • glamorous • interesting • dramatic • tasty • awesome • old • dirty • bored • boring • trendy • awful • yukky • rich • cool • spicy • famous • funny • spooky • terrible • lonely • friendly • exciting • popular

clothes a holiday a meal in a restaurant friends

a CD/DVD

4 Three musicians b) Look at each picture again for five seconds. Then close your book and answer the questions.

a) What words can you use to describe the pictures? Make a mind map for each one.

1. Which musician isn’t wearing sun glasses? 2. Who has a tattoo? 3. Who is wearing jewellery? 4. What is one of the musicians playing? 1 A rapper

2 A rock guitar 3 A Latino singer player

5 Synonyms a) Find the word with the same meanings. Example: movie ➝ film A: movie • prize • homie • still • produce • type • alien

B: make • style • strange • award • photo • film • friend

b) Use the words in box B to explain the words in box A. Example: ‘Movie’ means the same as ‘film’. Yo u ca n alre A DY

✔✔ Describe movie characters from the Chronicles of Narnia, Harry Porter, or your favorite movie. ✔✔ Describe important people in film history. ✔✔ Describe people or objects with ‘who’ and ‘which’. ✔✔ Make your own movie poster.

✔✔ Discuss music and people in it. ✔✔ Read and understand teenagers’ message boards.

✔✔ Interpret songs. ✔✔ Express likes, dislikes when talking about (un)friendly people and being aware of prejudices (learn how to be tolerant with people who are different). ✔✔ Make a movie.

Skills in action

1 Letters and e-mails Look at the two texts. You can see which is an e-mail and which is a letter. Read the skills boxes and explain the difference to your partner. Hi, Josh! I just wanted to tell you about yesterday – I had the most embarrassing moment in my life! I was in the Blue Parrot Deli with Susi. Mel came in but I didn’t see her. She sat behind our table. I told Susi how great she looked and asked her if she wanted to go to the movies with me. She was surprised. “What about Mel?” she asked. And I said, “Oh, that’s over.” Suddenly Mel was there at our table. She threw her milkshake all over my new T-shirt and walked out. What do I do now? I know you are older and wiser1 than me. Bye, Todd

2394 East Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90126 June 14

Dear Todd, Thank you for your e-mail. I can understand why you are worried and I’ll try to help. I know that I am your older brother but I am not always wiser. I met a girl last week at the station. Our train was late so we started talking. It was so interesting that we missed the next two trains and I arrived home at midnight. I sent my girlfriend, Tania, a text message to say that I couldn’t get home earlier because there were no trains. I didn’t say a word about the other girl. The problem was that Tania was on the first train. She was surprised when I didn’t get on. And she was really angry about the fact that I lied to her. Maybe you and I need to be more careful or more honest! If you really like Mel, then you shouldn’t do anything to hurt her. I hope this helps. Write and let me know what happens. Best wishes2, Josh

WRITING

S K

Planning a letter 1. Write your address and postal code. 2. Write the date. 3. Then comes Dear + name. 4. After coma you begin a new line with a capital letter. 5. Give a reason why you write. 6. Start every new idea with a new paragraph. 7. Finish your letter with closing remarks. 8. Then write your name.

WRITING

S K

Planning e-mail 1. Hi or hello and a first name 2. The first word is capitalized. 3. Name one reason why you write. 4. Closing remarks. 5. Your name.

wise [waIz], 2best wishes [best *wISIz?

Skills in action

2 Most embarrassing moments a) Read one of the two e-mails which kids sent to a youth magazine in California. Your partner reads the other one. b) Tell your partner about the embarrassing moment. What happened? Use the pictures to help you.

embarrassing moments!  I was on my bike, on the way home

from school. I wanted to be a pop star and I started to sing my favorite song – it was really loud. I imagined that the bell on my bike was a microphone. I threw back my head and closed my eyes – suddenly the bike hit a car. It was outside the house of a boy in my class. I didn’t hurt myself. But I looked up. He was there at the door with another boy from my class. I felt like a real idiot. Emma, LA RED GRADE 

 Near the end of the homecoming

dance I went to the bathroom. When I got back, everyone had a partner for a slow dance. There was only one person who was alone. It was our new sports teacher. She asked me to dance and I couldn’t say ‘no’! Just imagine! I was only five feet two and she was over 6 feet tall. My friends all started to laugh and I couldn’t dance because I was so embarrassed1.

José, San Diego

RED GRADE 

3 Letters to a magazine a) Think about an embarrassing moment which you or a friend had. Write three or four sentences about it. Use the skills box to help you.

WRITING

S K

1. Where did it happen? 2. Who was there? 3. Who said what? 4. What happened?

b) Write a letter or e-mail to a magazine. Tell them about the embarrassing moment. Use the skills boxes on the opposite page to help you. Have you forgotten anything? embarrassed [Im*bxrEst]

Check-in

Unit 4 Discover books and theater

Mark Twain was born on the 30th of November, 1835 - in a town called Florida in the American state of Missouri. He was known as “Samuel Langhorne Clemens.” He grew up in Hannibal, another Missouri town. Sam (Mark Twain) used places from his childhood as settings for his famous stories. At 17, Sam Clemens left Hannibal for St. Louis. He had a printer’s job there, but he also started working on river boats. By 1859, he was a licensed river pilot. The name by which Samuel Clemens became famous—Mark Twain—has everything to do with his work on the Mississippi River. It’s actually a river term which means “two fathoms” (or 12 feet). If the depth of the river was two fathoms—or, Mark Twain—it was safe to move a vessel, such as a steamboat, along the Mississippi River. In 1876, he published The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, a story about the adventures of a young boy and his friend, Huckleberry Finn in St. Petersburg, Missouri. In 1889 Twain published The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which is considered by many to Mark Twain be a sequel of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. 34

J.K. Rowling

J.K. Rowling is a British novelist best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. The books have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, sold more than 400 million copies and been adapted into award-winning movies as well. Her books have been translated into 65 languages. J. K. Rowling was born July 31, 1965, in Yate, Gloucestershire, England. J. K. Rowling wrote her first story when she was very young. It was about a rabbit called Rabbit who is visited by his friends when he gets sick with the measles. Rowling attended Exeter University where she graduated in 1987 with a degree in French and Classics. She also taught English in Portugal before returning with her daughter to Scotland. The idea for the Harry Potter books came to Rowling in 1990 when she was on a train ride to London. She began thinking about a boy wizard and all his adventures. When she reached her flat in London she began writing the story. She would end up in cafes and would write her manuscripts on pads of paper. Her first book was completed on an old typewriter. Rowling and her family still live in Scotland where she supports charities that help victims of multiple sclerosis and single-parent families.

Check-in 35

writer, born in November, Astrid Lindgren, a famous Swedish n and adults. Many of her 1904, wrote many books for childre childhood memories. The books are based on her family and gstocking, the supremely collection of stories about Pippi Lon e girl became immensely independent and self-sufficient littl classic of children’s popular worldwide and remains a ous for Karlsson-on-theliterature. Astrid Lindgren is also fam and many others. Astrid roof, Ronia, The Robber’s daughter n 165 million copies Lindgren’s books have sold more tha annual list, she is the worldwide. According to UNESCO’s Astrid Lindgren world. Astrid Lindgren is 18th most translated author in the 2, rid Lindgren died in 200 translated into 107 langauges. Ast at the age of 94. 36

Clive S. Lewis

Clive S. Lewis, the writer of the Narnia stories, was born in Northern Ireland in 1898. He studied at Oxford University in England. He was a soldier in World War I (1914-1918). For most of his life, he worked as a professor, teaching university students at Oxford and Cambridge. His most famous stories are for children, about the fantasy world of Narnia. Lewis wrote serious books for adults too, about literature and religion, and science fiction stories. Many children enjoy reading The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. It is the most famous book by C.S. Lewis. There are 6 more books in The Chronicles of Narnia series. The Narnia books have been translated into more than 45 languages. You can enjoy the adventures in films and on TV too.

DID YOU KNOW?

• P ippi Longstocking, Lindgren’s most famous • The original HARRY POTTER manuscript character, was invented for her daughter Karin, was rejected by 12 publishing houses who was, at the time, ill and had to stay in the before Bloomsbury picked it up. bed. • J.K. Rowling went from being • According to Lindgren, her daughter invented unemployed to becoming a multithe name – Pippi. millionaire in five years. • With very little formal schooling, Mark Twain • There was a big old wardrobe in Lewis’ spent evenings in libraries educating himself boyhood home in Belfast. He and his where school had left off. brother sat in it, telling stories. • Twain loved baseball and understood it well, • Lucy in the Narnia stories was named which was not well known until later in his life. after Lucy Barfield, daughter of a friend • Bermuda was always a favorite of Twain’s of Lewis. getaways. • C.S. Lewis liked mice and would never • J.K. Rowling and Harry Potter share the same trap them. Reepicheep is a talking mouse birthday: July 31st. in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.

Check-in

1 What do you read? a) What books do you like reading? Who are the authors? b) Look at the photos of the famous writers. What books by these authors have you read? Why? c) Which of these books would you like to read? Discuss with your partner. Start like this. A: I’d like to read the book by … B: Do you want to read it in the original? d) With your partner discuss authors’ short bios (biographies). Start like this. A: You know, I don’t know anything about Mark Twain. B: Neither do I. May be it’s because he lived long time ago? A: Anyway, let’s see what we can find out about him… 37

2 Let’s listen: Who? Listen to the four bits of script and tell who wrote the book? Example: Script 1 could be about … written by … .

3 Writers and facts Read the fact box and complete the sentences. 1. Pippi Longstocking, Lindgren’s most 5. famous character, was invented for 6. her ………… 2. Karin, Lindgren’s daughter invented the name …………….. 7. 3. M. Twain received little formal ………. 4. M. Twain enjoyed going to …. to relax. 8.

Harry Potter was born on ……….. It was ………………. that accepted J. K. Rowling’s manuscript for publishing. As a little boy, Lewis liked telling stories in a ………. Lewis was a …………lover.

4 Let’s talk: The best book! Look at the table of genres below. For every genre, you can see a list of books. Choose a book you would like to read and explain your choice. The book is titled … It’s fantasy, historical novel, romance, mystery… Genres Genre means “type”. Fictional story (FS)

What is this? includes settings, characters, and / or plot that have been made up in an author’s imagination.

Books If I Stay, Cara’s Kindness, Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse

Check-in

Traditional litera- Stories that are passed down from Cinderella, The Beast and ture (TL) one group to another in history. This the Beauty, Little Red Riding includes folktales, legends, fables, Hood. fairy tales, tall tales, and myths from different cultures. Harry Potter, The Chronicles of Narnia, When the Sea Turned to Silver.

Fantasy (F)

A story including elements that are impossible, such as talking animals or magical powers.

Mystery (M)

A suspenseful story about a puzzling The Raven, the Golden Bug, event that is not solved until the end Cloud and Wallfish. of the story.

Historical fiction (HF)

A fictional story that takes place in a particular time period in the past. Often the setting is real, but the characters are made up from the author’s imagination.

To Kill the Mocking Bird, Girl with a Pearl Earring, Little Women, The Adventures of Huckelburry Finn.

Science fiction (SF)

A type of fantasy that uses science and technology (robots, time machines, etc)

The Time Machine, Star Treck, Star Wars.

Realistic fiction (RF)

A story using made-up characters but could happen in real life.

The Secret Hum of a Daisy, Fish in a Tree, Notes from the Dog, Small as an Elephant.

Non-fiction

Texts are based on factual information and true accounts.

A Butterfly is Patient, The Noisy Paint Box.

Autobiography (AB)

The story of a real person’s life that is written by that person.

In Real life: The Journey to a Pixelated World, Taking Flight: From War Orphan to Star Ballerina.

Biography (B)

The story of a real person’s life that is written by another person.

Who was Albert Einstein? Who was Amelia Earhart?

Informational (I)

Texts that provide facts about a variety of topics (sports, animals, science, history, career, geography, space, weather, etc)

The Titanic, The Seven Wonders of the World, 500 Amazing Facts.

Poetry (P)

is verse written to create a response of Heart to Heart, the Best thought and feeling from the reader. It Poems Ever, What Have You often uses rhythm and rhyme. Lost?

Drama

is literature that is written in order to be performed.

The Importance of Being Earnest, Doctor Faustus, Romeo and Juliet.

Language

so – such, enough – too

So +adjective, so + adverb

Such +adjective + noun or such +noun  G12

1 So or such? Complete the sentences with so or such. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

She is … funny. She always makes me laugh. These students are … hardworking. They prepare every project. The movie was … good that I saw it five times. Terry speaks English …fluently that I thought he was American. Many students never discuss … topics in class, but I think it is important to teach children to question media. Jerry had never seen …high mountains. He thought they were spectacular. Fred is … witty. He is always telling jokes and making people laugh. How could you say …horrible things to me? There was … little interest in the talk.

2 Too – enough Fill in the correct words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

There were … many questions to answer so I only did three. The classroom wasn’t …. hot so I turned the heating on. I didn’t buy the textbook because it was … expensive. The biography was … complicated to understand. There wasn’t … time to finish writing so I didn’t manage to. I put a scarf on because it was cold…. Cherkasy is big … for three universities. Pensioners don’t have …. money to pay the bills.

3 Choose the correct phrase to fill in the gap.

Too and enough indicate degree. They are used with adjectives. Too means more than what is needed. Enough means sufficient.  G11

1. It was _________________so we didn’t get it. a) expensive enough b) too expensive c) enough expensive. 2. It’s _____________to read; I don’t understand it at all. a) enough difficult b) too difficult c) difficult enough 3. They didn’t sell____________to make it worthwhile. a) tickets enough b) enough tickets c) too tickets 4 There were __________people there. a) too b) too many. 5. It’s not __________to sort things out. a) enough late b) late enough c) too late 6. It’s ____________to pass. a) enough difficult. b) too difficult. 7. He ate __________and fell ill. a) enough much b) much enough c) too much 8. I didn’t get ___________last night and I’m exhausted. a) enough sleep b) sleep enough c) too sleep

as…as, not as…as

Language

We use as + adjective / adverb + as to make comparisons when the things we are comparing are equal in some way.  G11

1 Discussing Genres Read the statements and voice your opinion. Do you agree? Disagree? Why? Why not? A well – written biography is as rare as a well - lived life - Thomas Carlyle Every following book of Harry Potter is as exciting as the previous one. Reading fantasy is as fascinating as entering a new reality. The most recent fables are not as clear as the old ones. Reading a popular book is as exciting as meeting with a famous book author. Love for mystery is as infectious as a flu. The story of Romeo and Juliet is as heartbreaking as in The Titanic. Biography books are as encouraging as autobiographies. Reading a textbook is not so time consuming as writing.

2 ASAP – as soon as possible Read the sentences, underline the phrases with as …as +possibility. 1. Reading this book, I tried to learn As … as + possibility as many facts as I could. We often use expressions of possibility 2. She was as passionate as she could or ability after as … as: about literature. Can you come as soon as possible? 3. Trying to cheer her mom up, he Go to as many places as you can. read as much as he could. We got here as fast as we could.  G11 4. I visited our school library as often as possible. 5. Try to read as fast as possible but also make sure you understand what you are reading.

3 As much, as many The quantity adjective (much or many) depends if the noun in the comparison is countable or uncountable. Complete the sentences with much or many. 1. When I think of myself now, it’s hard to believe I read as ……… books as my friend. 2. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was translated into as …… languages as Harry Potter. 3. The Alchemist had as …….. success as The Da Vinci Code did. 4. Reading non-fiction story requires as ……… patience as science fiction does. 5. Read as …….. chapters of the book as you can. 6. My understanding of The Butterfly is Patient was just as ……as any young girl who reads non-fiction.

When we want to make comparisons referring to quantity, we use as much as with uncountable nouns and as many as with plural nouns: Greg makes as much money as Mick but not as much as Neil. There weren’t as many people there as I expected.  G11

Everyday English

1 Four steps to create a good story Let’s learn how we can create a plot outline for your novel in less than an hour that is emotionally compelling and dramatically sound? It’s easier than you think. 1. The first element to include in your plot outline is the Story Goal, what your protagonist wants to achieve or the problem he/she wants to resolve. It is “what the story is all about.” There are many ways we could involve other characters in this goal. 38

a) Listen to a dialogue and tell which plot sounds more appealing to you? 2. Once you have decided on a Story Goal, your next step is to ask yourself, “What disaster will happen if the goal is not achieved? What is my protagonist afraid will happen if he/she doesn’t achieve the goal or solve the problem?” The combination of goal and consequence creates the main dramatic tension in your plot. It’s a carrot and stick approach that makes the plot meaningful.

b) Listen to a dialogue and tell if you would be interested to read the story? Why? Why not? 3. Requirements is the third element of your plot outline. Requirements create a state of excited anticipation in the reader’s mind, as he looks forward to the protagonist’s success. You can think of this as a checklist of one or more events. As the Requirements are met in the course of the novel, the reader will feel the characters are getting closer to the attainment of the goal.

c) Listen to a dialogue and make a list of requirements. 4. With your Story Goal in mind, ask yourself what the outcome of your characters’ pursuit of that goal will be. Will they, in particular your protagonist, achieve the Goal? Will they solve the Problem? If the answer is no, then in classical terms, your novel will be a tragedy. If the answer is yes, your plot will be what classical writers called a comedy, regardless whether or not it is humorous. (“Comedy,” before the advent of movies, simply meant a drama that ended happily.) You may already have a feeling about whether the story you are working on should end happily or unhappily. If you are uncertain, try asking yourself the following plot development questions. Do I want my reader to understand or learn from my characters’ failures, or from their successes?

Everyday English

2 Let’s Listen: “The Theatre Bug” by D. M. Larson

This play script is a scene about two teens who are starting to like each other during the auditions for a drama club. Biff is a male cheerleader who is in detention because he punched a football player for saying something terrible about him. Jasmine is a former cheerleader who decides to try drama. This scene is from a published play called the «Ghosts of Detention» by D. M. Larson which is set in the 1980’s. If you want to stage this play in your school drama club, follow the link: reedramaplays.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-theatre-bug-scene-for-2-actors-1.html BIFF: Hey, Jasmine. That was great. JASMINE: Oh, hey, Biff. I didn’t know you were doing the play too. BIFF: I didn’t really have a choice. JASMINE: Is that why you had to quit cheerleading? BIFF: Yeah... plus I hit a football player. JASMINE: Yeah... that was kind of funny. How many football players get knocked out by cheerleaders? BIFF: I guess it is kind of funny. So you’re not cheerleading anymore? JASMINE: They cut me. BIFF: What? JASMINE: The new captain hates me. BIFF: But you’re awesome... I mean... you’re so much better than her. JASMINE: That’s the problem. BIFF: I’ll talk to her if you want. JASMINE: No, that’s okay. I want to try drama now. BIFF: That’s cool. JASMINE: Yeah... and even better that there is a friend here too. BIFF: Right on. (They have a quiet, shy, awkward moment) BIFF (CONT.) So you... uh... are still looking for your Prince Charming? JASMINE: What? Oh! The monologue... yeah, I guess so. I picked the monologue because that’s how I feel sometimes. Where’s my Prince Charming? Where’s my happy ending? You see all those movies and wonder why all our lives can’t be that way. I keep waiting for that movie moment where everything turns around for me... where something amazing happens... or someone amazing comes along and sweeps me off my feet. BIFF: Yeah. You were great... with the monologue... I really believed you were some princess. Very cool. JASMINE: Thanks... I practiced it a lot. I wanted to be good.

3 Tell me You friend didn’t watch the play. Answer his questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What do you think about this play? Who are the main characters in the play? Which character seems more interesting to you? Why? Could you describe Biff’s and Jasmine’s character? What’s the play about?

4 42

Everyday English

4 Theater superstitions Theater goers are superstitious, because of things that can (and do) go wrong in a performance. Here are some superstitions and their explanations. Listen and discuss. 1. It is bad luck to wear the color blue onstage, unless it was matched with something silver. In the early days of theater costuming, it was extremely difficult to make blue dye, and thus expensive to purchase. 2. Peacock feathers should never be brought on stage, either as a costume element, prop or part of a set as chaos will ensue. There are many stories of sets collapsing, curtains catching alight and other disastrous events during performances with peacock feathers. 3. It is bad luck to have mirrors on stage. The myth is that many believe that mirrors are a reflection of the soul and breaking one can mean seven years of bad luck. 4. To wish someone ‘Good luck’ before a show is bad luck. Generally, the expression “Break a Leg” replaces the phrase “Good luck”. The story is that if the audience demands numerable curtain calls and the actors are moving on and off stage via the wings they may ‘break the legs’, ‘legs’ being a common name for side curtains.

5 Are you superstitious? Listen to the text about more theater superstitions and fill in the table.

Superstition

Meaning

Blue color

Bad luck

6 Some common superstitions How common are these superstitions for your community? If a friend gives you a knife, you should give him/her a coin. If a black cat crosses your path, you will have bad luck. If you spill salt you must throw some over your left shoulder. If you have an itchy ear, someone is talking about you.

7 What do you think? What is the difference between superstition and science? Discuss the following statements in groups. Use the discussion phrases to express your opinion. These are some common superstitions. Many superstitions originated during a time when there were no scientific explanations for events that happened. People used to believe in witches, magic, dragons, and fairies. There are still people who continue to believe in superstitions and live their lives according to these beliefs.

8 For your folder Write the ‘theater’ words in your notebook. Search the Internet for more superstitions. Present your stories in class.

Everyday English

9 Mediation and communication: About Broadway You and your friend are reading some interesting facts about Broadway. Answer his / her questions. The term refers to the lights along Broadway. Broadway theaters were among the first to wow crowds by using electric bulbs on signs. They completely lit up the night in “white” light. The nickname remains popular today because the millions of lights on theater marquees and billboard advertisements still light up the night sky along Broadway. It’s located in New York City between 41st and 54th streets from 6th Avenue to 9th Avenue. This includes the area known as Time Square. There is a difference between a Broadway Theater and an Off-Broadway Theater. It has to do with the audience seating capacity. A “Broadway Theater” must have a seating capacity of 500 seats or more, while an Off-Broadway theater has 100-499 seats. Off-Off-Broadway theaters have fewer than 100 seats. The longest running Broadway show is Phantom of the Opera written by Andrew Lloyd Webber. It is currently the longest running show in Broadway history. It opened on January 26, 1988 and is still going strong! Cats is the second longest show, having run from Oct. 1982 to Sept. 2000. It was also written by Andrew Lloyd Webber! Broadway shows are one of the most popular tourist attractions in New York City. For the 2012 – 2013 season, Broadway shows grossed over $1.1 billion in ticket sales with over 12 million tickets sold. Many people believe the theatrical productions on Broadway are the best in the world. Each year, the best Broadway shows are awarded Tony Awards. Check out Tony Awards Fun Facts. 1. Why is Broadway called “The Great White Way”? 2. Where is “Broadway” exactly? 3. What is the difference between a Broadway Theater and an Off-Broadway Theater? 4. What is the longest running Broadway show? 5. How much money do Broadway shows make?

10 For your folder: A book to be written Outline a plot for your school drama club. You can choose from these ideas or think of your own. You have a mysterious friend who tries to make your life easier. Your neighbor is an elderly, lonely person who made a lot of mistakes in the life and doesn’t want the protagonist to make the same mistake he/she did. Anita is a happy young person who likes caring about animals.

Get fit! S K

“The suspense is terrible. I hope it will last.” O. Wilde Writers want to engage their reader in a story, to make the book interesting. In order to do this authors build a sense of tension, or suspense. This is what the reader anticipates, wants to know, looks forward to. There are several major steps that will help you as a writer to create tension. Step 1: Create engaging and dynamic characters with opposing goals (protagonist – antagonist) Step 2: Choose a conflict that is important to your characters. Step 3: Create several peaks where tension is the highest. Step 4: Allow tension to ebb and flow: Don’t keep your reader in constant tension – let them breathe. Step 5: Keep making the reader ask questions: Uncertainty and the need to know are powerful storytelling tools. Step 6: Create tension both in characters’ inner lives and in the world around them. Step 7: Make sure there are multiple sources of tension (examples: sickness, the character gets into a serious car accident, social isolation, family is breaking up, school problems, grappling with an antagonist on different issues) Step 8: Make the story unfold in a shorter, more urgent space of time. 44

The Gold Bug (by E.A. Poe) Read and analyze the story with your partners. Use the skills box to see what steps were followed and how? Why do you think so? Many years ago, I met Mr. William Legrand. He was of an ancient family, and had once been wealthy; but a series of misfortunes had reduced him to want. To avoid the further disasters, he left New Orleans, and took up his residence at Sullivan’s Island, near Charleston, South Carolina. This Island is a very singular one. It consists of little else than the sea sand, and is about three miles long. It is separated from the main land by a tiny creek, a favorite resort of the marsh-hen. The whole island is covered with a dense undergrowth of the sweet myrtle. The shrub here often attains the height of fifteen or twenty feet. Not far from the eastern or more remote end of the island, Legrand had built himself a small hut, which he occupied when I first, by mere accident, made his acquaintance. This soon turned into friendship. I found him well educated, with unusual powers of mind, and subject to perverse moods of alternate enthusiasm and melancholy. He had with him many books, but rarely employed them. His chief amusements were gunning and fishing, or walking along the beach in quest of shells. The winters in the latitude of Sullivan’s Island are seldom very severe, and in the fall of the year it is a rare event indeed when a fire is considered necessary. About the middle of October, 18th, there occurred, however, a day of remarkable chilliness. Just before sunset I scrambled my way to the hut of my friend. Upon reaching the hut I rapped, and getting no reply, sought for the key, unlocked the door and went in. A fine fire was blazing upon the hearth. It was a novelty, and by no means an ungrateful one. I took an arm-chair and awaited patiently the arrival of my hosts. Soon after dark they arrived, and gave me a most cordial welcome. Legrand was in one of his fits of enthusiasm. He had hunted down and secured a scarabaeus which he believed to be totally new, but in respect to which he wished to have my opinion tomorrow. “And why not to-night?” I asked, rubbing my hands over the blaze, and wishing the whole tribe of scarabaei at the devil. (full text is available at : http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/poe/gold_bug.html )

Overhead

1 Let’s listen: Edgar Allan Poe

a) Before you listen: Work with your partner and discuss E.A. Poe’s life facts. b) Read the incomplete sentences, then listen to the story and complete the gaps. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 46

He wrote horror, poetry, criticism, fiction _____________. E.A. Poe was called by many _______________________. He was writing poetry when he was about ____________. He worked _______________. He settled down in ___________________. His primary occupation was a _____________________. He had a reputation for being a harsh ________________. During his life time he barely made his _____________ from his writing.

2 Let’s listen: Mark Twain Listen to the facts from Mark Twain’s biography and choose the correct word to complete the information. 1. He grew up in the frontier village of Hannibal, Missouri, hard on the banks of the a) Missouri River. b) Mississippi River. c) Colorado River. 2. Like Mark Twain, Tom Sayer is a a) dreamer. b) adventurer. c) cynic. 3. Mark Twain’s plays were to remind adults a) what they once were themselves. b) what they wanted to become. c) what they wanted to achieve. 4. His imagined ideal ended when he was a) 20. b) 12. c) 40. 5. He left school to become a a) pilot. b) printer’s apprentice. c) shoemaker. 6. At the age of 22 he grabbed the chance to enact his greatest boyhood dream to be a a) writer. b) barrister. c) a steamboat man. 7. In his later writings he presented himself as a c) bubbling apprentice. a) charming character. b) silent assistant. 8. In fact Mark Twain was an extremely skilled a) pilot. b) parrot. c) protestor.

3 Let’s listen: Paperback Writer by the Beatles Dear Sir or Madam, will you read my book? It took me years to write, will you take a look? It’s based on a novel by a man named Lear And I need a job, so I want to be a paperback writer (x 2) It’s the dirty story of a dirty man And his clinging wife doesn’t understand His son is working for the Daily Mail

It’s a steady job but he wants to be a paperback writer Paperback writer (x 2) It’s a thousand pages, give or take a few I’ll be writing more in a week or two I can make it longer if you like the style I can change it round and I want to be a paperback writer (x 2)

4 48

Facts and fiction

Best theater shows for teenagers Before you start working with the text, look at the exercises afterwards.

A Living close to London has so many advantages, but one of the best has to be the array of theatre productions on offer. From the Lion King to The Mousetrap, visitors travel from all over the world to take advantage of the West End shows. With a daughter now verging on the teenage years, I explore the best shows in London for teens and tweens. “Mum, what show will we see in London this year?” asks my younger. Every summer, we plan a special day out, just me and my daughter. As a family, we do so much, and both children are busy with various weekend pursuits, and it can be difficult to get any one-to-one time as a parent with each of our kids. So, she and I plan a day in the summer holidays to visit London. We began when my son was a baby, to get some time together that was all about her, and it’s a tradition which has lasted. We shop – what once was a four-hour stint in Hamley’s is now a full-scale fashion expedition along Regent and Oxford streets; we eat – ice-cream for tea in Haagen Dazs was always a favourite, but now when she’s older it’s more likely to be macarons at the Café Royal. And then there’s the theatre. It started with Oliver! And we’ve since seen Mamma Mia, Wicked, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. But she’s older now, and on the cusp of being able to manage some older themes, which opens up even more theatre options. So, I’ve been exploring the reviews to decide what we should add to our list. Here’s my round up of the best London theatre shows for teenagers. B Matilda. We actually saw Matilda when my children were nine and six respectively. All four of us were spellbound for the entire show. The acting is impeccable and energetic, the staging is so clever, and the music is so addictive that it has boosted my daughter’s desire to practice her piano. She is so intent on learning to perform ‘Naughty.’ My own opinion is that it is much, much better than its colleague Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Tim Minchin’s hilarious lyrics is bringing it to life in a way that even Roald Dahl couldn’t. They might mumble about it in advance, but teens will come out as inspired as everyone else. C Wicked. The classic battle between good and evil is always a hit, and Wicked continues to draw visitors, ten years after its opening night in London. It’s the one show we’ve seen that my daughter is keen to see a second time, and it’s always a close call whether to go for something new, or this Wizard of Oz remake she loved so much. What I think works for teenagers is the whole ‘coming of age’ angle to the story, the suggestion that not all bad people

Facts and fiction

start out bad, and how a multitude of facets go into creating the person you eventually become.

D War Horse. If your teen isn’t keen on musicals, War Horse might be a good choice. There is music, but in a much less glitzy, showy way than the traditional musical theatre shows, and the real excellence of the production is the puppetry. I saw this with my husband, and initially I wondered if the men manipulating the puppet animals would distract me from enjoying the performance. It’s testimony to the brilliance of both the performers, and the models, that after only a few minutes, I totally forgot that there weren’t real horses on that stage. Any teenager who has enjoyed reading the Morpurgo classic in his younger years will love it. E The Mousetrap. Not closing down any time soon is The Mousetrap, which is in its 64th year in the West End. The Agatha Christie thriller continues to ask audience members at the end of the play not to reveal its ‘twist’ ending, and try as I might, I couldn’t discover it in online reviews. This show is so iconic as to be a must-see, and remembering how much I loved the easy reading style of a Christie novel as a teenager myself, it’s bound to be a hit with teens. F Billy Elliot. Definitely a show for children who have mastered an understanding of when and when not to swear, Billy Elliot is nevertheless gripping even for younger teenagers. I was concerned that the gritty subject matter of the miner’s strike, and the hardship that went with it, might be too dry for my then ten year old, but she absolutely loved it. The show is not without its frivolity to punctuate the serious nature of the topic, and it prompted a long discussion on our way home of the trade unions, and the working class struggle of the 1980’s which she found fascinating. G The Lion King is a great story to enjoy with kids. A young lion prince is born in Africa, thus making his uncle Scar the second in line to the throne. Scar plots with the hyenas to kill King Mufasa and Prince Simba, thus making himself King. The King is killed and Simba is led to believe by Scar that it was his fault, and so flees the kingdom in shame. After years of exile he is persuaded to return home to overthrow the usurper and claim the kingdom as his own thus completing the “Circle of Life”. I’ve added this one in because really, why not? I’d defy anyone, of any age, not to absolutely adore the staging, the costumes, and the story of this long-running West End show. We’ve seen it three times, and I’d totally go again – it’s the pinnacle of West End greatness for me. Absolutely brilliant!

Facts and fiction

1 Before you read: Love for the theater a) How often do you go to the theater? Why? Why not? b) Read the reasons why people go to the theater. Check the reasons you agree with. First and foremost, the theatre brings people together. For many, theatre has become a tradition. Theatre shows allow us to escape for a time being. Theatre performances can even help you deal with difficulties by going through similar situations with you. This can create a special energy that you can actually feel. Going to the theater builds the foundation for the future of theater, for future playwrights, directors, actors, and other creative professionals, so that humanity can continue the beautiful cycle of culture. You learn about other people, other cultures, other lives. It can inform your own life. It transports you into the world of the characters. It is a good experience, entertaining and a good night out. There is usually a good atmosphere.

2 The theater posters a) Look at the posters in the text. Can you guess what the play will be about? Example: I think the play will be about a funny, little girl who … . b) How can posters describe the play? Can the picture alone convey the main idea? Example: I think yes, for example, a black witch hat means that the play is about something horrible.

3 Matilda: Language to talk about impressions a) Remember how Matilda impressed the family. acting

setting

music

lyrics

the entire show

b) How did the show impress the girl? c) Have you ever felt the desire to start doing something new after reading a book or watching a movie? d) Read the texts again and answer the questions in the table on each play.

Facts and fiction Sample questions: 1 Wicked

2 War Hoarse

Tick the reasons why the girl likes the Wicked play?

Rephrase the word in italics

1. 2. 3. 4.

It is scary She likes the message of the play. Acting is superb! She understands it very well.

1. 2. 3. 4.

If your teen isn’t keen on musicals… the puppetry… and initially I wondered… I totally forgot…

3 The Mousetrap

4 Billy Elliot

Who wrote the Mousetrap? What is the genre of this story? Have you read any books by this author? What is amazing about this play?

Match the words with their definitions

5 The Lion King

6 For my folder: Final decision

Watch the play on YouTube. Discuss the plot with your classmates. Is the play different from the cartoon? How different?

Choose the play you would like to see and write reasons why?

master grip concerned prompt punctuate

stress, emphasize make people do or say sth manage hold the interest worried, troubled

4 Survey a) Read the following questions and choose some you would like to ask your classmates after the school show. Why did you come to the show? Do you know someone in the play? Was the ticket price.... too low/just right/too high? How many of the shows do you come to every year? Would you come to a show if you didn’t know someone in the cast? What has been your favorite show? What would you like to see? b) Complete a survey by adding your own questions. Conduct a survey. c) Report your results in class and make conclusions.

Words in action

1 Let’s add depth to language a) Label the pictures with the words: a bee, a bat, a kitten, a clam, a bug, coal, a monkey. What adjectives can you think of to describe each picture?

b) Complete the following similes with the words in a). Listen to the recording and check. as cute as….

as busy as…

as snug as……in a rug

as happy as….

as agile as…

as black as…

as blind as ….

c) Match the similes with their explanations as agile as a monkey

comparing someone’s level of energy to a fast-flying bee

as black as coal

comparing someone who is very cozy to how comfortable a bug can be in a rug

as happy as a clam

implying someone can move as well as a monkey does

as snug as a bug in a rug

comparing the color of something dark to the very-dark coal color

as cute as a kitten

indicating that the person cannot see any better than a bat

as blind as a bat

comparing someone’s happiness to the contentment of a clam

as busy as a bee

someone looks the way a kitten looks

2 Classification Put the words in the correct columns. Some words may go in more than one column. audition • lyrics • composer • playwright • observant • booking office • act • chapter • cover • book review • orchestra • arrogant • conflict • program • curtain • literary critic • soundtrack • action • plot • album • best-seller• instruments • interval • voice • loyal • passion • horror • fantasy • make-up •detective story• paperback • cast • fable• loving • Books

Theater

Characters

Music

Film

Words in action

3 Books you might write once a) These pictures are on the cover of some books. Create an attractive title for the book. Think what genre that can reflect. Example: I think that the title for cover 1 would be “The World Around Us.” It’s a good title, because it captures the overall idea of the author: be more attentive to the environment around us.

b) Think of a plot for your future book. What pictures would you have on the cover? What title would you come up with?

4 Reading journal a) Reading books in the original always helps to improve your language tremendously. Having a reading journal helps you better understand the book in the original. The template for your reading journal has you think more about the book. The title of the book: Treasure Island The author: Robert Louis Stevenson Time: the 18th century Main events (on the page)

Setting

Characters with some characteristics

P. 6 A beggar came to the house

Jim’s house

Jim Hawkins, a boy who lives with his parents in the inn.

Lines from the passage you like

b) Start reading a story from your Reading project section in the back of this textbook. Make notes in your reading journal as you read a story. c) Share your impressions with your friends.

Free section

Battle of the books

(Throughout the school year)

All over the world, the Battle of the books is an event held at a growing number of schools and universities. At the end of the school year, you can have one, too – maybe even together with other schools in your town or area. What is the “battle”? You take part in the competition by reading from the book list given to you by your teacher at the beginning of the school year. In the battle, you answer questions about the books you have read. Because the battle is held during the last two weeks of the school year, you have lots of time to read the books. The reading list may include books you have read before. It is a good idea to summarize each book which Section one: Questions you can then reread before the battle. In this section, you will be asked How does the competition work? specific questions about the In some countries, the day begins with a contents of a book. meeting in the cafeteria, a morning snack For example: and what the teams must do that day. Then How did James’s parents die? Describe Randolph Hellebore. students become team members and are sent Who is Red Kelly? to their first round of the “Battle.” They play several rounds, each against a different team. One teacher (or group of teachers) gives the Section two: Interpretation points. At the end of the morning, points are In this section, you have to do more added up and the two teams with the most than just repeat facts: You have to points are invited to a “Grand battle” after show your understanding of the lunch, with the other teams as their audience. characters, of their motives, and talk about the book itself. Other versions of the competition are For example: played in the afternoon only, with teams Name some of James’s special from one class or from different classes talents. What does he learn as a playing each other. boy that he can use later in the In the version presented here, there are three adult novels? three different sections. Each section Describe parts of the novel that features tasks that look at different aspects are very exciting. of the books. Here are some example At the end of the novel, George questions about the novel Silver fin by decides to help James. Do you Charlie Higson, a great book about the find this believable? childhood days of James Bond.

Free section

Section three: Creative writing In this final section, you will have to write your own texts. This can be in writing, but sometimes you might also be asked to do a role play with the characters in one of the books you‘ve read. For example: Write the plot for another Young James Bond novel, based on a James Bond movie. Write the plot for a similar novel based on another fictitious (female?) character. Imagine James meets George during the competition. What could happen between them? What could they say to each other? Act out their dialogue. Here are some of the books you have seen in Joy of English. You have only read parts of these books. Your teacher might like to add or take away some of the titles, depending on what kind of books you (and your teacher) are interested in: Lockhart, Sally The Ruby in the Smoke (in Year 8) Colfer, Eoin Benny and Omar (in Year 8) Stevenson, Robert Louis Treasure Island (in Year 8) White, Terence Hanbury The Legend of King Arthur (in Year 7) Wilde, Oscar The Canterville Ghost (in Year 7)

FAQS Here are the answers to some frequently asked questions (FAQs):

BATTLE

1. Do I have to read all the books on the list? No, you don’t. Most students read only about half of the books. The more you read, the easier it is to win the competition. In your team, there will be other students who have read only some of OF S T H E BOOK the books, too. 2. Do we need to have prizes for the winning teams? Absolutely! But keep them to a minimum. The idea is to read a lot, not to win big prizes. 3. Do we need other schools to have a battle or can we have one only at my school? It is best to start small. The first time you fight a battle, it is best to do it alone at your school. It is always good, however, to have other schools in your area “fight” their own battle. In the second year, plan on having an area-wide battle. Enjoy reading the books, have a good “battle” and good luck!

T3 50

Try it out!

Coraline by Neil Gaiman Read the text and do the exercises afterwards. Coraline discovered the door a little while after they moved into the house. It was a very old house – it had an attic under the roof and a cellar under the ground and an overgrown garden with huge old trees in it. Coraline’s family didn’t own all of the house, it was too big for that. Instead they owned part of it. There were other people who lived in the old house. Miss Spink and Miss Forcible lived in the flat below Coraline’s, on the ground floor. They were both old and round, and they lived in their flat with a number of ageing highland terriers who had names like Hamish and Andrew and Jock. Once upon a time Miss Spink and Miss Forcible had been actresses, as Miss Spink told Coraline the first time she met her. “You see, Caroline,” Miss Spink said, getting Coraline’s name wrong, “Both myself and Miss Forcible were famous actresses, in our time. We trod the boards, luvvy. Oh, don’t let Hamish eat the fruit cake, or he’ll be up all night with his tummy.” “It’s Coraline. Not Caroline. Coraline,” said Coraline. In the flat above Coraline’s, under the roof, was a crazy old man with a big moustache. He told Coraline that he was training a mouse circus. He wouldn’t let anyone see it. “One day, little Caroline, when they are all ready, everyone in the whole world will see the wonders of my mouse circus. You ask me why you cannot see it now. Is that what you asked me?” “No,” said Coraline quietly, “I asked you not to call me Caroline. It’s Coraline.” “The reason you cannot see the Mouse Circus,” said the man upstairs, “is that the mice are not yet ready and rehearsed. Coraline didn’t think there really was a mouse circus. She thought the old man was probably making it up. The day after they moved in, Coraline went exploring. She explored the garden. It was a big garden: at the very back was an old tennis court, but no-one in the house played tennis and the fence around the court had holes in it and the net had mostly rotted away; there was an old rose garden, filled with stunted, flyblown rose-bushes; there was a rockery that was all rocks; there was a fairy ring, made of squidgy brown toadstools which smelled dreadful if you accidentally trod on them. There was also a well. Miss Spink and Miss Forcible made a point of telling Coraline how dangerous the well was, on the first day Coraline’s family moved in, and warned her to be sure she kept away from it. So Coraline set off to explore for it, so that she knew where it was, to keep away from it properly.

A Reading 1 Read the sentences and choose the correct answers. a. Coraline and her family moved into 1) the big house. 2) the old house. b. Coraline’s parents 1) owned the entire house. 2) owned part of the house. c. Hamish and Andrew and Jock were 1) dogs. 2) cats. d. Miss Spink called the girl 1) Coraline. 2) Cara. 2 Read the questions and choose the correct answers a. When did Coraline start exploring the new place? 1) on the day they moved. 2) after the day they moved.

3) the new house. 3) rented the flat. 3) mice. 3) Caroline. 3) in three days.

Try it out! b. What could happen if Hamish ate some fruit cake? 1) It could want more. 2) It could sleep. c. What did Coraline ask the old man? 1) to let her see the mice. 2) to stop calling her Caroline. d. Why didn’t Coraline want to see the mice? 1) She didn’t believe the 2) She was afraid of mice. old man. e. Why did Coraline want to explore the well? 1) to keep away from it. 2) to play around it.

3). It could get sick. 3) to show her around. 3) the mice were not ready. 3) to make sure it was dangerous.

B Skills

1 Make nouns from these verbs a. own b. train c. wonder e. explore f. play g. smell

d. rehearse h. warn

C Language

Think of Coraline and choose adjectives to describe her character. Explain why you think so. curious • adventurous • shy • attentive • naughty • noisy • smart • sociable

D Mediation and communication

With a partner answer the following questions. a. Why did Coraline want to explore the place? b. How old could the girl be? c. Did she continue exploring the grounds after she found a well? Why? Why not? d. Why do children like to see new places? 51

E Listening

Listen to the continuation of the story about Coraline and complete the sentences. a. Coraline spent first two weeks 1) exploring the garden and the grounds. 2) playing with the cat. 3) looking for a hedgehog. b. One day it was raining, Coraline wanted 1) to read a book. 2) to watch a movie. 3) to explore. c. Watching TV, she got interested in 1) a school program 2) a natural history program 3) stock market. d. Her parents worked 1) far from home. 2) from home. 3) at a nearby market.

F Writing

1 Complete the text about Coraline. The title of the story is ……………. . It was written by …………… I think that the title for this story is good because ………………The story takes place in ………. times. The main character is …………. I believe that the most important theme in this story is …………….. The reason I think so is that …….. 2 Your opinion Do you think Coraline is curious? Why? Why not?

Revision

1 So – such Complete the sentences with so or such. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

That new song is … cool that it hit the top ten within a week of being released. Martha is … a good cook that she is writing her own book of family recipes. I don’t know if that is … a good idea. Maybe we should try something else. She has … many books that she needs two more bookshelves to put them on. That takes … little time and effort that you might as well do it yourself. Please, don’t drive … fast. I’m terrified we’re going to have an accident. He speaks … slowly. They are such enthusiastic young people.

2 Too – enough Fill in the correct word: too or enough. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I left the coffee for a minute to cool because it was … hot to drink. He wasn’t strong … to lift that heavy box. There aren’t …books in the library. Do you have … information to help me with this problem? This book is …difficult for a little child. I don’t have … time to prepare this project. He didn’t work hard … to pass the exam. She was … tired to walk.

3 More similies Make more similes and use them in your stories.

brave – lion

thin – toothpick

different – night and day

bright – button sweet – sugar

4 Who or which? Complete the sentences with the relative pronouns who or which. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

That’s Peter, the boy …. has just arrived at the airport. Thank you very much for your e-mail…. was very interesting. Mr Richards …. is a taxi driver, lives on the corner. We often visit our aunt in Norwich… is in East Anglia. This is the girl … comes from Australia. He bought all the tools … are required to fix his old car. This is the girl … he fell in love with in Barcelona. I don’t know … did it.

Revision

Going to school in Australia Read the text and do the exercises afterwards. A teacher from Manchester has been teaching for a year in Australia. She has written this text about the Australian school system for her class back home. Here in Australia the school year starts at the beginning of February, after the long summer holidays, and there are four terms of 9–10 weeks each. The school day usually starts at about 8 am, Monday to Friday, going on until 2.30 or 3 pm. After that we have extra activities like music and drama. The Australians are crazy about sport, rugby and cricket being especially popular. Education is organized by the individual states (New South Wales, Queensland, etc.). In each state there are free schools (“government schools”) attended by almost 70 % of all Australian students. The other 30–40 % go to fee-paying independent schools. At both types of school the students usually wear uniform. All children must start school by the age of 6 (earlier in some states), and they must stay at school until they are 15 (when they are usually in Year 10), with most Australian students staying on until the end of the final Year 12. The national curriculum regulates what Australians learn at both government and independent schools in all states. The eight main subject areas are Maths, Society and the Environment, Science, the Arts, Economics, Technology, Health and Physical Education – and English. English is a second language for many students in Australia – for immigrants and Aboriginal families. Special English lessons are very important in the Northern Territory, where there are a large number of Aboriginal students (33 %). This territory is huge, with outback desert, tropical rainforest, few towns, and a very scattered population. One answer to this problem is the “School of the Air”, a radio service offering schooling for younger children in isolated areas. It was started in Alice Springs in the 1950s. This system has developed, and today multimedia IT is an important aspect of distance education for all ages. Now a good education can be given to children in Aboriginal settlements and in isolated small schools and farms in the outback. Not surprisingly, distance learning systems are used in almost all states in Australia.

1 Understanding the text: Australian schools a) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Are these sentences right or wrong? Or is the information not in the text?

Australian students often spend time in school after normal/official lessons are over. Most students in Australia leave school when they are 15. There are official exams at the end of Year 12. Many immigrant students come from countries where English is not the first language. 5. In the Northern Territory almost all the people live in towns. 6. “Distance learning” is an education system for Aboriginals only. b) Correct the sentences that are wrong.

c) What is different about schools in Ukraine? Copy this grid, then make notes about the school year, the school day, and the subjects.

Australia

Ukraine

starts – Feb.

…

Check-in

Unit 5 The world speaks English 52

A Canada Population: 33 million (36th in the world) Area: 9.9 million square kilometers (2nd) Independent from Britain since: Legal independence in 1982. Canada with its forests, tundra, the Rocky Mountains, and big cities with skyscrapers has a strong European feeling too: Canada has a large-French speaking population. Besides, the British monarchy portrait on Canadian money is just another reminder that Canada and the UK still share the same head of state. For tourists it is often surprising how some places in British Columbia and Quebec can look, sound and feel almost more British than Britain or more French than France.

B Australia Population: 21 million (53rd in the world) Area: 7.7 square kilometers (6th) Independent from Britain since: 1901 (British monarch still head of state) Australia or ‘down under’ has been a continent for 50 million years, completely separated from the rest of the world, so it’s no wonder that Australia’s animal world has become unique. Lots of visitors to Australia love the endlessness of the dry outback, where you can drive for days without seeing another car. There are many deserts and rainforests, but they aren’t the best places for settlement. That’s why most people live on or near the coasts and that’s where the big cities have grown. Australia is the perfect place with its warm climate and beautiful coasts.

1 Let’s talk: What do you think about these countries? a) What interesting or exciting things did you like about these countries? Use the ‘Useful phrases’ box to describe your feelings. Example: I find Canada …..because you can ….there. b) Work with your partner. What country would your friend like to visit first? Last? Why?

Useful phrases extremely exciting quite amazing worth visiting completely out of this world pretty cool too brilliant for words

Check-in

C India Population: 1.1 billion (2nd in the world after China) Area: 3.1 square kilometers (7th) Independent from Britain since: 1947. India is rich in culture and tradition. English is not the mother tongue for most Indians – there are over 20 other languages, as well as many dialects of the main language Hindi. But English is used a lot in government and business. India has become a huge success story in the IT industry. Although India is a poor country, many people who love its culture never actually go to see the poverty in the streets and the country. They travel to enjoy what they like most – food, music, and films. Bollywood films with their love stories have millions of fans everywhere in the world.

D The USA Population: 324.227 billion (3rd in the world) Area: 22.294 square kilometers (4th) Independent from Britain since: 1776 The current 50-star American flag was designed by a 17-year-old as a school project in 1958. According to the World Giving Index, Americans are the most likely people in the world to help a stranger. The day Congress voted the country free from British rule is July 2, 1776. July 4 is just when John Hancock put the first signature on the Declaration of Independence to spread the word. The United States has dozens of major cities, including 31 ‘global cities’: New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington DC, Boston, San Francisco, Miami, and Atlanta. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers combine to form the longest river system in the US and the fourth longest in the world. The tallest mountain in the US is Mt McKinley, located in the state of Alaska. It reaches 20,320 ft (6,194 m) above sea level. Hawaii is the most recent of the 50 states in the US (joining in 1959) and is the only one made up entirely of islands.

2 Let’s listen: What country are they talking about? Look at the photos and listen. What counties are students talking about? Example: I think Jake (Ram, Cindy, Victoria) is talking about ….

Check-in

DID YOU KNOW?

• English is the language of many lands (it’s the official language of 67 countries) • English originates from Old English, which is its earliest historical form from the 5th century. There was no punctuation until the 15th century. • The oldest Old English word still used today that has the same direct meaning is ‘town’. Town has kept the same meaning as its original Old English word “tun” meaning area of dwelling. • The most widely used English word is ‘the’.

• The legendary playwright was responsible for many of the things we say and write today. These include the words ‘fashionable’, ‘advertising’ and ‘laughable’, and the phrase ‘fight fire with fire’, which means to respond to attack with a similar form of attack. • A new word is added to the dictionary every two hours. • ‘Go.’ is the shortest grammatically correct sentence in English

3 Let’s talk: Facts a) Read the fact file about English and complete the grid. The most widely used word

The oldest The shortest Modern words from word word Shakespearean time

Any new words to add in the dictionary now?

b) Speak with your partner and ask his/her understanding of the fact file. Example: A: What words from Shakespearean time do you know? B: As a matter of fact, my favorite word from that time is …

4 Team activity: Impressions of the countries a) In groups of four, choose one statement you like the most. 1. “When you come to live in the USA, you feel at home right away.” 2. “Why leave Canada? Where else would you want to be?” 3. “Indians are the Italians of Asia and vice versa. Every man is a singer when he is happy, and every woman is a dancer when she walks to the shop at the corner. For them, food is the music inside the body and music is the food inside the heart.” – Gregory David Roberts 4. “The people are immensely likable – cheerful, extrovert, quick-witted, and obliging. Their cities are safe and clean and nearly always built on water. The food is excellent. The sun nearly always shines. There is coffee on every corner. Life doesn’t get much better than this.” b) Each member of the group takes one of the statements and forms a new group with other students who have the same one. In your new group, discuss the statement: What does it tell you about the country, the people there, or the speaker?

5 For my folder Find out more interesting and funny facts about English. Make an e-poster and present it to the class.

the present perfect progressive

Language 1

1 Diego’s diner Diners are very popular with New Yorkers for breakfast, lunch, and for snacks at any time. Diego has been working in his own diner for two years now. But it is hard work. He has been cooking since seven o’clock this morning and four hours later he still hasn’t had a break. Look at the pictures and decide which sentence describes which picture.

A. I hope these eggs are not mine. You left them on that plate five minutes ago, and since then they’ve just been getting cold there. B. Where are our breakfasts? Come on! We’ve been waiting for fifteen minutes already. C. Mmm! Delicious! Your bagels are the best, Diego! That’s why I’ve been coming here since January! D. Er…Oh, this is hopeless. I’ve been trying to get his attention since I came in, but the waiter doesn’t notice me! E. Hey, Diego. Someone put these three dollars on the counter for you ages ago. If you don’t want them, I’ll take them!

2 Describe the situation in the diner a) Put the correct parts together and write the sentences down. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Diego has been cooking Some people have been waiting Someone has been coming The eggs have been getting Three dollars have been lying One customer has been trying

for their breakfasts to get Diego’s attention on the counter to Diego’s diner without a break cold on the plate

for ages. since 7 o’clock. for five minutes. for fifteen minutes. since she came in. since last January.

b) Look at the examples of the present perfect progressive. How do you form this tense?

3 Find the rules Look at the time phrases in your sentences from exercise 1. Compare the words and phrases that are used with for and with since. Explain when you use which preposition.

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Language 1

the present perfect progressive

4 What do Diego’s customers say to each other? 1) Find the correct answers and complete them with for and since. Listen and check. Example: 1. Be patient! We’ve only been waiting for a minute. 1. Where are our eggs and bacon? …

a. Mine too. It’s been giving me loud signals ⃝ hours.

2. Do you want another bagel, too? …

b. Be patient! We’ve only been waiting ⃝ a minute.

3. Hm. I can’t decide what to order. …

c. I know. It’s been raining ⃝ the last five minutes.

4. My stomach is really empty. …

d. No, thanks. I’ve been trying not to eat them ⃝ last Friday.

5. Poor Diego looks tired. …

e. Come on. You’ve been looking at them ⃝… ages.

6. Hey! Am I late? …

f. No wonder. He’s been working …⃝ early this morning.

7. Look! It’s wet outside now. …

g. Yes! I’ve been standing here ⃝ half past twelve.

b) How long have some customers been coming to the diner? Make sentences with since. Diego / open the diner/ • I /start/ Start: I’ve been coming here since Diego to work in the area • I /discover the opened the diner. delicious bagel • the diner in the next Student B: I’ve been coming here since I… street / close • a friend / first ring me (any more ideas?) 5 Mark’s story a) Complete the correct present perfect progressive forms with for or since. “I was born in Ukraine but I …….(live) in Canada … 2014. My first language is Ukrainian, but I ….. (speak) English …a long time. My business is good; it …..(grow) fast … I started it. I …..(work) here …two years now, and some customers …..(come) …the first day. I am so busy that I …..(look) for an assistant …Christmas.

My wife has her own job. She …..(drive) Sky trains …ten years, and she enjoys it. Our kids are still too young to help. Anyway, they …… dream of other jobs…they started to think about the future. Elena wants to be a dancer. She …..(dance) …she was able to walk. And Rob is crazy about basketball. He …..(play) on the school team … two years already.”

b) Say how long you and your family or friends have been doing things. Example: We’ve been travelling since Monday.

the present perfect progressive

Language 1

6 How to: Get someone’s attention Make dialogues for these situations. The useful phrases can help you to start. Example: 1. A: Over here, please! I’d like a glass of juice. – B: Sure, … 1. You are trying to get a glass of juice on a plane. 2. Before you can pay for a ticket a man pushes in front of you. 3. You aren’t the only one who wants to talk to the guide. 4. You are in a restaurant. So far the waiter hasn’t noticed you. 5. The assistant in the travel agency is phoning a friend. 6. Everyone is asking the star to sign their program. You, too!

Useful phrases Excuse me! Over here, please! I’d like to order, please! Hey, it’s my turn! Just a moment! Could you please help me?

b) Look at the pictures and decide which sentence (1–6) describes the picture.

Everyday English

1 Different phrases for different feelings

Useful phrases

a) Check Useful phrases box for different feelings you can experience when travelling. Start four lists with these headings: happiness, expectation, surprise, sympathy.

I didn’t expect that! •I’m really enjoying it. • I’m looking forward to. • How terrible! • I hope…• I wish I could help! • That’s amazing! • I never felt so good! • it’s very sad. • I’m on top of the world. • I think it’ll be…I am on cloud nine. • I’m a happy camper. • I’m jumping for joy. • It upsets me. • I’m sorry to hear that. • That’s too bad. • What can I do to help? • Is there anything I can do for you? • Would you like to talk about it? • What’s the matter? • You seem sad. Tell me all about it. • Why the long face?

Happiness Expectation Surprise Sympathy

b) Respond to the remarks using Useful phrases as in the example.

Example: A: You know what? David has lost his mobile phone. B: How terrible! But Theft Alerts can help.

1. Something has bitten me. It hurts so much. 2. I have been standing in the line for five hours! 3. I won a trip to Egypt! 4. I have been sitting in the sun since morning. I feel dizzy. 5. Eventually I have seen the Buckingham Palace. 6. I miss my family. I need to see them as soon as possible. 7. My vacation has been really spontaneous. 8. I am a brave adventurer. 9. My trip to Australia cost me an arm and a leg. 10. I am under the weather. I am singing the blues.

2 Let’s listen: Dialogues

Listen to the dialogues and complete the gaps with the phrases. A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B:

I need help …………my vacation. make your reservations Sure, where would you like to go? to spend on I ………….. where to go yet. planning Do you enjoy warm or cold climates? tropical climate I am thinking that I might enjoy a …………... I have some brochures here that you might like to look at. These look great! haven’t decided Do you know how much you want………. this vacation? I have about a thousand dollars to spend on this trip. Well, take these brochures, and get back to me when you want to………

Idea bank I need help: planning my vacation, making a plane reservation, making a hotel reservation, buying a plane ticket, booking a flight online

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Everyday English

3 Let’s listen: Two different stories

a) Before you listen: Are you always happy when you go on a trip? Why? Why not? Describe a situation when you felt extremely happy or disappointed? b) Listen to Gita’s and Jack’s stories about India. How do they feel? What makes them feel so?

c) Listen to the stories again and find captions for the pictures. Example: Picture 1 is a street hawker (selling food at the door) Continue…

4 India a) These sentences have been jumbled. Decide with your partner which sentences describe positive experience and which sentences talk about depressing impressions. Write them in two columns. Every time I set my foot at Delhi Airport and smell the muggy and humid air I hate it. The cities are so polluted your throat hurts. I can’t explain what I like about India. Conversely the tiger preserves and farming country are delightful. Women are beautifully dressed and yet nowhere in professional life except for a very few. The beggars are miserable. Perhaps, it is simple things like street hawkers coming to your door to sell vegetables and fruits etc. I wonder why I love India, perhaps it is sense of belonging, not feeling odd because of your accent, your long hair, being able to put mehndi on without others wondering. Just the feeling of home makes me want to go to India. I see no evidence the government is doing anything about the open sewers, road safety. b) Look at these two columns in your notebook and explain what makes sentences belong to these columns. Example: I think this sentence sounds positive because of the adjective “delightful” or “It is good that people take care of their country.” Positive experience

Depressing impressions

The tiger preserves are delightful

She smelt the muggy and humid air

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Everyday English

5 Travel is a form of learning a) Let’s take one reason to travel which is “Travel is a form of learning” and look at the supporting points. • • ✔• • • • • • •

You learn because real life experience is outside the classroom; you learn the native language of the place you’re going to visit; you learn how the cultures around the world vary; you learn the nation’s history; you discover nature; you learn to do new things; you learn new social skills; you learn to be independent; you learn about yourself.

b) Work with your partner and decide which supporting point is explained by the expressions in the table below. Example: I think phrases in the first column can describe learning the country’s culture 1

arts and crafts, food and fashion, habits of the people living in that place.

self discovery, face your fears, realize your hidden potential, change your priorities, appreciate the present moment, break your routine.

appreciate nature in all its glory, the chirping sounds of the birds, the songs of the rivers, the howling of animals.

you’re pretty much forced to be outgoing and meet new people, you practice in talking to lots of people, you practice meeting people from many different countries, you practice the process of making friends, you practice in hanging around people one-on-one and in groups.

c) Make a list of possible phrases for other supporting points, that were not mentioned in the table. d) Discuss every supporting point with your friend. e) Take reasons for travelling from Ex.1, p.104 and follow the same procedure: develop supporting points and explain them in detail. is a way of meeting other peoples

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getting in touch with a source of career other cultures development

Everyday English

6 Let’s listen: My Calcutta Amina recalls her life in Calcutta many years ago. a) Listen and write notes (Who? Where? What?). b) Answer the questions. Was Amina raised in India? Did she spend summer with her parents? Did she run barefoot? Did she play golf? Did she watch TV? Did she play the computer? Was she awarded for her good behavior? Did she buy milk in the store? Were Amina’s children born in India? c) Listen again and find the correct answers to the questions where you answered “no”.

7 Arguments What’s your impression about the sentence “Women are beautifully dressed and yet they are nowhere in professional life except for a very few”? Why? a) Learn the right phrases to say what you think and to answer other people. Put these phrases into two lists: One list is for “I agree phrases” and another list is for “I think I disagree.” Well, it’s true that… but … As you can see, …. I think it’s quite clear that… I see what you mean but… Yes, don’t forget that… It’s obvious that… Now, I’m sure you’ll agree that… You may be right, but in my opinion, … I’m afraid, I don’t agree… I’d like to make another point. b) With your partner discuss the saying about women’s role in different societies worldwide. Use the phrases from the boxes to support your partner’s opinion or disagree with your partner. Support bank They voice their opinion and get equal rights. Women are seen as wives who cook, clean, and take care of the kids. They don’t work. That’s the result of discrimination. Women can reach their goals. They get a good education and well-paying jobs. Women are faced with more responsibility than men.

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Get fit!

Take part in a discussion Discussions are a great way to solve problems, find the appropriate solutions and suggest some recommendations. However, you need to remember some ground rules to have a good discussion. First step is to collect information about the topic you are going to discuss. Then learn how to present your arguments. Learn the right phrase to say what you think and to answer other people. Now, you are ready to have a discussion. Remember some ground rules: use only positive language, respect each other, and relate to your friend’s opinions, using the phrases on page 103.

1 Get ready to talk Skim the text and decide whether it is useful or interesting for you. With your partner collect what you have learned about youth travel. Use mind maps or clusters to present the information. Youth travel is important because it is a market for the future – not just for the future development of the young people themselves, but also the places they visit. WYSE Travel Confederation research shows that young travelers often spend more than other tourists. What’s more, young travelers are the pioneers who discover new destinations, because they are at the cutting edge of using new technology. Young travelers gain cultural benefits from their travel, and contribute to the places they visit. For young people travel is a form of learning, a way of meeting other people, getting in touch with other cultures. Travel is a source of career development. Travel is a means of self-development. Travel is part of young peoples’ identity – you are where you’ve been.

2 Let’s discuss Do you agree or disagree with the statement that travelling is a means of selfdiscovery? Why? a) Collect the information about the topic. b) Practice presenting your arguments. For example: I believe that travelling makes you far more confident as it forces you to cope with a series of challenging situations, giving you the assurance that you ARE capable of doing things that you perhaps previously thought you weren’t. These situations can come in all forms – meeting new people, getting lost, having your possessions stolen – but the feeling of overcoming each one will always be the same and equally rewarding. c) If you answer other people’s arguments, be always polite. For example: I do agree with you that travelling makes you far more confident. I would like to add that travelling makes you more interesting. All these stories that you’ll come back with make travelers such fascinating people. d) Continue discussing the statement. e) Write a report on the statement “Travel is a source of career development.”

104

Overhead

1 Let’s listen: English is everywhere Listen to the lecturer speaking about English as a global language. Tick (V) if the statement has been mentioned by the speaker. 1. The English speaking world had a population of just eight million in 1603. 2. English is usually based on the standards of either American English or British English. 3. The British empire controlled a quarter of the planet in the beginning of the 20th century. 4. English became the world language after the WW II. 5. Basic Global English is based on a 750-word vocabulary. 6. Because of the US leading role, English is everywhere.

2 Let’s listen: On top of the world Before you listen: What things help people to be on the top of the world? Listen to the song. Were you right?

“On Top Of The World” If you love somebody Better tell them while they’re here ’cause They just may run away from you You’ll never know quite when, well Then again it just depends on How long of time is left for you I’ve had the highest mountains I’ve had the deepest rivers You can have it all but life keeps moving I take it in but don’t look down ‘Cause I’m on top of the world, ‘ay I’m on top of the world, ‘ay Waiting on this for a while now Paying my dues to the dirt I’ve been waiting to smile, ‘ay Been holding it in for a while, ‘ay Take you with me if I can Been dreaming of this since a child I’m on top of the world.

I’ve tried to cut these corners Try to take the easy way out I kept on falling short of something I coulda gave up then but Then again I couldn’t have ’cause I’ve traveled all this way for something I take it in but don’t look down ‘Cause I’m on top of the world, ‘ay I’m on top of the world, ‘ay Waiting on this for a while now Paying my dues to the dirt I’ve been waiting to smile, ‘ay Been holding it in for a while, ‘ay Take you with me if I can Been dreaming of this since a child I’m on top of the world. And I know it’s hard when you’re falling down And it’s a long way up when you hit the ground Get up now, get up, get up now.

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Facts and fiction

1 Before you read a) Think what you know about the USA and Australia including big cities, weather, people, sports, interesting facts, flora, fauna, nature, and food. b) Read the text and compare if you have that information on your list.

What Australians think about Americans A. Now being Australian I have to admit that I still don’t believe anywhere really beats the Australian coast, but I’m going to go out on a limb here and say that America’s coastline matches it. You should see the stunning scenery down Oregon highway 101, or Big Sur in California, or the Outer Banks of North Carolina. B. In Australia, college football is huge and cheerleading is a sport. I’ll never forget rocking up to my first college football event in the US and the stadium was full of about 40,000 screaming fans. The whole town was there. Not only that but there were brass bands, baton twirlers, and cheerleaders. Now these cheerleaders are not your run of the mill pom-pom shaking girls you might find at half-time in Australia – they are expert acrobats. C. Many students you meet at US universities are from other parts of the country. It seems something of an American tradition to broaden one’s horizons by applying to study in a different state. This is handy because it allows you to meet people from all over the country in a short period of time. But at the same time, I met many Americans who, once their studies were done, were happy to settle somewhere and not travel again, despite having never left the country. In contrast, Australians tend to go to university in their home city, and embark on an international trip during a gap year or over summer or once studies are finished. I seem to run into Australians wherever I go in the world. Many of them have never travelled outside their home state within Australia though! D. There are so many levels of eating out in the US. There are three main “food groups” I miss when I’m back home in Oz. The hamburger, for one thing, is a national art form and you can get it everywhere. The crispiest bacon, the freshest ingredients, cooked exactly how you like it, my mouth is watering just thinking about it. I also miss American style barbeque. If you’ve ever been to a Buffalo Wild Wings you’ll know what I mean. Ribs, wings and fries with barbeque sauce. And celery sticks and iced tea. Yes, yes, you can get this sort of food anywhere in the Western world but again, you can’t get it as good

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Facts and fiction

anywhere as the US has it. (And this is coming from a guy from a country with a strong barbeque tradition).

E. In Australia, or at least in Sydney, a stranger that talks to people randomly is safely (and sadly) assumed to be insane, or annoying. In America, everyone talks to you. It’s the norm. I love that. Americans that I met at work or college would be instantly inviting me to parties or on snowboarding trips. Some of those friends have given me more love and support than I ever knew back home in Australia. Also, America is the only place where I’ve sat in a park (in Portland), feeling glum and lonely and depressed, and had a homeless man walk up to me in his rags and say “Don’t worry man. Everything’s going to work out.” That blew my mind. F. They have loads of dangerous animals but worry about Australia’s snakes and spiders. In the US, you can be gored by a grizzly bear, trampled by a bison, torn to shreds by a coyote, or bitten by a bobcat, yet they kept asking me how I deal with Australia’s ‘dangerous wildlife’! Yeah, those kangaroos and koalas are pretty scary… G. The Internet is fast… really fast. The US has the best internet in the world. And why not, since they invented it. And nobody from the internet company will ever ask you how much you need your download limit to be. It’s always unlimited. Brilliant. I realize though this says more about the shoddiness of Australian internet than anything else… 61

What Americans think about Australians A. Australia is called the land down under because it is below the equator. It is one of the seven continents of the world. It is also a country. The first people to live in Australia were aborigines. Aboriginal means first. They were like first Native Americans. Today there are still aborigines in Australia. Some live on reservations, some live on ranches (called stations or property) or in cities. You can see some examples of their beautiful art if you visit Australia. B. Australia is like the United States in many ways. Most people live in or near cities. They speak English. Australia is made up of six states and two territories. It is about the size of the United States (not including Alaska.) Canberra is the capital of Australia. C. The weather in Australia is warm and pleasant. The warmest months in Australia happen when it is winter in the United States.

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Facts and fiction

January and February are the warmest months, with average temperatures between 65° and 70° F. June and July are the coldest months, with an average July temperature of about 50° F, except in the Australian Alps, where temperatures average 35° F.

D. The middle part of the country is called the outback. The outback does not get very much rain and is very dry. Not very many people live in the outback. In the outback, there are some sheep and cattle ranches (property). There are about ten times more sheep than people in Australia. Sheep are raised for wool and for meat. In Australia, what Americans call a ranch is known as a station. Stations are very big. Some stations are so big they have to use planes to keep track of the animals. There are not many schools in the outback. Children who live on stations and cannot get to school use a two-way radio to hear their teachers’ lessons. E. The most famous animals in Australia are marsupials. A marsupial is a mammal that has a pouch to carry its young. Some kangaroos can jump 30 feet. The koala sometimes stays in the same tree for days and is endangered. The Great Barrier Reef is also in Australia. It is made up of coral and algae. Corals are tiny invertebrate animals. The Great Barrier Reef is about 1250 miles long. There is a channel of water that separates the reef from the Queensland coast. It is the largest deposit of coral in the world. It is also the world’s largest living structure. F. Captain James Cook claimed Australia for England in 1770. It was first used as a prison colony by the English. The first free settlers landed in Sydney in 1793. Today Sydney is Australia’s largest city. The Sydney Opera House is one of the most unique buildings in the world. Australia’s national sport is cricket. Cricket is a little bit like American baseball but it is played with eleven players and wickets. Australia won the Cricket World Cup in 1999 and 2003. Another favorite sport in Australia is Australian Rules Football. It is a little bit like soccer and rugby. Rugby and soccer are also extremely popular. Australia is also famous for the boomerang. The aborigines used the boomerang as a weapon. Today, children use it as a toy.

2 Similar and different a) Read the text and fill in the table. If you don’t have necessary information look in the textbook Year 7 for Ukraine or search the Internet.

nickname first people

108

The USA

Australia

Ukraine

melting pot

down under / Oz

Facts and fiction

language capital the warmest month the coldest month farms (names) animals national sport food people it is famous for a) Compare or contrast the three countries. Use the phrases from the box. Follow the example. Example: The warmest months in Australia are January and February, while in Ukraine they are the coldest. English is spoken in both Australia and the USA. People are generous in Ukraine. The same is true about the USA and Australia. to contrast

to compare

however in contrast opposite to whereas while

likewise both Ukraine and the USA the same is true about as….as like

3 Writing texts: Your own idea a) Work alone or with a partner. First choose a country. Then use books or the Internet to find facts to present the country. Write a short text of 8-10 sentences for your folder. b) Use your text from a) and prepare a “Did you know poster?” for your classroom. Use photos or draw pictures that go with your texts. c) Imagine you have a travel club meeting. Present the country you would like to go to.

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Words in action

1 Fun with words and countries a) Find as many words for your table as you can to describe the countries

cities

culture

traditions

geography symbols

people

hobbies

b) If you want to add more categories, you are welcome.

2 Word formation Some words can be verbs and nouns. If you already know one form of the word, you can understand the other forms. a) Write the sentences where you use nouns as verbs. Example: That was a smell of a real Australian barbeque. I smelled a real Australian barbeque. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I had a visit from my brother. There was a change in his voice at age 13. She felt the touch of snowflakes on her face. He did not like the sound of their composition. You can observe the travels of the planets around the sun.

b) Write the sentences where these words are used as verbs and nouns. force, wonder, accent, dress, break, practice, control.

3 Be an editor! Read the e-mail below. In every sentence, there is an extra word. Underline this word. Women are in an integral part of today’s society. They have a an active social life. They participate in at various social and cultural functions. A woman today is no longer lags behind the man in the most occupations. She plays the games of football, of cricket, and hockey. She draws the attention of to the world as an athlete. The women can no more be kept in behind the curtains doing only domestic duties. Our society is what accepting the wider participation of women. They are working as if pilots; and they are even holding the helm of a country’s administration. The women now work in offices both together as clerks and as officers. They participate at Assemblies and Parliaments as than the people’s representatives. Women, with her intelligence and personality, protect the family from out disruptions and disintegration.

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Words in action

4 Your decision Sort the words: What do you need for a trip to Australia and the USA in January? In some cases you’ll need similar items, however, most items will be different. Why? coat • pants • ski parka • athletic shoes • sungalsses • tooth brush • tooth paste • shampoo • E-reader • travel pillow • travel adapter • dress • charges • swimsuit • one pair of jeans • light jacket • gloves • long sleeve top • scarf • vest • sandals • flip-flops • earmuffs • thermal underwear • wide brimmed hat • umbrella • jumper • anorak The USA Australia Obligatory items

Optional items

Obligatory items

Optional items

5 Travel phrases a) Match the words to make a good travel phrase 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 62

broaden meet gain get learn

a. b. c. d. e.

people in touch with a career new social skills horizons

6. develop 7. sell 8. run 9. smell 10. see

f. g. h. i. j.

vegetables cultural benefits the muggy air no evidence barefoot

b) Listen and check your answers. c) Remember the situations where these travel phrases are used.

Yo u ca n alrea dy

✔✔ Describe the English-speaking countries. ✔✔ Describe your impressions of the countries. ✔✔ Use the present progressive tense. ✔✔ Get people’s attention using useful phrases. ✔✔ Support your ideas with specific arguments.

✔✔ Describe different feelings. ✔✔ Discuss women’s role in different societies.

✔✔ Use the discussion rules. ✔✔ Contrast and compare countries by finding similarities and differences between countries.

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Try it out!

I would like to take the opportunity to share some of my impressions and thoughts about Australia, far away country. The trip was long and tiresome. The flight from Kyiv to Australia is very long, but when you step foot on this far away continent and see this beauty the long trip seems less burdensome. Our destination was Melbourne. It is a modern and beautiful city with wonderful architecture, wide and endless boulevards, fast and comfortable transportation, and large green parks. Despite the fact that it is an industrial country the oceans that encircle the continent are surprisingly clean and clear. Melbourne is a rich commercial center, a very lively metropolis. Sydney was our second stop. The architecture and the national parks of this city exceeded in beauty and splendor those of our first stop. Sidney is considered one of the most beautiful cities of the world. Together, these two cities, Melbourne and Sydney, represent Australia. The country has been beautifully developed and has managed to use in a positive way the manpower that arrived from all parts of Asia and Europe. The inhabitants of the country took advantage of the land’s natural resources and at the same time they showed great respect for the environment. It is a multicultural society, though the leading ethnicity is Anglo-Saxon. The country’s democratic system is mirrored by the security and prosperity that it offers to its citizens. Here young people can find opportunities for advancement and old age is treated with reverence and respect. The latter is the element that distinguishes the level of civilization of any country. Generally speaking, Australia is a modern country that offers many possibilities of development and progress.

A Reading 1 Read the text. Are these sentences right or wrong? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The trip to Australia was exciting. First, they arrived in Melbourne. Melbourne is heavily polluted. Sydney is a beautiful city. Many people from different countries came to work in Australia.

6. P eople in Australia waste their natural resources. 7. It’s a multinational country. 8. The elderly are protected by the government.

2 For sentences choose the correct answer 1, 2 or 3. a) I ………to take the opportunity to share some of my impressions and thoughts about Australia. 1) would like 2) should 3) like b) The country …… beautifully developed. 1) was 2) has been 3) will have been c) Sidney ………………… one of the most beautiful cities of the world. 1) is considered 2) considers 3) had been d) The country’s democratic system …………… by the security and prosperity that it offers to its citizens. 1) mirrors 2) will be mirrored 3) is mirrored.

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Try it out!

B Language 1 Read the text again and fill in the missing prepositions. a. He shared his impressions … Australia. b. The flight …….Kyiv to Australia is very long. c. It is a modern city …..wonderful architecture. d. The architecture of Sidney exceeded …… beauty that of Melbourne. e. Many people arrived ……all parts of Asia and Europe in Australia. f. People show great respect …… the environment. g. The country’s democratic system is mirrored …. the security and prosperity. h. Here young people can find opportunities …….. advancement. 2 Remember all the adjectives used to describe the cities in Australia. The first letter has been given. L__________ T__________ B__________ M__________ B__________ W__________ E__________ F__________ C__________ I__________ C__________ C__________

C Mediation and communication Y ou have a picture of your favourite destination. Answer your friend’s questions about this picture. 63

D Listening Which of these problems did people have? Put a tick (). The airport was crowded. It was too hot. He lost his ticket.

The flights were delayed. Impatient drivers. His luggage was lost.

The city was too noisy. He left his passport at home. He missed the flight.

E Skills Making a comparison. How are two cities Melbourne and Sydney alike? Different?

F Writing 1 Use your notes from part E and compete the sentences. Try to make some guesses. The architecture of Sydney exceeds that … . The parks in Sydney are better … . Both cities represent … . I think that streets in Sydney are …, so they are … in Melbourne. I think that Sydney is … than Melbourne. 2 Your opinion Search the Internet and find more facts about these two cities: location, territory, population, sights. What do think of them? Which city would you like to visit? Why?

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Check-in

Unit 6

Exploring the world

1 In the background: Lakes in Central Park, Manhattan, from the top of the Empire State Building

1 A big city

people

a) What do you know about New York City? Start a mind map for your folder. Continue it as you go through the unit. b) Look at photo 1. What can you see? Describe the photo in two or three sentences. Perhaps your mind map can help you. 64

2 Let’s listen: Out and about a) Look at all the photos and listen. Where are the people? b) Talk about all the pictures. Use the words in the box.

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big city buildings

music

I can see … in the foreground/ background. There’s … on the right/left. There is/are … at the top/ bottom.

Check-in

2 The Statue of Liberty 3 In the foreground: A jogger on Brooklyn Bridge 4 Kids with kickboards on steps, in Brooklyn 5 Neon lights, stores and theaters on Times Square, Manhattan

DID YOU KNOW? • More than 8 million people live in New York City.

Over a third of them were born outside the US. • New York has five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Staten Island. • Each borough has neighborhoods. One of the most famous is Chinatown in Manhattan. • Manhattan has lots of skyscrapers. The Empire State Building was one of the first.

3 Let’s talk: A New York City quiz a) Read the fact box and write questions for a partner. b) Close your books and ask and answer questions about New York City (NYC).

• The Statue of Liberty in New York

Harbor is a symbol of freedom. A famous island in the harbor is Ellis Island. Millions of immigrants landed there in the past. • Central Park is the safest public park in the US. It has lakes, playgrounds and lots of fields for ball games.

How many people live /were born …? How many … does New York City have? What is its name/are their names? What is the name of/are the names of …? Where is/are …? What happened once/in the past in/on …?

4 For my folder: A skyscraper a) Find out more about the Empire State Building on the Internet. These questions can help you: 1. When did they build it? 2. How high is it? 3. How many steps has it got? b) Make a fact file with pictures and present it to your class.

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6 65

Language 1

the simple present passive

1 Family vacations in New York Family vacations in New York can be rewarding experiences or absolute disasters – it all depends on pre-trip homework. Planning your trip is the key. Here are some frequently visited places in New York. A. Vanderbilt Mansion gives you a taste of the good life from the Gilded Age. The Vanderbilt Mansion, a national historic site, is located in Hyde Park. N.Y. Vanderbilt Mansion is open daily for guided tours from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. It is closed on Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's Day. Guided tours are required for access to the mansion. B. American Museum of Natural History is world renowned for its amazing collection of animal displays and dinosaur bones. It also has an IMAX theater, shows and special exhibits for the little ones. The American Museum of Natural History is open daily from 10 a.m. to 5:45 p.m. The museum is closed on Thanksgiving and Christmas Day. Discounts are given to students, seniors, and children. C. FAO Schwarz New York City Kids of all ages, as well as adults are kids at heart. FAO Schwarz New York City is for kids and adults alike. More than 20,000 colored lights and the famous giant dance-on piano keyboard are featured in the Grand Hall. Workshops for kids are conducted here too. Store hours are 9:30 a.m. to 7 p.m. Monday through Sunday. Price: Free. D. Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Springwood, is located in Hyde Park. Franklin D. Roosevelt, was the 32nd president of the United States. There is the first U.S. Presidential Library and the Rose Garden, where FDR is buried. A wealth of information about the United States' longest-serving president is provided by the guided tour of the house. The Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt is open daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily. It is closed on Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's Day. Guided tours are required for access to the home. The grounds are open from sunrise to sunset daily year-round. Kids 15 and younger are free.

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the simple present passive

2 Rules to remember when travelling a) Fill in the gaps with ‘is’ or ‘are’. 1. Hotel rooms… reserved in advance. 2. The flight ... booked at least two months before the trip. 3. Bags … packed carefully. 4. The trip …..planned long before. 5. The trip advising websites … checked. 6. The camera battery … charged well. 7. There is no need to leave a tip. Service… included in the bill. 8. Money … saved. 9. The expenses … estimated. 10. The travel insurance … bought.

3 How are banana chips made? a) Here is a recipe of banana chips. Turn the following sentences in the present simple passive. e.g. First a special machine rinses the bananas. – The bananas are rinsed by a special machine. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Language 1

To change a sentence from the active into the passive, we need to put the object in the first place and make it the subject in the passive sentence. e.g. The U. S. Office of Education prepared the Special Report. (active) e.g. The Special Report was prepared by U. S. Office of Education. (passive) The present simple passive be in the present simple + past participle is, am, are + past participle The past participle of the regular verbs V +ed: worked, asked, played, toured The past participle of the irregular verbs V3: taken, seen, brought, broken

 G14,15

Next we put the clean bananas into a chipping machine. The chipping machine slices them into thin chips. After we distribute them. We leave them to dry. Once they are dry, we fry the banana chips in hot oil. Then we remove the cooked banana chips from the fryers with a special sieve. After they are cooled we add spices for extra taste. Finally, we package the banana chips. The stores around the world sell them nicely.

b) Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Use the passive form of the verbs. add • fry • leave • ✔ make • peel • put • remove • rinse • sell • slice • soak The flowchart shows how banana chips are made ______. First, the bananas _______ and then they ________ in water. Next the clean bananas _________ into a chipping machine where they ________ into thin chips. After this they _____. Once they are dry, the banana chips ______ in hot oil in large deep fat fryers. The cooked banana chips ______ from the fryers using a special sieve which allows all of the oil to drain off. The banana chips ___________ to cool. When they have reached the right temperature, spices ______ for extra taste. Finally, the banana chips are packaged ready to be distributed around the world and _____. 66

c) Listen and check.

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Language 2

the simple past passive

As you can see we form the passive with the verb to be in the past simple was, were and the past participle of the main verb. e.g. The book was written in 1999. e.g. The students were taken to the library yesterday.  G14,15 67

1 When, why , what, and how? a) Read the information telling you about the history of vehicles. A. A horse and buggy (in American English) or horse and carriage (in British English and American English) refers to a light, simple, two-person carriage of the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. It was drawn usually by one or sometimes by two horses. It was also called a roadster. It was made with two wheels in England and the United States, and with four wheels in the United States as well. It had a folding or falling top. B. The early type of electric motor was invented by a Hungarian in 1828. He created a tiny model car that was powered by his new motor. In 1834, the first electric motor was invented in the USA. This motor was installed in a small model car. The Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888 by German inventor Andreas Flocken was regarded and is still regarded as the first real electric car of the world. C. The famous poet, Lord Byron, had a daughter, Ada Lovelace. She was considered to be a mathematical genius and one of the world’s first computer inventors. She was introduced to inventor Charles Babbage in 1843. At age 20, Lovelace collaborated with the inventor to invent a prototype of a computer. Credit for developing the algorithms and an equal contribution in the invention was given to Ada by Babbage’s own memoirs. The early programming language Ada was named for her, and the second Tuesday in October has become Ada Lovelace Day, on which the contributions of women to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are honoured. D. Who was the first to fly an airplane? Credit for being the first to fly an airplane was given to Wilbur (1867–1912) and Orville Wright (1871–1948). Four controlled flights were made in a powered vehicle on Dec. 17, 1903. The unique feature of the Wright brothers’ aircraft was that the wings were rolled right or left, the nose was pitched up or down, and yawed from side to side. b) Find the sentences with the past simple passive and write them in your notebook.

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the simple past passive

Language 2

2 Temple Grandin Read a paragraph about history of ‘Hug Box’ and put the verbs in brackets into the past simple passive forms. Temple Grandin is an adult with autism. During her childhood years, Temple would crave deep pressure. She noticed that her severe anxiety (reduce) when she (wrap) in blankets. Pressure (provide) and she felt calmer. She stated that she could not obtain the ‘right’ amount of pressure from people because they either gave her too much deep pressure or too little. She then built the device which (refer) to as the ‘Hug Box,’ the ‘Hug Machine,’ the ‘Squeeze Machine,’ or the ‘Squeeze Box. The ‘Hug Box’ (make) of two padded side-boards which (hinge) near the bottom to form a V-shape.

3 The Blissymbol printer Change the sentences into the past simple passive where it is possible. The Blissymbol printer opened up new worlds of communication for people with disabilities. Rachel Zimmerman Brachman grew up in London, Ont. Her parents constantly found ways to encourage her curiosity. She came across a library book called Blissymbolics: Speaking Without Speech, by Elizabeth Helfman. It described a pictographic language of symbols. Kids with cerebral palsy and other disabilities who had trouble speaking used the symbols. That book inspired her to create a program for her Atari 400 computer. That would introduce the public to Blissymbolics. She was 11 years old.

4 Preparation is over Your parents and you finished preparing for the holiday just a minute ago. Preparation took so much time but you want to check it again and write who did it and when it was done. Example: book a hotel – mother – a month ago The hotel was booked by my mother a month ago. confirm the check-in time at a hotel – father – a week ago book the flight – father – a month ago confirm the flight time – father – yesterday buy snacks – mother – yesterday check luggage number and weight restrictions – mother – yesterday check luggage fees – mother – yesterday do laundry and/or dry cleaning – I – yesterday check the weather conditions – I – yesterday pack up all of the items in your bags – mother – yesterday

5 For my folder: Transport in Ukraine Write an e-mail to your friend answering the following questions. 1. What was the first transport in your place? 2. When did the first bus/trolley/tram appear in your location? 3. What was the fare 20/10/5/1 year ago? 4. What other facts can you tell about transport in your place (bus models, size, challenges)?

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6 68

Everyday English

1 No time for boredom… a) Listen to the hotel ad and complete the gaps.

teenager

free

sport excursions

basketball fitness

Even in rain the holiday is great fun in our hotel! Look forward to a superb _________ programme, to great excursions, adventurous experience – all while making new friends. Even in bad weather there is always something to do: in our huge indoor play arena on 1.600 m², the largest indoor playground of all hotels in Austria you will find all sorts of attractive leisure facilities: football, _________, hockey, trampoline with 3 fields and the list goes on. We intentionally do not offer any electronic entertainments or digital screens. • Generous sport offer in the hotel: indoor and outdoor tennis, beach volleyball, beach soccer, professional selection of bicycles (free hire), perfectly well equipped __________ gym (from 15 years), archery. • Hotel cinema with attractive up-to-date film programme. • __________ Wi-Fi everywhere in the hotel. • All year round leisure activities’ programme specially for teenagers 35 hrs a week from Su–Fr and also in the evenings. • Various archery parcs, climbing schools, scooter downhill ________ in the valley. b) Discuss with your partner why the holiday in the hotel is great fun. c) Choose one activity from the list and explain to your partner why you like it. Some phrases in the box below can help you. Use phrases like “I would rather”, “I prefer”, “I would like”. Example: I would rather play on a trampoline because I really enjoy making ups and downs. I like exercising. Explanations To have a family adventure in the forest. To keep in touch with my friends through social networking sites. It’s my sport because I’m not the competitive type. Archery lets me go at my own pace. I hate walking. I am a cycling enthusiast. I like how the electric bike masters every ascent with little effort.

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We often use words like prefer, would prefer, would rather to talk or ask about preferences. I prefer living on my own. Would you prefer to see a movie or go to a club? Would you rather go shopping with me?

Everyday English

2 Let’s listen: At a bus station

a) Listen to the dialogues and correct the information. A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: A: B:

Can I help you? Yes, please. Is there a bus to London? Yes, every other day. What time does it leave? At 8:00 a.m. And what time does it get back? About 9:30 p.m. How much is the fare? Twenty pounds. Can I book a seat for this Thursday? Certainly. That’ll be twenty pounds, please. Here you are. Thank you. Here is your ticket.

A: Does this bus go to the park? B: No, you have to get off at the church and take a 19. A: Can you tell me where to get off? B: It’s the next stop but one. *** A: Do you go to the seafront? B: No, we only go as far as the museum, but you can walk from there. A: How much further is it? B: It’s quite away yet, but I’ll tell you in good time.

b) Act out dialogues with your partners. c) Make up your own dialogues asking about the direction in your place, where the bus goes, about the fare, where you should get off? Be polite.

3 Let’s look: A tourist’s day Look at the map and the pictures. What did the tourist do/see/visit and when? Start like this: At eight o’clock he ate breakfast in his hotel in … . At … .

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Everyday English

4 Let’s listen: Essential travel luggage items

a) Before you listen: What are these pictures? Example: Picture A is a …

b) The travel agent is talking about essential travel luggage items. Listen and look at the pictures. Has she talked about all the pictures? c) Listen and read the sentences. Practice reading to your partner. 1. You are always allowed to carry on one suitcase and one ‘personal item’ such as a purse, laptop bag, briefcase, or backpack. Really, that ‘personal item’ can be anything you want, as long as it can fit under the seat in front of you. (And really, nobody will stop you from stashing it in the overhead compartment if there is room). 2. The carry-on usually sees the least wear and tear because you’re the only one who ever handles it. This item is the top priority for travelers, and the best part is that you don’t have to worry about baggage carelessly tossed around. 3. A large wheeled suitcase should have durable wheels and a retractable handle. But unlike a carry-on, your suitcase is not limited by the airlines’ size requirements. Since you’ll check this item, you need to worry more about weight than size.

5 Let’s talk: Ordering a walking tour Read and act out a dialogue. Change names, dates, places, and appearance. Kim: Hello, Kim speaking, can I help you? Danny: Yes, please. My name’s Danny. I’d like to go on a walking tour of the city. Kim: Great! There’s one every Monday morning and I’m the guide. Danny: Where do people meet? Kim: At the entrance to the central bus station at exactly eight thirty. Danny: How will I recognize you? Kim: I always carry a sign that says ‘Walking Tours’. Danny: What do you look like? Kim: I’ve got long black hair. I’m tall and I always wear big, yellow hat. Danny: Thanks. It won’t be difficult to find you. See you tomorrow.

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Everyday English

6 Let’s play: Join our walking tour! You’re a walking tour guide. Invite tourists advertising the places you are going to take them to. Be ready to answer their questions: how early someone should arrive for their tour, where tours start and how one can get there, which eateries (eating out places) they will visit, if you offer team building activities, if you offer tours for small groups, if you have walks specifically for children?

7 Mediation and Communication Donald, a British student, wants to go on a sightseeing tour of your town. He is very interested in people and history, and he’s hoping to have some fun on the tour. Tell Donald which of these tours would be best for him and why. Join Cherkasy walking tours! Tours are organized from 15 May to 15 September. In English on Mon, Wed, Fri, Sun. In German on Tue, Thu, Sat. In Ukrainian on Tue, Fri, Sat. Start time 11:00. Meeting point: Wedding Palace.

Bus tours for our guests! Big Bus Tour is the perfect introduction to a city. You’ll enjoy panoramic views of our finest churches and old buildings, including …… During the tour, you can learn about the history of the city through our digital personal commentary, which also highlights the top attractions and landmarks of significance.

Explore the city in a city tour taxi! You will make your own route. It is easy to book. You might use your digital tour guide. However, we advise to listen to our taxi drivers who will tell you hundreds of personal stories about the history of our city.

8 For my folder: My favorite route Think of your own route. Write a list of places you want to show and explain why.

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Get fit! S K

READING

List-map-table is an effective reading strategy that encourages you to improve your understanding the content, and to learn categorization skills. 1. Look through the text in order to understand what it is about. 2. You can look up new words if they help you understand the sentence. 3. Take notes of the most important fact or events. You can organize them as a list, or mind map, or a table. a) List b) Mind map c) Table Flights a) Flights … … …

Each pilot eats a different meal …

b) Each airline has a rule c) The biggest airport (where)

4. Read the text one more time. Do you need to make any changes? 5. Look at your notes. How can you use them for your presentation?

1 A factual text a) Read the text. What is it about? Look up the new words in the dictionary. b) Use the skills box and write notes about the flights. Maximum speeds, the longest flights, flight attendants’ weight and pilots’ meals – here are some little-known facts about air travel and its history. 1. Many airlines have a rule that each pilot flying the aircraft eats a different meal, in order to minimize the risk of all pilots on board being ill. 2. One third of the world’s airports are in the USA. 3. The first flight attendants had to weigh less than 115 pounds, be unmarried and be trained nurses. 4. An online check-in facility was first introduced by Alaskan Airlines in 1999. 6. In 1987, American Airlines saved an estimated $40,000 by giving one less olive in each salad served in first class. 7. The world’s busiest commercial airport is Hartsfield-Jackson Airport (ATL) in Atlanta, with 970,000 airplane movements a year. It’s followed by Chicago (ORD), London (LHR), Tokyo (HND), Los Angeles (LAX). 8. A Boeing 747 is made up of six million parts. 9. Since 2004, the longest scheduled long-haul flight was the Singapore Airlines flight 21 from Newark to Singapore, which takes 18.5 hours via an Airbus A340-500. 10. The longest flight is now a Delta flight between Johannesburg and Atlanta, which at 17 hours has the longest duration. 11. The maximum speed of a Boeing 747 is 955 km/h. 12. At any given hour, 61,000 people are airborne over the US. 13. British Airways passengers consume six tons of caviar per year. c) Did you use a mind map/ list/grid? Compare your notes. Did you all have the same points?

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Overhead

1 Let’s listen: Sidewalks, mansions, and skyscrapers a) Every week DJ Ray from ‘Sunrise NY’ chats with people in Central Park. Today he is talking to a house-sitter, a Mohawk steelworker and a sidewalk painter. Match the pictures to the information in the texts. Follow the example: Example: I think picture 1 is the … because I can see … .

b) Now listen to the interviews and write notes.

Name Karim Laurie Jack

Where from? Job … … … …

likes …

doesn’t like …

c) Use your notes and talk about Karim, Laurie and Jack. Start like this: Karim is from the Bronx. He … . 72

2 Sounds: British or American English? a) Listen to the words. b) Now listen to the sentences. Which speaker is American and which one is English? Speaker 1 is … . Speaker 2 is … .

3 Let’s listen to a song: Time to move on Tom Petty from the album “Wildflowers” It’s time to move on, time to get going What lies ahead I have no way of knowing But under my feet, baby, grass is growing It’s time to move on, it’ s time to get going Broken skyline, movin’ through the airport She’s an honest defector Conscientious objector Now her own protector Broken skyline, which way to love land Which way to something better Which way to forgiveness Which way do, I go It’s time to move on, time to get going

What lies ahead I have no way of knowing But under my feet, baby, grass is growing It’s time to move on, it’s time to get going Sometime later, getting the words wrong Wasting the meaning, and losing the rhyme Nauseous adrenaline Like breakin’ up a dog fight Like a deer in the headlights Frozen in real time I’m losing my mind It’s time to move on, time to get going What lies ahead I have no way of knowing But under my feet, baby, grass is growing It’s time to move on, it’s time to get going

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6 74

Facts and fiction

Travelers impressions Before you start working with the text, look at the exercises afterwards.

A. Meeting the nicest person in Lithuania I arrived at Siarliai, a small Lithuanian town by bus to look at the ‘hill of crosses’. I had just missed the connecting bus that was supposed to take me there, so I took a taxi, spending much more than I had planned. We drove through the fields, far away from the city. When we reached the hill the driver looked at me: „Wait? The bus is far away“ – „No, thanks, I can walk“ – „No, I’ll wait, you can’t stay here.“ – „No, thanks.“ I got out of the car and walked towards the hill, hoping I would find my way back. When I came back an hour later the driver was still there: „I will take you to the city – no money“. That was the moment I fell in love with Lithuania. B. The power of spontaneity – College, friendship, and travel! I live in Fullerton, California and attend CSUF with my friends. None of us knew each other before coming to college, but we were all brought together by sheer luck. Our friendships have blossomed and we have been on so many adventures together throughout the first semester of school. It was sad to be heading home for the winter break, but when we returned to school it felt too good to be reunited! Our first weekend back we decided to take a trip to Santa Monica, which is about an hour away from Fullerton (depending on traffic). We found a parking spot, and strolled to the pier to find florescent lights and ocean smells. I am a videographer so naturally I filmed some of the fun moments with my friends and later turned it into the video. We had dinner at a café and took pictures at sunset with the beach in the background. This night of spontaneity is now one of my favorite memories with the girls and I will cherish it always. C. Catching the train with the police After our Freedom Trail tour, we wandered around China Town in Boston in search of our next thing to do. We ended up reaching the train station and thought that maybe it would be cool to check out Gillette Stadium. We didn’t put much thought into it and next thing we knew, we were on the train towards Walpole station. It was quite a hassle getting to “Patriot Place” but we found it to be a cool spot to chill out. However, we failed to realize that there would be a back-to-back football match happening that late afternoon. We lingered around too long and there were no means for us to get back to Walpole station. (Traffic was down, making it impossible for cabs to come in, and it was a long walk away).

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Facts and fiction

When we saw a policeman down the street, we ran up to him asking about other alternatives to rush back to Walpole for the last train leaving in 10 minutes. To our disbelief, he offered us a ride in the police car. So, thanks to the Boston Police, we were back in Boston safe and sound, just in time to catch our bus to New York.

D. Travel with Rose-Colored Glasses – My Nicaragua Experience Nicaragua was not kind to me. My luggage was delayed, I had a violent bout of food poisoning. My belongings were wet with rainwater when a hostel roof collapsed, and I suffered through a week-long illness. And when my wallet was stolen from my hostel dorm room? I had had enough. But if Nicaragua taught me nothing else, it’s that every single experience is valuable. Every experience shapes you; I learned from those hardships and am better off because of them. Travel comes with no guarantees except that it’ll be worth it. And now when I look back on those memories, I see Nicaragua through rose-colored glasses.

1 Before you read: Can you guess? a) Read the titles. What do you think these stories are about? b) Look at the pictures. What do they tell you?

2 Why? Read parts A-D. Decide which story is the most exciting, the scariest. the most exciting why?

Ok why?

the scariest why?

the one like you have already had why?

the one you would like to experience why?

3 Opposites Choose the most exciting and the scariest travel story and write facts in the table to compare them. the most exciting travel story

the scariest travel story

missed the connecting bus ()

4 We say How does the saying “All is well that ends well” refer to these stories?

5 Your impressions Write an e-mail to your friend where you describe your travel story (it can be even a weekend trip).

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Words in action

1 A quiz: London or New York City? a) Read each sentence. Is it about London or New York City? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

There was a terrible fire in 1666. The city has got five boroughs. There’s an island with a museum on it. You can see a famous clock from a capsule. There’s a famous tower which is over 900 years old. You can see a big statue of a woman with a torch. There’s a very rich and famous family in a palace. It’s got a huge park with lakes and fields, e.g. for baseball.

b) What are the names of the things which are underlined? c) Now write more quiz sentences for your partner.

2 Ticket Types a) Tickets are of different types. We need to have tickets when we use public transport going to places in the city or travelling between cities. We buy tickets to travel by bus, by trolley, by underground, by tram, by train, and by plane. Look at the pictures of different tickets and tell how long they are valid?

b) Read the information and decide about pluses and minuses of these tickets. One-way Ticket Valid for use within four hours of the date and time sold. One-way tickets will be honored for one-way passage away from the point of origin, including stopovers/transfers, within the zone limits.

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Day Pass Day passes are honored for unlimited travel within zone limits. Valid for use through the last train on the service day on which sold.

Monthly Pass The Monthly Pass is valid for use for the calendar month for which issued. Monthly passes are used for unlimited weekday trips between zones indicated on the pass. On Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, the pass is used for unlimited trips between all zones.

Words in action

3 Discounts These are some rules for giving discounts to certain categories of customers in the USA. Can you get a discount? Senior / Disabled / Youth / Medicare Cardholder Full fares will apply to all customers 19 years of age or older except those who qualify for an Eligible Discount ticket, which is approximately 50 percent of the fullfare price. Conductors and fare inspectors may request proof of age or eligibility.

4 Match 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Senior Disabled Youth Medicare cardholder Group Sales

a) a discount for field trips or big group of friends at a 10 percent over regular fares. b) customers 18 years old or younger. c) customers who have a Medicare card. d) customers 65 years of age or older. e) customers having a valid identification of disability.

5 In a picture a) The words below can be useful if you want to say what’s in a picture. Find their opposites from the box on the right. inside

above

at the top

in front of

on the left

in the foreground

under

behind • below • on the right • on top of • in the background • at the bottom • outside

b) Use the words to describe the pictures in exercise 3, p. 121.

Yo u ca n alrea dy

✔✔ Discuss the history of vehicles. ✔✔ Talk about buses and routes. ✔✔ Prepare for the trip. ✔✔ Use different types of the tickets. ✔✔ Describe your travel impressions. ✔✔ Use effective reading strategies.

✔✔ Describe how transport developed in the UK and Ukraine. ✔✔ Plan your day in a new city. ✔✔ Talk about your luggage. ✔✔ Describe sights in New York City. ✔✔ Advise your friend on his or her future travel. ✔✔ Plan your vacation activities.

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Travel Brochure A. Our Family Adventures brochure contains a huge range of holidays designed specifically with families in mind. Choose from wildlife, discovery and activity holidays throughout Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Americas. B. Our Walking and Trekking brochure presents a range of walks and treks across the world. Whether you’re an experienced trekker or an adventurous first timer, we offer a wide range of destinations, durations and activity levels. C. Our brochure comprises a comprehensive range of small ship expedition voyages to the Arctic and Antarctic regions, including Spitsbergen, Greenland, Iceland, and Antarctica itself. D. Our Worldwide Adventures brochure tells about all our cultural and multi-activity holidays. There are a huge number of authentic travel experiences to choose from across Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa. E. Our Cycling Adventures brochure contains our biggest and most innovative range of small group cycling adventures ever, with nearly 60 inspiring routes in countries as diverse as Cuba, Jordan, Albania, Italy, France, Vietnam, and Burma.

A Reading 1 Read the information given in the brochures above. Decide what information (A B C D E) you will use if … . One sentence is extra. Your family likes spending time together exploring new places walking. Your family is adventurous enough to sail. Your family is ready to spend a week on bicycles. Your family would like to become a real team going though family building activities. 5. Your family really is into new cultures and meeting new people. 6. Your family prefers quiet holidays where you can relax from the daily routine. 1. 2. 3. 4.

2 Expand the information given in the brochures by choosing the sentences that fit the plot. a) Y ou will meet new people when you explore performances, learn to knit or crochet, watch artists at work, join a choir, create a pottery with a professional. b) While parents settle back in a hammock, teens can go kayaking, sailing and snorkelling in crystal-clear waters. Game viewing in national parks gathers the family together. If you are a budding naturalist who wants to combine a big game with big adventures, many family safari destinations are ideal. c) Don’t bother to buy your own cycling gear. We offer a wide range of bikes, helmets, cycling clothes, packs and bags. d) It won’t be dangerous only difficult, you just need to have right clothes, food, overnight shelter and insect repellents. e) You will kayak through ice fields, photograph wildlife and scenery found nowhere else on the planet, cross country ski or snowshoe the Antarctic Circle.

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B Language Find the five words and phrases in the texts that can describe different types of holidays.

C Skills 1 Make nouns and adjectives from these verbs a) cycle

b) trek

c) walk

d) sail

e) discover

f) experience

g) inspire

h) choose

2 Complete the definitions a) A brochure is 1 a small booklet. b) Wildlife is 1 people.

2 a credit card.

3 a ticket.

2 undomesticated animals living in the wild.

c) A destination is 1 a leaflet. 2 a journey’s end. d) A journey is 1 a long journey to a 2 an ocean. distant place by sea. e) An adventure is 1 a meeting. 2 an advertisement.

3 maps. 3 a route. 3 amusement.

3 an exciting or very unusual experience.

D Mediation and communication Interview your friends about their holidays they will never forget. 75

E Listening: Teens’ frequently asked questions about travelling Use the right word to answer the following questions. a) Does our trip involve homestay? 1 Yes 2 No 3 under special circumstances b) Do you get special rates at hotels? 1 No 2 Yes 3 Not always c) How do I stay in touch with parents and friends back at home? 1 laptop 2 hotel service 3 smartphones d) How do you handle disciplinary issues? 1 send participants home 2 call the police 3 fine participants

F Writing Create a story. Just like a good novel pulls in a reader, the client wants to feel as if he or she is going on an adventure. In paragraph form (full sentences) write a convincing argument for why the vacation spot is the best place to visit.

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Revision

1 Have or has? Complete the sentences with have or has. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

She….. been asking questions all day long. They…..been climbing the mountain for two days We….been washing the dishes since 9 o’clock. You ….been repairing your computer for a month. It…been snowing since morning. The boy….been playing in the snow all day. Cathy…..been dreaming to visit Australia since her childhood. Cindy and Bob…..been studying English for an hour.

2 Since or for Decide whether you have to use since or for. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I have been waiting ……4 o’clock. Sue has only been waiting……six years. Tim and Tina have been learning English…….20 minutes. Fred and Frida have been learning French……2015. Joe and Josephine have been going out together……Valentine’s Day. Mary has been saving money to go to New York…….many years. You have been watching this channel …….hours. We have been living here……..2 months.

3 Negative sentences Write negative sentences in the present perfect progressive. 1. We / not / in the mountains / walk → . 2. Beatrice / not / in Boston / teach → . 3. Ricky / not / the car / wash → . 4. She / not / a poem / write → . 5. We / not / tea / drink → . 6. We / not / our rooms / clean → . 7. The children / not / on the floor / sleep → . 8. Jeff and Linda / not / cycle → . 9. Christine / not / her home / decorate → . 10. The cat / not / on the chair / lie / all day → .

4 Questions Ask questions with how long and since when. He has been working in this company since 2010. I have been waiting for you since two o'clock.

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. .

Revision

He has been playing tennis for five hours. He has been leaning English for five years. She has been working for the travel agency since 2014.

. . .

5 Passive Voice Choose between the active and passive forms of the verb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The Cape of Good Hope ... (discovered / was discovered) by Bartolomeo Dias. The clown ... (entertained / was entertained) the public. We ... (arrived/ were arrived) at the camp in time. Many experiments ... (did/ were done) under water. Many people ... (invited / were invited) to the festival. They ... (discussed / were discussed) many exciting things. I ... (learnt / was learnt) many interesting things in this unit. What artist ... (painted / was painted) this picture?

6 On your own Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past passive or past active tense. 1. We (visit) by our teacher. 2. My friend Paul (bear) in Dallas. 3. She (go) to school in Boston. 4. Antony (grow up) in the country. 5. The new shopping centre (build) last year. 6. The film (produce / not) in Hollywood. 7. Barbara (know) James very well. 8. We (spend / not) all day on the beach. 9. They (visit) their granny. 10. The pictures of the mountains (take) during the holiday in the Himalayas.

7 Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. Write the sentences in the passive voice. 1. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. 2. Columbus discovered America in 1492. 3. Anna painted the Wilsons' house. 4. The American team won the cup. 5. Philip took a picture of the sea. 6. My parents read 'Da Vinci Code'. 7. My mother saw Mike. 8. My brother found a purse. 9. My uncle drew a beautiful landscape. 10. Mary and Alice brought a cake.

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Unit 7

Home and away

Welcome to the Buky Canyon The Buky Canyon remains one of the hidden gems of Ukrainian attractions. Located in the heart of Ukraine, about 180 km away from Kiev and 30 km away from Zhashkiv, it attracts millions of visitors every year. This canyon is relatively small, approximately 5 km (or 3 miles) long, 20 m (22 yd.) deep and anywhere from 20 to 40 m wide. This canyon was formed by the Hirs’kyi Tikych river. These granitic rocks create a picturesque landscape in the form of steep cliffsand tumultuous rapids.

1 High over the canyon a) Do you know any other places in Ukraine like the Buky Canyon? What are they? b) How do you think the people would feel in picture 1? Here are some ideas. Wow, isn’t the view of … awesome/…! We travelled so far but I’m so glad we came. When I look down, I feel … . 76

1 Let’s listen: Cherkasy region. Listen and tick things that are described in the text.

W O

scenery [*si:nri] – the country’s natural features, e.g., mountains, deserts, forests dizzy [*dIzi] – unable to stand steadily because you are looking down from a high place dramatic [drE*mxtIk] – exciting and impressive national park [+nxSnl *pA:k] – the land which is protected by a government because of its beauty

the date of founding • territory • culture • food • population • borders • historical past • fauna • geographic location • climate • rivers • natural resources • sights

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2. Hetman’s residence 3. Illinska Church 4. Zamkova Hora

DID YOU KNOW? • Chyhyryn is a city and important historic site

located in the Cherkasy Region of central Ukraine. • Zamkova Gora can tell you many different stories about how Cossacks fought with Turkish and Polish invaders. • From 1648 to 1669 the city was the Cossacks Hetman capital. • Illinska Church was built by the order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1653. The church is

pictured on one of the paintings by Taras Shevchenko in 1845. The church is also pictured on 5 hryvnia banknote, which is currently in circulation in Ukraine. • Chyhyryn is always connected with Bohdan Khmelnytsky who founded his Hetman’s residence here. • Chyhyryn is the most popular national park. It received the national status in 1995.

2 Let’s talk: More about the photos a) Read the fact box. Look at all the photos and their captions. Match the photos with the info in the fact box. b) Which place in the photos do you find interesting? Tell your partner why.

3 For my folder: The central Ukraine a) Find out more about the place which you chose in exercise 2 from books, brochures or the Internet. Use the skills box. b) Make a poster and present the place to your class.

INTERNET

S K

1. Surf the Internet to find some additional information. 2. Add items to a country, place and topic, e.g. central Ukraine, Chyhyryn, Subotiv. 3. Look at the first 4-5 different websites. 4. You can also search under Images.

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Language

if-clauses

We use the present simple form in if-sentences (clauses) and future in the main sentences (clauses). This means that the event in the main clause only takes place if the condition in the if-clause is fulfilled. If they visit the ranch, the boys will see … . If you go …, you’ll have … .  G3 If you don’t like …, you won’t (will not) enjoy … . 77

Let’s listen: Lviv is a capital of festivals Lviv is an extremely attractive tourist city for children in Ukraine. If you spend three days in Lviv celebrating Easter, you’ll participate in a vast array of different events. If you don’t like to dance or sing, you won’t enjoy this kind of a holiday. Pysanka (Easter eggs) Festival is a family event. The main idea of the festival is to give time for families with kids to have fun. If you want to decorate eggs, you will need eggs, pin or needle, paint, egg cartons, and paintbrushes. If you come to the festival ‚Easter in a Grove‘, you’ll learn about the traditions of the spring time and take part in the Easter celebrations. If you love dancing, we’ll teach you “Kryvyi Tanets’, the Crooked Dance, a continuous dance of a group of people. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjGiN5FwTeI If you enjoy singing, you’ll learn hayivka, an old Ukrainian ceremonial song that celebrates the arrival of spring. Singing haivka is one of the oldest Ukrainian Easter traditions traced back to pagan times. If you love being active, you’ll take part in lots of competitions, and entertainments. Little guests will be enabled to attend glade ‘Willow seals’, where children can play and have fun all day, learning folk customs and traditions. Lviv is also the second European capital of chocolate after Bern in Switzerland. If you have a sweet tooth, you’ll be impressed. You’ll also see chocolate making process and try to make some Easter eggs. So, call the agent and book tickets today!

Ecotourism in Ukraine is the best way to spend time actively

If you are a romantic person, you‘ll enjoy horseback riding trips. You can rent horses almost in every village for a horse-riding trip in the Carpathians and get horseback riding lessons. The most common breed here is called “hutsulyky”. Although these horses are calm, you’ll need a pair of cowboy boots. Or you can explore caves. In order to explore safely, we will teach you some important skills. If you have been bitten by a climbing bug, our qualified instructors will teach you how to climb safely. Make sure you wear a helmet. In the evening, you will enjoy a cup of herbal tea sitting at a campfire and chatting. But whatever activity you choose, you and your family will never forget your vacation in Western Ukraine.

1 Two different holidays a) Look at the holiday brochures. Choose activities you would like to visit. Why? b) What activities do you usually do in your area on Easter?

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Language

if-clauses

2 Let’s talk: Which holiday? a) Look at the brochures again. Which holiday is better for two young adults, for pupils on a class trip, for a family with kids? What do you think? Why?

interesting exciting

fun …

b) Which place would you like to visit? Why? Discuss with a partner.

3 If they go to Lviv, … a) Look through the brochures again on page 136 and find all the ‘if’-clauses in them. b) Tymur is 18 and his brother, Mark, is 15. They are thinking about a holiday together in Lviv. If they go there, what will it be like? Match the sentence parts. … he will learn how to dance the crooked dance. … he’ll go to a chocolate factory. … he won’t buy any chocolate. He will take a master class making it. … the boys will enjoy many different events. 4. If Mark doesn’t like chocolate, … 5. If they are interested in singing, … … they won’t go there. They’ll paint eggs. 6. If Tymur wants a chocolate egg, … … they’ll learn haivka. 1. If they visit Lviv, … 2. If they don’t like to dance, … 3. If Tymur goes to the dance, …

4 Role play: Dancing or horse-riding? Bruce and Mark are trying to decide where to go. One of you plays Bruce, the other plays Mark. Bruce: Well, ecotourism sounds good. What do you think? Mark: Well, yeah, but we’ll get really dirty. I think the festivals in Lviv sounds better.We learn so many traditions. Bruce: Yes, if that’s what you want. But if I can, I’ll climb the canyon! Mark: Oh, yeah! Me, too! Bruce: OK, so I guess it’s ecotourism, then, eh?

Ecotourism* Lviv festivals need a helmet • have to learn to crooked dance • learn a lot of climbing skills • find out all about the mountains and caves • listen to boring stories • join a master class in chocolate making • go on camping trips • visit a singing festival • take part in park entertainment programs … • go horseback riding • take a bus tour • have lots of …

5 For my folder: ‘Selling’ a holiday a) Make a poster for a dream holiday (or one of the holidays in the brochures) with the activities which you can do there. b) Show the poster to your class and ‘sell’ your holiday. Who ‘sold’ their holiday best?

If visitors come to Lviv/… , they’ll … . If you go to … , you won’t … . If you love riding/spectacular views/… , you’ll … . If you want to … , we’ll teach/take you … . If you don’t like … , we’ll … .

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Everyday English

Home for Thanksgiving

555 m 893 km 817 m 1316 km

1426 m 2295 km

Ukraine 1852 m

1267 m

2981 km

2039 km

1189 m 1914 km

2126 m 3422 km

miles kilometres

1 Let’s talk: Times and distances The US is huge. So a lot of people travel long distances to visit friends and family, for example, for the most important holiday in the US – Thanksgiving. a) Look at the map above. How far is it from Seattle to Miami? And from LA to NYC? Ask your partner more questions like these about distances. b) Look at the time zones on the map. Ask your partner about the difference in time between cities in the US. Example: If it’s 9:30 p.m. in Denver, what time is it in Chicago? c) Look at the map and the info in the grid. Talk about how you can travel from Denver to other cities. Use the phrases below. How far is it from Denver to … ? How long does it take by plane? What if I go by car? It’s about … miles/km. It takes … hours. It’s much longer – It takes about … .

Denver to … by car* by plane* Seattle 28:30 2:50 Los Angeles 23:50 2:30 Miami 42:30 3:35 New York City 37:00 3:40 *in hours and minutes

d) Discuss the distances in Ukraine (by car, by bus or by train). How far is it from Kyiv to your place? Or from Kyiv to Lviv?

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Everyday English

2 Travel troubles a) Read the e-mail (A) and the advert (B). Complete the sentences below with the best word.

DINER

I just saw the weather report on TV. Do you really have snow up A there in Colorado? It’s over 80 degrees here in New Mexico. They showed pictures of the chaos on the Interstates. And lots of flights are delayed. By the way, you’ll be one of 56 million Americans who are traveling home for Thanksgiving tomorrow! So don’t get lost!

If you are stranded or have a breakdown, don’t spend Thanksgiving at a rest area on the Interstate 40. Dinah’s Motel & Diner is just past Exit 140. OK, it isn’t home and you won’t get a turkey dinner. But our pancakes with bacon and eggs (over easy or sunny side up) are real tasty and our rooms are comfortable!

1. Both texts are about b. Thanksgiving. a. Colorado. 2. Text A describes the a. TV. b. way. 3. Text B describes a place to have a. a breakdown. b. a turkey.

c. motels. c. weather. c. pancakes.

3 Mediation and communication: Turkey Hotline You find this info about Thanksgiving on the Internet. Your younger brother reads it, too. But he doesn’t understand everything. Answer his questions. Tomorrow is the 4th Thursday in November! That’s right: It’s Thanksgiving! So do you have everything planned for the special day without stress for your family? No? Well, let’s look at the problem: This year the big dinner is not at your grandparents’ home. For the first time it’s your mom’s job to do the cooking for the whole family. But like many Americans she never cooks. So what should she do with the 20lb frozen bird which she has just bought? Tell her not to panic! If she phones us at the ‘Turkey Hotline’, we’ll tell her how to thaw, cook and serve it. So tomorrow you can all relax and remember the first people who came to the US from England on a ship called the ‘Mayflower’. That was in 1620 and they had the first ‘thanksgiving’ dinner then.

1. What will take place on the 4th Thursday in November? 2. I came across the word ‘problem’. What is the problem?

3. 4. 5. 6.

This is not a chicken in the picture, right? What is the ‘hotline’? What happened in 1620? Why is the holiday celebrated?

4 For my folder: A special holiday Thanksgiving is a very special holiday for many Americans. What’s the most important holiday for you and your family? Do you have to travel anywhere for it? What do you do on this day? Write five sentences about it.

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Get fit! S K

H o w to w rite a factual te x t

You write fiction texts for information / statistics without an opinion or feelings on the subject matter. Keep your text short. Divide your text into three parts: a brief introduction, a ‘main part’, and a conclusion. Think of the sentences with words but, and, because, so that, if to make sure they are connected properly. Topic of survey: Free time and holidays Survey group: 9th Grade, high school, California What’s your favorite kind of vacation? summer camp 14.5% beach 72% What’s your favorite place (in US)? California 45% Hawaii 26% What’s your favorite place (outside US)? Mexico 55% Canada 19%

Number: 200 city trip 9% other 4.5% Las Vegas 2% other 27% Europe 7% other 19%

This was a survey about free time and holidays. The survey group were 200 9th Grade students at a Californian high school. First of all, the grid shows that most of the students liked beach holidays. Very few of the young people chose summer camp. Only nine per cent wanted to go on city trips. Almost no students wanted a different type of vacation. Secondly, the grid shows that in the US California was more popular than Hawaii. And almost no students chose Las Vegas. But outside the US, Mexico was the most popular country because over half the class chose it. Canada was the second most popular country. Very few students chose a holiday in Europe. So the results show that a beach holiday was the most popular type of vacation in this survey group and that Mexico was the most popular place.

1 From numbers to words Look at the statistics and read the text. Then answer the questions. 1. What is the students’ favourite kind of holiday? 2. What are the most popular and second most popular places in the US? 3. Which country do they like better – Canada or Mexico?

2 Your survey a) Do a holiday survey in your class and collect statistics like this: favourite kind of holiday

skiing

favourite place (in Ukraine)

… …%

…

favourite country (in Europe)

… …%

…

b) Write a short text on the topic. The tips and the phrases can help you.

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…%

beach

First of all … . / Secondly … . The results show that … . The most/second most popular

…%

…

more popular than very few/less than … % over half

Overhead

1 Let’s listen: Fun activities for teenagers a) Before you listen: What do you know about activities teenagers in Ukraine enjoy? b) While you are listening, find the right word to complete the sentences. Teens love their gadgets / garments. Teens can play Texting Mania / Mafia. The one with the most guests at the meeting wins a prize / cry. Some teens enjoy singing / dancing in front of their peers. No bobbing for letters / apples. c) Listen again and mark sentences if they are true (T) and false (F). There are some group games that are always popular. Teens hate their gadgets. Teens can dance Texting Mania. Sweet Treats combine eating and bobbing. We can even put the treat in a bucket of water.

2 Let’s listen: Ukraine is you Many people find it difficult to translate songs because the true meaning can become lost in the translation. Many of the phrases seem unusual in English but they do provide a very good indication of the Ukrainian language or how differently people think. What do you think of the following translation of the song «Україна – це ти»? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBLzV2P2y_s My name is Motherland, a gentle wing of a stork My name is Ukraine, the heat of the sun My name’s an embroidered shirt, a stitch on the linen white My name is the blue blue sky, with a little sunflower under it

Music by Tina Karol, Ukrainian lyrics by Tina Karol, Mykola Brovchenko

These are father’s words: Ukraine is me These are mother’s songs: Ukraine is you

My name is the widest steppes My name is the taste of bread Last school bell, the greyheaded Dnipro’s mist My name is hope My name is love

My name is a lullaby My name is the freedom My name is a family My name is the kind word Which will save the whole world

My name is high-minded dream And trust that the God with us

These are father’s words: Ukraine is me These are mother’s songs: Ukraine is you Ukraine is you

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7 80

Facts and fiction

Traveler’s diary Before you start working with the text, look at the exercises afterwards. A Couple of days ago I came back from a really good trip to Ukraine. When I was telling everyone about my plans they were really suspicious and concerned about my safety, just like it was with my recent trip to Iran. After all media keep telling us how Ukraine is a war zone these days and we all remember the tragic story of Malaysian Airlines flight shot down. So is it safe to travel to Ukraine?

Is it safe to travel to Ukraine?

B Is it safe to travel to Ukraine? In short: YES! I always thought that Ukraine is one of the safest countries I’ve been to. I don’t have a good explanation for that but I’d guess it’s due to the fact that this country isn’t that spoiled yet. People are friendly and open, good and less busy there. I know now it’s just simplifying but that’s how I see it. While in the Western world people spend their free time in shopping centers or behind the computer screens in Ukraine it’s more about being outdoors and hanging out with friends / family. C Anyway, I’ve been to Ukraine four times now and I don’t recall even one situation when I thought something was wrong and when I felt in danger. Of course, like always and everywhere, use your common sense in every situation. If you feel unsafe, don’t push yourself to keep going. I, for example, don’t feel very comfortable walking in the evening in new places but never had this problem in Ukraine. No one really bothered me on the streets but when I asked for directions or the right bus there were at least few people around willing to help me. Sometimes I didn’t even have to ask and they were already helping. Ukraine really is a welcoming country, only maybe with bigger problems that anywhere else. But tourists won’t feel the difference from other places in the region. D How is travelling around Ukraine? Of course, on the big and busy train stations, you need to be extra cautious and keep your belongings close but still I haven’t seen any suspicious people. Same goes for the bus stations where it’s trickier as you also need to find your bus (but there’ll be always someone willing to help you). From Kyiv to Lviv I took a night train and traveled in the cheapest class. My ticket for 8 hours’ journey cost around 140 UAH /5€/$7 so almost nothing. The ticket also included bed linen and tea. I don’t know how familiar you’re with platskart, the type of the carriage without any compartments, like open space with beds. Actually, it feels much safer as there’re so many people around it’s almost impossible to steal something. Besides every carriage has its own guard (conductor). My train was fully booked but already at 8pm everyone was in bed and at 9.30pm all the lights were turned off and people went to sleep. My only concern there was how safe sleeping on the upper bed it is. There was no protection and I was full of fear I would fall down. But after all I had a really good sleep there!

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Facts and fiction

E Accommodation in Ukraine. In Chernihiv and Kyiv I stayed in the hostels and I had a feeling I was the only tourist (and especially foreign tourist) there yet both places were full. It looked like people were living there. I figured it out from some kitchen conversations. But then I read somewhere that in bigger cities in Ukraine these days it’s cheaper to stay in the hostel dorm than to rent a room in the flat. So many people who came to work, live in those touristorientated places. It’s kind of unusual for people travelling but I didn’t have a problem with that. I always stayed in single rooms and it was pretty reasonable. Just one last word: this post shows my impressions and experience from the visit in Ukraine last year. If you decide to go I can guarantee you won’t regret it! Ukraine is really amazing! I’m already trying to plan my next trip there. I want to return to Kyiv really badly and explore more of its culture better!

1 Before you read Is it safe to live in Ukraine? Is it safe for foreign tourists to visit our country? Why?

2 Places and action a) Read the story and add action words to describe the following places. Kyiv busy train stations hostels on the train eastern part of Ukraine welcoming country b) Describe how Jack, the author, felt in different places. Example: Jack felt safe in Ukraine because there was nothing to worry about. c) Describe Ukrainians as Jack perceived them. Example: Ukrainians are friendly; they are always ready to help.

3 The best experience What part of Jack’s diary do you like the most? Why? Make a mind map to help you to describe this part.

4 For my folder: Going places Imagine you are going on an adventure trip to Chyhyryn. What places would you like to see? Write about your trip there. These questions can help you.

How would you go there? Why? Where would you like to stay? Why? How long would you like to stay? Why? Would you like to meet your peers in Chyhyryn? Why? How would you contact them? What would you like to see there? Why?

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Words in action

1 Ukraine a) Collect words and phrases in mind maps for Ukraine.

train

nature

holidays

transport

cities people

UKRAINE

b) Write three sentences about each category.

2 Let’s look: At a summer language camp. a) Summer is coming. Are you going to a summer language camp? Where are you going? Work with your partner and describe your trip to a summer camp.

b) Look at the activities that you might have at a language summer camp? What things should you pack to be able to participate in many activities? c) Match the words with the pictures. You can use words several times if they match the picture. a swimming suit • play drama • participate in the talent show • play water ball • set up a tent • sing • interview people • do a project about different cultures • take pictures • jump • swim in the river • build a team • play the guitar • hold competitions • camera • crayons • make a poster • act out a play • swimming trunks • play energizers • do a scavenger hunt • explore new places • beach activities • to compete • get suntan • wear make-up • catch a ball • flags • collaborate • sandplay 1 Set up a tent 4

2 5 play water ball

3 6

d) Think of more words to describe summer camp activities. Bring pictures to describe them.

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Words in action

3 Definitions: Guess what? a) What are these activities in the pictures?

b) Match the definitions with the activities from a). 1. The act or pastime of visiting sights of interest. 2. the act of sketching things 3. the act of creating a musical piece

4. fun activity that helps kids learn 5. the act of getting knowledge 6. the act of examining liquids

4 A campers’ talk

Useful phrases

Express your feelings about different situations.

I didn’t expect that! • I’m really enjoying it • I’m looking forward to • How terrible! • I hope … • I never felt so good! • I wish I could help • That’s amazing! • It’s very sad! • I’m on top of the world! • I think, it’ll be …

We swam in the swimming pool twice a day! Next language camp will be held in the mountains. I met so many great people. The weather is awful! My friend broke a leg. He will stay at home instead of going to a summer camp. 6. I won the prize in the competition! 7. Our team is working hard on the project. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Yo u ca n alrea dy

✔ Talk about the best way to spend time actively in Ukraine. ✔ Describe favorite holidays in Ukraine and the USA. ✔ Conduct a survey and describe the results. ✔ Describe why Ukraine is a safe place to visit. ✔ Talk about summer camps activities.

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Try it out!

Seneca’s Story My name is Seneca and I am an English teacher living in Kiev. I arrived in Ukraine for the first time one year ago. Was life in Ukraine similar to that in America? I had no idea, but when I told my friends and family I was moving here, everyone said, “Bring a coat. It’s going to be very cold!” A colleague also told me that I shouldn’t smile when walking down the street. In America, we are known for smiling a lot. “People will think you’re crazy, if you smile so much in public,” my colleague said. I had never been to the region before, so I didn’t know if this was true. To be safe, I decided it was better to keep a serious expression in public. Imagine my surprise when I saw Ukrainians smiling and laughing with friends and family everywhere around town! People always smile at me here, especially when they want to practice their English. I also quickly learned that family is very important to Ukrainians. In fact, it is common here for young people to live with their families longer, even until they get married. This is very different in my country. American children often leave their parents’ home when they are 18 years old, sometimes moving very far away from their family to go to college. After they leave, parents may send their children small packages filled with treats and gifts to remind them of home. But in Ukraine, I soon learned that parents often fill an entire suitcase with fresh vegetables from their village and send it on a train to their children in the big city. How intriguing! Ukrainian parents really love to take care of their children.

A Reading 1 Understanding Read the text and choose the best answer from 1-3. a) Her friends advised her to bring 1. an audio guide 2. a laptop 3. a coat b) To be safe she decided 1. to walk with friends. 2. to be serious 3. to learn about Ukraine. c) In Ukraine the families 1. are of great importance. 2. are neglected. 3. are talked about. d) American children become independent 1. when they are 16. 2. when they are 21. 3. when they are 18. e) American parents 1. are like Ukrainian parents. 2. may send some little gifts to their children. 3. never send anything to their children. e) Ukrainian parents 1. are loving, protective, and caring. 2. never call their children. 3. are very busy.

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Try it out! 2 Right or wrong Read the text again. Decide which statement is true or false. a. This is Seneca’s second visit in Ukraine. b. Her friends were much concerned about her. c. Seneca followed her friends advice to avoid smiling in public. d. Ukrainians like smiling and laughing with friends and family. e. Young people in Ukraine live with their families until they are 17. f. Small packages filled with treats and gifts remind children of home. g. Ukrainians are not family oriented.

B Language Find the phrases in the text with the same or similar meaning a. I came b. I had no clue c. You are nuts d. speak English e. It’s a tradition f. food 81

C Listening Listen to the text and find eight changes to it

D Speaking 1 Skills Collect opinions about the place you live in, the local people, the scenery and landscapes, places of interest, famous landmarks or sights in your area. Make a list of things the place you live in

the local people

the scenery and landscapes

places of interest

famous landmarks

Kyiv Cherkasy

welcoming

breathtaking

Hill of Glory

The Dnipro

Kharkiv 2 Role play You are interviewing some residents in your place. You want to know if: They are proud of the place they live in, Why they feel special about this place, What makes this place outstanding, How they can improve the place.

E Writing 1 Your opinion. Do you think the place where you live is great for foreign visitors? Why? Why not? Write two reasons. 2 A list of things-to-do A cousin who lives in Canada is planning to see you and your family in Ukraine. Write a plan of things -to-do with your cousin. Explain what you would like to show him and why.

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Revision

1 If you a) Match the words with a picture.

The Teacher’s house

Historical center of Kyiv

The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra

Illinska church

St. Sophia’s Cathedral

The Lviv Opera House

b) Compete the sentences. Use the words for the pictures. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

If you look at the reverse side of one-hryvnia bill, you will see … If you look at the reverse side of two-hryvnia bill, you will see … If you look at the reverse side of five- hryvnia bill, you will see … If you look at the reverse side of ten-hryvnia bill, you will see … If you look at the reverse side of twenty- hryvnia bill, you will see … If you look at the reverse side of fifty- hryvnia bill, you will see ….

c) What will you see or do if you go to the places depicted on the banknotes? Example: If I go to the historic center of Kyiv I will see (enjoy) the Independence Square, the Volodymyrska Hirka, and the Golden Gates. 82

2 Chubby Bunnies a) Before you listen: Look at the rules of the game “Chubby bunny” and arrange them in the correct order. We showed you where the game starts. Stuff one marshmallow into a cheek and say, “Chubby Bunnies”. You should not spit out any marshmallows. Continue putting marshmallows until you absolutely can’t fit another marshmallow into your mouth. 1 Take a giant bag of marshmallows. The person who can say the words “chubby bunnies” with the mouth most crammed with marshmallows is the winner.

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Revision

4 Match: Lviv is a city of festivals Match the words to their definitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Easter Pysanka the Crooked Dance hayivka a sweet tooth tradition

a) b) c) d) e) f)

a custom passed on from generation to generation an old Ukrainian ceremonial song Easter painted eggs a strong liking for sweet foods a religious holiday a continuous dance of a groups of people

5 Guess what? Choose the best words that fits the context. If you are 1. a ………. person, you will enjoy horseback riding trips. You can 2……… horses almost in every village for a horse-riding trip. You ‘ll need a pair of 3………… to ride a horse. In order to be safe and protect yourself, you need to learn some important 4……. . You’ll never 5………vacations in Western Ukraine. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

a) sociable a) buy a) trekking boots a) skills a) appreciate

b) romantic b) rent b) sneakers b) rules b) remember

c) honest c) borrow c) cowboy boots c) history c) forget

6 Thanksgiving a) Classify the following words into four different categories. roasted turkey, happy, cook, excited, stressed, buy, anxious, grill, apple pie, “Mayflower” cranberry source, worried, mashed potato, grateful, stuff, serve, thaw, pumpkin pie, relax, apple juice, remember, Indians, corn, 1620, have dinner

food

feelings actions

history

b) Write a story about Thanksgiving.

7 The Buky Canyon Read the definitions and write the correct words or expressions. the country’s natural features, e.g. mountain, deserts, forests: s . unable to stand steadily because you’re looking down from a high place: d . exciting and impressive: d . the land which is protected by government because of its beauty: n p . something interesting or enjoyable that people want to visit, see, or do: a . a deep valley with steep rock sides and often a stream or river flowing through it: c . 7. very pretty or charming: like a painted picture: p . 8. a picture that shows a natural scene of land or the countryside: l . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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Grammar

Used to, didn’t use to

We use ‘used to’ for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens. • Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn’t. • I used to walk to school but now I take the bus.

We also use it for something that was true but no longer is. • There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn’t. • She used to have really long hair but she’s had it all cut off. • I didn’t use to like him but now I do.

‘Used to do’ is different from ‘to be used to doing’ and ‘to get used to doing’. Negative The negative of used to is most commonly didn’t use to. It didn’t use to be so crowded in the shops as it is nowadays. In very formal styles, we can use the negative form used not to: She used not to live as poorly as she does now. Questions The most common form of question is auxiliary did + use to. I think we met once, a couple of years ago. Did you use to work with Kevin Harris?

get, make, let, have

Get

Make

Let

have

We express the idea of somebody else to do something. We require something to be done by somebody else (by a third person). get+someboy +to do

Make is used to force somebody else to do something. We require something to be done by using power, influence or authority. make+someboy +do

We use let to allow somebody to do something. We give a permission to somebody to do something.

We use this structure to talk about having something done by a third person.

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let+someboy +do

have+someboy +do Mary had the nurse check her temperature

Grammar

Get

Let

I get my sister to help me. I must get my sister to help me. Do you get your sister to help you? Did you get your sister to help you? I will get my sister to help me. She gets her sister to help her. I got my sister to help me. I have got my sister to help me. I can get my sister to help me. I am going to get my sister to help me. I should get my sister to help me.

She never lets me drive her car. Will you please let me use your camera? Did your father let you come with us? She has just let the kids play in the garden. I can let you go to the cinema if you do your homework. I may let you borrow my bike, but you must promise to bring it tomorrow.

and to use more tenses and modals is possible.

and to use more English tenses and modals is possible.

Make

Have

His father made him clean the car. My mother makes me cook at weekends. A police officer can make us stop. You should make your son clean his own room. The Commander has made soldiers get up early. Did the teacher make you do your homework? I think she will make you stay here all day. and to use more tenses and modals is possible.

Mary had the nurse check her temperature. I must have the mechanic check my car. We’ve had a web designer make our website. I have the cleaners wash the floor every day. She will have Taner paint the house. Please, have your secretary fax me the letter.

There is a difference between get and have. To get someone to do something suggests that you talked to the person and convinced him to do something. To have someone do something simply states that you arranged for someone to do something, whether or not that person did it voluntarily.

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Grammar

Get → have → make ‘Have’ can be followed by passive or active verb forms Active Form

Passive form

Have + somebody + do (verb 1) + something In active form, we use somebody and base form of the verb (verb 1) after the verb ‘have’.

Have + something + done (verb 3) + (by someone) In passive form, we use something and past participle of the verb (verb 3) after the verb ‘have’.

Mary had the nurse check her temperature. I must have the mechanic check my car.

Mary had her temperature checked by the nurse. I must have my car checked by the mechanic. We’ve had our website made by a web designer. I have the floor cleaned by the cleaners every day. She will have the house painted by Tom. Please have the letter faxed me by your secretary.

We’ve had a web designer make our website. I have the cleaners wash the floor every day. She will have Tom paint the house. Please have your secretary fax me the letter.

The future

The ’will’-future

We use ‘will-future’ to talk about things that are certain to happen in the future; to say what we think will happen in the future; to express our decision to do something while we are speaking – something that we didn’t plan. We form ‘willfuture’ with the help of the long form will or short form -‘ll and the bare infinitive of the main verb (without particle to). In general questions we put will before the subject. In special questions we put first Special question word + will. In short answers we use will or won’t. Time expressions: I’m afraid, probably, maybe, I’m sure, I think, I promise, I hope, I know. Affirmative statements I’m sure we’ll live out of town. I promise I’ll work harder next year. I think a garden will mean more work. I know our team will win. I promise I won’t be late. I’m tired. – OK. We won’t walk.

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Negations I’m afraid she won’t pass her exam. I’m hungry. – Ok, we won’t stay long.

Grammar

What will happen? Will we live out of town? – Yes, we will. / No, we won’t.

Questions What will we do tomorrow? Will we rehearse our play? – Yes, we will./ No, we won’t.

Shall is used with I and We in questions, suggestions and offers. Shall I help you with your bags?

What will /won’t happen if

We use the present simple form in if-sentences (clauses) and future in the main sentences (clauses). This means that the event in the main clause only takes place if the condition in the if-clause is fulfilled. If –sentence (clause) – Present If we meet in the street, If –sentence (clause) – Present If we don’t meet in the street,

Statements Result clause – Future we will run just for fun. Negative Result clause – Future we won’t run just for fun.

Yes/ no questions Result clause – Future If –sentence (clause) – Present Will he come to our western square dance evening if he has time? Statements Yes, he will. 83

Short answers Negatives No, he won’t.

isten to the poem “If” L by Rudyard Kipling If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you, If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too; If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies, Or being hated, don’t give way to hating, And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise:

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, Or walk with Kings—nor lose the common touch, If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you, If all men count with you, but none too much; If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run, Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it, And—which is more—you’ll be a Man, my son!

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G G4

Grammar

After / Before / When

Such words as before, after, when, or while may be added to a clause to express that a second activity occurs earlier than, later than or at the same time as the activity in the main clause. If the verb in the main clause is present tense, the verb in clause following the preposition is also present. Relate the timing of two activities PRESENT – HABITUAL VERB IS PRESENT after, before, when, while + CLAUSE We watch a movie We make popcorn We make popcorn We sit down We go out to dinner

after he arrives. (later than) habit before he arrives. (earlier than) while he drives here. (ongoingsame time activities) when he arrives. (at that moment) as soon as the movie ends. (immediately following)

Such words as before, after, when, or while may also be added to a clause with a future tense verb expression will or (be) going to. However, the verb in the clause remains in the present tense form. FUTURE – SCHEDULED ACTIVITY MAIN CLAUSE We will watch a movie We are going to make popcorn We will be making popcorn We will sit down We will go out to dinner We will go out to dinner We won’t start eating We will pay our bill We will have had a good time

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VERB IS PRESENT after, before, when, while + CLAUSE after he arrives. *(will arrive) (later than) before he arrives. (earlier than) while he is driving here. (ongoingsame time activities) when he arrives. (at that moment) as soon as the movie ends. (immediately following) once the movie ends. (immediately following) until everyone receives food. (immediately following) as dinner ends. (in the last moments of the first activity.) by the time the evening ends. (in the time before) (future perfect).

Grammar

Talking about the future

When we know about the future we normally use the present tense. • F or something scheduled or arranged, use the simple present

• F or plans or arrangements, use the present progressive

We have a lesson next Monday. The train arrives at 6.30 in the morning. The holidays start next week. It is my birthday tomorrow.

I’m playing football tomorrow. They are coming to see us tomorrow. We’re having a party at Christmas.

We use (be) going to: • To talk about plans and intentions: I’m going to drive to work today. They are going to move to Manchester. • When we can see that something is likely to happen: Be careful! You are going to fall. Look at those black clouds. I think it’s going to rain. We use will to talk about the future: • When we make predictions: It will be a nice day tomorrow. I think Brazil will win the World Cup. I’m sure you will enjoy the film.

• To mean want to or be willing to: I hope you will come to my party. George says he will help us.

• To make offers and promises: I'll see you tomorrow. We'll send you an email.

• To talk about offers and promises: Tim will be at the meeting. Mary will help with the cooking.

We often use verbs like would like, plan, want, mean, hope, expect to talk about the future: What are you going to do next year? I’d like to go to University. We plan to go to France for our holidays. George wants to buy a new car.

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G G

Grammar

G 6

The present perfect active

We use the present perfect to talk about past experiences in our lives. It is not important when they happened. Or we use it for actions which have recently finished and their results are visible in the present. Look at the pictures of Tom in his room. In picture 1 on the left he is renovating his room. In picture 2 you see the room clean and tidy. He has just renovated hisGrammar room. To show the result we use the present perfect.

I am painting the wall.

I have painted the walls. I have put the books on the shelf. I have cleaned the window. I have broken the bed. My hair has gone pink.

We form the present perfect with the auxiliary verb have/has and the past participle. We form the past participle of regular verbs by adding -ed to the verb, e.g. clean – cleaned, study-studied. We form the past participle of irregular verbs differently, e.g. give-given. The time expressions include: just, already, never. They go between the verb have/has and the past participle. Remember: we use has with he, she, it. He has just washed his hair. He has just broken his bed. He has already put his clothes in the He has already put books on the shelf. wardrobe. He has never painted the walls before. He has never renovated his room before. Use already, just and never and remember them forever. Spelling for most verbs we add -ed for verbs ending in -e, we add -d for verbs ending in consonant +y, we change this to -ied for stressed short vowel between two consonants we double the final consonant +ed DO01547520_128_141_Grammar.indd 136

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DO01547520_128_141_Grammar.indd 136

washed, asked type –typed, decide -decided study-studied, carry-carried stop – stopped

02.02.2006 11:35:

02.02.2006 1

Grammar

The present perfect: Questions and short answers We form questions by putting have or has before the subject pronoun. The typical signal words for questions in the present perfect are ever and yet. In short answers we only use Yes or No, the subject pronoun and have or has. We do not repeat the whole question. Have we told you about the show yet? – Yes, you have. /No, you haven’t.

Have you ever made a web site? – Yes, I have. /No, I haven’t.

Has she ever surfed the Internet? – Yes, she has. /No, she hasn’t. We use already mostly in statements and yet in questions and negatives, for example: Have we told about the show yet? – Yes, you have already told us about it. But we haven’t seen it yet.

The present perfect: Negation

We form negations by putting not between have or has and the past participle. Usually we use short forms. We place yet at the end of the sentence. You haven’t answered my question. The shop hasn’t closed yet. They haven’t read our letter yet.

The present perfect: Special questions We form questions with question words by putting what, why, where, who at the beginning of the sentence. Have or has follow directly after question words. What has Terry done to his hair? – It’s not his hair, it’s only a wig. Where have you put my bag? – On the table. Why have you changed your hair? – Because I didn’t like it. Who has ever been to England? – I have.

Where have you bought this magnet? – In the store over there. What have you done to your camera? – I have left it somewhere. Why has Nadiia cooked stuffed peppers? – To treat her guests. Who has ever been to Chyhyryn? – I have.

Present perfect or simple past Simple past I finished work an hour ago.

Present perfect I’ve finished my work.

Time expressions: yesterday, in summer/ June/ 2013/ ago/ last week/month/year,

Time expressions: ever, never, just, yet, already, this week/month/year

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Grammar

The Past Perfect

[had + past participle]

Examples: • You had studied English before you moved to New York. • Had you studied English before you moved to New York? • You had not studied English before you moved to New York. Complete List of Past Perfect Forms

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples: • I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Australia. • Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. • Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? • She only understood the movie because she had read the book. • Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. • We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. • A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2015? B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before. USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With state verbs and some non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the past perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. Examples: • We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. • By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. • They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.

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Grammar

Although the above use of past perfect is normally limited to state verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, the words ‘live’, ‘work’, ‘teach’, and ‘study’ are sometimes used in this way even though they are action verbs. IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary. Example: • She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 2013 before she moved in with them in 2015. MOREOVER If the past perfect action did occur at a specific time, the simple past can be used instead of the past perfect when ‘before’ or ‘after’ is used in the sentence. The words ‘before’ and ‘after’ actually tell you what happens first, so the past perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct. Examples: • She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 2013 before she moved in with

them in 2015. • She visited her Japanese relatives once in 2013 before she moved in with them

in 2015. HOWEVER

If the past perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, past perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here past perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, simple past cannot be used. Examples: • She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct • She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct

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Grammar

PAST PERFECT + JUST ‘Just’ is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than before now, e.g. Examples: • The train had just left when I arrived at the station. • She had just left the room when the police arrived. • I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.

Modal verbs

The modal verbs ‘can / can’t, must / mustn’t, needn’t’

Modal verbs are different from main verbs. We use can/can’t to talk about the ability and possibility in the present; must to express necessity, duty or obligation; mustn’t shows that it is important NOT to do something = it’s FORBIDDEN; needn’t explains that it is not necessary to do something; need is used as a modal verb mainly in questions and negations. They have the same forms in all persons. They come before the subject in questions and take ’not’ after them in negations. They take the inﬁnitive without ‘to’ after them. Affirmative statements and negations I can run I can swim but I can’t speak Spanish. but I can’t dive. You must remember to phone the You must be careful doctor but you needn’t stay in bed. but you needn’t worry. You must attend the meeting. I must attend the meeting. (I have decided – duty, obligation). (It is necessary). I must study hard to pass exams. You must study hard to pass exams. (It’s my duty). (It’s necessary). You mustn’t swim when You mustn’t take sweets from the red flag is flying. people you don’t know. You mustn’t feed the animals. You mustn’t take dogs to the restaurant. (It’s forbidden to feed the animals) (It’s prohibited to take dogs into the restaurant). You don’t need to have a visa to visit I needn’t do maths today. There will be no Australia if you are Australian. lesson tomorrow. You don’t need to do the shopping. You needn’t do the shopping. I’ll do it later. I’ll do it later. (It is not necessary ) (It is not necessary). Questions Can you swim very fast? Can I use this mobile phone in the UK? Can’t we run around in a swimsuit? Can’t you surf the Internet? Who can’t swim? Who can’t use the Google maps? Need I talk to the teacher today? Need I fill in an application form today?

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Grammar

Test yourself Complete the sentences. Use ‘can/can’t, must, mustn’t, needn’t’. We … escape! We … go through the trees. We … take the helicopter. We … get across the river but we … swim. We … take the boat. We … wait. We … hurry up!

Modal verbs The modal verbs ‘may’, ‘may not’, 'should’, ‘shouldn’t’, ‘shall’

We use may to express possibility = it’s possible, it’s likely / perhaps, may not to refuse permission, May…? to ask permission when we do not know the other person well (it is rather formal and not used very often in modern spoken English); should and shouldn’t to give advice or to talk about what we think is right or wrong; shall to make offers and suggestions and to ask for advice, suggestion or instruction. – Shall I? Shall we...? What shall we? You should means something like I You look pale. I think you should eat think it is a good idea for you to do it. more vegetables. You shouldn't means something like I You shouldn’t be so selfish. think it is a bad idea for you to do it. You shouldn’t be so rude. Tip! We do not use shouldn't where there isn't any obligation at all. Instead we use don't have to or don't need to, needn’t. Affirmative statements Questions It may rain later today. (It is possible) May I borrow your pen? (You do not Pete may come with us. (It is possible) know the other person well) May we think about it? (at a formal meeting) May I go now? (asking a teacher) You should take it easy. She should go to bed early. Should we tell her the truth? We should go somewhere exciting for What should I do? our holiday. Shouldn’t we try to finish it now? Shall I help you choose Sam’s present? (offer) Negations Shall we go to the football match I may not have time to do it today. tonight? (suggestion). (it is possible) Where shall we go tonight? (asking for You shouldn’t get angry. suggestion) He shouldn’t work so much. What shall we do? (asking for advice)

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Grammar

ENGLISH SUMMARY

an, may, must, should, need, shall and their negative forms can’t, C may not, mustn’t, shouldn’t and needn’t are modal auxiliaries. You always use them with the infinitive of a main verb. There is no ‘to’ between the auxiliary and the main verb. The present tense forms have no s in the 3rd person singular (except need – He needs).

The modal verbs ‘must’, ‘mustn’t’, ‘needn’t’, ‘should’ and ‘shouldn’t’

• You must eat fruits every day. It’s healthy. • He mustn’t eat chips. They’re unhealthy. • We needn’t go jogging every day. Every second day is OK. • You should drink more. • They shouldn’t think about the future very often. • Must we go on a diet? – No, you needn’t. • What needn’t we do today?

• You must read this book. It’s fantastic. • You mustn’t park here. It’s not allowed. • You needn’t buy any paint. I have enough. • You should look for a better job. • You shouldn’t spend so much money. • Must we take part in the meeting? – No, you needn’t. • Do you need to go to the dentist?

I needn't stay home from school, but I mustn't do sports Test yourself a) Read the notices on the tree. Now write what you ‘must’ or ‘mustn’t’ do. b) Complete the sentences. Use ‘must’/‘mustn’t, ‘can’ or ‘needn’t’. 1. You … bring sandwiches with you. 2. You … buy some in the Jungle Café. 3. You … worry about the weather. It’s always warm. 4. You … be afraid of the animals but you … go too near them.

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Grammar

Grammar in songs What’s the key to learning English well? Is it determination and persistence? Or is it something that people are just born with? We think it’s neither of those things. The key is to make learning English fun through the right tools and habits. And one of the best tools is sitting right there all along, right inside your smartphone. If you haven’t already been doing it, it’s not too late to start – to learn English through songs and music.

G 10

Relative clauses

1. We use relative clauses to identify or give additional information about nouns or indeﬁnite pronouns as someone, somebody, something, another, and other(s). e.g. I know the woman who lives there. (The relative clause identiﬁes the woman we are talking about). e.g. Kyiv is the city which attracts tourists. (The relative clause gives additional information about the city). Someone who has a lot of friends is lucky. (The relative clause directly follows the noun or pronoun which it is identifying or describing). 2. Sentences with relative clause can be seen as a combination of two sentences. e.g. I have a friend. + He loves to shop. = I have a friend who loves to shop. We use who or that for people e.g. I have a friend who lives in Kyiv. Which or that are used for places or things. e.g. New York is the city which never sleeps. Whose + noun is used for people’s possessions e.g. He is the man whose dog barks all day. sentence main clause defining relative clause This is the girl who broke the school record. For people : The player

who / that subject who / that

We’re looking for people

who / that

scores most goals in the competition will win a prize. want to help on sports day.

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Grammar

For things:

which / that subject which / that is very popular in Britain, but not in Ukraine. Cricket is a game Where are the tennis balls which / that were on this chair only a minute ago?

The man

object subject you who / that

The man

‡

you

Is that the equipment Is that the equipment

which / that ‡

cricket players cricket players

I met a girl † There are a few athletes † I don’t know any towns † This is a tennis racket

Most of the boys

whose whose whose

– that which with which – that who to whom

can see in the picture is a famous American football star. can see in the picture is a famous American football star. use? use?

grandmother played at Wimbledon. names I’ve never heard before. skateparks are as good as ours. Roger Federer played with. Roger Federer played with. Roger Federer played with. Roger Federer played. I was talking to are Liverpool fans. I was talking to are Liverpool fans. I was talking to are Liverpool fans. I was talking are Liverpool fans.

ENGLISH SUMMARY

defining relative clause gives you important information about a noun. A You use the relative pronoun who for people and the relative pronoun which for things. You can use that for people and things. When the relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause, you can leave it out. A relative clause without a relative pronoun is a contact clause. When people or things belong together, you can use the relative pronoun whose. If the verb in a defining relative clause has a preposition (play with, talk to), put the preposition after the verb.

164

Grammar

G 11

as…as, not as…as

We use as + adjective / adverb + as to make comparisons when the things we are comparing are equal in some way. Simile is a figure of speech that compares two things, showing similarities between two different things. We can find simile examples in our daily speech. We often hear comments like “John is as slow as a snail“. Using similes attracts the attention and appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers, e.g. The world’s biggest bull is as big as a small elephant. We use not as … as to make comparisons between things which aren’t equal: It’s not as heavy as I thought it would be, actually. They didn’t read as well as they usually do. We can modify not as … as by using not quite as or not nearly as: The second race was not quite as easy as the first one. (The second race was easy but the first one was easier.) These new shoes are not nearly as comfortable as my old ones. (My old shoes are a lot more comfortable than these new shoes.) We can also use not so … as. Not so … as is less common than not as … as: The cycling was good but not so hard as the cross country skiing we did.

We often use expressions of possibility or ability after as … as: Can you come as soon as possible? Go to as many places as you can. We got here as fast as we could.

As … as + possibility When we want to make comparisons referring to quantity, we use as much as with uncountable nouns and as many as with plural nouns: Greg makes as much money as Mick but not as much as Neil. There weren’t as many people there as I expected.

Too and enough

Too and enough indicate degree. They are used with adjectives. Too means more than what is needed. He is too old to play football with the kids. He has too many friends. She has got too much patience

Enough means sufficient. Dave is intelligent enough to do the right thing. You’re not working fast enough. I don’t have enough time.

165

G G 12

Grammar

So + adjective (so difficult), so + adverb (so slowly)

We often use so when we mean ‘to such a great extent’. With this meaning, so is a degree adverb that modifies adjectives and other adverbs. Using that camera is easy. Why is she making it so difficult? I’m sorry I’m walking so slowly. I’ve hurt my ankle. It doesn’t always work out so well. We often use so with that: He’s so lazy that he never helps out with the housework. It was so dark (that) we could hardly see. Such We don’t use so before an adjective + a noun (attributive adjective). We use such. She emailed us such lovely pictures of her and Enzo. Not: … so lovely pictures … We use such not so to modify noun phrases. She is such a hard-working colleague. Not: … so a hard-working colleague. It’s taken them such a long time to send the travel brochures. Not: … so a long time … So much and so many We use so before much, many, little and few. There were so many people on the beach it was difficult to get into the sea. There are so few people who know what it is like in our country for other people from different cultures. You’ve eaten so little and I’ve eaten so much! We use so much, not so, before comparatives. I feel so much better after I’ve been for a run in the park. Not: I feel so better … My house is so much colder than yours. We can use such (as a determiner) before a noun phrase to add emphasis. We visited such fascinating places on our trip through central Asia. She has such lovely hair. She lived in such loneliness. (formal) We use such before the indefinite article, a/an: We had such an awful meal at that restaurant! Not: We had a such awful meal …

166

Grammar

Such … that We can use a that-clause after a noun phrase with such. He is such a bad-tempered person that no one can work with him for long. It was such a long and difficult exam that I was completely exhausted at the end.

G 13

Present Perfect Progressive

The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action. Form of Present Perfect Progressive Positive Negative I / you / we / they I have been I have not been speaking. speaking. he / she / it He has been He has not been speaking. speaking. Exceptions in Spelling Exceptions in spelling when adding ing final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed) after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) final ie becomes y

Question Have I been speaking? Has he been speaking?

Example come – coming (but: agree – agreeing) sit – sitting travel – travelling lie – lying

Use of Present Perfect Progressive • puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)

Example: She has been writing for two hours. • action that recently stopped or is still going on Example: I have been living here since 2001. • finished action that influenced the present Example: I have been working all afternoon. Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive • all day, for 4 years, since 2015, how long?, the whole week

167

Grammar

G 14

From active to passive

We use the passive when the person who carries out the action is unknown or unimportant. We use the passive when the action itself is more important than the person who carries it out, as in the news, formal writing, and instructions. To change a sentence from the active into the passive, we need to put the object in the ﬁrst place and make it the subject in the passive sentence. e.g. Millions of people read the websites. The websites are read by millions of people. Active

subject Matt Stirling

Passive

The role of ‘Justin’ subject

object the role of ‘Justin’.

plays is played

by Matt Stirling. by-agent

The passive forms are Past participle (V3) regular irregular am, is are washed sold was, were washed sold have been, has been washed sold Be

Simple Present Simple Past Present perfect Active Passive

Object 1 (Person) An assistant showed the actors The actors were shown the studio. Subject 1 (Passive 1)

Object 2 (Thing) the studio. The studio was shown to the actors. Subject 2 (Passive 2)

ENGLISH SUMMARY

erbs like give, offer, promise, send, show, bring, tell, teach, promise, buy, V write, award, sell, grant etc. can have two objects: They gave her a CD. If you want to stress who is given or offered something, you can use the personal passive: She was given a CD. If a ‘thing’ (the CD) becomes the subject of the passive sentence, the person is put at the end of the passive sentence with the preposition to: The CD was given to her. However, it is more usual for passive sentences to begin with the person. Passive 1 (personal passive) Everyone was sent a brochure with a lot of useful information. The people were given all the information.

168

Passive 2 A brochure with a lot of useful information was sent to everyone in the group. All the information was given to the people who had come to the casting.

Grammar

G 15

The agent with the passive voice

The agent is the person or thing that performs the action and is the subject of the active sentence. In most passive sentences, the agent is not mentioned. If it is mentioned, however, it is usually preceded by the preposition by: The pigeons were dispersed by a tourist walking past. (A tourist walking past dispersed the pigeons.) He was hit by a falling branch while walking in the woods. (A falling branch hit him while he was walking in the woods.) The instrument is an object that is not the doer of the action but something that the doer uses in performing the action. If it is mentioned in the passive sentence, it is preceded by the preposition with: The crowds were dispersed with tear gas. (The police dispersed the crowds with tear gas.) He was hit with a branch while walking in the woods. (Someone hit him with a branch while he was walking in the woods.) (In the two passive sentences above, the agent is not mentioned. In the first sentence the identity of the agent is obvious, while in the second one it is unknown.) With is also often used with the verbs fill, crowd, cram and pack: The bottle was filled with sugar free coke. The hall was crowded with people waiting for the mayor. Our room is crammed with furniture. The preposition in is often used with cover: When I looked out the window in the morning, I saw that the streets were covered in snow.

G 16

Large numbers

We don’t normally write numbers with words, but it’s possible to do this – and of course this will show how we say the numbers. In writing large numbers, American English uses a comma ( , ) to separate thousands, millions, etc. American English also uses a hyphen ( – ) to separate ’tens’ words (twenty, fifty, etc.) and ’ones’ words (one, three, six, etc.) Group 1 written 1,011 21,011 721,011

said one thousand eleven twenty-one thousand eleven seven hundred twenty-one thousand eleven

169

Grammar

written 1,256,721 31,256,721 631,256,721

Group 2 said one million two hundred fifty-six thousand seven hundred twenty-one thirty-one million two hundred fifty-six thousand seven hundred twenty-one six hundred thirty-one million two hundred fifty-six thousand seven hundred twenty-one Group 3

written 1,492,638,526 41,492,638,526 941,492,638,526

G 17

said one billion four hundred ninety-two million six hundred thirty-eight thousand five hundred twenty-six forty-one billion four hundred ninety-two million six hundred thirty-eight thousand five hundred twenty-six nine hundred forty-one billion four hundred ninety-two million six hundred thirty-eight thousand five hundred twenty-six

Reflexive pronouns

The reflexive pronouns are: Singular: myself – yourself – himself – herself – itself Plural: ourselves – yourselves – themselves We use a reflexive pronoun: • As a direct object when the object is the same as the subject of the verb: I am teaching myself to play the piano. Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself. • W e can use a reflexive pronoun as direct object with most transitive verbs, but these are the most common: amuse • blame • cut • dry • enjoy • help • hurt • introduce • kill • prepare • satisfy • teach

170

We do not use a reflexive pronoun after verbs which describe things people usually do for themselves, such as wash, shave, dress: He washed [himself] in cold water. He always shaved [himself] before going out in the evening. Michael dressed [himself] and got ready for the party. • W e only use reflexives with these verbs for emphasis: He dressed himself in spite of his injuries. She’s old enough to wash herself.

Grammar

• S ome verbs change their meaning slightly when they have a reflexive pronoun as direct object: Would you like to help yourself to another drink? = Would you like to take another drink. He busied himself in the kitchen. = He worked busily in the kitchen. I’m hungry. I ’ll make Can you see Poor Jake. He’s hurt Amy only thinks of Look at that cat. It ’s washing We ’ve taught Why can’t you behave The two girls are looking at Shall I call Charlie for you, Amy? Can you help me with this exercise? Hey, this is a cool song! Mel’s dress looks nice. Do you think Dad should help us? We won’t be there tomorrow. Did Jake tell you about Amy’s and Mel’s party?

G 18

• A s indirect object when the indirect object is the same as the subject of the verb: Would you like to pour yourself a drink. • A s the object of a preposition when the object refers to the subject of the clause: They had to cook for themselves. He was feeling very sorry for himself. myself yourself himself herself. itself. ourselves yourselves? themselves

something to eat. in the photo, Mel? at football. how to cook. in a video.

No, thank you. I can call him Why don’t you try to do it Yes, my brother wrote it Imagine. She made it I think we can build the wall You’ll have to make lunch No, they told us

myself. yourself? himself. herself. ourselves. yourselves. themselves.

Nouns, Possessives nouns

A noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. All nouns can be further classified as proper or common. Common Nouns

Proper Nouns

Common nouns are words used to name general items rather than specific ones e.g. a living room, a book, trousers, a jumper. You broke my favorite mug. I really want a new pair of jeans.

Proper nouns have two distinct features: They name specific one-ofa-kind items, and they begin with capital letters, no matter where they occur within a sentence. I can’t believe you broke my Snoopy mug. I really want to buy a new pair of Levis.

171

Grammar

Countable Nouns are nouns which we can count. They have singular and plural forms. We usually form the plural by adding - s irregular plurals the same form in the singular and the plural

man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, tooth – teeth, mouse – mice, child – children, goose – geese some kinds of animals and fish: sheep, deer, trout, cod, salmon; some nouns ending in –s: crossroads, means, series, species, works

Uncountable Nouns are nouns which we cannot count. They don’t have different plural forms. Uncountable nouns include: many types of food: liquids: materials: abstract nouns: others

Verbs Articles

flour, yoghurt, butter, meat, cheese, rise, buckwheat, etc. coffee, lemonade, oil, water, etc. wood, plastic, silver, glass, etc. knowledge, beauty, justice, freedom, education, love, etc. research, luggage, hair, weather, advice, news, information, money, fun, equipment, litter, rubbish, trash, behavior, etc.

Countable nouns can take singular or plural verbs always go with a/an/the/ my, etc. can be used alone or with some/any/many/few/ a few, a lot of/ lots of in the plural.

Uncountable nouns always take singular verbs do not go with a/an/one/two, etc. can be used alone or with some/any/ much/little/ a little/ a lot of / lots of /the/ in the plural. Note: we use a/an, one/two, etc. with uncountable nouns such as coffee, tea, soda, juice, etc. when we order something in a restaurant, café, snack bar. e.g. We’ll have three oranges, please.

Rules for possessive nouns We add an apostrophe + s to most singular nouns and to plural nouns that do not end in s, e.g. kitten’s toy, Sam’s cake, Emma’s interview, ‘s women’s rights, men’s trousers We add an apostrophe only to plural nouns that already end in s, e.g. ‘ companies’ workers, horses’ stalls, countries’ capitals

172

Grammar

G 19

The comparison of adjectives

One syllable adjectives small – smaller – (the) smallest nice – nicer – (the) nicest big – bigger – (the) biggest

long – longer – (the) longest wise – wiser – (the) wisest fat – fatter – (the) fattest

Two syllable adjectives ending with –y healthy – healthier – (the) healthiest tasty – tastier – (the) tastiest

happy – happier – (the) happiest hungry – hungrier – (the) hungriest

Two and more syllable adjectives boring – more boring – (the) most boring difficult – more difficult – (the) most difficult

famous – more famous – (the)most famous careful – more careful – (the) most careful

He’s older than my brother. I think French is as difficult as English.

Sweden is bigger than Britain. Helen earns as much money as Colin.

good and bad are irregular and you must learn them. good – better – (the) best bad – worse – (the) worst Test yourself

Italy

Ireland

France

a) Compare the weather. Use ‘good’, ‘better’, ‘best’. Today the weather is good in France. It’s … in Ireland and it’s … in Italy. b) Now compare the weather in London, Berlin and New York.

London

Berlin

New York

Test yourself

old/new short/long big/small Look at all the clothes and compare them. Example: The brown sweatshirt is very old. The green sweatshirt is newer than … . Go on, please!

173

Grammar

G 20

The definite and indefinite article

We use the indefinite article with singular countable nouns when we talk about them in general e.g. I want to buy a dress. With the verbs to be and have (got) – Mary has a dog. It’s a German Shepherd. We use no article or the definite article ‘the’ with abstract nouns. The No article Life is too short. Time goes very quickly. With by + means of transport: I usually go to work by bus. We can go to Windsor by train. With the names of meals Rhona often cooks lunch herself. We sometimes watch TV after tea.

I’m reading a book about the life of Francis Drake. I’ll always remember the time we spent together. I saw her on the bus yesterday. The train to Windsor leaves at 11.35. The lunch we had at that restaurant was nice. I enjoyed the tea on Shirin’s birthday.

We use the definite article ‘the’ with the names of the rivers, e.g. the Dnipro with the names of the seas, e.g. the Sea of Azov with the names of the oceans, e.g. the Atlantic with the names of the mountain ranges, e.g. the Carpathians with the names of the groups of islands, e.g. the Bahamas with the names of the channels , e.g. the English Channel with the names of the straits, e.g. the Strait of Dover with the names of musical instruments and dances, e.g. the piano, the tango with the names of the families, e.g. the Smiths

We omit the definite article ‘the’ before

but: individual mountains, e.g. Hoverla but: individual islands, e.g. Tahiti

‡ 174

Grammar

with the names of nationalities ending in -sh, -ch, -ese, e.g. the French, the Scottish, the Welsh, the Japanese with titles, e.g. the King, the Prince of Wales, the Queen with the words morning, afternoon, evening

We use the definite article ‘the’

but: other plural nationalists are used with or without the, e.g. Americans, Ukrainians, the Greek but: no article before titles with proper names, e.g. Queen Victoria but: at night, at midnight, at noon, by day/night, at 4 o’clock We omit the definite article ‘the’ before but: not before man (=people)

with the words, e.g. beach, cinema, city, coast, countryside, earth, ground, jungle, radio, pub, seaside, sky, station, shop, theatre, village, weather, world The + adjective refer to a group of people usually with the adjectives, e.g. poor, rich, sick, homeless, disabled, young, old, blind, deaf but: the Fourth of July, the Cherry Festival, the Holidays, e.g. Christmas, Jazz Festival. Christmas Eve, New Year’s Day, New Year’s, New Year’s Eve,

proper nouns, e.g. Ukraine, Europe the names of sports and games, e.g. football, rugby, athletics activities, e.g. swimming days and months, e.g. Sunday, January colors, e.g. red, white but: when the name of the language is followed languages, e.g. English by the word ‘language’ the English language but: when the name of the countries include the names of the countries, words such as state, kingdom, republic (the e.g. Ukraine, France, United Kingdom) Germany or the Netherlands, the Lebanon, the Sudan, cities, e.g. Kyiv, London, Paris

175

Grammar

but: the Mall, the London Road, the High Street , the Strand but: the Bridge of Sights, the Humber Bridge

but: the John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newspapers, e.g. The New York Times, The Washington Post.

G 21

squares, e.g. Trafalgar Square bridges, e.g. Tower Bridge parks, e.g. Hyde Park railway stations, e.g. Victoria station lakes, e.g. Lake Geneva continents, e.g. Africa airports, e.g., Heathrow Airport, Gatwick but: magazines, e.g. Newsweek, Time.

Verbs and adjectives

be, seem, feel, stay Rhona was a little shy at first. Everything seemed so strange to her. But soon she felt better. And she stayed calm when they all started to speak Punjabi.

176

streets, e.g. Shevchenko Street

become, get

look, smell, sound, taste The Asian food looked Some bands have interesting. become famous in It smelled good and tasted Manchester. great. I’m getting tired of Some of the names this music. sounded unusual.

Grammar

Test yourself Which or who? Fill in the right word. 1. The award … looks like someone’s uncle is called an ‘Oscar’. 2. The people … pose on the red carpet before the ceremony are stars. 3. The first award … MTV gave for music videos was a statue of an astronaut.

So long, Farewell! Your Year 9 journey is over! Summer is the great time to continue having fun with English. Keep reading books, listening to music and singing along, and watching your favorite English movies. Don’t forget that practice makes perfect.

177

Vocabulary

Unit 1 It’s my life Do you remember tips from the last school year? In the first four textbooks you learned how to improve your vocabulary. Here again a little summary as a reminder: • keep working with vocabulary cards, • continue your vocabulary book, • take several minutes every day to review the vocabulary, • practice using these words in different contexts, • make learning exciting by learning with other students or playing games. Enjoy Joy of English!

Check-in target audience [ˌtɑːgit ˈɔːdiəns]

цільова аудиторія

to contain [kənˈtein] courage [ˈkʌridʒ]

містити сміливість, впевненість

insight [ˈinsait]

розуміння, сприйняття

impressed [imˈprest] inverted pyramid [inˈvɜːtid ˈpirəmid] newsworthy [ˈnjuːzˌwɜːði] ups and downs [ˈʌpsəndˈdaʊnz] strength [streŋθ] background [ˈbækgraʊnd]

вражений перевернута піраміда

A target audience is the intended audience or readership of a publication, advertisement, or other message. This box contains a pair of shoes. courage = confidence, and resolution; bravery The research gives insight into the theory of evolution. He is not easily impressed. “inverted” or upside-down “pyramid”

важливий, цікавий

newsworthy = of sufficient interest

злети та падіння, радість та горе сила, перевага інформація, досвід

Ups and downs mean alternating periods of good and bad fortune or spirits. You don’t know your own strength. Her background in the arts is impressive.

бувало

My father used to ride a motorcycle before he was married. The transition from child to adult can be difficult.

Language 1 used to [ˈjuːstu]

transition [trænˈziʃən] перехід

178

Vocabulary workload [ˈwɜːkləʊd]

навантаження

habit [ˈhæbit]

звичка

to contrast [ˈkɒntrɑːst] to beat up [biːt ˈʌp]

порівнювати

common [ˈkɒmən]

звичний

бити, гамселити

to run campaign [ˌrʌn проводити кампанію, агітувати kæmˈpein] жертва, постраждалий victim [ˈviktim]

We’ve taken on more staff to cope with the extra workload. Lorene made a habit of going to bed early. She contrasted the situation then with the present crisis. to beat up = to punch, kick or hit (a person) severely and repeatedly It is common for movies to last 90 minutes or more. Run your own advertising campaign. victims of war; victims of an epidemic; victims of poverty

Language 2 to earn [ɜːn] appointment [əˈpɔintmənt] IT [ai ˈtiː]

заробляти зустріч, призначення, (назначено) інформатика, інформаційні технології

She earns 50 hryvnias an hour. He arrived before appointment.

reliable [riˈlaiəbl]

надійний, вірний

member [ˈmembəʳ]

учасник

They provide a cheap and reliable service. member = representative, associate

IT = information technology

Everyday English

179

Vocabulary

to raise [reiz]

збільшувати, заробляти, підвищувати тактичний, делікатний tactful [ˈtæktfʊl] to express [iksˈpres] виражати ветеринар vet [vet] дослідження, експериresearch [riˈsɜːtʃ] мент амбіційний, цілеспряambitious [æmˈbiʃəs] мований конкурентоздатний competitive [kəmˈpetitiv] консультант, експерт adviser [ədˈvaizəʳ]

creative [kriːˈeitiv]

творчий, винахідливий

to prefer [priˈfɜːʳ] to apply [əˈplai]

надавати перевагу подавати заяву на (роботу) додаток виробнича практика

enclosing [inˈkləʊziŋ] work placement [wɜ:k ˈpleismənt] CV [ˌsiː ˈviː]

біографічна довідка, резюме рекомендаційний лист reference [ˈrefrəns] приймати to accept [əkˈsept] неофіційно casually [ˈkæʒjʊəli] body language [ˈbɒdi мова міміки та жестів ˈlæŋɡwidʒ]

A director has to raise an employee’s salary. That wasn’t a very tactful question. He expressed his surprise at the result. vet = veterinary surgeon, veterinarian You say that someone does, conducts, or carries out research. Perhaps you’re being too ambitious. We must improve our competitive position. adviser = counsellor, authority, teacher, coach, guide, lawyer, consultant, solicitor, counsel, aide, tutor, guru, mentor. Like many creative people, he was very interesting. I prefer walking to going by car. = (often followed by: for) to put in an application or request Check enclosing for the list of students. Students come to our company on work placements. CV = curriculum vitae I can’t find his reference in the files. I ask you to accept my invitation. They were smartly but casually dressed. = the gestures, postures, and facial expressions by which a person manifests various physical, mental, or emotional states and communicates nonverbally with others.

Get Fit! employer [imˈplɔiəʳ]

працедавець

weakness [ˈwiːknis]

слабкість

180

An employer is a person or institution that hires employees or workers. I’m afraid doughnuts are my weakness.

Vocabulary insightful [ˈinˌsaitfʊl] to brush up [brʌʃ ˈʌp]

змістовний, сповнений розуміння освіжити знання, повторити

схрещувати to cross [krɒs] коліна lap [læp] overdress [ˌəʊvəˈdres] вдягнутися занадто яскраво, святково звисати dangle [ˈdæŋgl] clanking [klæŋkiŋ] to entail [inˈteil] to go overboard [ɡəυ ˈəʊvəbɔːd] maintenance [ˈmeintinəns]

брязкучий включати, передбачати не знати міри, перегинати палку ремонт, технічне обслуговування

insightful – having or showing a very clear understanding of something to brush up – to refresh one’s memory or renew one’s skill regarding (something) Sit straight, don’t cross your legs. He expects the money to fall into his lap. overdress ↔ underdress A gold bracelet dangled from his left wrist. clanking – having a hard metallic sound What does the job entail? He doesn’t play cards often, but when he does, he tends to go a bit overboard. maintenance – activity involved in maintaining something in good working order

Overheard creator [kriˈeitəʳ]

George Lucas is the creator of the Star Wars films. добиватися успіху, Few dancers have excelled her in to excel [ikˈsel] перевершити virtuosity. античність Classical studies (Classics) covers the Classical studies languages, literature, history, art, and [ˈklæsikəl ˈstʌdiz] other cultural aspects of the ancient Mediterranean world. розробляти, створювати Scholarship is designed for students. to design [diˈzain] How long has the patient been in dental surgery [ˈdentl стоматологічне відділення (хірургія) dental surgery? ˈsɜːdʒəri] попередник He learned everything he knew from predecessor his predecessor. [ˈpriːdisesəʳ] запускати, розпочинати The police have launched an to launch [lɔːntʃ] investigation into the incident. Billionaire possesses more than a billionaire [ˌbiliəˈnɛəʳ] мільярдер billion dollars. сумніватися I doubt it very much! to doubt [daʊt] засновник

181

Vocabulary

Facts and fiction novel [ˈnɒvəl]

новела, роман

to bum around [bʌm əˈraʊnd] Dag nabbit! [ˌdægˈnæbit] wheel [wiːl] hippy [ˈhipi]

тинятися, вештатися, байдикувати От лихо! Жах! колесо, кермо хіпі

slope [sləʊp] upside-down [ˈʌpsaidˈdaʊn] to live off [liv ˈɒf]

схил догори ногами, перевернутий жити за рахунок (чогось, когось)

harbour [ˈhɑːbəʳ]

гавань

dry land [drai ˈlænd] in a way [inəˈwei]

He had all but finished writing a first novel. Her son is just bumming around all day, he is so lazy! Dag nabbit is an exclamation used during great surprise. It was her first time at the wheel. hippy – someone who rejects the established culture The car got stuck on a slope. We turned everything upside-down looking for it. To live off the fat of the land means to be rich enough to live well without having to do very much. All the ships stayed in the harbour during the storm. dry land ↔ the sea I like the new styles, in a way.

суходіл певною мірою, деяким чином part-time [ˈpɑːtˈtaim] неповне навантаження, part-time – for or during less than the неповний робочий день customary or standard time садівник A gardener works in a garden for gardener [ˈgɑːdnəʳ] pleasure or hire. таксі cab = taxi cab [kæb] впливати It did not affect my decision. to affect [əˈfekt] незвичайний unusual ≠ usual unusual [ʌnˈjuːʒʊəl] повністю, зовсім I’m quite positive about it. quite [kwait] вузький, обмежений Some people have narrow opinions. narrow [ˈnærəʊ] очікування The response exceeded all our expectation expectations. [ˌekspekˈteiʃən] борець A wrestler takes part in the sport of wrestler [ˈresləʳ] wrestling. приборкувач, дресиру- A tamer trains/tames wild animals. tamer [ˈteiməʳ] вальник бідність, злидні They lived in extreme poverty. poverty [ˈpɒvəti] хвороба She’s suffering from kidney disease. disease [diˈziːz]

182

Vocabulary

camp [kæmp]

табір

to suffer [ˈsʌfəʳ] to cure [kjʊəʳ]

страждати лікувати, виліковувати

The camp was in a densely-forested area. I can’t suffer it a moment longer. I was cured almost overnight.

впливовий

I am in quite an influential job

з’єднувати, зв’язувати

The candidate failed to connect with the voters. He donated $100 to the fund. The passing years had not dimmed her beauty. The tests are 90% accurate. I am happy to have a very loyal friend. He accepted her apologies as sincere.

Words in action influential [ˌinflʊˈenʃəl] to connect [kəˈnekt] to donate [dəʊˈneit] to dim [dim] accurate [ˈækjʊrit] loyal [ˈlɔiəl] sincere [sinˈsiəʳ]

жертвувати, дарувати зменшити яскравість, затуманити точний вірний, відданий щирий, відвертий

183

Vocabulary

Unit 2 School prepares me for my future Learning Tip: How to learn vocabulary • Learn the new vocabulary from the context. While you read, pay close attention to words you don’t know. First, try to figure out their meanings from context. Then look the words up. Read and listen to challenging material so that you’ll be exposed to many new words. • Practice, practice, practice. Research shows that it takes from 10 to 20 repetitions to really make a word part of your vocabulary. • It helps to write the word – both the definition and a sentence you make up using the word – perhaps on an index card that can later be reviewed. • As soon as you learn a new word, start using it. Review your index cards periodically to see if you have forgotten any of your new words. • Say the word aloud to activate your auditory memory. Relate the word to words you already know. For example, the word colorful consists of the words color and full. List as many things as you can that could be considered colorful: bands, plants, objects, roses. • Create pictures of the word’s meaning that involve strong emotions. Think “The colorful rose turned me into a princess!” You can apply these strategies every time you learn new words. Soon you will be rewarded: You will discover the joys of being able to express yourself both in speaking and writing!

Check-in

breaking news [ˌbreikiŋ ˈnju:z]

шкільний навчальний план учень в американській школі, а також студент вищого навчального закладу старша школа (третій рівень, який забезпечує повну загальну середню освіту) термінове повідомлення

yearbook [ˈjiəbʊk]

шкільний щорічник

curriculum [kəˈrikjələm] student [ˈstju:dnt]

high school [ˈhai ˌsku:l]

184

all the courses of study offered by a school student (AmE) – pupil (BrE)

A high school is a school in the USA for people between the ages of 14/15 and 18. The latest breaking news around the world from hundreds of sources, all in one place.(ad) a book which comes out every year, with information about events and students at the school

Vocabulary

tryout [ˈtraiaʊt] rally [ˈræli]

зустріч випускників навчальних закладів чирлідер/черлідер группа підтримки спортивної команди, яка виступає на стадіоні перед грою. відбірковий виступ парад

grade (AE) [ɡreid] prize [praiz]

оцінка приз, нагорода

theme park [ˈθi:m ˌpɑ:k]

тематичний парк розваг

homecoming [ˈhəʊmkʌmiŋ] cheerleader [ˈtʃiəˌli:də]

Homecoming is a yearly celebration for alumni at a school. There are often cheerleaders at football games.

to try → tryout a political rally, a demonstration, march, or parade grade (AmE) – mark (BrE) something valuable which you get if you do very good work an amusement park where the rides and attractions are based on a particular theme

Cheerleading The word ‘cheerleading’ consists of the two words to cheer and to lead. Cheerleading thus means literally “lead the audience to cheer.” Cheerleading /ˈtʃiərli:diŋ/ ranges from yelling to intense physical activity for sports team motivation, audience entertainment or competition based upon organized routines. The routines usually range anywhere from one to three minutes, which may contain many components of tumbling, dance, jumps, cheers and stunting in order to direct spectators of events to cheer for sports teams at games or to participate in cheerleading competitions. The yellers, dancers and athletes involved in cheerleading are called cheerleaders. Organized cheerleading started as an all-male activity. As early as 1877, Princeton University had a “Princeton Cheer”. This cheer was yelled from the stands by students at games, as well as by the baseball and football athletes themselves. The cheer, “Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Tiger! S-s-s-t! Boom! A-h-h-h!” remains in use with slight modifications today and is now referred to as the “Locomotive”. In 1898 that University of Minnesota student Johnny Campbell directed a crowd in cheering “Rah, Rah, Rah! Ski-u-mah, Hoo-Rah! Hoo-Rah! Varsity! Varsity! Varsity, Minn-eSo-Tah!”, making Campbell the very first cheerleader and November 2, 1898 the official birth date of organized cheerleading. In 1923, at the University of Minnesota, women were admitted into cheerleading. In high school, there are usually two squads per school: varsity and a junior varsity. Some schools also include a freshman level of cheering in order to develop skills as the athletes continue to mature. High school cheerleading contains aspects of school spirit as well as competition. These squads have become part of a year-round cycle, starting with tryouts in the spring, year-round practice, cheering on teams in the fall

185

Vocabulary

and winter, and participating in cheerleading competitions. Most squads practice at least three days a week for about two hours each practice during the summer. The school spirit aspect of cheerleading involves cheering, supporting, and ‘pumping up’ the crowd at football games, basketball games, and even at wrestling meets. Along with this they make posters, perform at pep rallies, and bring school spirit to the other students. to pledge [pledʒ]

обіцяти (давати присягу) allegiance [əˈli:dʒns] присяга на вірність країні brand new [brænd njuː] новенький homecoming queen королева вечірки зу [ˌhəʊmkʌmiŋ ˈkwi:n] стрічі випускників капітан captain [ˈkæptin] офіційний formal [ˈfɔ:ml] одяг dress [dres] jeans (pl) [dʒi:nz] ballroom dancing [ˌbɔ:lrʊm ˈdɑ:nsiŋ ] dancing [ˈdɑ:nsiŋ] supporter [səˈpɔ:tə]

джинси бальні танці

to chant [tʃɑ:nt] pompom [ˈpɒmpɒm]

скандувати помпон

colorful (AE) [ˈkʌləfl] cluster [ˈklʌstə]

різнобарвний, розмаїтий кластер, скупчення

танці уболівальник

to pledge allegiance to the flag loyalty and obedience owed to one’s country or government I’ve just bought this dress. It’s brand new. The cheerleaders choose the homecoming queen. captain of a sports team formal language, dress, look All students wear formal dress at the dance. → I like blue jeans. a formal kind of dancing to dance → dancing A supporter thinks you’re right and helps you. Cheerleaders chant. Cheerleaders wave pompoms. usually brightly colored fluffy ball held by cheerleaders colorful (AmE) – colourful (BrE) Put mind maps together and start a cluster.

Language to date [deit] luckily [ˈlʌkili] material [məˈtiəriəl]

186

ходити на побачення, зустрічатися на щастя матеріал, інформація

If you date someone, you go out with them. lucky → luckily things (for example ideas, information etc.) which help you to make or write something

Vocabulary ill [il]

хворий

absence [ˈæbsns] slip [slip]

відсутність записка від батьків

advert [ˈædvɜ:t] alcohol [ˈælkəhɒl] drug [drʌɡ]

реклама алкоголь наркотики

tobacco [təˈbækəʊ] gang [ɡæŋ] cigarette [ˌsiɡrˈet]

табак банда, група людей зі спільними інтересами цигарка

to contact [ˈkɒntækt]

зв’язатись з

at any time [æt ˌeni ˈtaim]

в будь-який час

If you’ve been ill, you must bring an absence slip. Everyone noticed her absence One of your parents should sign an absence slip. This is a good advert for milk. adverts for alcohol You mustn’t bring alcohol or drugs to school. Tobacco smoke is very unhealthy. I’m throwing a party for the gang I bowl with. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. If you want to contact someone, you can call them or write an e-mail. You can always visit us. = You can visit us at any time.

Everyday English destiny [ˈdestini] student body [ˈstjuːdənt ˌbɒdi]

доля студентський колектив, орган

destiny = fate, fortune, lot A student body means all the students enrolled at an educational institution.

187

Vocabulary

to convince [kənˈvins] переконувати

I hope this will convince you to change your mind. голосувати to vote → vote to vote [vəʊt] кандидат, суперник Her trainer said yesterday that she contender would be a strong contender for a place [kənˈtendəʳ] in the baseball team. a presidential campaign; an advertising campaign [kæmˈpein] кампанія, агітація campaign to seek out [ˌsiːk ˈaʊt] вишукувати, звертатися We should strengthen old friendships and seek out new friendships. outgoing = friendly and sociable outgoing [ˈaʊtˌgəʊiŋ] дружелюбний промова A speech is a form of communication in speech [spiːtʃ] spoken language, made by a speaker before an audience. по суті, влучно The candidate answers briefly and to to the point [tə ðə the point. ˈpɔint] хабар, підкуп An old woman tried to use dessert as a bribe [braib] bribe to get the child to cooperate. чесно, правильно, Stories should be reported truthfully truthfully [ˈtruːθfəli] правдиво and accurately. ресурси, запаси Our supply of milk is low. supply [səˈplai] розпочинати з малого What I’m starting to notice more to start small and more, is that great things almost [ˌstɑːt ˈsmɔːl] always start small. відомий Mark Antokolsky is a recognized master recognized of sculptural portrait. [ˈrekəgnaizd] We try to stand out from the crowd by to stand out from the відрізнятися, виділяproducing movies and TV programs тися crowd [stænd ˈaυt that no one else would produce. frɒm ðə ˈkraʊd] We considered taking the train instead to consider [kənˈsidəʳ] вирішувати, розглядаof the bus. ти, брати до уваги оцінювати to estimate = to calculate to estimate [ˈestimeit] approximately проти, порівняно Books versus e-books: what is better? versus [ˈvɜːsəs]

Useful phrases: Dating If you want to go out with a girl or a boy, you can use the following phrases. Hi, there! Would you like to go to the movies with me? Do you want to go to the dance with me?

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Vocabulary

Oh yes, that would be great! Yes, I’d love to go with you! Thank you, but I’ve already got other plans for the weekend. Oh, I’m so sorry! I’m already going out with … Shall we meet at…? I’ll pick you up at eight o’clock. You’re looking cute. Well, I’ll see you around.

Get Fit! scholar [ˈskɒləʳ] basic school [ˈbeisik skuːl]

учень основна школа

basic school leaving certificate [ˈbeisik skuːl ˈliːviŋ səˈtifikit] high school [hai skuːl] or upper secondary school [ˈʌpə ˈsekəndəri skuːl] (Ukraine) matriculation school certificate [məˌtrikjʊˈleiʃən skuːl səˈtifikit] state (final) attestation [steit ˈfainl ætesˈteiʃən]

свідоцтво про базову загальну середню освіту старша школа

to pass [pɑ:s] upper [ˈʌpə] to graduate [ˈɡrædjueit]

Most high schools challenge students with rigorous academic programs to prepare them for the demands of today’s world.

атестат про повну загальну середню освіту

Three years spent at upper secondary school lead to a matriculation school certificate or ‘atestat’.

державна підсумкова атестація

The students sit for their final attestation examinations at the end of both basic and general secondary education. Many polls show that most Ukrainians believe that external independent testing is better than standard entrance exams. Pay attention to the highlighted words.

external independent зовнішнє незалежне тестування testing [eksˈtərnəl ˌindiˈpendənt testiŋ] to highlight [ˈhailait]

a scholar = a student Basic school is an academic prep school that develops excellence through an emphasis on reading, writing and math. to receive a basic school leaving certificate

вирізнити (маркером слова в тексті) здавати вищий закінчувати

to pass an exam or a test upper ↔ lower If you graduate, you leave school (AE) or university (BE) after your final exams.

189

Vocabulary

elementary school (AE) [eliˈmentri ˌsku:l] middle school (AE) [ˈmidl ˌsku:l] may [mei] public school [ˌpʌblik ˈsku:l] university [ˌju:niˈvɜ:səti]

початкова школа основна школа (США) можна державна школа, що фінансується штатом університет

the first school where American children go Children at middle school in the US are usually 11 to 14 years old. May I come in? public versus private school Higher education includes vocational schools, colleges and universities.

Word building to begin to build to date to feel to mean to meet to paint

→ → → → → → →

the beginning a building dating a feeling the meaning a meeting a painting

Overheard Attention! [əˈtenʃn] period (AE) [ˈpiəriəd] announcement [əˈnaʊntsmənt]

Увага! урок оголошення

soccer (AE) [ˈsɒkə] chant [tʃɑ:nt]

футбол римівка

less [les] to dare [deə]

менше насмілитися

to take care [teik ˈkeə] Дивіться! (обережно) До побачення! Take care

period (AE) – lesson (BE) An announcement gives people information about what has happened or will happen. soccer (AE) – football (BE) A chant (from French chanter) is the rhythmic speaking or singing of words or sounds. more ↔ less Nobody dares to go. = Everyone is too frightened to go. But Eagles dare So you take care!

Facts and fiction insurance [inˈʃʊərəns] страхування

190

Insurance stands for means of protection against risk or injury.

Vocabulary обличчя рекламної brand ambassador [ˌbrænd æmˈbæsədəʳ] кампанії dog shelter [dɒg ˈʃeltəʳ] ] to be eager [ˈiːgəʳ] Mentor [ˈmentɔːʳ] to encourage [inˈkʌridʒ] to explore [iksˈplɔːʳ]

притулок для собак бажати, мати намір

керівник, наставник, учитель надихати досліджувати

to matter [ˈmætəʳ] brand awareness [ˌbrænd əˈwɛənis]

значити визнання торгової марки

to drive sales [ˌdraiv ˈseilz] innate [iˈneit]

збільшувати збут (об’єм продажу) природній, вроджений

to interpret [inˈtɜːprit] пояснювати, тлумачити танець, хореографічroutine [ruːˈtiːn] ний номер підприємець self-employed [ˌselfimˈplɔid] попит demand [diˈmɑːnd] оточення, середовище surrounding [səˈraʊndiŋ] to manage [ˈmænidʒ] керувати self-taught [ˌselfˈtɔːt] той, хто навчився самостійно (самоучка) screenplay [ˈskriːnplei] сценарій розумний, дотепний witty [ˈwiti] to sacrifice [ˈsækrifais] жертвувати

Brand ambassador is a marketing term for a person employed by a company to promote its products or services. A dog in a dog shelter is waiting for adoption. eager = having or showing keen interest, intense desire, or impatient expectancy Mentor = adviser, consultant, counselor You must encourage him to try again. The oceans have not yet been fully explored. You’re all that matters to me. Brand awareness means marketing the extent to which consumers are aware of a particular product or service. I want to drive sales, so I must sell more than usual. A teacher has an innate knowledge of right and wrong. How do you interpret his behavior? I adore our new dance routine. I am self-employed, so I am earning my living from my own profession. The teacher is in great demand as a speaker. I dream of a peaceful holiday home in beautiful surroundings. to manage = to have charge of; direct or administer Inna is a self-taught musician. A screenplay is a script for a movie. He’s very witty (= clever). Her mom sacrificed everything for her.

191

Vocabulary

Words in action equation [iˈkweiʒən] compound [ˈkɒmpaʊnd] PE (physical education) (ˈpiː iː) fable [ˈfeibl]

рівняння складне слово, хімічна сполука фізкультура

xy+xy=2xy is an equation. Organic compounds contain carbon in their molecules. PE = physical education

байка

to shrug [ʃrʌg]

пожимати (плечима)

Each tale has the timeless quality of fable. When I asked him if he knew what had happened, he just shrugged.

hemisphere [ˈhemisfiəʳ]

півсфера півкуля (географія)

heading [ˈhediŋ]

заголовок

192

Vocabulary

Unit 3 Stars in your eyes? Learning tips: Keep on learning Memorizing new words is a huge part of learning a new language and yet it seems to be so difficult to accomplish. Yet, you need to understand that reading makes learning new vocabulary easier and more enjoyable. Reading is the best way to be exposed to a rich and wide vocabulary. And remember: you can read whatever you want! You can read literature books if that is what you enjoy, but if you don’t, try reading a comic book or a magazine. We have so many interesting stories in this textbook for you to read and discuss. Don’t skip them. Read and enjoy them. Recording yourself is another strategy that can help you learn new vocabulary. By hearing your own voice say the words out loud and feeling your mouth move, you are making even more connections in your brain. So, use a camera, your phone or your webcam to record yourself practicing your new vocabulary words and using them in the sentences you made. The next step is to talk with a friend. If you do not have any native English speaking friends, don’t worry! Just invite another friend who wants to learn English out for a cup of tea and practice. To get the most out of these conversations, we suggest that each week you choose a different topic (use your textbook for topics). This way you will be using different vocabulary. Make sure to spend an hour or two to make a list of words you would like to use before meeting your friend. These strategies are an easy, fun and relaxing way to boost your language skills. Plus, you will be learning about other things as well: win, win!

Check-in trio [ˈtriəʊ] to infer [inˈfɜːʳ]

тріо робити висновок

trait [treit]

риса (характеру)

to draw [drɔː]

робити висновок

conclusion [kənˈkluːʒən] AS-level exam

висновок випускний іспит у школі, який дає право на вступ в університет (Англія, Уельс)

Trio is a group of three individuals. To infer means to conclude from evidence or by reasoning. A trait is a distinguishing characteristic or quality, esp. of one’s personal nature. to draw = to formulate or devise from evidence or data at hand a conclusion = a judgment Advanced Subsidiary Level, A1 Level or AS Level

193

Vocabulary

avid [ˈævid] to encourage [inˈkʌridʒ] to behave [biˈheiv] loyal [ˈlɔiəl] determined [diˈtɜːmind] fantasy [ˈfӕntəsi, ˈfæntəzi]

жадаючий, завзятий, спраглий заохочувати поводитися вірний рішучий

enthusiastic: an avid reader to inspire with hope, courage, or confidence to behave = to conduct oneself in a specified way loyal = faithful She is determined to be a doctor.

Fantasy is a genre of fiction or other artistic work characterized by fanciful or supernatural elements. Chronicles are a detailed narrative record or report. екранізація The film is an adaptation of a short novel. світанок I’ll see you at dawn. подорожуючий (той хто tread →treader, one who treads (walks) йде) «Підкорювач зорі» або «Плавання на край світу» (український переклад) заробляти на фільмах To gross means to earn as a total ( з продажу квитків у income or profit before deductions. кінотеатрах) найкасовіший (фільм) Harry Potter is the second highestgrossing film series. серіал, серія (фільмів) The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of fantasy films. реліквії Harry Potter and Deathly Hallows Гарі Поттер і смертельні Harry Potter and Deathly Hallows is the реліквії seventh and final novel of the Harry Potter series. касові збори в загальThis film series is with $7.7 billion in носвітовому масштабі world receipts. втілювати, уособлювати = to represent

фентезі (літературний жанр фантастичної літератури) chronicles [ˈkrɒnikəlz] хроніки adaptation [ˌædæpˈteiʃən] dawn [dɔːn] treader [ˈtredə] The Voyage of the Dawn Treader

to gross [grəʊs]

highest-grossing [ˈhaiist ˈgrəʊsiŋ] series [ˈsiəriz] hallows [ˈhæləʊz] Harry Potter and Deathly Hallows world receipts [riˈsiːts] to personify [pɜːˈsɒnifai] to sneak [sniːk]

194

пробратися

To sneak means to go quietly and secretly.

Vocabulary

antagonist [ænˈtægənist] protagonist [prəʊˈtægənist] to oppose [əˈpəʊz]

персонаж (літературного твору), який протидіє головному герою головний герой протистояти

The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero of a narrative or drama. the leading character of a drama or other literary work What character opposes the protagonist?

Holliwood [ˈhɒliwʊd] Hollywood is the oldest film industry in the world which was originated 121 years ago. Best known for one of the world’s biggest entertainment industries, Hollywood has been the dream destination for those who seek fortune and fame for decades now. This famous district, which is just a few minutes’ drive from downtown Los Angeles, houses some of the biggest stars and studios around. Here are 10 things you never knew about Hollywood. Fact one: Harvey and Daeida Wilcox owned a ranch called Hollywood where the modernday Mecca of entertainment stands! Fact two: The first movie to be made in Hollywood was ‘In Old California’ in 1910. This was a 17-minute short film by legendary director D. W. Griffith, who was also responsible for the groundbreaking ‘Birth Of A Nation.’ Fact three: Prior to 1910, there were no movie theaters in the Hollywood district--because they were banned! Fact four: Nestor Studio was the first movie studio to be set up in Hollywood. It was set up at 6121 Sunset Blvd. by the Centaur Co. of New Jersey at a rented roadhouse way back in 1911. Fact five: In 1918, four brothers, who were by trade soap salesmen from Ohio, set up a studio in Hollywood. They called their new venture Warner Brothers! Fact six: The world-famous ‘HOLLYWOOD’ sign came about in 1923, when a real estate agent called Harry Chandler decided to advertise properties in the locality. It cost him $21,000 to raise the ‘HOLLYWOODLAND’ sign that was initially meant to stay on for eighteen months only. In 1949, the sign was edited to read just ‘HOLLYWOOD.’ The Hollywood sign itself has several interesting (and tragic) stories associated with it. Fact seven: ‘The Jazz Singer,’ a 1927 movie directed by Alan Crosland, starring Al Johnson and May McAvoy, was the first talkie--or film with sound--made in Hollywood. This 89-minute classic cost a then-staggering $422,000 to make. Fact eight: The costliest Hollywood movie till date is the 2007 ‘Pirates Of The Caribbean: At World’s End.’ This Johnny Depp-starrer was directed by Gore Verbinski and cost a whopping $300 million. Of course, it made close to a billion dollars! Fact nine: The annual Academy Awards or Oscars were first held in 1929 at the Hollywood

195

Vocabulary

Roosevelt Hotel. This fairly cozy banquet was attended by 270 people. Only 15 different awards were presented on that night. However, in true Hollywood fashion, even back then there was an after-party! Fact ten: Cecile B. DeMille’s 1914 film ‘The Squaw Man’ was the first ever movie made exclusively in a Hollywood studio. Now, 500-700 movies are released in Hollywood every year, and that’s about half the number of films released in India every year!

Language to produce [prəˈdju:s] виробляти, створювати still (picture) [ˈstil ˌpiktʃə] silent movie [ˌsailənt ˈmu:vi] silent [ˈsailənt] talkie [ˈtɔ:ki]

фотографія німе кіно (фільми без синхронно записаного звуку) мовчазний, тихий

to produce = to compose, create, or bring out by intellectual or physical effort A still or still picture is a photo. A silent movie is a film without sound.

made without spoken dialogue – silent movies A talkie is a film with sound.

motion [ˈməʊʃn]

звукове кіно (фільм, який, на відміну від «німого кіно», супроводжується звуком) рух

to set up [set ˈʌp] string [striŋ]

встановити мотузка

shutter [ˈʃʌtə]

затвор

inventor [inˈventə] Kinetoscope [kiˈnetəskəʊp]

винахідник кінетоскоп – апарат для розглядання фотознімків, які швидко змінюються і створюють враження, що знятий об’єкт рухається. мотор A motor moved the film across the light and it became a movie. режисерувати director → to direct

motor [ˈməʊtə] to direct [diˈrekt]

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to move → motion set up cameras He put a string on the shutter of each camera. A shutter limits the passage of light in a camera or allows light to enter by opening and closing an aperture. to invent → invention → inventor Thomas Edison invented the Kinetoscope.

Vocabulary stage [steidʒ] rise [raiz]

сцена підйом

In a play people act on the stage. to rise → a rise

alternative

альтернативний рок

Latino узагальнена назва музичних стилей і жанрів країн Латинської Америки

country

кантрі (сільська музика)

pop

dancehall

Денсхолл як музична струк- punk тура з’явилась у 80-х на Ямайці на основі регі ритму але грається швидше

folk

фолк, народна музика

funk

фанк, музичний напрямок rap афроамериканської музики

heavy metal

хеві-метал (жанр рок музи- reggae напрямок сучасної музики, ки, початковий напрямок що сформувався в 1960-х на металу) Ямайці

hip hop

музичний жанр

Music styles

R&B

напрям у рок-музиці, що виник у середині 1970-х рр. у США і Великобританії, у якому поєднувалися соціальний протест і музичне неприйняття тодішніх форм року ритм і блюз— музичний стиль пісенно-танцювального жанру. ритмічний речитатив, який читають під біт

rock

independent інді (незалежна) музика soul (indie) містить музичні жанри, для яких характерна незалежність від комерційної поп-музики. metal

поп музика – напрямок сучасної музики, вид сучасної масової культури

узагальнена назва низки напрямків популярної музики соул – жанр популярної музики афро-американського походження, який виник в південних штатах США в 1950-і роки на основі ритм-енд-блюза

музичний жанр (різновид рок музики)

Everyday English matter [ˈmætə] to matter [ˈmætə]

справа мати значення, бути важливим

everyday matters It doesn’t matter how rich you are. It’s what you do with your life that really matters.

197

Vocabulary

least [li:st]

найменше

That’s the least I can do for you.

rapper [ˈræpə] independent [ˌindiˈpendənt] alternative [ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətiv] heavy [ˈhevi] metal [ˈmetl] heavy metal [ˌhevi ˈmetl] punk [pʌŋk] guitar [ɡiˈtɑ:]

репер незалежний

to rap → a rapper Independent music

альтернативний рок

He plays alternative.

важкий метал хеві-метал

Is that box too heavy for you to lift? Metal is a hard material. I like heavy metal.

Punk is a music style. play the guitar; play a guitar → David can play the guitar. You can post a message in a chat room. chat room [ˈtʃæt rʊm] чат сленг When you chat, you can use slang slang [slæŋ] words. You need to register before sending an to register [ˈredʒistə] реєструвати application. помістити He posted a message. to post [pəʊst] переглянути a view → to view to view [vju:] форум an Internet forum forum [ˈfɔ:rəm] розбійник, хуліган ’Gangsta’ is a slang word for gangster. gangster [ˈɡæŋstə] цяцьки (сленг) ювелірні Bling bling is a slang word for ’jewelry’. bling bling (slang) вироби [bliŋ ˈbliŋ] імпровізувати We’ll teach you how to freestyle. to freestyle (slang) [ˈfri:stail] принижувати If you diss someone, you say to diss (slang) [dis] something which makes them angry. Охолонь! Заспокойся! Chill out! [tʃil ˈaυt] дружбан (сленг) Homie is a slang word for ’friend’. homie (slang) [ˈhəʊmi] інді (незалежна) музика He likes indie and rock music. indie [ˈindi] містить музичні жанри, для яких характерна незалежність від комерційної поп-музики. музикант music → musical → musician musician [mju:ˈziʃn]

198

панк гітара

Vocabulary suburb [ˈsʌbɜ:b] to form [fɔ:m]

a suburb of Austin We are trying to form a band.

drummer [ˈdrʌmə]

околиця, передмістя утворювати, організувати барабанщик

bass [bæs]

бас

to be into [bi: ˈintə]

захоплюватися, цікавитися фанк, музичний напрямок афроамериканської музики за винятком

They are into almost everything.

неповага

No disrespect to you, gangsters.

надіслати електронне повідомлення зайти на (сайт)

Please, e-mail me.

втілення

The band’s current incarnation is Dawes [d ɔ:z]. Celine Dion’s got some vocals! (She’s got a great voice). Who wrote lyrics? We try to bring out the inherent nature of the guitar. The environment left the stamp on him. Rehearsals are necessary. I can’t trace his roots. My songs resonate with my mood.

funk [fʌŋk] except [ikˈsept] disrespect [ˌdisriˈspekt] to e-mail [ˈi:meil] to check out [tʃek ˈaʊt] incarnation [ˌinkɑːˈneiʃən] vocals [ˈvəʊkəlz]

вокал, голос

текст пісні lyrics [ˈliriks] to bring out [briŋ aʊt] проявляти, відтворювати відбиток stamp [stæmp] репетиція rehearsal [riˈhɜːsəl] прослідкувати to trace [treis] to resonate [ˈrezəneit] робити сильнішим, підсилювати, відгукуватися, резонувати

A drummer is a person who plays the drums. He’s a bass player.

Listen online to Classic Funk in London, the United States. Everybody’s here, except Jenny.

Check us out at myspace.com.

Slang words With the popularity and rise in real-time text-based communications, such as Facebook, Twitter, instant messaging, email, Internet and online gaming services, chat rooms, discussion boards and mobile phone text messaging (SMS), a new texting language

199

Vocabulary

emerged. According to a survey of 700 students ages 12 to 17 by the Pew Internet & American Life Project, 85 percent of the students reported using a form of electronic communication, whether through instant messaging, text messaging, or social media. Growing up in a technological era, high school students may be unaware they are using language shortcuts in the classroom. Slang terms and text-speak such as IDK (I don’t know), SMH (shaking my head), and BTW (by the way) have become a common sight on student assignments, befuddling some high school teachers who are unsure how to fix this growing problem.

Useful phrases: An Internet forum These phrases can help you to participate in the Internet forums Ask Me Anything Does Anyone Else? e.g. Does anyone else enjoy making chocolate? Direct Message or to receive direct messages from anyone on Twitter Explain Like I’m 5 (explain complex issue in simple terms) In Case You Missed – It It’s a way of saying, “You might have already seen this, but if not, here you go.” FTFY Fixed That For You – You say something that has an obvious unintentional mistake, another person on the Internet corrects it for you, adding, “FTFY.” AMA DAE DM ELI5 ICYMI

Get Fit! Supreme being [sʊˈpriːm ˈbiːiŋ] outfit [ˈaʊtfit] to consider [kənˈsidəʳ] sinless [ˈsinlis]

верховна істота (Всевишній) одяг вважати безгрішний

criminal [ˈkriminl] spider [ˈspaidəʳ] refrain [riˈfrein]

злочинець павук приспів

chorus [ˈkɔ:rəs]

приспів

verse [vɜ:s]

куплет

200

Supreme being taught Super-Man. outfit = clothes People considered him a hero. sinless = free from sin or guilt; innocent; pure Super-man fought criminals. Spider-Man has got the power of a spider. Refrain is the part of a song that you sing again and again (between the different verses). A chorus usually has different lyric and music content to the verse and bridge. Whereas a refrain is usually a repeated line or phrase incorporated lyrically and musically within the verse itself... This song has got ten verses!

Vocabulary

Overheard unfriendly [ʌnˈfrendli] guy [ɡai] wild [waild] to drift apart [drift əˈpɑːt]

непривітний хлопець, юнак невгамовний розлучитися

They were very unfriendly to us. guys = people wild = uncontrolled drift apart = separate

to whisk away [wisk]

змітати

vault [vɔːlt] sword [sɔːd]

підвал, склеп меч

shield [ʃiːld] bow [bəʊ]

щит лук -ручна зброя для метання стріл, яка має вигляд стягнутої тятивою дуги. стріла напій кинджал

To remove something with quick light sweeping motions: The waiter whisked the crumbs away. an underground storeroom a weapon, typically having a long, sharp-edged blade: He drew his sword from its sheath. He had a sword and no shield. A bow is a weapon.

Facts and fiction

arrow [ˈærəʊ] cordial [ˈkɔːdiəl] dagger [ˈdægəʳ] to store [stɔːʳ] horn [hɔːn] to summon [ˈsʌmən] prior [ˈpraiəʳ] intervene [ˌintəˈviːn] to rescue [ˈreskjuː]

зберігати ріг, ріжок (муз.інструмент) кликати, звати (на допомогу) попередній втручатися рятувати

An arrow is fired from a bow. cordial = drink, e.g. tonic a short, swordlike weapon with a pointed blade and a handle to store = to keep Susan’s horn is for summoning help. to summon = to call forth or bring out

prior = before to intervene = to take part The children rescue Trumpkin the dwarf from soldiers. карлик a small creature with magical powers dwarf [dwɔːf] a wild area of a country wilderness [ˈwildənis] глушина, пустеля одержувати, досягати to gain = to obtain to gain [gein] рятуватись, звільнятись Prince escaped from Miraz’s castle. to escape [isˈkeip]

201

Vocabulary

to flee [fliː] (fled (pt, pp)) unconscious [ʌnˈkɒnʃəs] to bolt [bəʊlt]

понести (про коня)

den [den]

нора, притулок

badger [ˈbædʒəʳ]

борсук

council [ˈkaʊnsl]

рада, нарада

how [haʊ]

склеп

рятуватися втечею

Caspian fled into the forest.

несвідомий

He was knocked unconscious when his horse bolted. He was knocked unconscious when his horse bolted. He awoke in the den of a talking badger. He awoke in the den of a talking badger. During a midnight council they discussed many matters. Aslan’s How was a hilly mound of earth that covered what had once been the Stone Table to the south of the town of Beruna in the Kingdom of Narnia, built during the Dark Age. It was also the place where Aslan was sacrificing his own life to the White Witch so that Edmund wouldn’t get killed by Jadis.

Words in action sequence [ˈsiːkwəns] scenario [siˈnɑːriəʊ] shot [ʃɒt] close-up [ˈkloʊz ˈʌp] medium [ˈmiːdiəm]

послідовність сценарій знімок, кадр знімок крупним (великим)планом середній

medium shot [ˈmiːdiəm ʃɒt] over-the shoulder shot [ˈəʊvəʳ ðə ˈʃəʊldəʳ] angle [ˈæŋgl]

знімок середнім планом знімок з-за плеча

to capture [ˈkæptʃəʳ]

схопити

202

кут

Learn about a 5-shot sequence. Let’s try another scenario. The next shot is a close-up shot. Close-ups are one of the standard shots. Foods which contain only medium levels of sodium. Move back from the action and capture a medium shot of the subject. You need to stand just behind the subject to capture an ‘over-theshoulder’- shot. You might use an unusual angle shooting from the ground. You might move far away and capture an extreme wide-angle shot.

Vocabulary

Unit 4 Discover books and theater Check-in editor [ˈeditəʳ] raven [ˈreivn] imaginative [iˈmædʒinətiv] to shroud [ʃraʊd] river pilot [ˈrivəʳ ˈpailət]

редактор, автор передових статей ворона захопливий, творчий, з багатою уявою огортати, вкривати, обволікати річний лоцман

to have everything to бути повністю зумовленим, зв’язаний, do with все про… сажень fathom [ˈfæðəm] пароплав steamboat [ˈstiːmbəʊt] продовження sequel [ˈsiːkwəl] novelist [ˈnɒvəlist] measles [ˈmiːzlz]

автор роману кір

pad [pæd]

блокнот

typewriter [ˈtaipˌraitəʳ]

друкарська машинка

She has been appointed a fashion editor. Ravens are among the smartest of all birds. This essay is interesting and imaginative. The castle was shrouded in mist. A Mississippi River Pilot is responsible for guiding ships along the Mississippi River. This has nothing to do with Mary, and everything to do with them, and John knows it. water five fathoms deep A steamboat is a ship driven by steam. It’s a sequel to a story about a boy called Matthew. Dickens was a great novelist. People usually get measles in childhood. A pad is a number of sheets of paper glued together at one edge to form a tablet.

203

Vocabulary

sclerosis [skliˈrəʊsis]

склероз

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

Лев, чаклунка і стара шафа

obsessed [əbˈsest]

залежний, схиблений (на чомусь) викликати, спонукати місце для короткотривалої відпустки, втеча, притулок

to evoke [iˈvəʊk] getaway [ˈgetəwei]

The cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis. She’s obsessed with becoming rich. Use the words that evoke a smile. A getaway means a place suitable for a vacation.

Language fragile [ˈfrædʒail] simile [ˈsimili]

204

крихкий порівняння

Watch the fragile vase. `Her hair was like silk’ is a simile.

Vocabulary snail [sneil]

равлик

plot [plɒt] tall tale [ˈtɔːl teil]

сюжетна лінія байка

puzzling [ˈpʌzliŋ]

головоломка, те, що спантеличує детективний роман, містика

mystery [ˈmistəri]

fascinating [ˈfæsineitiŋ]

захопливий, чаруючий

The old man walked along at a snail’s pace. The play has a very complicated plot. A tall tale is an improbable (unusual or incredible or fanciful) story. His letter poses a number of puzzling questions. (Literary & Literary Critical Terms) a story, film, etc, which arouses suspense and curiosity because of facts concealed Lately I read a fascinating story.

Everyday English compelling [kəmˈpeliŋ] tension [ˈtenʃən] carrot-and-stick [ˈkærətəndˈstik]

захопливий, той, що викликає (емоції) напруження батіг і пряник

meaningful [ˈmiːniŋfʊl] anticipation [ænˌtisiˈpeiʃən] attainment [əˈteinmənt] pursuit [pəˈsjuːt]

багатозначний, цілеспрямований передчуття

advent [ˈædvənt] detention [diˈtenʃən] former [ˈfɔːməʳ] superstition [ˌsuːpəˈstiʃən] prop [prɒp]

His new novel makes compelling reading. There is a lot of tension between them. They took a carrot-and-stick approach to the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. Nothing meaningful is ever discussed at these meetings. We waited in great anticipation.

They showed their educational attainments. переслідування, пошук The thief ran down the street with a policeman in pursuit. наступ, поява, прибуття We were waiting for the advent of the holiday season. затримка, утримання The criminals are in detention. колишній, минулий In former times people did not travel so much. забобон, марновірство There is an old superstition that those who marry in May will have bad luck. реквізит A prop is any of the articles other than costumes and scenery used by an actor or performer during a performance on stage or in a film. досягнення

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Vocabulary

to ensue [inˈsjuː]

спричиняти, викликати

alight [əˈlait]

запалений, охоплений полум’ям Щоб ти ногу зламав! (побажання успіху) лампочка

Break a Leg! [ˌbreik ə ˈleg] bulb [bʌlb]

marquee [mɑːˈkiː]

піддашок (навіс) з неоновими вогнями

seating capacity [ˈsiːtiŋ kəˈpæsiti]

кількість місць

to go strong [ˌɡəυˈstrɒŋ]

не здаватися, зберігати силу, триматися

The panic that ensued from the false news report was unforeseen. His eyes were alight with joy. Let’s all go and do our best. Break a leg!

A rooflike structure, often bearing a signboard, projecting over an entrance, as to a theater or hotel is called a marquee. seating capacity – the number of people that can be seated in a vehicle or auditorium or stadium etc. Grandpa is such an inspiration—he’s 92 and still going strong with a more active social life than I have!

Get Fit! suspense [səsˈpens]

напруга, очікування, інтрига прилив та відлив, ebb and flow швидка зміна, злети та [ebəndˈfləʊ] падіння незвичайний, своєрідsingular [ˈsiŋgjʊləʳ] ний marsh-hen [ˈmɑːʃhen] шотландська куріпка

The suspense became unbearable.

dense [dens]

We made our way through dense forest.

206

густий

The ebb and flow of democracy through history is a fascinating subject. singular = unusual or striking

Vocabulary чагарник

undergrowth [ˈʌndəgrəʊθ] myrtle [ˈmɜːtl]

мирт, лавр

shrub [ʃrʌb]

чагарник, кущ

hut [hʌt]

хатина, халупа

perverse [pəˈvɜːs]

зіпсований, помилковий, спотворений, упертий горіти, полум’яніти піч, камін

to blaze [bleiz] hearth [hɑːθ]

quest [kwest] fit [fit] scarabaeus [ˌskærəˈbiːəs]

She tripped over in the thick undergrowth. Myrtle grows in the northern Mediterranean region and the Black Sea Coast. He has planted bushes and shrubs in his garden. Never leave a garage or garden hut unlocked. He seems to take a perverse pleasure in being disagreeable. The gardens blazed with colour.

пошук напад амулет, жук-скарабей

a quest for diamonds The child noticed fits of jealousy. scarabaeus – scarabaeid beetle considered divine by ancient Egyptians

різкий, жорстокий, грубий кордон, прикордонний цинік

It’s a pity she has such a loud harsh voice. It wasn’t difficult to cross the frontier. He is a cynic – he thinks no-one is really unselfish. I started off as an apprentice and worked my way up. Boyhood memories are so interesting. Protesters say the government is corrupt. The smell clung to her clothes.

Overhead harsh [hɑːʃ] frontier [ˈfrʌntiəʳ] cynic [ˈsinik]

apprentice [əˈprentis] вихованець, учень, помічник хлоп’яцтво boyhood [ˈbɔihʊd] protester [prəˈtestəʳ] протестант to cling [kliŋ]

липнути, чіплятися

207

Vocabulary

Facts and fiction production [prəˈdʌkʃən] to verge [vɜːdʒ] stint [stint]

вистава, постановка переходити, граничити, вступати термін, норма

Let’s go to see a new Broadway production of a musical. Her land verges on the neighboring township. After a brief stint in a law firm he went to Hong Kong.

macaron [ ˌmækərˈən] макарон (макарун)

on the cusp of [kʌsp] round up [ˈraʊndˌʌp] spellbound [ˈspelbaʊnd] impeccable [imˈpekəbl] to boost [buːst] hilarious [hiˈlɛəriəs] keen [kiːn] facet [ˈfæsit] glitzy [ˈglitsi] ancillary [ænˈsiləri] puppetry [ˈpʌpitri]

напередодні, на рубежі огляд зачарований

on the cusp of a new era It’s a roundup of the day’s news. The audience was spellbound.

бездоганний

She has impeccable taste in clothes.

збільшувати, розширювати, посилювати смішний, кумедний охочий, бажаючий, маючий намір, завзятий грань, аспект

We’ve boosted the sales figures.

пафосний, розкішний, гламурний допоміжний, додатковий ляльковий театр

testimony [ˈtestiməni] підтвердження iconic [aiˈkɒnik]

208

традиційний, популярний, всесвітньовідомий

He had a fund of hilarious tales. I was keen to get started. There are several facets to this question. It was one of the glitziest ski resorts in the world. ancillary = auxiliary, supplementary

The living room piled with documents is a testimony to her dedication to work. Steve Gleason gives hilarious interview with Cooper Manning 10 years after iconic play.

Vocabulary gripping [ˈgripiŋ] frivolity [friˈvɒliti]

I read a gripping story. I have no time for frivolities.

to prompt [prɒmpt]

захопливий легковажність, несерйозність спонукати, викликати

to plot [plɒt]

організовувати змову

exile [ˈeksail] to overthrow [ˌəʊvəˈθrəʊ] usurper [juːˈzɜːpəʳ]

вигнання скинути

I was prompted by a desire to see justice done. They are awaiting trial for plotting against the state. He spent many years in exile. The government has been overthrown.

узурпатор, загарбник, самозванець

The king’s uncle was a usurper of the throne.

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Words in action agile [ˈædʒail]

рухливий, в’юнкий, швидкий зручно схований, розsnug [snʌg] міщений, вкритий paperback [ˈpeipəbæk] м’яка обкладинка

The antelope is very agile. The children were snug in bed during the blizzard. Paperback novels are cheaper.

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Vocabulary

Unit 5 The world speaks English Check-in tundra [ˈtʌndrə]

тундра

reminder [riˈmaindəʳ] нагадування безкінечність endlessness [ˈendlisnəs ] малонаселений район outback [ˈaʊtbæk] Австралії пустеля desert [ˈdezət] rainforest [ˈreinˌfɒrist] тропічний ліс

settlement [ˈsetlmənt] extremely [iksˈtriːmli] worth [wɜːθ] pretty [ˈpriti] Hindi [ˈhindiː]

поселення надзвичайно вартий достатньо, сильно, досить хінді

Bollywood [ˈbɒliˌwʊd] кіноіндустрія Індії World Giving Index to originate [əˈridʒineit] punctuation [ˌpʌŋktjʊˈeiʃən] dwelling [ˈdweliŋ] playwright [ˈpleirait] laughable [ˈlɑːfəbl] immensely [iˈmensli]

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Всесвітній індекс благодійності походити пунктуація, знаки розділу проживання, житло драматург смішний, комічний надто, надмірно, безмежно

Tundra is a treeless area beyond the timberline in high-latitude regions. It’s a reminder of the good old days. endlessness – the property of being (or seeming to be) without end Outback is the remote rural part of a country, especially of Australia or New Zealand. Parts of the country are like a desert. Rainforest is an an area of dense tropical evergreen forest with a very heavy annual rainfall. the settlement of America He did extremely well in the exam. It’s worth a lot of money. She got pretty good marks. Hindi is the literary and official language of northern India. Bollywood is the Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai. The World Giving Index is a leading study on global generosity. With whom did the idea originate? Comma, full stop, question mark etc. are the punctuation marks. dwelling = a place to live in. He is a famous playwright. He offered me a laughable sum for the picture. I was immensely grateful.

Vocabulary likable [ˈlaikəbl]

приємний, симпатичний, привабливий милий, приємний, бадьорий кмітливий, винахідливий люб’язний, поступливий електронний постер

He was an immensely likable man.

hopeless [ˈhəʊplis]

безнадійний

no wonder [nəʊ ˈwʌndəʳ] diner [ˈdainəʳ]

не дивно

His attempt to swim the river was hopeless from the beginning. No wonder the baby is crying. She’s wet. I came into a diner where I sometimes stop for coffee.

cheerful [ˈtʃiəfʊl] quick-witted [ˌkwikˈwitid] obliging [əˈblaidʒiŋ] e-poster [ˈiːˌpəʊstəʳ]

to feel cheerful; be in a cheerful mood He is quick-witted and rarely lets an opportunity slip by. He was a most polite and obliging young man. electronic poster

Language 1

закусочна, придорожній ресторан

Everyday English sympathy [ˈsimpəθi]

співчуття

happy camper [ˈhæpi веселун, задоволена собою людина ˈkæmpəʳ] похмурий, кислий long face [lɒŋˈ feis] вигляд кусати to bite [bait] eventually [iˈventʃʊəli] нарешті adventurer [ədˈventʃərəʳ] under the weather [ˈʌndə ðə ˈweθə] to sing the blues [siŋ ðə bluːz]

шукач пригод почуватися погано, недужий жалітися, сумувати

hawker [ˈhɔːkəʳ]

вуличний торговець

to jumble [ˈdʒʌmbl]

перемішувати

We expressed our sympathy for her loss. a contented, satisfied, or uncomplaining person long face – an unhappy or gloomy expression The dog bit his leg. He eventually agreed that she was right. A round-the-world adventurer is very brave. I’m feeling under the weather this week. Computer programmers are singing the blues because business is bad and no one is hiring. It was a visitor and not a hawker at the door. Dividers are made to keep the files from jumbling.

211

Vocabulary

muggy [ˈmʌgi] humid [ˈhjuːmid] throat [θrəʊt] conversely [kɒnˈvɜːsli]

задушливий вологий горло навпаки, з іншого боку

preserve [priˈzɜːv]

заповідник

beggar [ˈbegəʳ]

жебрак

miserable [ˈmizərəbl] обездолений, нещасний мехенді, розпис хною mehndi [ˈmendi]

sewer [ˈsjʊəʳ]

каналізація

to voice [vɔis]

озвучувати

WYSE Travel Confederation evidence [‘evɪdəns]

Всесвітня студентська та освітня туристична конфедерація доказ ( докази)

discrimination

дискримінація

benefit [ˈbenifit]

перевага

It was muggy and overcast. It is a humid day. She had a sore throat. The word conversely is an adverb that means ‘the opposite’ or ‘on the other hand’. We visited one of the world’s great wildlife preserves. Now I am a beggar, having lost everything except life. Ruth was looking miserable.

Sewer is an underground pipe or channel for carrying away water from drains. He voiced the discontent of the whole group. World Youth Student and Educational Travel Confederation The play's long run on Broadway is evidence of its great popularity. Discrimination is unfair treatment of a person. The nurse explained the benefits of regular exercise.

Get Fit! appropriate [əˈprəʊpriit] solution [səˈluːʃən]

212

відповідний, доречний рішення, відповідь

Her clothes were appropriate to the occasion. I found the solution to a crossword.

Vocabulary ground [ɡraυnd]

основний

to vary [ˈvɛəri]

відрізнятися

to face fears [feisˈfiəʳz] glory [ˈglɔːri]

дивитися страху у вічі слава

howling [ˈhaʊliŋ]

виття

A ground rule is a basic rule about what should be done in a particular situation, event. Designs may vary from the illustration on the box. 17 inspiring quotes to help you face your fears. He had his moment of glory when he won the London Marathon. I heard the howling wolf in the woods.

Overhead to mention [ˈmenʃən] зазначати, згадувати, вказувати йти шляхом найменшоto cut corners [kʌt го опору ˈkɔ:nəz] міг би/мав би coulda [ˈkudə]

I’ve never heard him mention his father. I won’t cut corners just to save money. I put quality first. coulda = could have

Facts and fiction перевершувати to beat [biːt] go out on a limb [lim] ризикувати stunning [ˈstʌniŋ]

неперевершений, карколомний прибувати духовий оркестр

Our prices cannot be beaten. I don’t want to go out on a limb, but I think we can afford to do it. You look absolutely stunning.

to rock up [rɒk ˈʌp] brass band [ˌbraːsˈbænd] baton twirler [ˈbætən жонглер тростиною, жезлом ˌtwɜːləʳ]

to rock up = to arrive A band composed of brass and sometimes percussion instruments. A baton twirler twirls a baton.

to broaden [brɔ:dn] handy [ˈhændi]

Travel broadens the mind. This lively town is handy for Londoners.

розширювати зручно розташований, зручний для користування

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Vocabulary

crispy [ˈkrispi]

хрусткий

to water [ˈwɔːtəʳ] celery stick [ˈseləri ˌstik]

наповнюватися слиною паличка селери

randomly [ˈrændəmli] довільно, хаотично, іноді

insane [inˈsein] annoying [əˈnɔiiŋ] glum [glʌm]

душевнохворий, з психічними розладами надокучливий похмурий

rag [ræg] to trample [ˈtræmpl] shred [ʃred] bobcat [ˈbɒbkæt]

лахміття, ганчірка затоптати клапоть, шматок рись

shoddiness [ˈʃɒdinis]

убогість, недоброякісність абориген

aborigine [ˌæbəˈridʒini] to average [ˈævəridʒ] налічувати в середньому ранчо, ферма ranch [rɑːntʃ] шерсть wool [wʊl]

214

Check out our other grilled chicken or crispy chicken. Her mouth watered.

This is rather frustrating since it happens so randomly without much useful information, there is not an absolute solution to tackle this problem. If I told them that, they’d think I was insane. I find her very annoying. What are you both looking so glum about? I’ll polish my bike with this old rag. Don’t trample the flowers. Her dress hung in shreds.

shoddiness = of poor quality An aborigine is an original inhabitant of a country, especially of Australia. His expenses averaged 15 dollars a day. To manage or work on a ranch. It’s made of wool.

Vocabulary

station [ˈsteiʃən]

ферма

marsupial [mɑːˈsuːpiəl] mammal [ˈmæməl] to endanger [inˈdeindʒəʳ] algae [ˈӕldʒiː] invertebrate [inˈvɜːtibrit]

сумчаста тварина

(Australian & New Zealand) A large ranch on which livestock, especially cattle or sheep, are raised. The kangaroo is a marsupial.

ссавець загрожувати, наражати на небезпеку водорості безхребетна тварина

Monkeys are mammals. Drunk drivers endanger the lives of others. algae = seaweed Amoeba is an invertebrate.

Aboriginal Art Symbols

Words in action to lag behind [lægbiˈhaind] helm [helm]

відставати штурвал, кермо

disruption [disˈrʌpʃən] розпад

Sales are lagging behind this year compared to last year. A position of leadership or control: at the helm of the government. = break, discontinuance, discontinuation, discontinuity, interruption, pause, suspension

215

Vocabulary

Speaking Aussie style … and not only Young people use a lot of slang in every country. Here are some of the most widely used slang words. Aussie Australia

The USA

Can you find out yourself?

buddy, pal, or dude a Mate –a close friend. close friend.

Arvo afternoon

Feeling blue; have Ace –brilliant or excellent. the blues — a feeling of depression or sadness.

Avo avocado

Down to earth — Knackered – a great word and practical and lacking phrase used to describe tiredness pretense. and exhaustion.

Barby short for barbecue

Cram — to study feverishly before an exam

“Big night” = A very Couch potato — a good time out with lazy person. friends for the evening.

The UK – Britons

Blinding –a positive term meaning excellent, great, or superb. The bee’s knees – a rather lovely term used to describe someone or something you think the world of.

Crook = Ill or sick

Drive up the wall — to irritate

Nice one – used almost always sarcastically in common British lexicon.

Exy = expensive

For real — honestly.

Scrummy used as a wonderful term for when something is truly delicious and mouth-wateringly good.

Footy = Australian rules Piece of cake — easy Rubbish used to mean both general football or effortlessly. waste and trash, and to also express disbelief in

216

Vocabulary

Unit 6 Exploring the world Check-in background [ˈbækɡraʊnd] top [tɒp] unit [ˈju:nit] perhaps [pəˈhæps] foreground [ˈfɔ:ɡraʊnd] jogger [ˈdʒɒɡə] kickboard [ˈkikˌbɔrd] step [step] neon [ˈni:ɒn] theater [ˈθiətə] borough [ˈbʌrə] at the front [ət ðə ˈfrʌnt] neighborhood (AE) [ˈneibəhυd] skyscraper [ˈskaiˌskreipə] harbor (AE) [ˈhɑ:bə] symbol [ˈsimbl]

тло, на тлі

in the background

вершина розділ можливо передній план на передньому плані бігун підтюпцем самокат

the highest point of something There are five units in the textbook. Perhaps you mind map will help you. foreground ↔ background in the foreground ↔ in the background to jog → a jogger Parents love their children’s kickboards (scooters). Mind the step. There are lots of neon lights on Times Square.

східець неоновий (яскравого кольору) флуоресцентний (про вогні) театр район на початку (книги) район хмарочос гавань символ

свобода freedom [ˈfri:dəm] immigrant [ˈimiɡrənt] іммігрант public [ˈpʌblik]

громадський

theater (AE) – theatre (BE) Queens is one of New York’s five boroughs. at the front of your book neighborhood (AE) – neighbourhood (BE) A skyscraper is a very high building. harbor (AE) – harbour (BE) The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor is a symbol of freedom. free → freedom somebody who has left their home country and come to live in another one private ↔ public

Interesting facts about New York • Most of Manhattan is a giant grid, so people will give you directions like “It’s on 52nd Street between 5th and 6th.” From that you know the exact block you are going to: the block of 52nd Street that falls between 5th and 6th Avenues. Having a grid is also pretty

217

Vocabulary

handy for measuring distance: So, if you are on 50th Street and 6th Avenue and need to go to 30th Street and 2nd Avenue, you have about 1 mile to walk south and 1 mile to walk east. Remember this when judging whether or not a subway ride is worth it. In New York the streets have numbers instead of names. The difference between streets and avenues is very critical and it’s definitely something everyone needs to understand. The most basic thing to remember is that avenues run north and south while streets run east and west. Many streets in New York only accommodate one-way traffic. A general rule of thumb is that even numbered streets have eastbound traffic while odd numbered streets carry westbound traffic. One final note about streets in Manhattan: parking on the street is notoriously difficult, and the signs telling you when/where to park can be complicated enough to warrant placement in the Da Vinci Code. Parking itself is an entirely different post, but be warned that it can be nightmarish for the impatient driver. The first weekend in November is full of excitement, hope and enthusiasm. Millions of people of all ages and from all walks of life come together to celebrate the New York City Marathon. On November 1, nearly 50,000people ran the 2015 TCS New York City Marathon. • Macy’s, established in 1858, is the Great American Department Store. From the beginning, Macy’s logo has included a star, which comes from a tattoo that Macy got as a teenager when he worked on a Nantucket whaling ship, the Emily Morgan. In 1902, the flagship store moved uptown to Herald Square at 34th Street and Broadway. Macy’s Herald Square was the first building to have the modern-day escalator; some of the wooden escalators are still in use today. Macy’s has continued to be a trendsetter. Today, “America’s Largest Department Store” covers an entire city block with 11 levels of the latest fashions for you and your home. Macy’s offers a first class selection of top fashion brands including Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Clinique, Estee Lauder & Levis. In addition to shoes and clothing, Macy’s has a wide variety of housewares, gifts, and furniture. Would you like to live in a big city like New York? What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of such a city compared to your hometown?

Language 1 Gilded Age [ˈgildid eidʒ]

золотий вік

guide [ɡaid]

гід

guided tour [ˈɡaidid tʊə] access [ˈæksəs]

екскурсія у супроводі гіда вхід у, доступ до (інтернету)

218

The period in American history from about 1870 to 1900 when upper classes accumulated a great wealth and enjoyed opulent lifestyles. One who shows the way by leading, directing, or advising. A tour guided by the guide. access to

Vocabulary mansion [ˈmænʃən] renowned [riˈnaʊnd] IMAX [ˈaimæks]

маєток видатний кінопроекційна система для показу фільмів, знятих на плівці 70 мм.

IMAX theater [ˈaimæks ˈθiətə] display [diˈsplei]

кінотеатр для показу широкоекранних фільмів на надзвичайно великих екранах показ, виставка display =a public exhibition.

discount [ˈdis kaʊnt]

знижка

FAO Schwartz

магазин іграшок

giant [ˈdʒaiənt]

величезний

keyboard [ˈkiːˌbɔːd] to feature [ˈfi tʃər]

клавіші (піаніно) помістити

to conduct [kənˈdʌkt] (workshops) longest-serving president [ˈlɒŋəst ˈsɜːviŋ ˈprezidənt] to require [riˈkwaiə] free [friː] year-round [ˈjiəˈraʊnd] to reserve [riˈzɜːv] rooms, tickets flight [flait]

проводити (майстер класи) президент, що найдовше перебував на посаді

to book [bʊk] the flight to charge [tʃɑːdʒ] the battery

потребувати, вимагати безкоштовний круглий рік замовляти кімнати, квитки рейс, переліт замовляти квитки на рейс заряджати батарею

a large and imposing house renowned = famous A process of film projection using a giant screen on which an image approximately ten times larger than standard is projected IMAX Theater is a dome theater that is truly unique in a number of ways.

Discounts are given to students, seniors, and children. FAO Schwarz was founded under the name ‘Toy Bazaar’ by German immigrant Frederick August Otto Schwarz. marked by exceptionally great size, or power A piano is a keyboard instrument. to delineate the main characteristics of; depict. Workshops for kids are conducted here too. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the longestserving president. to have need of; depend upon; want costing nothing continuing throughout the year a year-round job I have reserved two tickets for tonight’s show. the long flight from Seattle to Little Rock. I booked the flight to Ukraine. to supply with a quantity of electric charge or electrical energy

219

Vocabulary

to leave [liːv] a tip [tip] bill [bil]

залишити чайові

Not many people leave tips.

рахунок

banana chips [bəˈnænə tʃips] to chip [tʃip]

бананові чіпси

an account for food and drink in a restaurant, hotel (BrE) = check (AmE) deep fried slices of bananas

spices [spaisiz]

спеції, приправи

to package [ˈpækidʒ] flowchart [ˈfləʊ tʃɑːt]

упаковувати графічне (схематичне) зображення процесу (виробництва) решето, сито відціджувати, стекти (про жир)

sieve [siv] to drain off [drein]

різати на куски

to chop or cut with an axe or other implement. aromatic vegetable substances, such as ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, used as flavouring to wrap in or put into a package a schematic representation of a sequence of operations, as in a manufacturing process a utensil for straining liquids to remove (a liquid) by a steady, gradual process

The flowchart below shows how banana chips are made. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

220

Vocabulary

Language 2 to assign [əˈsain] a definite date colonial times [kəˈləʊniəl taimz] key [ki:] buggy [ˈbʌgi]

ключовий, основний візок

carriage [ˈkæridʒ]

карета, візок

to draw [drɔː]

тягнути

roadster [ˈrəʊdstəʳ]

екіпаж, родстер

to power [paʊəʳ] flagship [ˈflægʃip]

приводити в дію, рух флагман, провідний, найкращий представник засновувати, представляти, вводити курорт, місце відпочинку вагон

to introduce [ˌintrəˈdjuːs] resort [riˈzɔːt] car [kɑːʳ] to reimagine [riiˈmædʒin] to give credit [ɡiv ˈkredit]

призначити дату

We assigned a day for the meeting.

колоніальний період

In the colonial times the settlers came to America for many reasons. The decision will be key. A buggy is a small, light, one-horse carriage usually having four wheels in the United States and two wheels in Great Britain. carriage – a vehicle with wheels drawn by one or more horses I saw a team of horses drawing a wagon. roadster – a small lightweight carriage, drawn by a single horse Turbines are powered by steam. The newspaper is the flagship of his media empire.

переосмислювати

vehicle [ˈviːikl]

віддавати належне, хвалити, ставити на заслугу транспортний засіб

airplane [ˈeəˌplein]

літак

operator [ˈɒpəreitəʳ] to signify [ˈsignifai]

оператор позначати

amenity [əˈmiːniti]

зручність, об’єкт благоустрою

The plant was introduced into America in 1899. Brighton is a popular resort. A mail car is a railway car in which mail is transported and sorted. In 2016 education was reimagined. We should give the pianist credit for her work in the program. This vehicle is designed for navigation in water. The two men were accused of the airplane bombing. a person who operates a motor vehicle A red traffic light signifies that traffic must stop. The hotel has very good amenities.

221

Vocabulary

arrival [əˈraivəl] URL [ ˌjuː.ɑːrˈel ] complimentary [ˌkɒmpliˈmentəri] check-in [ˈtʃekin]

приїзд, приліт, прибуття уніфікований вказівник (адреса) ресурсу безкоштовний, у подарунок реєстрація, заїзд

to confirm [kənˈfɜːm] підтверджувати розмір dimension [diˈmenʃən] restriction [risˈtrikʃən] обмеження, заборона

Their arrival was delayed by traffic. = uniform resource locator He had complimentary tickets for the show. Your check-in time is an hour before departure. He confirmed that he would appear in court. They did not realize the dimensions of the problem. Even in a free democracy a person’s behaviour must be subject to certain restrictions.

Everyday English superb [suːˈpɜːb] adventurous [ədˈventʃərəs] indoor [ˈindɔːʳ]

прекрасний, неперевершений пригодницький в приміщенні, удома,

attractive [əˈtræktiv] facility [fəˈsiliti]

привабливий заклад, приміщення

intentionally [inˈtenʃnəli] hire [ˈhaiəʳ] archery [ˈɑːtʃəri]

навмисно

up to date [ˈʌp tə ˈdeit] downhill [ˈdaʊnˈhil] ascent [əˈsent] seafront [ˈsiːfrʌnt]

222

прокат, аренда лучники, спорядження для стрільби з лука

сучасний, новітній спуск, уклін підйом узбережжя, частина міста біля моря

The cheetah is a superb animal. We had a very adventurous time getting here. Stay indoors till you’ve finished your homework. The idea was attractive to her. The company offers day-care facilities for children. I’ve never intentionally hurt anyone. We’ve got it on hire for a week. 1. the art, practice, or skill of shooting with a bow and arrow. 2. an archer’s equipment. 3. a group of archers. in accord with the latest styles, information, or technology. the downward slope of a hill The ascent of Mount Everest. a part of a town with its buildings facing the sea

Vocabulary suitcase [ˈsuːtkeis]

валіза, чемодан

purse [pɜːs] backpack [ˈbækpæk]

сумочка, гаманець рюкзак

to stash [stæʃ] compartment [kəmˈpɑːtmənt] carry-on [ˌkæriˈɒn] wear and tear [ˈwɛəʳ ənd ˈtɛəʳ] carelessly [ˈkɛəlisli] durable [ˈdjʊərəbl]

I looked in my purse for some change. It is very comfortable to travel with a backpack. ховати, класти He had stashed money away in a secret place. відсік, ящик, камера The drawer was divided into compartments. ручна поклажа My carry-on is of a size suitable for being carried onto the airplane. знос Driving in freezing weather means lots of wear and tear on your car. неуважно, безтурботно, She carelessly raised the children’s hopes without thinking of their недобросовісно possible disappointment. надійний, довготриваlong-lasting, long-lived, lasting, лий, з великим терміundestroyable, indestructible ном служби висувний An aeroplane has retractable wheels.

retractable [riˈtræktəbl] landmark [ˈlændmɑːk] пам’ятка, визначне місце

The Ambassador Hotel is a Los Angeles landmark.

Get Fit! little-known [ˌlitlˈnəʊn] board [bɔ:d] flight attendant [ˈflaitəˌtendənt] unmarried [ˈʌnˈmærid] acronym [ˈækrənim]

маловідомий борт бортпровідник нежонатий, незаміжня акронім

movement [ˈmu:vmənt] виліт, рух, переліт

little-known = not widely known; not famed The entire class was on board for the excursion to the park. A flight attendant assists passengers in an aircraft. Unmarried = not married; having no spouse An acronym is a word formed by combining the initial letters of a multipart name. There was movement behind the door.

223

Vocabulary

Overheard sidewalk(AE) [ ˈsaidwɔːk] house-sitter [ˈhaʊssitəʳ]

доріжка для пішоходів

pavement (BrE) = sidewalk (AE)

домогосподарка

steelworker [ˈstiːlˌwɜːkəʳ]

людина, яка працює з металом

painter [ˈpeintəʳ]

художник

top of the heap (figurative meaning) [tɒp əv ðə hiːp] to melt away [ˈmelt əˈwei]

найвища посада

A house-sitter lives in and looks after a house during the absence of its owner or owners. A steelworker is a person who works in a plant that manufactures steel or works with steel. A painter is a person who paints, either as an artist or worker. = a position superior to everyone else.

зникати

These town blues are melting away.

наймиліший пересадочний спонтанність, стихійність

nice – nicer – the nicest I have to catch a connecting bus. 1. The quality or condition of being spontaneous. 2. Spontaneous behavior, impulse, or movement. California State University, Fullerton

Facts and fiction nicest [naisest] connecting [kəˈnektiŋ] spontaneity [ ˌspɒntəˈneiiti]

Каліфорнійскький державний університет Фуллертон чистий, легкий sheer [ʃiəʳ] to blossom [ˈblɒsəm] розквітати направлятися to head [hed] to reunite [ˈriːjuːˈnait] возз’єднуватися to depend [diˈpend] залежати прогулюватися to stroll [strəʊl] florescent [flɔːˈrɛsənt] квітучий CSUF

to cherish [ˈtʃeriʃ]

цінувати

to wander [ˈwɒndəʳ]

тинятися, прогулюватися

224

Her singing was a sheer delight. The child blossomed into a beauty. We headed toward town. Eventually the family was reunited. Children must depend on their parents. He strolled along the street. Spring is the exact time when the florescent period begins. He genuinely loved and cherished his children. We spent the morning wandering round the old town.

Vocabulary hassle [ˈhæsl] to linger [ˈliŋgəʳ] disbelief [ˌdisbəˈliːf] ride [raid] violent [ˈvaiələnt] bout [baʊt] poisoning [ˈpɔizniŋ] hostel [ˈhɒstəl] to collapse [kəˈlæps] dorm room [ˈdɔːm ˌruːm] to shape [ʃeip]

перепона, труднощі, морока затримуватися, замешкатися недовіра, заперечення поїздка (підвозити) жорстокий приступ отруєння готель, хостел, гуртожиток падати, обрушуватися кімната в гуртожитку (номер на декілька місць) формувати

I don’t think it’s worth the money or the hassle. He lingered for weeks in a coma. She stared at him in disbelief. Would you give me a ride? He has a violent temper. I was suffering with a bout of nerves. The actor died of poisoning. She spent two years living in a hostel, with no possessions. The bridge collapsed during the storm. A dorm room is a large sleeping room containing several beds. The cook shapes the dough into baguettes.

Words in action to honor [ˈonə] passage [ˈpæsidʒ]

оплачувати, виконувати We’ll honour our agreement. рейс, прохід Only medical supply trucks were granted safe passage through enemy territory. The Sunday flights will make a stopover stopover [ˈstɒpəʊvəʳ] транзитна зупинка in Paris. пересадка The train broke down and passengers transfer [ˈtrænsfəʳ] were transferred to a bus недієздатна людина, I saw a disabled soldier. disabled [disˈeibld] інвалід державна програма об- a U.S. government program of medical medicare insurance for aged or disabled persons слуговування преста [ˈmed iˌkeər] рілих контролер A fare inspector checks the tickets. fare inspector [fɛəʳ inˈspektəʳ] доказ, підтвердження Do you have any proof of this? proof [pruːf] правомочність eligibility of a candidate for office eligibility [ˌelidʒəˈbiliti]

225

Vocabulary

Unit 7 Home and away Leaning tips Many of us may fondly recall the song School’s Out for Summer and the summer fun that it represented: sunshine, ice cream, and long days at the pool and park. Summer seemed like a time for exploration, for fun, and for giving your brain a break. These days, our idyllic views of summer have undergone a transformation. Studies have shown that long summer breaks can have a significant impact on learning, and can result in learning loss, which can compound year after year. So, rather than being a time for lolling in the sun, summer should be a time when you are studying English or any other subject you love. You have learned different strategies how to learn vocabulary. We would advise you to keep on learning in the summer time too. Surf the Internet. On the Internet, you can research a topic you are interested in using a search engine, visit your favourite websites, watch music videos, create your own video and upload it for other people to see, maintain contact with your friends using a social networking site, write your thoughts in a blog, learn what is happening in the world by reading news websites, etc. Your local school can offer you summer learning options too. Look for language Summer Camp. It can offer a fun and casual environment for children to learn the English language and culture. Activities usually vary by age group and according to the camp’s weekly theme. Some activities may include ceramics, music, dance, science experiments, cooking, and field trips. Still have questions? You can ask your teachers, parents, and friends about more opportunities to learn. Enjoy!

Check-in scenery [ˈsi:nri]

пейзаж

dizzy [ˈdizi]

викликати запаморочення голови, захоплюючий дух

226

what you see around you when you’re out in the country The view of the canyon can make you dizzy.

Vocabulary dramatic [drəˈmætik] national park [ˌnæʃənəl ˈpɑːk] rapids [ˈræpidz] cossacks [ˈkɒsæks]

banknote [ˈbæŋknəʊt] in circulation [ˌsɜːkjʊˈleiʃən] status [ˈstei təs, ˈstæt əs] caption [ˈkæpʃn] image [ˈimidʒ]

dramatic = spectacular Are there any national parks in you country? usually plural →cliffsand rapids річні пороги козаки Ukrainian→ kozak, a member of selfgoverning communities (a Turkish word taken to mean “adventurer, freebooter”) грошовий знак, банкно- a five-hryvnia banknote та (паперові гроші) в обігу serving as a medium of exchange ефектний, вражаючий національний парк

статус

national status

підпис під фото зображення

Look at the photos and their captions. You can also search under images.

PROTECTION LAYERS OF HRYVNIA Thin lines forming pattern with gradient color

Here the lines are curved to form the number of bill’s value

Polymer filaments incorporated in paper

These lines are formed with microprinted word “Україна”

Watermarks in the shape of Ukrainian Trident

Language array [əˈrei] pin [pin]

низка шпилька

needle [ˈniːdl]

голка

an array of events Use pins to keep the material in place as you work. a small instrument with a sharp point at one end and an eye or hole for thread at the other to make stitches in sewing

227

Vocabulary

egg cartons [eɡ ˈkɑːtən] pagan [ˈpeigən] the Crooked Dance [ˈkrʊkid ˌdɑ:ns] to attend [ə’tend]

коробка для яєць язичницький Кривий танець

have a sweet tooth

ласунка, ласун

riding [ˈraidiŋ]

їзда (верхова, на мотоциклі) верхова їзда

horseback riding [ˈhɔ:sbæk ˌraidiŋ] cave [keiv] bitten by a climbing bug [bittn bai ə klaimiŋ bʌɡ] instructor [inˈstrʌktəʳ] helmet [ˈhelmit] campfire [ˈkæmpfaiə] to join [dʒɔin] hayivka [haˈiivka] ecotourism [ˈiː.kəʊˌtʊərizəm ]

відвідувати

печера мати сильне бажання займатися скелелазінням інструктор, учитель, тренер шолом

табірне багаття записатися, брати участь веснянка екотуризм

Ukrainian embroidery (Ukrainian: Вишивка, Vyshyvka) occupies an important place among the various branches of Ukrainian decorative arts. Embroidery has a rich history in Ukraine, and has long appeared in Ukrainian folk dress as well as played a part in traditional Ukrainian weddings and other celebrations. Appearing all across the country, Ukrainian embroidery varies

228

a box made of cardboard pertaining to pagans or their religion. The Сrooked Dance is a popular kind of dance in Western Ukraine. I would be happy to attend Pysanka Festival. to desire to eat many sweet foodsespecially candy and pastries. My father has been into riding motorcycles since he was 17. to ride on the back of a horse You need some important skills to be able to explore caves safely. What will you do if you have been bitten by a climbing bug? instruct → instructor a metal, leather covering to protect the head. Soldiers wear helmets when fighting. I miss sitting at a campfire and chatting. Join a master class in chocolate making! Hayivka is a spring dance performed in Ukraine. Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile and relatively undisturbed natural areas.

Vocabulary

depending on the region of origin. From Poltava, Kyiv, and Chernihiv in the east, to Volyn and Polissia in the northwest, to Bukovyna, and the Hutsul area in the southwest, the designs have a long history which defines its ornamental motifs and compositions, as well as its favorite choice of colors and types of stitches.

Everyday English holiday [ˈhɒlədei]

свято

zone [zəυn] chaos [ˈkeiɒs]

зона хаос, безлад

to delay [diˈlei]

затримувати

між іншим by the way [ˌbai ðə ˈwei] rest area [ˈrest ˌeəriə] зона відпочинку exit [ˈeksit]

транспортна розв’язка

dinner [ˈdinə]

обід

over easy [ˌəυvər ˈi:zi] яєчня – портмоне або яєчня в торбинці яєчня – глазунья sunny side up [ˌsʌni said ˈʌp] готель, мотель motel [məʊˈtel]

hotline [ˈhɒtˌlain]

гаряча лінія

There’s no school today, it’s a public holiday. time zones When everything goes wrong at the same time, there’s chaos. If there’s bad weather, flights are often delayed. By the way, we are going to the USA this summer. If you need a break during your trip, you can go to a rest area. If you’re traveling through Louisiana, and need some delicious, hot food in a family friendly atmosphere, take Exit 40 and go south! the biggest meal of the day. For most Americans that’s the same as supper, though some people have their big meal at lunch time and so call that dinner. eggs cooked on both sides Would you like your eggs over easy or sunny side up? A motel is an establishment that provides lodging for motorists in rooms usually having direct access to an open parking area. Our hotline works 24/7/365.

Get Fit! camp [kæmp] survey [ˈsɜ:vei]

табір a group of buildings or tents опитування, досліджен- We are doing a survey of the literature ня on the subject.

229

Vocabulary

Overheard gadget [ˈgædʒit]

прилад, пристрій

to bob [bɒb] chubby bunnies [ˈtʃʌbi ˈbʌniz]

виловлювати ротом (з води) щокаті зайчики (набивати рот зефіром)

stork [stɔːk]

лелека

Storks are large, long-legged, longnecked wading birds.

couple [ˈkʌpl]

декілька

suspicious [səsˈpiʃəs] war [wɔːʳ] to shoot down [ʃuːt ˈdaʊn]

сумнівний, підозрілий війна збивати

Ministry of Foreign Affairs [ˈministri əv ˈfɒrin əˈfɛəz] actually [ˈæktjʊəli] disturbingly [disˈtɜːbiŋli] to stumble [ˈstʌmbl]

Міністерство закордонних справ

There are a couple of police officers standing guard. Paul was a suspicious man. The larger army will win the war. to shоot down = to bring down (an aircraft, for example) by hitting and damaging with gunfire or a missile Every hour of every day, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs promotes the interests of the country abroad. She didn’t actually see the accident. a disturbingly large number

She wants a handy gadget for slicing vegetables. At the party we bobbed for apples.

Facts and fiction

фактично, взагалі-то приголомшливо натикатися

exhibition [ˌeksiˈbiʃən] виставка spoiled [spɔilt] to recall [riˈkɔːl] cautious [ˈkɔːʃəs]

230

зіпсований пригадувати обережний, пильний

I stumbled across this book today in a shop. Our exhibition of award-winning photos is shown worldwide in 100 cities. This meat is spoiled. I can’t recall exactly what we agreed. She used to trust everyone but she’s more cautious now.

Vocabulary guard [gɑːd]

охоронець, кондуктор

захисне обладнання, protection кріплення [prəˈtekʃən] reasonable [ˈriːznəbl] недорогий, помірний, доступний жалкувати to regret [riˈgret]

There was a guard with the prisoner every hour of the day. Riot shields acted as protection against the attack. We saw the bracelets at reasonable prices. We regret any inconvenience caused by the delay.

Words in action to hold [həuld] crayons [ˈkreiəns]

проводити, тримати олівці, кольорова крейда

співпрацювати to collaborate [kəˈlæbəreit] energizer [ˈenəʤaizəʳ] гра-розминка

The meeting will be held next week.

He and his brother collaborated on a book about aeroplanes The Energizer is an activity that can be run to warm up the team and promote group interaction.

sandplay [ˈsændˌplei] гра з піском

231

Dictionary

English-Ukrainian Dictionary A

a, an [ə; ən] неозначений артикль a bit [ə ˈbit] трішки a few [ə ˈfju:] декілька a lot [ ə ˈlɒt] багато a lot of [ə ˈlɒt əv] багато a week [ə ˈwi:k] тиждень about [əˈbaυt] про out and about [ˈaυtəndəˈbaυt] подорожувати to jump about [ˌdʒʌmp əˈbaυt] підстрибувати, підскакувати, метушитися What about … ? [ wɒtəˈbaυt] як щодо…? What’s the film about? [wɒts ðə ˈfilməˌbaυt] Про що фільм? aborigine [ˌæbəˈridʒini] абориген above [əˈbʌv] над above sea level [ əˈbʌv si: ˈlevl] над рівнем моря abroad [əˈbrɔ:d] за кордоном absence [ˈæbsns] відсутність accent [ˈæksnt] вимова; акцент to accept [əkˈsept] приймати access [ˈæksəs] вхід у, доступ до (інтернету) accessory [ək’sesəri] додатковий, другорядний; аксесуар, що прикрашає щось accident [ˈæksidnt] випадок, аварія to accommodate [əˈkɒmədeit] розміщувати, забезпечувати житлом, задовольняти особливі потреби to accomplish [əˈkʌmpliʃ] виконати, завершити, досягнути to account for [əˈkaʊnt fɔːʳ] нараховувати accurate [ˈækjʊrit] точний to achieve [əˈtʃiv] досягати acrobatics [ˌækrə’bætiks] акробатика acronym [ˈækrənim] акронім across [əˈkrɒs] впоперек; через to act [ækt] грати (в театрі) action [ˈækʃn] дія; вчинок action line [ˈækʃn lain] сюжетна лінія active [ˈæktiv] активний activity [ækˈtiviti] діяльність actor [ˈæktə] актор actress [ˈæktrəs] актриса actually [ˈæktjʊəli] фактично, взагалі-то ad [æd] реклама adaptation [ˌædæpˈteiʃən] екранізація to add [æd] додавати to admit [əd’mit] допускати, приймати, впускати, уявляти, визнавати address [əˈdres] адреса adjective [ˈædʒəktiv] прикметник adolescence [ˌædəʊˈlesns] юнацтво

232

advanced [ədˈvɑ:nst] просунутий, підвищений advent [ˈædvənt] наступ, поява, прибуття adventure [ədˈventʃə] пригода adventure playground [ədˈventʃə ˈpleiɡraυnd] дитячий ігровий майданчик adventurer [ədˈventʃərəʳ] шукач пригод adventurous [ədˈventʃərəs] пригодницький adverb [ˈædvɜ:b] прислівник adverb of manner [ ˌædvɜ:bəv ˈmænə] прислівник способу дії advert [ˈædvɜ:t] реклама to advertise [ˈædvətaiz] рекламувати advice [ədˈvais] порада to advise [ədˈvaiz] радити adviser [ədˈvaizəʳ] консультант, експерт aerial [‘e(ə)riəl] повітряний, ефірний *to be afraid (of) [bi:əˈfreid] боятися (когось, чогось) affair [əˈfɛəz] справа Ministry of Foreign Affairs [ˈministri əv ˈfɒrin əˈfɛəz] Міністерство закордонних справ to affect [əˈfekt] впливати affectionate [əˈfekʃənit] люблячий, ласкавий, ніжний after [ˈɑ:ftə] після afternoon [ˌɑ:ftəˈnu:n] час після полудня afternoon tea [ ˌɑ:ftənu:n ˈti:] чай о 5 годині in the afternoon [ ˌin ði ˌɑ:ftəˈnu:n] вдень aftershave [ˈɑ:ftəʃeiv] лосьйон після гоління again [əˈɡen] знову against [əˈɡenst] проти; навпроти age [eidʒ] вік agent [ˈeidʒnt] агент aggressive [əˈɡresiv] агресивний ago [əˈɡəυ] тому (про час) agile [ˈædʒail] рухливий, в’юнкий, швидкий air [eə] повітря on the air [ˌɒn ðiˈeə] в ефірі open-air [ˌəʊpnˈɛəʳ] під відкритим небом, надворі airplane [ˈeəˌplein] літак airport [ˈeəpɔ:t] аеропорт alarm [əˈlɑ:m] метушня, тривога alarm clock [ əˈlɑ:m ˌklɒk] будильник alcohol [ˈælkəhɒl] алкоголь A-levels (pl) [ˈeilevlz] brit. екзамени рівня «А», що дають право на вступ до престижних університетів alien [ˈeiliən] чужий, чужинець to align [əˈlain] вирівнювати, розміщувати в одну лінію alight [əˈlait] запалений, охоплений полум’ям alive [əˈlaiv] живий all [ɔ:l] весь; всі

Dictionary in all [ inˈɔ:l] всього allegiance [əˈli:dʒns] присяга на вірність країні algae [ˈӕldʒiː] водорості almost [ˈɔ:lməυst] майже alone [əˈləυn] один; самотній; наодинці along [əˈlɒŋ] вздовж, по alphabet [ˈælfəbet] алфавіт alphabetical [ˌælfəˈbetikl] алфавітний already [ɔ:lˈredi] вже also [ˈɔ:lsəυ] також alternative [ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətiv] альтернативний рок although [ɔ:lˈðəυ] хоч always [ˈɔ:lweiz] завжди a.m. [ˌeiˈem] до полудня (про час) ambassador [æmˈbæsədəʳ] представник brand ambassador [ˌbrænd æmˈbæsədəʳ] обличчя рекламної кампанії ambitious [æmˈbiʃəs] амбіційний, цілеспрямований ambulance [ˈæmbjələns] машина швидкої допомоги amenity [əˈmiːniti] зручність, об’єкт благоустрою American [əˈmerikən] aмериканський; американець/ американка American football [əˌmerikən ˈfυtbɔ:l] футбол ancient [ˈeinʃnt] стародавній; античний ancillary [ænˈsiləri] допоміжний, додатковий and [ænd] і angle [ˈæŋgl] кут angry [ˈæŋɡri] сердитий to be angry with [bi: ˈæŋɡri wið] гніватися на … animal [ˈæniml] тварина animal home [ˈæniməl ˌhəʊm] притулок для тварин announcement [əˈnaυnsmənt] оголошення annoying [əˈnɔiiŋ] надокучливий annual [ˈænjʊəl] річний annual mean temperature [ˈænjʊəl miːn ˈtempritʃəʳ] середньорічна температура anorak [ˈænəræk] тепла куртка на блискавці з каптуром another [əˈnʌðə] ще один; другий; інший answer [ˈɑ:nsə] відповідь to answer [ˈɑ:nsə] відповідати answerphone [ˈɑ:nsəfəυn] автовідповідач antagonist [ænˈtægənist] персонаж ( літературного твору), який протидіє головному герою anticipation [ænˌtisiˈpeiʃən] передчуття antique [ænˈtiːk] старовинний any [ˈeni] який-небудь; будь-який anybody [ˈeniˌbɒdi] хто-небудь; будь-хто anything [ˈeniθiŋ] що-небудь; будь-що anywhere [ˈeniweə] скрізь, всюди application [ˌæpli’keiʃ(ə)n] заява, прохання to apply [əˈplai] подавати заяву на (роботу) appointment [əˈpɔintmənt] зустріч, призначення, (назначено)

appreciate [ə’priːʃieit] цінувати apprentice [əˈprentis] вихованець, учень, помічник appropriate [əˈprəʊpriit] відповідний, доречний apricot [‘eiprikɒt] абрикос apple [ˈæpl] яблуко April [ˈeipril] квітень arch [ɑːtʃ] арка archery [ˈɑːtʃəri] лучники, спорядження для стрільби з лука area [ˈeəriə] площа; район rest area [ ˈrest ˌeəriə] зона відпочинку arena [əˈri:nə] арена; стадіон to argue [ˈɑ:ɡju:] сперечатися, доводити argument [ˈɑ:ɡjəmənt] суперечка; доказ to have an argument [ ˌhæv ən ˈɑ:ɡjəmənt] сперечатися arm [ɑ:m] рука around [əˈraυnd] всюди; навкруги to bum around [ bʌm əˈraʊnd] тинятися, вештатися, байдикувати arrangement [əˈreindʒmənt] план array [əˈrei] низка to arrest [əˈrest] арештовувати arrival [əˈraivəl] приїзд, приліт, прибуття to arrive [əˈraiv] прибувати; приїжджати arrow [ˈærəʊ] стріла Art [ɑ:t] мистецтво as [æz; əz] як as … as [æz . . . æz; əz . . . əz] так само як і as long as [əz ˈlɒŋ əz] поки; доки as well as [əz ˈwel əz] так само як ascent [əˈsent] підйом to ask [ɑ:sk] питати to ask (for) [ˈɑ:sk fə] просити (щось) asleep [hɑːf əˈsliːp] сонний, уві сні half asleep [ hɑːf əˈsliːp] спросоння, у напівсонному стані *to be asleep [ ˌbi: əˈsli:p] спати AS-level exam випускний іспит у школі, який дає право на вступ в університет (Англія, Уельс) assembly [əˈsembli] збори to assign [əˈsain] (a definite date) призначити дату assistant [əˈsistnt] помічник; асистент shop assistant [ˈʃɒp əˌsistnt] продавець at [æt; ət] в; біля; на at first [ət ˈfɜ:st] спочатку at home [ ət ˈhəυm] вдома at least [ət ˈli:st] щонайменше; принаймні at night [ət ˈnait] вночі at once [ət ˈwʌns] відразу; раптом at the back [ ət ðə ˈbæk] позаду at the bottom [ ət ðə ˈbɒtəm] внизу at the moment [ ət ðə ˈməυmənt] зараз at the top [ ət ðə ˈtɒp] нагорі athlete [ˈæθliːt] спортсмен, атлет athletics [æθˈletiks] легка атлетика, фізкультура

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to attack [əˈtæk] атакувати attainment [əˈteinmənt] досягнення to attend [ə’tend] відвідувати, бути присутнім attendant [ə’tendənt] провідник, обслуговуючий персонал flight attendant [ ˈflaitəˌtendənt] бортпровідник Attention! [əˈtenʃn] Увага! attestation [ætesˈteiʃən] атестація state (final) attestation [steit ˈfainl ætesˈteiʃən] державна підсумкова атестація attractive [əˈtræktiv] привабливий audience [ˈɔ:diəns] публіка target audience [ˌtɑːgit ˈɔːdiəns] цільова аудиторія audition [ɔ:ˈdiʃn] слухання; прослуховування August [ˈɔ:ɡəst] серпень aunt [ɑ:nt] тітка Australian [ɒsˈtreiliən] австралійський; австралієць/ австралійка authentic [ɔː’θentik] справжній, автентичний autograph [ˈɔ:təɡrɑ:f] автограф autumn [ˈɔ:təm] осінь average [ˈævridʒ] середній; звичайний to average [ˈævəridʒ] налічувати в середньому avid [ˈævid] жадаючий, завзятий, спраглий away [əˈwei] далеко to run away [rʌn əˈwei] побігти; утекти to whisk away [wisk] змітати awesome [ˈɔ:səm] чудовий, дивовижний, надзвичайний awful [ˈɔ:fl] жахливий axis [ˌæksis] вісь x-axis [ˈeksˌæksis] вісь x (абсцис) y-axis [ˈwaiˌæksis] вісь y (ординат)

baby, babies (pl) [ˈbeibi; ˈbeibiz] дитя, немовля; діти, немовлята back [bæk] спина at the back [ət ðə ˈbæk] позаду like the back of my hand [ˈbæk əv mai ˌhænd] знати, як свої п’ять пальців back [bæk] назад; позаду back line [ˌbæk ˈlain] лінія захисту background [ˈbækgraʊnd] інформація, досвід; тло, на задньому плані backpack [ˈbækpæk] рюкзак bad [bæd] поганий bad luck [ˌbæd ˈlʌk] невезіння badger [ˈbædʒəʳ] борсук badminton [ˈbædmintən] бадмінтон bag [bæɡ] мішок; сумка school bag [ˈsku:l bæɡ] портфель sleeping bag [ ˈsli:piŋ ˌbæɡ] спальний мішок baggy [ˈbægi] «мішкуватий», вільного крою baker [ˈbeikə] пекар ball [bɔ:l] м’яч

234

golf ball [ˈgɒlf bɔːl] м’яч для гри в гольф balloon [bəˈlu:n] повітряна куля ballroom dancing [ˌbɔ:lrʊm ˈdɑ:nsiŋ ] бальні танці ban [bæn] забороняти banana [bəˈnɑ:nə] банан to go bananas [ˌɡəυ bəˈnɑ:nəz] збожеволіти banana chips [bəˈnænə tʃips] бананові чіпси band [bænd] група, гурт brass band [ ˌbraːsˈbænd] духовий оркестр steel band [ˌsti:l ˈbænd] шумовий оркестр bandage [ˈbændidʒ] пов’язка to bang [bæŋ] ударяти; гуркотіти piggy bank [ˈpiɡi bæŋk] скарбничка banknote [ˈbæŋknəʊt] грошовий знак, банкнота (паперові гроші) buggy [ˈbʌgi] візок burger bar [ˈbɜ:ɡə ˌbɑ:] закусочна bar [bɑːʳ] бар, буфет, закусочна snack bar [ ˈsnæk bɑːʳ] буфет, закусочна barefoot [‘bɛəfʊt] босий barely [ˈbɛəli] лише, усього bark [bɑ:k] гавкіт to bark [bɑ:k] гавкати; гримати barn [bɑ:n] сарай, клуня barn owl [ˈbɑ:n ɑυl] сипуха (рідкісний вид сови) base [beis] основа; база, місце старту baseball [ˈbeisbɔ:l] бейсбол basement [ˈbeismənt] підвальне приміщення basic [ˈbeisik] основний basic school [ ˈbeisik skuːl] основна школа basic school leaving certificate [ ˈbeisik skuːl ˈliːviŋ səˈtifikit] свідоцтво про базову загальну середню освіту basketball [ˈbɑ:skitbɔ:l] баскетбол bass [bæs] бас bat [bæt] бита; ракетка (бейсбол); удар (битою, ракеткою); to bat [bæt] бити bathroom [ˈbɑ:θrυm] ванна кімната baton [ˈbætən] тростина, жезл baton twirler [ˈbætən ˌtwɜːləʳ] жонглер тростиною, жезлом batter [ˈbætə] той, хто б’є (м’яч) у грі battery [ˈbætri] батарея BC (= before Christ) [bi:ˈsi:] до нашої ери *to be [bi:] бути to be afraid (of) [ bi: əˈfreid] боятися (когось; чогось) to be angry with [bi: ˈæŋɡri wið] гніватися на to be asleep [ˌbi: əˈsli:p] спати to be called [ bi: ˈkɔ:ld] називатися; мати назву, ім’я to be cold [ bi: ˈkəυld] мерзнути to be fed up [ bi: ˌfed ˈʌp] набриднути to be frightened (of) [bi: ˈfraitnd] бути наляканим to be fun [bi: ˈfʌn] бути веселим

Dictionary to be good with … [bi: ˈɡυd wið] бути добрим з to be in a hurry [bi: in ə ˈhʌri] поспішати to be lost [bi: ˈlɒst] заблукати to be missing [ bi: ˈmisiŋ] бути відсутнім to be nuts about [bi: ˌnʌts əˈbaυt] дуже подобатися, з’їхати з глузду (через когось) to be on [bi: ˈɒn] відбуватися; to be pleased with [bi: ˈpli:zd wið] бути задоволеним to be right [bi: ˈrait] мати рацію to be trapped [bi: ˈtræpt] потрапити до пастки to be upset [bi: ʌpˈset] бути засмученим to be welcome to join us [bi: ˈwelkəm] будь-ласка, приєднуйтесь to be worried [bi: ˈwʌrid] бути схвильованим to be wrong [bi: ˈrɒŋ] помилятися was/were born [bɔ:n] народився beach [bi:tʃ] пляж bean [bi:n] біб lima beans [ˈlaimə biːnz] лімська квасоля beard [biəd] борода *to beat [biːt] перевершувати *to beat up [biːt ˈʌp] бити, гамселити beautiful [ˈbju:tifl] вродливий because [biˈkɒz] тому що *to become [biˈkʌm] робитися, ставати bed [bed] ліжко day-bed [ˈdeiˌbed] кушетка to get out of bed [ˌɡet aυt əv ˈbed] вставати bedroom [ˈbedrυm] спальня beet [ˈʃugəʳ ˌbiːt] буряк sugar beet [ˈʃugəʳ ˌbiːt] цукровий буряк before [biˈfɔ:] перед, до beggar [ˈbegəʳ] жебрак *to begin [biˈɡin] починати(ся) beginning [biˈɡiniŋ] початок to behave [biˈheiv] поводитися behind [biˈhaind] за; позаду being [ˈbiːiŋ] істота to lag behind [lægbiˈhaind] відставати Supreme being [sʊˈpriːm ˈbiːiŋ] верховна істота (Всевишній) to believe [biˈli:v] вірити bell [bel] дзвін; дзвоник The bell rings. [ðə ˈbel riŋz] дзвенить дзвоник to belong to [biˈlɒŋ tə] належати belongings [biˈlɒŋiŋz] речі below [biˈləυ] під; нижче benefit [ˈbenifit] перевага Bermuda [bɜːˈmjuːdə] Бермудські острови beside [biˈsaid] поруч з, коло best [best] найкращий *to bet [bet] битися об заклад better [ˈbetə] кращий between [biˈtwi:n] між big [biɡ] великий

bike [baik] велосипед by bike [bai ˈbaik] велосипедом bill [bil] рахунок billionaire [ˌbiliəˈnɛəʳ] мільярдер bin [bin] контейнер для сміття compost bin [ ˈkɒmpɒst bin] компостний ящик recycling bin [ ˌriːˈsaikliŋ bin] корзина для сміття bird [bɜ:d] пташка a bird’s eye view [ə bɜːdz ai vjuː] краєвид з висоти пташиного польоту to kill two birds with one stone [kil ˈtuː ˈbɜːdz wið ˈwʌn ˈstəʊn] одним пострілом двох зайців убити birth [bɜ:θ] народження birthday [ˈbɜ:θdei] день народження biscuit [ˈbiskit] тістечко, печиво bit [bit] кусок, шматок, відрізок a bit [ə ˈbit] трішки *to bite [bait] кусати beverage [ˈbevəridʒ] напій fizzy beverage [ˈfizi ˈbevəridʒ] газований напій black [blæk] чорний black currant [blæk ‘kʌr(ə)nt] чорна смородина blanket [ˈblæŋkit] вовняна ковдра wet blanket [ wet ˈblæŋkit] людина, що псує іншим радість to blaze [bleiz] горіти, полум’яніти blazer [ˈbleizəʳ] піджак blind [blaind] сліпий bling bling [bliŋ ˈbliŋ] цяцьки (сленг) ювелірні вироби blizzard [ˈblizərd] завірюха block [blɒk] будівля, квартал office block [ ˈɒfis blɒk] адміністративна (офісна) будівля teaching block [ ˈtiːtʃiŋ blɒk] навчальний корпус bloke [bləυk] паруб’яга blond [blɒnd] білявий blond(e)-haired [ ˈblɒnd ˌheəd] білявий, білява blood [blʌd] кров bloody [ˈblʌdi] скривавлений, поганий to blossom [ˈblɒsəm] розквітати blouse [blaʊz] блуза, сорочка *to blow [bləυ] дути to blow up [ bləυ ˈʌp] роздувати blue [blu:] синій, блакитний board [bɔ:d] дошка, борт notice board [ ˈnəυtis bɔ:d] дошка оголошень board game [ˈbɔːd ˈgeim] настільна гра boat [bəυt] човен to bob [bɒb] виловлювати ротом (з води) bobcat [ˈbɒbkæt] рись bodice [ˈbɒdis] корсет body [ˈbɒdi] тіло, площа body language [ ˈbɒdi ˈlæŋɡwidʒ] мова міміки та жестів Bollywood [ ˈbɒliˌwʊd] кіноіндустрія Індії

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to bolt [bəʊlt] понести (про коня) book [bυk] книга exercise book [ ˈeksəsaiz ˌbυk] зошит to book [bυk] замовляти bookworm [ˈbʊkˌwɜːm] книголюб to boost [buːst] збільшувати, розширювати, посилювати boot [bu:t] черевик rubber boots (pl) [ˌrʌbə ˈbu:ts] гумові чоботи rugby boots [ˌrʌɡbi ˈbu:tz] взуття для регбі to border [ˈbɔːdəʳ] межувати bored [bɔ:d] той, що нудьгує boring [ˈbɔ:riŋ] нудний *was/were born [bɔ:n] народився borough [ˈbʌrə] район to borrow [ˈbɒrəυ] позичати (у когось) both [bəυθ] обидва it’s no bother [ˈbɒðə] жодних проблем to bother [ˈbɒðə] турбувати bottle [ˈbɒtl] пляшка at the bottom [ət ðə ˈbɒtəm] насподі, на дні, унизу (сторінки) bout [baʊt] приступ bow [bəʊ] уклін; лук -ручна зброя для ме-тання стріл, яка має вигляд стягнутої тятивою дуги to take a bow [teik ə bəʊ] вклонитися на аплодисменти, заслуговувати похвали bowl [bəυl] миска, чаша, кубок box, boxes (pl) [bɒks; ˈbɒksiz] коробка(ки) phone box [ ˈfəυn ˌbɒks] таксофон boy [bɔi] хлопчик boyfriend [ˈbɔifrend] хлопець, коханий boyhood [ˈbɔihʊd] хлоп’яцтво brand [ˈbrænd] бренд, марка brand ambassador [ˌbrænd æmˈbæsədəʳ] обличчя рекламної кампанії brand awareness [ ˌbrænd əˈwɛənis] визнання торгової марки brand new [brænd njuː] новенький brave [breiv] сміливий, відважний bread [bred] хліб bread roll [ ˈbred rəʊl] булочка, рогалик break [breik] перерва *to break [breik] ламати(ся), розбивати(ся) Break a Leg! [ ˌbreik ə ˈleg] Щоб ти ногу зламав! (побажання успіху) to brake a record [ˈbreik ə ˈrɛkɔːd] побити рекорд to break-dance [ˈbreikdɑ:ns] танцювати брейк breaking news [ˌbreikiŋ ˈnju:z] термінове повідомлення breakfast [ˈbrekfəst] сніданок to have breakfast [hæv ˈbrekfəst] снідати breakup [ˈbreikˌʌp] розірвання відносин bribe [braib] хабар, підкуп bridge [bridʒ] міст fire brigade [ˈfaiə briˌɡeid] пожежна команда

236

brilliant [ˈbriljənt] блискучий, видатний *to bring [briŋ] приносити to bring in [ briŋ ˈin] запроваджувати; приносити (прибутки) to bring out [briŋ aʊt] проявляти, відтворювати bring it to boil [briŋ it tʊ bɔil] довести до кипіння British [ˈbritiʃ] британський British Isles [ˈbritiʃ ˈailz] Британські острови to broaden [brɔ:dn] розширювати brochure [ˈbrəυʃə] брошура broken [ˈbrəυkn] розбитий brother [ˈbrʌðə] брат brown [braυn] коричневий browser [ˈweb ˈbraʊzər] браузер web-browser [ˈweb ˈbraʊzər] інтернет-браузер (система перегляду та направлення інформації в Інтернет) to brush up [brʌʃ ˈʌp] освіжити знання, повторити Brussels [ˈbrʌslz] брюссельський Brussels sprouts [ˈbrʌslz ˈspraʊts] брюссельська капуста speech [spiːtʃ] промова speech bubble [ ˈspi:tʃ ˌbʌbl] хмаринка з текстом у коміксах *to build [bild] будувати building [ˈbildiŋ] будівля bulb [bʌlb] лампочка bully [ˈbυli] задирака, хвалько to bully [ˈbυli] чіплятися, задиратися to bum around [bʌm əˈraʊnd] тинятися, вештатися, байдикувати bummed out [bʌmd aʊt] розчарований *to go bump [ɡəυ ˈbʌmp] наштовхуватися to bump [bʌmp] налетіти, «впечататися», вдаряти burger [ˈbɜ:ɡə] гамбургер burger bar [ ˈbɜ:ɡə ˌbɑ:] закусочна burglar [ˈbɜ:ɡlə] злодій, грабіжник *to burn [bɜ:n] горіти, палити to bury [ˈberi] ховати (мертвих) bus, buses (pl) [bʌs; ˈbʌsiz] автобус, автобуси bus stop [ˈbʌs ˌstɒp] автобусна зупинка on the bus [ˌɒn ðə ˈbʌs] в автобусі bush [bυʃ] кущ businessperson [ˈbiznispɜ:sn] бізнесмен busy [ˈbizi] зайнятий but [bʌt] але butter [ˈbʌtə] масло button [ˈbʌtn] ґудзик, кнопка *to buy [bai] купувати by [bai] до, біля, при, шляхом; прийменник, який означає виконавця дії by bike [bai ˈbaik] велосипедом bye [bai] бувай

cab [kæb] таксі

Dictionary cafe´ [ˈkæfei] кафе *to choose [tʃu:z] вибирати cafeteria [ˌkæfəˈtiəriə] кафетерій cage [keidʒ] клітка cake [keik] тістечко, торт calendar [ˈkæləndə] календар call [kɔ:l] оклик, виклик curtain call [ ˈkɜːtn kɔːl] вихід на аплодисменти emergency call [ iˈmɜ:dʒnsi ˌkɔ:l] екстрений (терміновий) виклик phone call [ˈfəυn ˌkɔ:l] телефонний дзвінок to call [kɔ:l] телефонувати, кликати, гукати That’s what I call … . [ˌðæts wɒt ˈai ˌkɔ:l] Це я називаю … to be called [ bi: ˈkɔ:ld] називатися, мати назву, ім’я name calling [ ˈneim ˈkɔːliŋ] обзивання, паплюження caller [ˈkɔ:lə] особа, яка телефонує calm [kɑ:m] спокійний camera [ˈkæmrə] фотоапарат camp [kæmp] табір campaign [kæmˈpein] кампанія, агітація *to run campaign [ˌrʌn kæmˈpein] проводити кампанію, агітувати campfire [ˈkæmpfaiə] табірне багаття camping [ˈkæmpiŋ] кемпінг, місце привалу *can [kæn] могти, вміти to can [kæn] консервувати canned milk [ ˈkænd ˈmilk] консервоване молоко canoe [kəˈnuː] каное to canoe [kəˈnu:] плавати на каное cap [kæp] кепка, шапка capital city [ˌkæpitl ˈsiti] столиця capital letter [ˌkæpitl ˈletə] велика літера capsule [ˈkæpsju:l] оболонка, капсула caption [ˈkæpʃn] підпис (під фото) captain [ˈkæptin] капітан to capture [ˈkæptʃə] ловити, схопити car [kɑ:] автомобіль, вагон carbohydrates [ˌkɑːbəʊˈhaidreits] вуглеводи card [kɑ:d] карта day travel card [ ˌdei ˈtrævl ˌkɑ:d] одноденний проїзний квиток card tricks [ ˈkɑːd triks] карточні фокуси swipe card [swaip kɑːd] безконтактна картка to care [keə] піклуватися to take care [teik ˈkeə] Дивіться! (обережно) I don’t care. [ ai dəυnt ˈkeə] мені байдуже careful [ˈkeəfl] обережний, дбайливий carelessly [ˈkɛəlisli] неуважно, безтурботно, недобросовісно caretaker [ˈkeəteikə] доглядач (за будинком), вихователь carriage [ˈkæridʒ] карета, візок carrot [ˈkærət] морква

carrot-and-stick [ˈkærətəndˈstik] батіг і пряник to carry [ˈkæri] носити, нести carry-on [ˌkæriˈɒn] ручна поклажа cartoon [kɑ:ˈtu:n] мультфільм, малюнок, комікс case [keis] форма, коробка, ящик paper case [ ˈpeipəʳ keis] паперова форма (для кексів) pencil case [ ˈpensl ˌkeis] пенал *to cast [kɑ:st] зніматися (в кіно) castle [ˈkɑ:sl] замок casually [ˈkæʒjʊəli] неофіційно cat [kæt] кіт *to catch [kætʃ] ловити, спіймати catcher [ˈkætʃə] кетчер, той хто ловить м’яч cathedral [kəˈθi:drl] собор to cause [kɔːz] спричиняти cautious [ˈkɔːʃəs] обережний, пильний cave [keiv] печера CD [ˌsi:ˈdi:] компакт диск CD player [ ˌsi:ˈdi: ˌpleiə] програвач компакт-дисків to celebrate [ˈseliˌbreit] святкувати celeb(rity) [səˈlebriti] знаменитість, відома людина celery [ˈseləri] селера celery stick [ˈseləri ˌstik] паличка селери Celsius (C) [ˈselsiəs] Цельсій (про температуру повітря) centre [ˈsentə] центр information centre [ infəˈmeiʃn ˌsentə] інформаційний центр opportunity centre [ ˌɒpəˈtjuːniti ˈsentəʳ] центр для дітей з особливими потребами century [ˈsentʃri] століття certainly [ˈsɜ:tnli] звичайно certificate [səˈtifikit] свідоцтво basic school leaving certificate [ ˈbeisik skuːl ˈliːviŋ səˈtifikit] свідоцтво про базову загальну середню освіту matriculation school certificate [ məˌtrikjʊˈleiʃən skuːl səˈtifikit] атестат про повну загальну середню освіту chain [tʃein] ланцюг chair [tʃeə] стілець challenge [ˈtʃælindʒ] виклик, проблема chance [tʃɑ:ns] шанс *to take your chance [ ˌteik jɔ: ˈtʃɑ:ns] зважитися, ризикнути chant [tʃɑ:nt] римівка to chant [tʃɑ:nt] скандувати champion [ˈtʃæmpiən] чемпіон rowing champion [ ˈrəʊiŋ ˈtʃæmpiən] чемпіон з греблі change [tʃeindʒ] зміна, переміна change of place [ˌtʃeindʒ əv ˈpleis] зміна місця to change [tʃeindʒ] змінювати(-ся), міняти(-ся) changing room [ˈtʃeindʒiŋ ˈrʊm] примірочна, переодягальня

237

Dictionary

channel [ˈtʃænl] канал chaos [ˈkeiɒs] хаос, безлад to charge [tʃɑːdʒ] нараховувати, утримувати to charge [tʃɑːdʒ] the battery заряджати батарею charity [ˈtʃæriti] добродійність, милосердя, благодійність to charm [tʃɑːm] зачаровувати chart [tʃɑ:t] діаграма, графік bar chart [ˈbɑːʳ ˈtʃɑːt] стовпчикова діаграма charts (pl) [tʃɑ:ts] рейтинги to chase [tʃeis] переслідувати, гнатися chat [tʃæt] дружня розмова to chat [tʃæt] невимушено розмовляти chatroom [ˈtʃætˌruːm] чат cheap [tʃi:p] дешевий to check [tʃek] перевірити to check out [tʃek ˈaʊt] зайти на (сайт) check-in [ˈtʃekin] реєстрація, заїзд cheerful [ˈtʃiəfʊl] милий, приємний, бадьорий cheerleader [ˈtʃiəˌli:də] чирлідер/черлідер cheerleading [ˈtʃiərˌlidiŋ] черлідинг (спорт.) cheese [tʃi:z] сир to cherish [ˈtʃeriʃ] цінувати chicken [ˈtʃikin] курча, курятина, курка (їжа) child, children (pl) [tʃaild; ˈtʃildrin] дитина, діти (мн.) only child [ˈəυnli ˌtʃaild] єдина дитина Chill out! [tʃil ˈaυt] Охолонь! Заспокойся! Chinese [tʃaiˈni:z] китайський to chip [tʃip] різати на куски chips (pl) [tʃips] чіпси chocolate [ˈtʃɒklət] шоколад chocolate crispies [ˈtʃɒklit ˈkrispiz] шоколадні пластівці (десерт) choice [ˈtʃɔis] вибір to choke [tʃəυk] задихатися to chop [ʧɒp] рубати, нарізувати, кришити chopped [ʧɒpt] січений, рублений chronicles [ˈkrɒnikəlz] хроніки chubby bunnies [ˈtʃʌbi ˈbʌniz] щокаті зайчики (набивати рот зефіром) church [tʃɜ:tʃ] церква cigarette [ˌsiɡəˈret] цигарка cinema [ˈsinəmə] кінотеатр circle [ˈsɜ:kl] коло circulation [ˌsɜːkjʊˈleiʃən] обіг city [ˈsiti] місто (велике) capital city [ˌkæpitl ˈsiti] столиця clanking [klæŋkiŋ] брязкучий to clap [klæp] плескати в долоні clash [klæʃ] конфлікт, протиріччя class [klɑ:s] клас classical [ˈklæsikəl] античний, класичний Classical studies [ˈklæsikəl ˈstʌdiz] антична наука classroom [ˈklɑ:srυm] класна кімната clean [kli:n] чистий to clean [kli:n] прибирати

238

cleaning [ˈkli:niŋ] чистячий, миючий cleaning product [ ˈkli:niŋˌprɒdʌkt] засіб для чищення clear [kliə] ясний, чистий to click [klik] клацати cliff [klif] круча, скеля to climb [ˈklaim] підійматися, вилазити to cling [kliŋ] липнути, чіплятися cloakroom [ˈkləʊkˌrʊm] роздягальня clock [klɒk] годинник alarm clock [əˈlɑ:m ˌklɒk] будильник o’clock [əˈklɒk] година to close [kləυz] закривати close-up [ˈkloʊz ˈʌp] знімок крупним (великим) планом closed [kləυzd] зачинений clothes (pl) [kləυðz] одяг clothes shop [ˈkləʊð ʃɒp] магазин одягу cloud [klaυd] хмара cloudy [ˈklaυdi] хмарно clown [klɑʊn] клоун club [klʌb] клуб clue [klu:] ключ (до здогадки), хід думок cluster [ˈklʌstə] кластер, скупчення coach [kəυtʃ] тренер, великий автобус для подорожей coast [kəυst] узбережжя off the coast [ˈɒf ðə ˈkəʊst] недалеко від берега (узбережжя) coastline [ˈkəυst ˌlain] берегова лінія coat [kəυt] пальто coffee [ˈkɒfi:] кава coke [kəυk] кола cold [kəυld] холодний to be cold [ bi: ˈkəυld] мерзнути to collaborate [kəˈlæbəreit] співпрацювати to collapse [kəˈlæps] падати, обрушуватися to collect [kəˈlekt] колекціонувати colonial times [kəˈləʊniəl taimz] колоніальний період college [ˈkɒlidʒ] коледж colour [ˈkʌlə] колір colorful [ˈkʌləfl] різнобарвний, розмаїтий *to come [kʌm] приходити Come on. [ kʌm ˈɒn] Мерщій! to come back down to earth [ˈkʌm ˈbæk daʊn tə ˈɜːθ] спуститися на землю to come down [ kʌm ˈdaυn] опускатися to come in [kʌm ˈin] входити to come over [ kʌm ˈəυvə] приходити to come true [ kʌm ˈtru:] здійснюватися comedy [ˈkɒmədi] комедія comic [ˈkɒmik] комічний, смішний comment [‘kɒment] коментар, примітка, тлумачення commercial [kəˈmɜːʃəl] реклама

Dictionary to commit [kəˈmit] скоювати (злочин), присвячувати common [ˈkɒmən] звичний Commonwealth [ˈkɒmənˌwelθ] Співдружність націй Commonwealth countries [ˈkɒmənˌwelθ ˈkʌntriz] країни Співдружності націй communication [kəˌmju:niˈkeiʃn] спілкування company [ˈkʌmpəni] компанія comparative [kəmˈpærətiv] порівняльний, вищий ступінь to compare [kəmˈpeə] порівнювати compartment [kəmˈpɑːtmənt] відсік, ящик, камера compelling [kəmˈpeliŋ] захопливий, той, що викликає (емоції) competition [ˌkɒmpi’tiʃ(ə)n] змагання, конкурс competitive [kəmˈpetitiv] конкурентоздатний complete [kəmˈpli:t] повний, закінчений to complete [kəmˈpli:t] завершувати complimentary [ˌkɒmpliˈmentəri] безкоштовний, у подарунок compost [ˈkɒmpɒst] компостний compost bin [ ˈkɒmpɒst bin] компостний ящик compote [ˈkɒmpəʊt] компот compound [ˈkɒmpaʊnd] складне слово, хімічна сполука comprehensive school [kɒmpriˈhensiv ˌsku:l] загальноосвітня школа to compromise [ˈkɒmprəˌmaiz] йти на компроміс compulsory [kəmˈpʌlsri] обов’язковий (про освіту) computer [ˌkəmˈpju:tə] комп’ютер computer suite [ˌkəmˈpju:tə ˌswi:t] комп’ютерний зал computing [kəmˈpjuːtiŋ] інформатика concert [ˈkɒnsət] концерт conclusion [kənˈkluːʒən] висновок to conduct [kənˈdʌkt] (workshops) проводити (майстер класи) confidence [ˈkɒnfidəns] упевненість confident [ˈkɒnfidənt] упевнений to confirm [kənˈfɜːm] підтверджувати conflict [ˈkɒnflikt] конфлікт to connect [kəˈnekt] з’єднувати, зв’язувати connecting [kəˈnektiŋ] пересадочний conqueror [ˈkɒŋkrə] завойовник to consider [kənˈsidəʳ] вирішувати, розглядати, брати до уваги to contact [ˈkɒntækt] зв’язатись з to contain [kənˈtein] містити contender [kənˈtendəʳ] кандидат, суперник content [ˈkɒntent] зміст contest [ˈkɒntest] змагання to continue [kənˈtinju:] продовжувати(-ся) contract [ˈkɒntrækt] контракт, договір to contrast [ˈkɒntrɑːst] порівнювати control [kən’trəul] управління, керування to control [kənˈtrəυl] контролювати

conversation [ˌkɒnvəˈseiʃn] розмова, бесіда conversely [kɒnˈvɜːsli] навпаки, з іншого боку to convince [kənˈvins] переконувати cook [kυk] кухар to cook [kυk] готувати cooking [ˈkυkiŋ] приготування cool [ku:l] класний, спокійний, крутий, шикарний to stay cool [ˈstei ˈkuːl] зберігати спокій copy [ˈkɒpi] копія to copy [ˈkɒpi] копіювати Cor! [kɔ:] вигук здивування cordial [ˈkɔːdiəl] напій core [kɔːʳ] обов’язковий, головний, профільний core subjects [kɔːʳ ˈsʌbdʒikts] обов’язкові предмети corner [ˈkɔ:nə] куток, ріг(вулиці) to cut corners [ kʌt ˈkɔ:nə] йти шляхом найменшого опору cornflakes [ˈkɔ:nfleiks] кукурудзяні пластівці Cornish [ˈkɔ:niʃ] корнуельський, корнуельці to correct [kəˈrekt] виправляти correct [kəˈrekt] правильний corridor [ˈkɒridɔ:] коридор cossacks [ˈkɒsæks] козаки cottage [ˈkɒtidʒ] котедж, літня дача couch potato [ˈkaυtʃ pəˌteitəυ] лежебока, ледар, нероба (букв. диванний овоч) *could [kυd] міг coulda [ ˈkudə] міг би/мав би council [ˈkaʊnsl] рада counter [ˈkaʊntəʳ] прилавок countdown [ˈkaυntdaυn] зворотній відлік часу country, countries (pl) [ˈkʌntri; ˈkʌntriz] країна, країни Commonwealth countries [ ˈkɒmənˌwelθ ˈkʌntriz] країни Співдружності націй in the country [ ˌin ðə ˈkʌntri] за містом couple [ˈkʌpl] декілька courage [ˈkʌridʒ] сміливість, впевненість courier [ˈkυriə] кур’єр course [kɔ:s] курс, страва(за обідом), протяжність of course [əv ˈkɔ:s] звичайно court [kɔ:t] суд; корт (спорт) cousin [ˈkʌzn] двоюрідний брат чи сестра cover [ˈkʌvə] обкладинка cow [kaυ] корова crack [kræk] тріщина at the crack of dawn [ ˌkræk əv ˈdɔ:n] на світанку to crack [kræk] тріснути, розломитися craft [krɑːft] вправність, майстерність, ремесло craftsman [‘krɑːftsmən] майстер, ремісник Crash! [kræʃ] Бах! (гуркіт), тріск, аварія to crawl [krɔ:l] повзати, плентатися crayons [ˈkreiəns] олівці, кольорова крейда crazy [ˈkreizi] божевільний to drive crazy [ draiv ˈkreizi] зводити з розуму to creak [kri:k] скрипіти

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Dictionary

cream [ˈkri:m] крем ice-cream [ais ˈkri:m] морозиво to create [kriˈeit] створювати creative [kriːˈeitiv] творчий, винахідливий creator [kriˈeitəʳ] засновник credit [ˈkredit] кредит to give credit [ɡiv ˈkredit] віддавати належне, хвалити, ставити на заслугу crew [kru:] команда, екіпаж cricket [ˈkrikit] крикет criminal [ˈkriminl] злочинець crisp [krisp] чіпси chocolate crispies [ ˈtʃɒklit ˈkrispiz] шоколадні пластівці (десерт) crispy [ˈkrispi] хрусткий cross [krɒs] поєднання, щось середнє to cross [krɒs] схрещувати crossword (puzzle) [ˈkrɒswɜ:d ˈpʌzl] кросворд crowd [kraυd] натовп *to stand out from the crowd [stænd ˈaυt frɒm ðə ˈkraʊd] відрізнятися, виділятися crown [kraυn] корона cruise [kru:z] морська подорож, круїз cry [krai] плач, крик to cry [krai] плакати cup [kʌp] чашка, кубок cupboard [ˈkʌbəd] буфет, сервант to cure [kjʊəʳ] лікувати, виліковувати curious [ˈkjʊəriəs] допитливий to curl up [kɜːl ˈʌp] звернутися калачиком curls [kɜːlz] кучері peroxide curls [pəˈrɒksaid kɜːlz] знебарвлені кучері current [ˈkʌrənt] течія curriculum [kəˈrikjələm] шкільний навчальний план curry [ˈkʌri] карі (гостра приправа); страва, приправлена карі (подається з рисом) curtain [ˈkɜːtn] завіса curtain call [ ˈkɜːtn kɔːl] вихід на аплодисменти curve [kɜ:v] крива cushion [‘kʊʃn] диванна подушка on the cusp of [kʌsp] напередодні, на рубежі customer [ˈkʌstəmə] замовник; покупець customs (pl) [ˈkʌstəmz] митниця *to cut [kʌt] відрізати,вирізати to cut corners [kʌt ˈkɔ:nə] йти шляхом найменшого опору to cut edge [ kʌt ˈedʒ] на сучасному рівні, користуватися новітніми технологіями (перевагами) to cut off [kʌt əv] відрізати, ізолювати CV [ˌsiː ˈviː] біографічна довідка, резюме cynic [ˈsinik] цинік

dad [dæd] тато dagger [ˈdægəʳ] кинджал Dag nabbit! [ˌdægˈnæbit] От лихо! Жах!

240

daily [ˈdeili] щоденно dairy [ˈdeəri] молочарня dam [dæm] дамба to dance [dɑ:ns] танцювати dancing [ˈdɑ:nsiŋ] танці ballroom dancing [ ˌbɔ:lrʊm ˈdɑ:nsiŋ ] бальні танці dandelion [ˈdændilaiən] кульбаба dangerous [ˈdeindʒrəs] небезпечний dangle [ˈdæŋgl] звисати to dare [deə] насмілитися dark [dɑ:k] темрява dark [dɑ:k] темний date [deit] дата, число to decide on the date [ diˈsaid ɒn ðə ˈdeit] обрати дату up to date [ˈʌp tə ˈdeit] сучасний, новітній to date [deit] ходити на побачення, зустрічатися daughter [ˈdɔːtəʳ] дочка dawn [dɔ:n] світанок at the crack of dawn [ ˌkræk əv ˈdɔ:n] на світанку day [dei] день day-bed [ ˈdeiˌbed] кушетка day travel card [ ˌdei ˈtrævl ˌkɑ:d] одноденний проїзний квиток Have a nice day. [ ˌhæv ə nais ˈdei] Гарного дня! one day [ wʌn ˈdei] одного разу sports day [ˈspɔ:ts dei] день спортивних змагань dead [ded] мертвий dear [diə] дорогий, милий, любий Oh dear! [ əυ ˈdiə] Бідненький/-а! Dear … [diə] дорогий; шановний (звертання у листі) December [diˈsembə] грудень to decide [diˈsaid] вирішувати to decide on the date [ diˈsaid ɒn ðə ˈdeit] обрати дату to dedicate [ˈdediˌkeit] присвячувати to deduct [diˈdʌkt] утримувати, списувати (з банківського рахунку) definition [ˌdefiˈniʃn] визначення degree (°) [diˈɡri:] градус, ступінь to delete [diˈli:t] закреслювати, видаляти to delay [diˈleid] затримувати deliberat(e)(-lу) [diˈlibərit (li)] навмисний (-но) delightful [diˈlaitfʊl] дивовижний, надзвичайний, чарівний to deliver [diˈlivə] доставляти demand [diˈmɑːnd] попит den [den] нора, притулок dense [dens] густий density [ˈdensiti] густота population density [ ˌpɒpjəˈleiʃn ˈdensiti] густота населення dental [ˈdentl] стоматологічний, зубний dental surgery [ ˈdentl ˈsɜːdʒəri] стоматологічне відділення (хірургія)

Dictionary department store [diˈpɑ:tmənt stɔ:] універмаг departure [diˈpɑ:tʃə] відправлення, від’їзд, виліт to depend [diˈpend] залежати dependent [diˈpendənt] залежний (від), утриманець to describe [diˈskraib] описувати description [diˈskripʃn] опис desert [ˈdezət] пустеля to design [diˈzain] розробляти, створювати desk [desk] парта dessert [diˈzɜ:t] десерт to destroy [diˈstrɔi] руйнувати detective [diˈtektiv] детектив, детективний detective story [ diˈtektiv ˌstɔ:ri] детектив store detective [ ˈstɔ: diˌtektiv] співробітник служби безпеки магазину detention [diˈtenʃən] затримка, утримання determined [diˈtɜːmind] рішучий devotee [ˌdevəʊˈtiː] прихильник, поціновувач devotion [di’vəuʃ(ə)n] відданість destination [ˌdestiˈneiʃən] пункт призначення destiny [ˈdestini] доля dialogue [ˈdaiəlɒɡ] діалог diamond [ˈdaiəmənd] діамант diary [ˈdaiəri] щоденник dictionary [ˈdikʃnri] словник (книга) to die [dai] помирати diet [daiət] дієта to go on a diet [ˌɡəυ ɒn ə ˈdaiət] сісти на дієту difference [ˈdifrns] різниця different [ˈdifrnt] різний, несхожий difficult [ˈdifiklt] складний *to dig up [diɡ ˈʌp] розшукувати, розкопувати digital [ˈdidʒitl] цифровий to dim [dim] зменшити яскравість, затуманити dimension [diˈmenʃən] розмір dining room [ˈdainiŋ rυm] їдальня dinner [ˈdinə] обід direct [diˈrekt] прямо to direct [diˈrekt] режисерувати director [diˈrektə] директор, керівник dirty [ˈdɜ:ti] брудний disabled [disˈeibld] недієздатна людина, інвалід disagreement [ˌdisəˈɡriːmənt] непорозуміння to disappear [ˌdisəˈpiə] зникати disappointed [ˌdisəˈpɔintid] розчарований disaster [diˈzɑ:stə] катастрофа, халепа disbelief [ˌdisbəˈliːf] недовіра, заперечення to discard [dis’kɑːd] викидати disco [ˈdiskəυ] дискотека discount [ˈdis kaʊnt] знижка to discover [diˈskʌvə] відкривати для себе, винаходити to discuss [diˈskʌs] обговорювати disease [diˈziːz] хвороба display [diˈsplei] показ, виставка

disrespect [ˌdisriˈspekt] неповага disruption [disˈrʌpʃən] розпад to diss [dis] принижувати distance [ˈdistns] відстань, дистанція to distract [disˈtrækt] відволікати disturbingly [disˈtɜːbiŋli] приголомшливо to dive [daiv] пірнати divorced from [diˈvɔ:st frɒm] розлучений з dizzy [ˈdizi] викликати запаморочення голови, захоплюючий дух DJ [ˌdi:ˈdʒei] диск-жокей, ді-джей *to do [du:] робити to do sports [du: ˈspɔ:ts] займатися спортом dock [dɒk] пірс, причал doctor [ˈdɒktə] лікар to see a doctor [si: ə ˈdɒktə] бути на прийомі у лікаря documentary [ˌdɒkjəˈmentri] документальний фільм docu soap [ˈdɒkjυ səυp] розважальна телепрограма про життя реальних людей dog [dɒɡ] собака dog-tired [ ˌdɒɡ ˈtaiəd] стомлений to walk the dog [wɔ:k ðə ˈdɒɡ] вигулювати собаку domino [ˈdɒminəυ] доміно to donate [dəʊˈneit] жертвувати, дарувати door [dɔ:] двері next door [ˌnekst ˈdɔ:] по сусідству з, поруч з doorbell [ˈdɔ:bel] дверний дзвінок doorstep [ˈdɔ:step] поріг dorm room [ˈdɔːm ˌruːm] кімната в гуртожитку (номер на декілька місць) double [ˈdʌbl] подвійний to doubt [daʊt] сумніватися dough [dəʊ] тісто down [daυn] вниз, донизу; вертикально (в кросворді) Go down … . [ˈɡəυ daυn] йдіть по to come down [ kʌm ˈdaυn] спускатися, опускатися to go down [ɡəυ ˈdaυn] спускатися, опускатися to lie down [ lai ˈdaυn] лягати, прилягти to shoot down [ʃuːt ˈdaʊn] збивати to sit down [ sit ˈdaυn] сідати, сидіти ups and downs [ˈʌpsəndˈdaʊnz] злети та падіння, радість та горе downhill [ˈdaʊnˈhil] спуск, уклін Down Under [daυn ˈʌndə] Австралія to download [ˌdaυnˈləυd] завантажувати downstairs [daυnˈsteəz] внизу, на нижньому поверсі to drag [dræg] тягнути to drain off [drein] відціджувати, стекти (про жир) drama [ˈdrɑ:mə] драма dramatic [drəˈmætik] драматичний, ефектний, вражаючий

241

Dictionary

It’s a draw. [ˌits ə ˈdrɔ:] нічия *to draw [drɔ:] малювати, робити висновок, тягнути dream [dri:m] мрія dress [dres] одяг to dress [dres] вдягатися overdress [ˌəʊvəˈdres] вдягнутися занадто яскраво, святково to drift [drift] летіти за відром, упливати, to drift apart [drift əˈpɑːt] розлучитися drink [driŋk] напій *to drink [driŋk] пити *to drive [draiv] їхати, везти to drive crazy [ draiv ˈkreizi] зводити з розуму to drive sales [ ˌdraiv ˈseilz] збільшувати збут (об’єм продажу) driver [ˈdraivə] водій to drop [drɒp] падати, крапати drown [draʊn] тонути drug [drʌɡ] наркотик drums (pl) [drʌmz] барабани drummer [ˈdrʌməʳ] барабанщик dry [drai] сухий dry land [drai ˈlænd] суходіл dump [dʌmp] звалище, смітник durable [ˈdjʊərəbl] надійний, довготривалий, з великим терміном служби during (+ noun) [ˈdjυəriŋ] упродовж (+іменник) DVD [di:vi:ˈdi:] цифровий відеодиск DVD player [di:vi:ˈdi: ˈpleiə] DVD-програвач dwarf [dwɔːf] карлик dwelling [ˈdweliŋ] проживання, житло to dye [dai] фарбувати

each [i:tʃ] кожний each other [ˌi:tʃ ˈʌðə] один одного *to be eager [ˈiːgəʳ] бажати, мати намір ear [iə] вухо earbuds [ˈiəˌbʌdz] навушники-вкладки early [ˈɜ:li] рано to earn [ɜːn] заробляти earth [ɜːθ] земля (планета) to come back down to earth [ ˈkʌm ˈbæk daʊn tə ˈɜːθ] спуститися на землю east [i:st] захід easy [ˈi:zi] легкий/легко, спокійний, терплячий over easy [ˌəυvər ˈi:zi] яєчня – портмоне або яєчня в торбинці *to eat [i:t] їсти to eavesdrop [ˈiːvzdrɒp] підслуховувати ebb and flow [ebəndˈfləʊ] прилив та відлив, швидка зміна, злети та падіння to echo [ˈekəυ] відлунювати (про звук) ecotourism [ˈiː.kəʊˌtʊərizəm ] екотуризм edge [edʒ] кромка, лезо, край

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*to cut edge [ kʌt ˈedʒ] на сучасному рівні, користуватися новітніми технологіями (перевагами) to have the edge [ ˌhæv ðiˈ edʒ] мати перевагу editor [ˈeditəʳ] редактор, автор передових статей to educate [‘edjʊkeit] виховувати, давати освіту education [edʒυˈkeiʃn] освіта Physical Education (PE) [ ˌfizikl edʒυˈkeiʃn] фізичне виховання (урок) primary education [ ˈpraiməri ˌedjʊˈkeiʃən] початкова освіта Religious Education (RE) [riˌlidʒəs edʒυˈkeiʃn] урок релігії efficient [iˈfiʃənt] умілий, ефективний egg [eɡ] яйце egg cartons [eɡ ˈkɑːtən] коробка для яєць elbow [ˈelbəυ] лікоть elementary [eliˈmentri] початковий elementary school [ eliˈmentri ˌsku:l] початкова школа elephant [ˈelifənt] слон elevation [ˌeliˈveiʃən] висота eligibility [ˌelidʒəˈbiliti] правомочність else [els] ще, крім e-mail [ˈi:meil] електронна пошта to e-mail [ˈi:meil] надіслати електронне повідомлення embarrassing [imˈbærəsiŋ] незручний (про положення, ситуацію) to embroider [im’brɔidə] вишивати embroidered [im’brɔidəd ] вишитий emergency [iˈmɜ:dʒnsi] надзвичайна ситуація, критичне становище emergency call [ iˈmɜ:dʒnsi ˌkɔ:l] екстрений (терміновий) виклик employer [imˈplɔiəʳ] працедавець empty [ˈempti] пустий to empty into [ ˈempti ˈintə] впадати enclosing [inˈkləʊziŋ] додаток to encourage [inˈkʌridʒ] надихати, заохочувати end [end] кінець, закінчення in the end [ in ði: ˈend] під кінець to end [end] кінчатися, закінчуватися to end in [ˈend in] закінчитися to endanger [inˈdeindʒəʳ] загрожувати, наражати на небезпеку ending [ˈendiŋ] закінчення, кінець (про оповідання) endlessness [ ˈendlisnəs ] безкінечність enemy [ˈenəmi] ворог energizer [ˈenəʤaizəʳ] гра-розминка engine [ˈendʒin] пристрій, механізм search engine [ sɜːtʃ ˈendʒin] інформаційнопошукова система English [ˈiŋɡliʃ] англійський

Dictionary BBC English [ ˌbi:bi: ˈsi: ˈiŋgliʃ] бездоганно правильна англійська мова, мовлення дикторів Бі-бі-сі to enjoy [inˈdʒɔi] насолоджуватися enough [iˈnʌf] достатній; достатня кількість to ensue [inˈsjuː] спричиняти, викликати to entail [inˈteil] включати, передбачати to enter [ˈentə] входити у to entertain [tə ˌentə’tein] розважати entertainment (no pl.) [ˌentəˈteinmənt] розваги, розважальний захід entire [inˈtaiəʳ] увесь, цілий entry [ˈentri] запис (у щоденнику) envelope [ˈenvələυp] конверт environment [inˈvaiərnmənt] оточення, навколишнє середовище equation [iˈkweiʒən] рівняння er [ɜ:] вираження вагання, сумніву erm [ɜ:m] вираження вагання, нерішучості escape [iˈskeip] втеча to escape [iˈskeip] утекти, уникнути especially [iˈspeʃli] особливо to estimate [ˈestimeit] оцінювати etc. [itˈsetrə] і так далі ethnographic [ˌeθnə’græfik] етнографічний euro [ˈjυərəυ] євро (грошова одиниця) European [ˌjυərəˈpi:ən] європейський even [ˈi:vn] навіть not even [nɒt ˈi:vn] навіть не evening [ˈi:vniŋ] вечір in the evening [ˌin ði: ˈi:vniŋ] ввечері that evening [ˌdæt ˈi:vniŋ] того вечора this evening [ðis ˈi:vniŋ] сьогодні ввечері event [iˈvent] подія, захід eventually [iˈventʃʊəli] нарешті ever [ˈevə] коли-небудь, будь-коли every [ˈevri] кожний everyday [ˈevridei] щоденно everything [ˈevriθiŋ] все to have everything to do with бути повністю зумовленим, зв’язаний, все про… everywhere [ˈevriweə] всюди, скрізь evidence [ˈevidns] доказ to evoke [iˈvəʊk] викликати, спонукати exam [iɡˈzæm] екзамен, іспит examination [igˌzæmiˈneiʃnː] екзамен examination fee [igˌzæmiˈneiʃən fiː] плата за екзамен example [iɡˈzɑ:mpl] приклад for example [fər iɡˈzɑ:mpl] наприклад exchange [iksˈtʃeindʒ] обмін exchange family [iksˈtʃeindʒ ˈfæmli] приймаюча сім’я за міжнародною програмою обміну excited [ikˈsaitid] схвильований, збуджений, стурбований exciting [ikˈsaitiŋ] хвилюючий, захоплюючий

Excuse me! [ikˈskju:z mi] Вибачте! to excel [ikˈsel] добиватися успіху, перевершити excellence [ˈeksələns] майстерність, висока якість except [ikˈsept] за винятком exercise [ˈeksəsaiz] вправа exercise book [ˈeksəsaiz ˌbυk] зошит to exercise [ˈeksəsaiz] вправлятися, тренуватися exhausted [ig’zɔːstid] виснажений, змучений exhibition [ˌeksiˈbiʃən] виставка exile [ˈeksail] вигнання exit [ˈeksit] транспортна розв’язка, вихід to expect [ikˈspekt] очікувати expectation [ˌekspekˈteiʃən] очікування expensive [ikˈspensiv] дорогий experience [ik’spi(ə)riəns] (життєвий) досвід, випадок experiment [ikˈsperimənt] експеримент to explain [ikˈsplein] пояснювати to explore [iksˈplɔːʳ] досліджувати to express [iksˈpres] виражати external [eksˈtərnəl] зовнішній external independent testing [eksˈtərnəl ˌindiˈpendənt testiŋ] зовнішнє незалежне тестування extra [ˈekstrə] додатковий extracurricular [ˈekstrəkəˈrikjʊləʳ] факультативний, позакласний extremely [iksˈtriːmli] надзвичайно eye [ai] око eye-watering [ˌai ˈwɔːtəriŋ] захмарний, надзвичайно великий/коштовний eyebrow [ˈaibraυ] брова

fable [ˈfeibl] байка face [feis] обличчя long face [lɒŋˈ feis] похмурий, кислий вигляд to face [feis] зіткнутися to face fears [feisˈfiəʳz] дивитися страху у вічі facet [ˈfæsit] грань, аспект facility [fəˈsiliti] заклад, приміщення fact [fækt] факт, дійсність fact box [ˈfækt bɒks] рамка з інформацією fact file (on) [ˌfækt ˈfail] фактографічний файл in fact [in ˈfækt] насправді factory [ˈfæktəri] завод metal factory [ˈmetl ˈfæktəri] металургійний завод fair [feə] ярмарок; справедливий summer fair [ˈsʌmə ˌfeə] літній ярмарок fair [feə] прекрасний; білявий fairly [ˈfɛəli] чесно, справедливо *to fall [fɔ:l] падати to fall in love [ˈfɔːl in ˈlʌv] закохатися to fall off [f ɔ:l ɒf] спадати, зменшуватися to fall out [ˈfɔːl ˈaʊt] випадати

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Dictionary

to fall over [ ˈfɔːl ˈəʊvəʳ] перекидатися fake [feik] іграшковий, несправжній fame [feim] слава, популярність family [ˈfæmli] родина, сім’я exchange family [ iksˈtʃeindʒ ˈfæmli] приймаюча сім’я за міжнародною програмою обміну family tree [ ˈfæmli tri:] родовід traditional nuclear family [trəˈdiʃənl ˈnjuːkliəʳ ˈfæmili] традиційна (повна) сім’я single parent family [ ˈsiŋgl ˈpɛərənt ˈfæmili] неповна сім’я famous [ˈfeiməs] відомий, видатний fan [fæn] вентилятор, фен fancy [ˈfænsi] витончений, розкішний, елегантний fantastic [fænˈtæstik] фантастичний, вражаючий fantasy [ˈfӕntəsi, ˈfæntəzi] фентезі (літературний жанр фантастичної літератури) FAQs (frequently asked questions) [ˈfri:kwəntli ˌɑ:skt ˈkwestʃənz] найчастіші запитання far [fɑ:] далекий so far [ˈsəυ fɑ:] наразі, поки що to go far [ɡəυ ˈfɑ:] далеко сягати, добитися успіху fare [fɛəʳ] платня fare inspector [fɛəʳ inˈspektəʳ] контролер farm [fɑ:m] ферма farmer [ˈfɑ:mə] фермер farmhouse [ˈfɑ:mhaυs] житловий будинок на фермі fascinating [ˈfæsineitiŋ] захопливий, чаруючий fashion [ˈfæʃn] мода fast [fɑ:st] швидкий fast food [ˌfɑ:st ˈfu:d] їжа швидкого приготування father [ˈfɑ:ðə] батько fathom [ˈfæðəm] сажень fats [fæts] жири favourite [ˈfeivrit] улюблений FB [ˈfeisˌbʊk] соціальна мережа «Фейсбук» fear [fiəʳ] страхі to face fears [feisˈfiəʳz] дивитися страху у вічі feast [fiːst] святкування з великою кількістю їжі feature [ˈfiːtʃəʳ] характеристика, риса to feature [ˈfi tʃər] помістити February [ˈfebruəri] лютий fee [fi:] плата за вхід examination fee [igˌzæmiˈneiʃən fiː] плата за екзамен *to feed [fi:d] годувати to be fed up [bi: ˌfed ˈʌp] набриднути *to feel [fi:l] почувати(ся), відчувати to feel for [ˈfi:l fə] співчувати комусь to feel sick [ fi:l ˈsik] хворіти, почувати нудоту to feel sorry for [fi:l ˈsɒri] шкодувати feeling [ˈfi:liŋ] відчуття, почуття ferry [ˈferi] пором, переправа few [fju:] мало a few [ ə ˈfju:] декілька

244

fiber [ˈfaibəʳ] клітковина file [fail] папка, файл fiction [ˈfikʃn] фантастика, художня література science fiction [ ˌsaiəns ˈfikʃn] наукова фантастика field [fi:ld] поле sports field [ˈspɔ:ts fi:ld] спортивний майданчик field trips [fiːld trips] екскурсія fierce [fiəs] лютий, несамовитий fight [fait] бійка *to fight [fait] битися figure [ˈfiɡə] число, цифра to figure out [ˈfiɡə(r) ˈaʊt] зрозуміти fact file (on) [ˌfækt ˈfail] фактографічний файл to fill in [fil ˈin] заповнювати, наповнювати fill out [fil aut] заповнити film [film] фільм to film [film] знімати (фільм, кліп) final [ˈfainl] кінцевий, останній finally [ˈfainli] нарешті *to find [faind] знайти, знаходити to find out [ faind ˈaυt] дізнатися fine [fain] пеня, штраф fine [fain] чудовий, ясний finger [ˈfiŋɡə] палець (руки) to finish [ˈfiniʃ] закінчувати fire [faiə] вогонь, пожежа fire brigade [ˈfaiə briˌɡeid] пожежна команда Where’s the fire? [ˌweəz ðə ˈfaiə] Де горить? firestorm [ˈfaiəstɔ:m] вогняна буря first [fɜ:st] перший, спершу at first [ət ˈfɜ:st] сnершу fish, fish (pl) [fiʃ] риба to fish [fiʃ] ловити рибу fisherman [ˈfiʃəmən] рибалка (професія або заняття) fishing [ˈfiʃiŋ] рибна ловля fishing ground [ˈfiʃiŋ ˌgraʊnd] рибопромисловий район, рибальське угіддя fit [fit] здоровий; напад *to have a fit [ ˌhæv ə ˈfit] сердитися *to throw a fit [ ˈθrəʊ ə ˈfit] розгніватися, влаштувати істерику, заводитися *to keep fit [ ˈkiːp ˈfit] підтримувати гарну фізичну форму, бути здоровим to fit [fit] личити, пасувати; підходити за розміром fitness [ˈfitnis] фізична форма, фітнес, тренування fitness plan [ˈfitnis plæn] фітнес-план, план тренувань fizzy [ˈfizi] газований fizzy beverage [ˈfizi ˈbevəridʒ] газований напій flag [flæɡ] прапор flagship [ˈflægʃip] флагман, провідний, найкращий представник flame [fleim] полум’я flash [flæʃ] спалах flat [flæt] квартира

Dictionary *to flee [fliː] (fled (pt, pp)) рятуватися втечею flick [flik] фільм horror flick [ ˈhɒrəʳ ˌflik] фільм жахів flight [flait] політ, рейс flight attendant [ˈflaitəˌtendənt] бортпровідник flood [flʌd] повінь flash flood [ˈflæʃ ˌflʌd] несподівана повінь floor [flɔ:] підлога florescent [flɔːˈrɛsənt] квітучий flour [ˈflaʊəʳ] борошно flowchart [ˈfləʊ tʃɑːt] графічне (схематичне) зображення процесу (виробництва) flower [ˈflaυə] квітка flu [fluː] грип *to fly [flai] літати focal [ˈfoʊkəl] центральний fog [fɒɡ] густий туман foggy [ˈfɒɡi] туманний foil [fɔil] фольга silver foil [ ˈsilvəʳ fɔil] фольга to fold [ˈfəʊld] складати білизну to fold laundry [ˈfəʊld ˈlɔːndri] складати білизну folder [ˈfəυldə] папка to follow [ˈfɒləυ] іти слідом, стежити following [ˈfɒləυiŋ] наступний food [fu:d] їжа fast food [ˌfɑ:st ˈfu:d] їжа швидкого приготування foot, feet (pl) [fυt; fi:t] ступня, ступні, фут (міра довжини) on foot [ɒn ˈfυt] пішки football [ˈfυtbɔ:l] футбол American football [əˌmerikən ˈfυtbɔ:l] американський футбол footstep [ˈfυtstep] слід, відбиток (ноги) for [fɔ:; fə] для; упродовж for example [fər iɡˈzɑ:mpl] наприклад for hours [fər ˈaυəz] годинами (довго) for supper [fə ˈsʌpə] на вечерю forecast [ˈfɔ:kɑ:st] прогноз погоди to forecast [ˈfɔ:kɑ:st] передбачати (погоду) foreground [ˈfɔ:ɡraʊnd] передній план, на передньому плані foreign [ˈfɒrin] іноземний Ministry of Foreign Affairs [ ˈministri əv ˈfɒrin əˈfɛəz] Міністерство закордонних справ *to forget [fəˈɡet] забувати fork [fɔ:k] виделка form [fɔ:m] форма, бланк to form [fɔ:m] утворювати, організувати formal [ˈfɔ:ml] офіційний former [ˈfɔːməʳ] колишній, минулий fortune [ˈfɔːtʃən] удача, успіх forum [ˈfɔ:rəm] форум long form [ˈlɒŋ fɔ:m] повна форма foul [faυl] порушення fragile [ˈfrædʒail] крихкий

free [fri:] вільний free pass [friː pɑːs] вільний (безкоштовний) вхід freedom [ˈfri:dəm] свобода to freestyle [ˈfri:stail] імпровізувати *to freeze [fri:z] морозити French [frentʃ] французький frequent [ˈfri:kwənt] частий fresh [freʃ] свіжий Friday [ˈfraideі] п’ятниця friend [frend] друг friendly [ˈfrendli] дружній to frighten away [ˌfraitn əˈwei] налякати, сполохати *to be frightened (of) [bi: ˈfraitnd] бути наляканим, переляканим frightening [ˈfraitniŋ] страшний, жахливий frisbee [ˈfrizbiː] фризбі, літаючий диск frivolity [friˈvɒliti] легковажність, несерйозність from [frɒm] з, від divorced from [drˈvɔ:st frɒm] розлучений з Where are you from? [ ˌweər ə jə ˈfrɒm] Звідки ти/ ви? at the front [ət ðə ˈfrʌnt] на початку (книги) in front of [in ˈfrʌnt əv] попереду frontier [ˈfrʌntiəʳ] кордон, прикордонний fruit [fru:t] фрукти frustrated [frʌsˈtreitid] розчарований fuel [fjʊəl] пальне full (of) [fυl] повний (чогось) fun [fʌn] веселощі Have fun! [ˌhæv ˈfʌn] Веселіться! Розважайтесь! to have fun [ˌhæv ˈfʌn] веселитися funeral [ˈfju:nrəl] похорони funk [fʌŋk] фанк, музичний напрямок афроамериканської музики funny [ˈfʌni] смішний furious [ˈfjυəriəs] несамовитий furniture [ˈfɜ:nitʃə] меблі fuse-box [ˈfju:zbɒks] блок топкого??? запобіжника future [ˈfju:tʃə] майбутнє

gadget [ˈgædʒit] прилад, пристрій to gain [gein] одержувати, досягати game [ɡeim] гра miming game [ ˈmaimiŋ ɡeim] пантоміма board game [ ˈbɔːd ˈgeim] настільна гра gang [ɡæŋ] банда, група людей зі спільними інтересами gangster [ˈɡæŋstə] розбійник, хуліган garden [ˈɡɑ:dn] сад gardener [ˈgɑːdnəʳ] садівник garlands [‘gɑːləndz] гірлянди, вінки garment [‘gɑːmənt] предмет одягу, одежина gash [gæʃ] глибока рана, поріз gate [ɡeit] ворота gatherer [ˈgæðərəʳ] сміттяр, збирач

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hunter-gatherer instinct [ˈhʌntəʳ ˈgæðərəʳ ˈinstiŋkt] інстинкт мисливця-збирача GCSE [ˌdʒi:si:esˈi:] атестат про загальну середню освіту g’day [ɡəˈdei] Доброго дня! Geography [dʒiˈɒɡrəfi] географія German [ˈdʒɜ:mən] німецька мова; німець *to get [ɡet] отримувати; ставати, діставати; добувати to get bored [get bɔːd] нудьгувати to get hungry [ɡet ˈhʌŋɡri] зголодніти to get interested in [ ɡet ˈintrəstid in] зацікавитися to get into [ɡet ˈintə] сідати (в машину) to get into such a state [ɡet ˌintə sʌtʃ ə ˈsteit] розхвилюватися to get lost [ ɡet ˈlɒst] загубитися to get lost in the shuffle [get ˈlɒst in ði ˈʃʌfl] загубитися to get off [ɡet ˈɒf] зійти to get on [ɡet ˈɒn] сідати (на потяг, автобус) to get on [ɡet ˈɒn] просуватися, робити успіхи, налагоджувати стосунки to get onto [ɡet ˈɒntə] сідати (в автобус) to get out [ɡet ˈaυt] виходити to get out of bed [ˌɡet aυt əv ˈbed] вставати (з ліжка) to get ready [ɡet ˈredi] бути готовим to get … right/wrong [ ɡet ... ˈrait/ ˈrɒŋ] зрозуміти правильно/ неправильно to get through [get θruː] пережити, справлятися, розбиратися to get tired [ˌɡet ˈtaiəd] стомлюватися to get to [ˈɡet tə] приходити до to get up [ɡet ˈʌp] вставати to get … wrong [ɡet ... ˈrɒŋ] неправильно зрозуміти getaway [ˈgetəwei] місце для короткотривалої відпустки, втеча, притулок ghost [ɡəυst] привид giant [ˈdʒaiənt] величезний girl [ɡɜ:l] дівчинка girlfriend [ˈɡɜ:lfrend] дівчина, кохана gist [ʤist] зміст *to give [ɡiv] давати to give … a dirty look [ ˌɡiv ə dɜ:ti ˈlυk] недоброзичливо глянути give up [giv ʌp] відмовлятися від, залишати glad [ɡlæd] радий glam [glæm] глем (муз.) glass [ɡlɑ:s] скло glasses [ˈglɑːsiz] окуляри glee [ɡli:] радість glitzy [ˈglitsi] пафосний, розкішний, гламурний glory [ˈglɔːri] слава glove [ɡlʌv] рукавичка to glow [ɡləυ] виблискувати *to go [ɡəυ] іти, їхати

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Go down … . [ˈɡəυ daυn] іти до центру (вздовж) Go left. [ɡəυ ˈleft] поверніть ліворуч Go right. [ɡəυ ˈrait] поверніть праворуч to go bananas [ ˌɡəυ bəˈnɑ:nəz] з’їхати з глузду to go bump [ ɡəυ ˈbʌmp] наштовхнутися to go down [ ɡəυ ˈdaυn] спускатися вниз to go far [ɡəυ ˈfɑ:] далеко їхати, досягнути успіху to go for a walk [ˌɡəυ fər ə ˈwɔ:k] піти на прогулянку to go in [ɡəυ ˈin] входити to go + -ing [ɡəυ] іти to go off [ɡəυ ˈɒf] лунати (сигнал тривоги) to go on [ɡəυˈɒn] тривати, продовжуватися to go on a diet [ ˌɡəυ ɒn ə ˈdaiət] сидіти на дієті to go overboard [ɡəυ ˈəʊvəbɔːd] не знати міри, перегинати палку to go out [ɡəυ ˈaυt] виходити to go over [ɡəυ ˈəυvə] переходити (на інший бік) to go red [ɡəυ ˈred] червоніти (про обличчя) to go strong [ˌɡəυˈstrɒŋ] не здаватися, зберігати силу, триматися to go up [ɡəυ ˈʌp] підійматися на гору to go weak [ɡəυ ˈwi:k] ослабнути to go with [ˈɡəυ wið] супроводжувати to go without [ˌɡəυ wiˈðaυt] обходитись, залишатися без to go wrong [ɡəυ ˈrɒŋ] збитися зі шляху glum [glʌm] похмурий goal [ɡəυl] ціль, мета goal post [ˈɡəυl pəυst] стійка воріт winning goal [ˈwiniŋ ɡəυl] переможний гол goalkeeper [ˈɡəυlˌki:pə] воротар goblin [ˈɡɒblin] домовик My God! [mai ˈɡɒd] Боже мій! goggles [ˈgɒglz] захисні окуляри gold [ɡəυld] золото golf [ˈgɒlf] гольф golf ball [ˈgɒlf bɔːl] м’яч для гри в гольф good [ɡυd] гарний Good grief! [ɡυd ˈɡri:f] Неймовірно! Good luck! [ˌɡυd ˈlʌk] Успіхів! Good morning! [ˈɡυd ˈmɔ:niŋ] Доброго ранку! I’m good at … [aim ˈɡυd ət] Я здібний у … to be good with … [bi: ˈɡυd wið] мати добрі стосунки з to have a good time [ˌhæv ə ɡυd ˈtaim] добре провести час goodbye [ɡυdˈbai] прощання government [ˈgʌvnmənt] уряд to grab [ɡræb] раптово хапати grade [ɡreid] оцінка to graduate [ˈɡrædjueit] закінчувати grammar [ˈɡræmə] граматика grammar school [ˈɡræmə ˌsku:l] середня школа gramme [ɡræm] грам grandad [ˈɡrændæd] дідусь

Dictionary grandma [ˈɡrænmɑ:] бабуся grandparents [ˈgrænˌpɛərənts] дідусь та бабуся grass [ɡrɑ:s] трава grave [ɡreiv] могила gravestone [ˈɡreivstəυn] могильний камінь; надгробок great [ɡreit] чудовий, великий Greek [ɡri:k] грек, грецька мова green [ɡri:n] зелений greenhouse [ˈɡri:nhaυs] теплиця grey [ɡrei] сірий grid [ɡrid] таблиця Good grief! [ɡυd ˈɡri:f] Неймовірно! to grind [graind] молоти, товкти gripping [ˈgripiŋ] захопливий gross [grəʊs] заробляти на фільмах ( з продажу квитків у кінотеатрах) highest-grossing [ˈhaiist ˈgrəʊsiŋ] ] найкасовіший (фільм) ground [ɡraυnd] ґрунт; земля; основний fishing ground [ˈfiʃiŋ ˌgraʊnd] рибопромисловий район, рибальське угіддя grounded [ˈgraʊndid] покараний, під домашнім арештом group [ɡru:p] група, гурт tutor group [ˈtjuːtəʳ ˈgruːp] група для додаткових занять з тьютором grumpy [ˈgrʌmpi] похмурий, дратівливий guard [gɑːd] охоронець, кондуктор to guard [ɡɑ:d] охороняти to guess [ɡes] відгадувати guest [ɡest] гість guide [ɡaid] гід guided tour [ˈɡaidid tʊə] екскурсія у супроводі гіда guidebook [ˈgaidˌbʊk] путівник, посібник Gilded Age [ˈgildid eidʒ] золотий вік guilder rose [‘gildə rəuz] калина guitar [ɡiˈtɑ:] гітара gumshoe [ˈgʌmˌʃu] приватний детектив (букв.= гумовий чобіт) gun [ɡʌn] вогнепальна зброя, пістолет gunshot [ˈɡʌnʃɒt] постріл gym [dʒim] спортзал guy [ɡai] хлопець, юнак

Ha! [hɑ:] Ага! habit [ˈhæbit] звичка hair [heə] волосся hairdresser [ˈheəˌdresə] перукар half [hɑ:f] половина half an hour [ ˌhɑ:f ən ˈaυə] півгодини half past (two) [ˈhɑ:f pɑ:st] пів на (третю) half-price [ˌhɑ:fˈprais] півціни half-sister [ˈhɑ:fˌsistə] сестра, рідна тільки по одному з батьків

halfway [ˌhɑːfˈwei] посередині, на половині шляху to meet halfway [ˈmiːt ˌhɑːfˈwei] йти назустріч hall [hɔ:l] зал hallows [ˈhæləʊz] реліквії ham [hæm] шинка hammer [ˈhæməʳ] молоток hand [hænd] рука handmade [ ˌhænd’meid] ручна робота Hands off! [hændz ˈɒf] Руки геть! to put one’s hands on [ ˈpʊt wʌnz ˈhændz ˈɒn] братися до справи, починати handbag [ˈhænbæɡ] саквояж handful [ˈhændfʊl] жменя (кількість) to handle [ˈhændl] вирішувати (проблеми) to hand over [hænd ˈəυvə] передавати handy [ˈhændi] зручно розташований, зручний для користування *to hang out [hæŋ ˈaυt] проводити час Hang on! [ˈhæŋ ɒn] Тримайся! Почекай! to happen [ˈhæpn] траплятися happy [ˈhæpi] щасливий happy camper [ˈhæpi ˈkæmpəʳ] веселун, задоволена собою людина harbour [ˈhɑːbəʳ] гавань harbor (AE) [ˈhɑ:bə] гавань hard [hɑ:d] твердий, важкий harm [hɑ:m] шкода, збиток harsh [hɑːʃ] різкий, жорстокий, грубий hassle [ˈhæsl] перепона, труднощі, морока hat [hæt] капелюх hate [heit] ненависть to hate [heit] ненавидіти *to have [hæv] мати Have a nice day. [ ˌhæv ə nais ˈdei] Вдалого дня! Have fun! [ˌhæv ˈfʌn] Розважайтесь! to have a fit [ˌhæv ə ˈfit] сердитися, вийти з себе to have a good time [ˌhæv ə ɡυd ˈtaim] весело проводити час to have a look [ˌhæv ə ˈlυk] глянути, поглянути to have an argument [ ˌhæv ən ˈɑ:ɡjəmənt] посваритися to have a party [ˌhæv ə ˈpɑ:ti] влаштовувати вечірку to have breakfast [ hæv ˈbrekfəst] снідати to have fun [ ˌhæv ˈfʌn] розважатися to have got [hæv ˈɡɒt] мати to have supper [hæv ˈsʌpə] вечеряти to have to [ˈhæv tə] бути змушеним hawker [ˈhɔːkəʳ] вуличний торговець hayivka [haˈiivka] веснянка he [hi:] він head [hed] голова to head [hed] направлятися headache [ˈhedˌeik] головний біль headings [‘hediŋz] заголовки, написи headline [ˈhedˌlain] заголовок

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headphones (pl) [ˈhedfəυnz] навушники healthy [ˈhelθi] здоровий top of the heap [tɒp əv ðə hiːp] найвища посада *to hear [hiə] чути to hear out [hiəʳ] вислуховувати hearth [hɑːθ] піч, камін heating [ˈhi:tiŋ] нагрівання, опалення heavy [ˈhevi] важкий heavy metal [ ˌhevi ˈmetl] хеві-метал heavy rain [ ˈhevi ˈrein] злива hectic [ˈhektik] швидкий height [hait] висота, зріст helicopter [ˈheliˌkɒptə] вертоліт Hello! [heˈləυ] Привіт! helm [helm] штурвал, кермо helmet [ˈhelmət] шолом help [help] допомога to help [help] допомагати to help oneself [help wʌnˈself] пригощатися helpful [ˈhelpfəl] корисний helpless [ˈhelpləs] безпорадний helpline [ˈhelplain] телефон довіри hemisphere [ˈhemisfiəʳ] півсфера, півкуля her [hɜ:] її Her Majesty [ hə ˈmædʒəsti] Її Величність here [hiə] тут Here you are! [ˈhiə ju:vˌɑ:] Будь ласка! hero, heroes (pl) [ˈhiərəυ; ˈhiərəυz] герой, герої heroine [ˈherəυin] героїня hesitant [ˈhezitənt] не наважуватися, сумніватися hey [hei] привітання Hi! [hai] Привіт! *to hide [haid] ховатися high [hai] високий high school [ ˈhai ˌsku:l] старша школа to highlight [ˈhaiˌlait] виділяти hiker [ˈhaikəʳ] піший турист, спортсмен-ходак hilarious [hiˈlɛəriəs] смішний, кумедний him [him] йому himself [himˈself] сам Hindi [ˈhindiː] хінді hint [hint] натяк hip hop [ˈhip hɒp] хіп-хоп hippy [ˈhipi] хіпі hire [ˈhaiəʳ] прокат, аренда his [hiz] його History [ˈhistəri] історія hit [hit] хіт, популярна пісня *to hit [hit] ударяти hobby, hobbies (pl) [ˈhɒbi; ˈhɒbiz] улюблене заняття, хобі hockey [ˈhɒki] хокей ice hockey [ˈais ˌhɒki] хокей (на льоду) *to hold [həuld] проводити, тримати holiday(s) [ˈhɒlədei(z)] свята, канікули home [həυm] дім, будинок

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animal home [ ˈæniməl ˌhəʊm] притулок для тварин at home [ ət ˈhəυm] вдома home plate [ ˈhəυm ˌpleit] основна база (в бейсболі) to take home [ ˌteik ˈhəυm] забирати додому homecoming [ˈhəʊmkʌmiŋ] зустріч випускників навчальних закладів homecoming queen [ ˌhəʊmkʌmiŋ ˈkwi:n] королева вечірки зустрічі випускників homepage [ˈhəʊm ˌpeidʒ] головна сторінка homework [ˈhəυmwɜ:k] домашнє завдання homie [ˈhəʊmi] дружбан (сленг) honest [ˈɒnist] чесний, відвертий to honor [ˈonə] оплачувати, виконувати to hoot [hu:t] кричати (про сову) to hope [həυp] сподіватися horn [hɔːn] ріг, ріжок (муз.інструмент) horoscope [ˈhɒrəskəυp] гороскоп horrible [ˈhɒrəbl] жахливий horror [ˈhɒrəʳ] жах horror flick [ˈhɒrəʳ ˌflik] фільм жахів horse [hɔ:s] кінь hospital [ˈhɒspitl] лікарня host [həυst] хазяїн, господар, телеведучий to host [həυst] приймати (подію, захід) hostel [ˈhɒstəl] готель, хостел, гуртожиток hot [hɒt] гарячий hotel [həυˈtel] готель hotel suite [ həυˈtel ˌswi:t] номер у готелі hound [haυnd] собака, мисливська собака hour [ˈaυə] година hours [ˈaυəz] робочі години for hours [fər ˈaυəz] годинами поспіль half an hour [ ˌhɑ:f ən ˈaυə] півгодини house [haυs] будинок household [ˈhaʊshəʊld] домашнє господарство, сім’я housesitter [ˈhaʊssitəʳ] домогосподарка housewife pl. housewives [ˈhaʊswaif] домашня господиня how [haυ] як How are you? [ ˌhaυ ˈɑ: ju:] Як у тебе справи? how many [ haυ ˈmeni] скільки How much are … ? [ ˌhaυ ˈmʌtʃ ɑ:] Скільки коштують … ? How much is … ? [ ˌhaυ ˈmʌtʃ iz] Скільки коштує …? How old are you? [ haυ ˈəυld ˌɑ: ju:] Скільки тобі років? how to … [ˈhaυ tə] як … how [haʊ] склеп howling [ˈhaʊliŋ] виття HTML [ˌeitʃ. tiː emˈel] мова HTML (стандартна мова розмітки веб-сторінок в Інтернеті) huge [hjuːdʒ] величезний

Dictionary humid [ˈhjuːmid] вологий hundred [ˈhʌndrəd] сто hungry [ˈhʌŋɡri] голодний to get hungry [ɡet ˈhʌŋɡri] зголодніти hunt [hʌnt] полювання to do a scavenger hunt [ˈskævindʒəʳ hʌnt] грати в «полювання за предметами» (американська гра) hunter [ˈhʌntəʳ ˈgæðərəʳ ˈinstiŋkt] мисливець hunter-gatherer instinct [ˈhʌntəʳ ˈgæðərəʳ ˈinstiŋkt] інстинкт мисливця-збирача hunting [ˈhʌntiŋ] полювання *to be in a hurry [bi: in ə ˈhʌri] поспішати Hurry up! [ˌhʌri ˈʌp] Ворушись! hurt [hɜ:t] біль *to hurt [hɜ:t] боліти, завдавати болю hut [hʌt] хатина, халупа hydroelectric [ˈhaidrəʊiˈlektrik] гідроелектричний hydroelectric plant [ ˈhaidrəʊiˈlektrik plɑːnt] гідроелектростанція

I [ai] я I’d like to [ ˌaid ˈlaik tə] Мені б хотілося. I don’t care. [ai dəυnt ˈkeə] Мені байдуже. I’d rather [aid ˈrɑ:ðə] Я б краще I’m scared. [aim ˈskeəd] Мені страшно. I want my … pierced. [ai ˈwɒnt mai … ˈpiəst] Я хочу проколоти… identity [aiˈdentiti] приналежність national identity [ˈnæʃənl aiˈdentiti] національна приналежність ice [ais] лід ice-cream [ais ˈkri:m] морозиво ice hockey [ˈais ˌhɒki] хокей (на льоду) ice rink [ ˈais riŋk] ковзанка ice box [ ˈais bɒks] холодильник, льодник icon [ˈaikɒn] ікона iconic [aiˈkɒnik] традиційний, популярний, всесвітньовідомий idea [aiˈdiə] ідея no idea [ˌnəυ aiˈdiə] не мати ніякого уявлення idiot [ˈidiət] дурень if [if] якщо ill [il] хворий image [ˈimidʒ] зображення to imagine [iˈmædʒin] уявляти imaginative [iˈmædʒinətiv] захопливий, творчий, з багатою уявою IMAX [ˈaimæks] кінопроекційна система для показу фільмів, знятих на плівці 70 мм. IMAX theater [ˈaimæks ˈθiətə] кінотеатр для показу широкоекранних фільмів на надзвичайно великих екранах immensely [iˈmensli] надто, надмірно, безмежно immigrant [ˈimiɡrənt] іммігрант impeccable [imˈpekəbl] бездоганний

important [imˈpɔ:tnt] важливий impressed [imˈprest] вражений impression [imˈpreʃn] враження to improve [imˈpruːv] покращувати, удосконалювати in [in] в, у; модний, популярний in all [ in ˈɔ:l] всього in fact [in ˈfækt] насправді in front of [in ˈfrʌnt əv] перед in the end [ in ði: ˈend] наприкінці, під кінець incarnation [ˌinkɑːˈneiʃən] втілення inch [inʃ] дюйм (2,54 см) inconvenience [ˌinkənˈviːniəns] турбування, незручність independent [ˌindiˈpendənt] незалежний independent school [ ˌindiˈpendənt ˈskuːl] приватна школа Indian [ˈindiən] індієць, індійський indie [ˈindi] інді (незалежна) музика містить музичні жанри, для яких характерна незалежність від комерційної поп-музики. indie movie [ˈin diˈ muːvi] незалежний кінофільм indoor [ˈindɔːʳ] в приміщенні, удома, industry [ˈindəstri] промисловість infer [inˈfɜːʳ] робити висновок influential [ˌinflʊˈenʃəl] впливовий info [ˈinfəυ] інформація, дані information [ˌinfəˈmeiʃn] інформація, дані information centre [infəˈmeiʃn ˌsentə] інформаційний центр ingredients [in’griːdiənts] складова частина, інгредієнти inheritor [inˈheritə] спадкоємець innate [iˈneit] природній, вроджений insane [inˈsein] душевнохворий, з психічними розладами inside [inˈsaid] всередині insight [ˈinsait] розуміння, сприйняття insightful [ˈinˌsaitfʊl] змістовний, сповнений розуміння inspector [inˈspektəʳ] інспектор fare inspector [ fɛəʳ inˈspektəʳ] контролер to inspire [in’spaiə] надихати to instill [inˈstil] вселяти (відчуття, надію), прививати instinct [ˈinstiŋkt] інстинкт hunter-gatherer instinct [ ˈhʌntəʳ ˈgæðərəʳ ˈinstiŋkt] інстинкт мисливця-здобувача instruction [inˈstrʌkʃn] інструкція instructor [inˈstrʌktəʳ] інструктор, учитель, тренер insurance [inˈʃʊərəns] страхування intentionally [inˈtenʃnəli] навмисно interested [ˈintrəstid] зацікавлений to get interested in [ɡet ˈintrəstid] зацікавитися чимось interesting [ˈintrəstiŋ] цікавий

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Dictionary

international [ˌintəˈnæʃnl] міжнародний Internet [ˈintənet] інтернет to surf the Internet [ˌsɜ:f ði ˈintənet] шукати інформацію в інтернеті to interpret [inˈtɜːprit] пояснювати, тлумачити intervene [ˌintəˈviːn] втручатися interview [ˈintəvju:] інтерв’ю to interview [ˈintəvju:] брати інтерв’ю interviewee [ˌintəvjuːˈiː] людина, яка проходить опитування / дає інтерв’ю intimidate [inˈtimiˌdeit] налякати, залякати into [ˈintə] в, у to be into [ bi: ˈintə] захоплюватися, цікавитися to get into [ɡet ˈintə] сідати (в машину) to run into [rʌn ˈintə] наштовхуватися на to introduce [ˌintrəˈdjuːs] засновувати, представляти, вводити introduction [ˌintrəˈdʌkʃn] вступ to invent [inˈvent] винаходити inventor [inˈventə] винахідник invertebrate [inˈvɜːtibrit] безхребетна тварина inverted [inˈvɜːtid] перевернутий inverted pyramid [inˈvɜːtid ˈpirəmid] перевернута піраміда invitation [ˌinviˈteiʃn] запрошення to invite [inˈvait] запрошувати Irish [ˈairiʃ] ірландці, ірландська мова to iron [aiən] прасувати irregular [iˈreɡjələ] неправильний island [ˈailənd] острів isle [ail] острів British Isles [ˈbritiʃ ˈailz] Британські острови it [it] воно IT [ai ˈtiː] інформатика, інформаційні технології It said … . [ it ˈsed] сказано ... Italian [iˈtæliən] італієць, італійська мова its [its] від it (про речі й тварин) його, її

jacket [ˈdʒækit] піджак life jacket [ˈlaif ˈdʒækit] рятувальний жилет jail [dʒeil] в’язниця jam [dʒæm] джем traffic jam [ˈtræfik ˌdʒæm] пробка (тиснява) вуличного руху January [ˈdʒænjuəri] січень jazz [dʒæz] джаз old jazz [ ˈəυld dʒæz] старий джаз jealous (of) [ˈdʒeləs] ревнувати jeans (pl) [dʒi:nz] джинси jerk [dʒɜːk] дурень jewel [ˈdʒu:əl] коштовність jewellery [ˈdʒu:əlri] коштовності, ювелірні прикраси job [dʒɒb] робота on the job [ˌɒn ðə ˈdʒɒb] на роботі

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to jog [dʒɒɡ] бігти підтюпцем jogger [ˈdʒɒɡə] бігун підтюпцем joggers [ˈdʒɒgəʳz] спортивні штани to join [dʒɔin] записатися, брати участь joke [dʒəυk] жарт to joke [dʒəυk] жартувати to jot down [ˈdʒɒt ˈdaʊn] швидко записувати, робити нотатки journey [ˈdʒɜ:ni] подорож judge [dʒʌdʒ] суддя judo [ˈdʒuːdəʊ] дзюдо July [dʒυˈlai] липень to jumble [ˈdʒʌmbl] перемішувати long jump [ˈlɒŋ ˌdʒʌmp] стрибок у довжину to jump [dʒʌmp] стрибати to jump about [ ˌdʒʌmp əˈbaυt] стрибати від радощів to jump up [ dʒʌmp ˈʌp] підстрибнути jumper [ˈdʒʌmpəʳ] джемпер; стрибун ski jumper [skiː ˈdʒʌmpəʳ] стрибун на лижах June [dʒu:n] червень jungles [ˈdʒʌŋglz] джунглі, густий ліс junkie [ˈdʒʌŋki] любитель; фанат, залежний від… just [dʒʌst] якраз, точно

kangaroo [ˌkæŋɡəˈru:] кенгуру karaoke [ˌkɑːriˈəʊki] караоке keen [kiːn] охочий, бажаючий, маючий намір, завзятий *to keep [ki:p] тримати, зберігати Keep in touch! [ ˈkiːp in ˈtʌtʃ] Залишайся на зв’язку / Не пропадай / Бувай! to keep fit [ ˈkiːp ˈfit] підтримувати гарну фізичну форму, бути здоровим Keep out! [ki:p ˈaυt] Входити заборонено! to keep up with [ki:p ˈʌp wið] не відставати, бути на рівні, йти в ногу key [ki:] ключ, клавіша, кнопка, ключовий, основний Key Stage [ ˈki: steidʒ] ключовий етап keyboard [ˈkiːˌbɔːd] клавіатура, клавіші (піаніно) keyword [ˈki:wɜ:d] ключове слово kick [kik] удар to kick [kik] ударяти kickboard [ˈkikˌbɔrd] самокат kid [kid] дитина to kill [kil] вбивати to kill two birds with one stone [ kil ˈtuː ˈbɜːdz wið ˈwʌn ˈstəʊn] одним пострілом двох зайців убити kilo (kg) [ˈkiləυ] кілограм kilometre [ˈkiləυˌmi:tə; kiˈlɒmitə] кілометр kind [kaind] вид, тип Kinetoscope [kiˈnetəskəʊp] кінетоскоп - апарат для розглядання фотознімків, які швидко змінюються і створюють враження, що знятий об’єкт рухається.

Dictionary king [kiŋ] король kingdom [ˈkiŋdəm] королівство to kiss [kis] цілувати PE (physical education) [ˈpiː iː] фізкультура PE kit [ ˌpi: ˈi: kit] спортивне спорядження kitchen [ˈkitʃin] кухня kitchenette [ˌkitʃiˈnet] невелика кухня kite [kait] повітряний змій knee [ni:] коліно knife, knives (pl) [naif; naivz] ніж, ножі knight [nait] лицар knock [nɒk] стукіт to knock [nɒk] стукати to knock out [nɒk ˈaυt] вибивати *to know [nəυ] знати known [nəʊn] відомий little-known [ˌlitlˈnəʊn] маловідомий Kyiv cake [‘kijiv keik] торт «Київський»

lab(oratory) [læb; ləˈbɒrətri] лабораторія lad [læd] хлопець, юнак Ladyship [ˈleidiʃip] титул леді, її милість lake [leik] озеро lamb [læm] ягня land [lænd] земля dry land [ drai ˈlænd] суходіл to land [lænd] приземлятися landline phone [‘læn(d)ˌlain fəυn] стаціонарний телефон landmark [ˈlændmɑːk] пам’ятка, визначне місце language [ˈlæŋɡwidʒ] мова sign language [ˈsain ˈlæŋɡwidʒ] мова жестів body language [ˈbɒdi ˈlæŋɡwidʒ] мова міміки та жестів lantern [ˈlæntən] ліхтар lap [læp] коліна laptop [ˈlæptɒp] невеликий портативний комп’ютер, ноутбук large [lɑ:dʒ] великий lark [lɑːk] жайворонок to lash [læʃ] прив’язати lassi [ˈlasi] лассі (індійський напій) last [lɑ:st] останній last night [lɑ:st ˈnait] минулого вечора late [leit] пізній later [ˈleitə] пізніше to laugh [lɑ:f] сміятися to laugh at [ˈlɑ:f ət] сміятися з когось (чогось) laughable [ˈlɑːfəbl] смішний, комічний to launch [lɔːntʃ] запускати, розпочинати to lay out [ˈlei ˈaʊt] викладати (пояснювати) leader [ˈli:də] лідер leaf, leaves (pl) [li:f; li:vz] листок, листя to lean out [li:n ˈaυt] висовуватися *to learn [lɜ:n] вчитися, навчатися

at least [ət ˈli:st] принаймні, щонайменше *to leave [li:v] залишати, покидати, від’їжджати to leave [ liːv] a tip [tip] залишити чайові left [left] лівий Go left. [ɡəυ ˈleft] поверніть ліворуч on the left [ ɒn ðə ˈleft] ліворуч to turn left [tɜ:n ˈleft] поверніть ліворуч left [left] те, що залишилось leg [leɡ] нога Break a Leg! [ˌbreik ə ˈleg] Щоб ти ногу зламав! (побажання успіху) leisure [ˈleʒəʳ] відпочинок leisure pool [ˈleʒəʳ ˌpu:l] басейн для відпочинку lemon acid [‘lemən æsid] лимонна кислота lemonade [ˌleməˈneid] лимонад *to lend [lend] позичати (комусь) leprechaun [ˈleprəkɔ:n] леприкон less [les] менше lesson [ˈlesn] урок signing lesson [ˈsainiŋ ˌlesn] урок мови жестів to let [let] дозволяти Let’s … . [lets] давайте … . letter [ˈletə] лист, літера capital letter [ ˌkæpitl ˈletə] велика літера lettuce [ˈletis] салат-латук level [ˈlevl] рівень level plain [ ˈlevl ˌplein] пласка рівнина above sea level [əˈbʌv si: ˈlevl] над рівнем моря library [ˈlaibrəri] бібліотека *to lie [lai] лежати to lie down [ lai ˈdaυn] лягати, прилягати life, lives (pl) [laif; laivz] життя life jacket [ˈlaif ˈdʒækit] рятувальний жилет lifeguard [ˈlaifɡɑ:d] рятівник на воді light [lait] світло likable [ˈlaikəbl] приємний, симпатичний, привабливий to like [laik] подобатися I’d like to [ˌaid ˈlaik tə] Мені б хотілося would like [ wυd ˈlaik] хотілося б like [laik] схожий, подібний; однаковий limb [lim] край, крило, лімб go out on a limb [ lim] ризикувати lime [laim] лайм line [lain] лінія back line [ ˌbæk ˈlain] лінія захисту action line [ ˈækʃn lain] сюжетна лінія ocean liner [ˈəυʃn ˌlainə] океанський лайнер to linger [ˈliŋgəʳ] затримуватися, замешкатися link [liŋk] ланка, зв’язок linoleum [liˈnoʊliəm] лінолеум lion [ˈlaiən] лев lip balm [ˈlip bɑ:m] гігієнічна губна помада list [list] список to listen [ˈlisn] слухати litter [ˈlitəʳ] сміття

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little [litl] маленький to live [liv] жити to live off [liv ˈɒf] жити за рахунок (чогось, когось) live [laiv] наживо Xbox Live [ ˈiks ˌbɒks ˈlaiv] всесвітня ігрова спільнота Xbox Live living room [ˈliviŋ rυm] вітальня local [ˈləυkl] місцевий to lock [lɒk] замикати на замок locker [ˈlɒkə] шафа, що замикається logo [ˈləʊgəʊ] логотип lonely [ˈləυnli] самотній long [lɒŋ] довгий as long as [ əz ˈlɒŋ əz] поки, доки long face [lɒŋˈ feis] похмурий, кислий вигляд long form [ˈlɒŋ fɔ:m] повна форма long jump [ ˈlɒŋ ˌdʒʌmp] стрибок у довжину look [lυk] погляд, вигляд; зовнішність to give … a dirty look [ ˌɡiv ə dɜ:ti ˈlυk] недоброзичливо поглянути to have a look [ˌhæv ə ˈlυk] подивитися, глянути to look [lυk] дивитися; оглядати to look after [lυk ˈɑ:ftə] піклуватися про когось, доглядати to look at [ˈlυk ət] щось to look for [ˈlυk fə] шукати to look round [lυk ˈraυnd] оглядатися навколо to look up [lυk ˈʌp] дивитися вгору, підводити очі, шукати, дивитись (слово в словнику) loose [ˈluːs] вільний to turn loose [ˈtɜ:n ˈluːs] відпускати *to lose [lu:z] губити, втрачати, програвати Lost and Found [ˈlɒst ˌənd ˈfaυnd] бюро знахідок *to be lost [ bi: ˈlɒst] загубитися to get lost [ ɡet ˈlɒst] губитися a lot [ə ˈlɒt] безліч a lot of [ə ˈlɒt əv] велика кількість lots (of) [ˈlɒts əv] безліч, сила-силенна lots of love [ˌlɒts əv ˈlʌv] з любов’ю loud [laυd] гучний love [lʌv] люблю (в кінці листа); to love [lʌv] любити loyal [ˈlɔiəl] вірний, відданий luck [lʌk] удача, доля bad luck [ ˌbæd ˈlʌk] невезіння Good luck! [ ˌɡυd ˈlʌk] Щасти вам! luckily [ˈlʌkili] на щастя lucky [ˈlʌki] щасливий; вдалий; удачливий you’re lucky [ˌjυə ˈlʌki] тобі пощастило luggage [ˈlʌɡidʒ] багаж luggage rack [ ˈlʌgidʒ ˌræk] полиця для багажу lunch [lʌntʃ] ленч, обід lunchtime [ˈlʌntʃtaim] обідня перерва lyrics [ˈliriks] текст пісні

252

macaron [ ˌmækərˈən] макарон (макарун) machine [məˈʃiːn] установка wave machine [ ˈweiv məˈʃiːn] хвильова установка mad [mæd] божевільний, скажений magazine [mæɡəˈzi:n] журнал magical [‘mæʤik(ə)l] магічний main [mein] головний maintenance [ˈmeintinəns] ремонт, технічне обслуговування Her Majesty [hə ˈmædʒəsti] ЇЇ Величність majority [məˈdʒɒriti] більшість vast majority [ vɑːst məˈdʒɒriti] переважна більшість *to make [ meik] робити, виробляти to be made up of [ bi: ˌmeid ˈʌp əv] складатися з.. to make it [ ˈmeik it] досягати (цілі) to make sure [meik ˈʃυə] переконуватися to make up [meik ˈʌp] гримуватися, робити макіяж, придумувати, складати, утворювати makeup [ˈmeikʌp] грим, макіяж, косметика mammal [ˈmæməl] ссавець man, men (pl) [mæn; men] чоловік, чоловіки to manage [ˈmænidʒ] керувати manager [ˈmænidʒə] керівник, менеджер adverb of manner [ˌædvɜ:b əv ˈmænə] прислівник способу дії manipulation [məˌnipjə’leiʃ(ə)nˌ] маніпулювання, маніпуляція, фокус mansion [ˈmænʃən] маєток many [ˈmeni] багато, велика кількість how many [ haυ ˈmeni] скільки map [mæp] мапа, карта mind map [ ˈmaind mæp] асоціативна карта, зорова опора orienteering map [ ˌɔːriənˈtiəriŋ mæp] мапа спортивного орієнтування weather map [ ˈweðə mæp] карта погоди (синоптична) marathon [ˈmærəθən] марафон March [mɑ:tʃ] березень mark [mɑ:k] знак, позначка; оцінка (у школі) to mark [mɑ:k] позначати market [ˈmɑ:kit] ринок, базар marquee [mɑːˈkiː] піддашок (навіс) з неоновими вогнями married to [ˈmærid tə] бути одруженим з to marry [ˈmæri] одружуватись marsh-hen [ˈmɑːʃhen] шотландська куріпка marsupial [mɑːˈsuːpiəl] сумчаста тварина mash [mæʃ] давити, розминати, розчавлювати match [mætʃ] сірник; матч premiership match [ ˈpremiəʃip mætʃ] матч за першість

Dictionary to match [mætʃ] підходити, бути до пари to match up [ˈmætʃ ʌp] добирати до пари mate [meit] товариш, друг material [məˈtiəriəl] матеріал, інформація Maths [mæθs] математика matter [ˈmætə] справа to matter [ˈmætəʳ] значити What’s the matter? [ˌwɒts ðə ˈmætə] Що трапилось? *may [mei] могти, мати можливість May [mei] травень maybe [ˈmeibi] можливо, мабуть me [mi:] мені, мене meal [mi:l] приймання їжі; їжа mean [miːn] середній annual mean temperature [ˈænjʊəl miːn ˈtempritʃəʳ] середньорічна температура *to mean [mi:n] означати, мати на увазі meaning [ˈmi:niŋ] значення meaningful [ˈmiːniŋfʊl] багатозначний, цілеспрямований measles [ˈmiːzlz] кір measure [‘meʒə] міра, одиниця виміру measurement [ˈmeʒəmənt] міра meat [mi:t] м’ясо meatball [ˈmiːtˌbɔːl] фрикаделька media (pl) [ˈmi:diə] засоби масової інформації mediation [ˌmi:diˈeiʃn] посередництво (в обговоренні) medicare [ˈmed iˌkeər] державна програма обслуговування престарілих medium [ˈmi:diəm] середній medium shot [ˈmiːdiəm ʃɒt] знімок середнім планом *to meet [mi:t] зустрічатися, знайомитись to meet halfway [ˈmiːt ˌhɑːfˈwei] йти назустріч to meet needs [ˈmiːt ˈniːdz] задовольняти вимоги (потреби) meeting [ˈmi:tiŋ] мітинг, збори, засідання mehndi [ˈmendi] мехенді, розпис хною to melt [ˈmelt] танути to melt away [ ˈmelt əˈwei] зникати member [ˈmembəʳ] учасник to mention [ˈmenʃən] зазначати, згадувати, вказувати mentor [ˈmentɔːʳ] керівник, наставник, учитель menu [ˈmenju:] меню Meow! [mi:ˈaυ] Няв! mess [mes] безлад message [ˈmesidʒ] повідомлення, послання text message [ ˈtekst ˌmesidʒ] текстове повідомлення, СМС metal [metl] металургійний, метал metal factory [ ˈmetl ˈfæktəri] металургійний завод heavy metal [ ˌhevi ˈmetl] хеві-метал

metre [ˈmi:tə] метр mice (pl) [mais] миші microphone [ˈmaikrəfəυn] мікрофон middle [ˈmidl] середина middle school [ˈmidl ˌsku:l] основна школа (США) midnight [ˈmidnait] північ (про час) mile [mail] миля milk [milk] молоко canned milk [ˈkænd ˈmilk] консервоване молоко milkman, milkmen (pl) [ˈmilkmən; ˈmilkmen] молочар, молочарі mill [mil] млин, фабрика million [ˈmiljən] мільйон to mime [maim] наслідувати, передражнювати miming game [ˈmaimiŋ ɡeim] пантоміма mind [maind] розум, інтелект, бажання, намір mind map [ˈmaind mæp] асоціативна карта, зорова опора He had something on his mind. [maind] Він щось замислив *Would you mind … ? [ˌwυd jə ˈmaind] Ти не проти … ? mineral [ˈminərəl] мінеральний, мінерал Ministry [ˈministri ] міністерство Ministry of Foreign Affairs [ ˈministri əv ˈfɒrin əˈfɛəz] Міністерство закордонних справ minute [ˈminit] хвилина miserable [ˈmizərəbl] обездолений, нещасний to miss [mis] пропустити, промахнутися, скучати to miss a turn [mis ə ˈtɜ:n] пропустити поворот Miss [mis] міс, панянка missing [ˈmisiŋ] відсутній, недостатній to be missing [bi: ˈmisiŋ] бути відсутнім mistake [miˈsteik] помилка to mist up [mist ˈʌp] запотівати mix [miks] змішувати(ся), домішувати to moan [məυn] стогнати mobile [ˈməυbail] швидкий, мобільний model [ˈmɒdl] модель moment [ˈməυmənt] момент, мить at the moment [ ət ðə ˈməυmənt] зараз Monday [ˈmʌndei] понеділок on Mondays [ ɒn ˈmʌndeiz] щопонеділка money [ˈmʌni] гроші pocket money [ ˈpɒkit ˌmʌni] кишенькові гроші monkey [ˌmʌŋki] макак, мавпа rhesus monkey [ ˈri:səs ˌmʌŋki] макак-резус або макака-резус month [mʌnθ] місяць moody [ˈmuːdi] похмурий, «людина настрою» moon [mu:n] місяць (світило) moor [mɔ:] заболочена місцевість more [mɔ:] більше morning [ˈmɔ:niŋ] ранок Good morning! [ ˈɡυd ˈmɔ:niŋ] Доброго ранку! in the morning [ ˌin ðə ˈmɔ:niŋ] зранку

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the next morning [ðə ˌnekst ˈmɔ:niŋ] наступного ранку most [məυst] найбільший moss [mɒs] мох mother [ˈmʌðə] мати motion [ˈməʊʃn] рух motor [ˈməʊtə] мотор mountain [ˈmaʊntin] гора mountain range [ˈmaʊntin ˌreindʒ] гірський хребет mouse [maυs] миша mouth [maυθ] рот to move [mu:v] переїжджати movement [ˈmu:vmənt] виліт, рух, переліт movie [ˈmuːvi] кінофільм indie movie [ ˈin diˈ muːvi] незалежний кінофільм silent movie [ˌsailənt ˈmu:vi] німе кіно (фільми без синхронно записаного звуку) MP3 [empi:ˈθri:] MП3 MP3 player [empi:ˈθri: ˌpleiə] MП3-плеєр Mr [ˈmistə] містер, пан (у звертанні) Mrs [ˈmisiz] місіс, пані much [mʌtʃ] багато How much are … ? [ ˌhaυ ˈmʌtʃ ɑ:] Скільки коштують … ? How much is … ? [ ˌhaυ ˈmʌtʃ iz] Скільки коштує …? muddle [ˈmʌdl] плутанина; безлад muggy [ˈmʌgi] задушливий multitasking [ˌmʌl tiˈtæs kiŋ] багатозадачність, одночасне виконання кількох справ mum [mʌm] мама museum [mju:ˈzi:əm] музей moss [mɒs] мох music [ˈmju:zik] музика music shop [ ˈmjuːzik ʃɒp] магазин музичних інструментів musical [ˈmju:zikl] музичний, мюзикл musician [mju:ˈziʃn] музикант *must [mʌst] повинність, зобов’язання my [mai] мій, моя, моє My God! [mai ˈɡɒd] Боже мій! My name is … . [ mai ˈneim iz] Мене звати … myrtle [ˈmɜːtl] мирт, лавр myself [maiˈself] сам, самостійно mystery [ˈmistəri] таємниця; детективний роман, містика myth [miθ] міф

name [neim] ім’я My name is … . [ mai ˈneim iz] Мене звати … What’s your name? [ˌwɒts jə ˈneim] Як тебе звати? name calling [ ˈneim ˈkɔːliŋ] обзивання, паплюження narrow [ˈnærəʊ] вузький, обмежений

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nasty [ˈnɑːsti] неприємний, жахливий, бридкий national [ˈnæʃnl] національний, народний national identity [ ˈnæʃənl aiˈdentiti] національна приналежність national park [ ˌnæʃənəl ˈpɑːk] національний парк nationality [ˌnæʃəˈnæliti] національність navigable [ˈnævigəbl] судноплавний near [niə] близько, поблизу, коло nearly [ˈniəli] майже, близько to need [ni:d] потребувати needn’t [ ˈni:dnt] не потрібно to meet needs [ ˈmiːt ˈniːdz] задовольняти вимоги (потреби) needle [ˈniːdl] голка negative [ˈneɡətiv] негативний; заперечний neighbour [ˈneibə] сусід, сусідка neighborhood (AE) [ˈneibəhυd] район neon [ˈni:ɒn] неоновий (яскравого кольору) флуоресцентний (про вогні) nephew [ˈnefju:] племінник nervous [ˈnɜ:vəs] нервовий, неспокійний net [net] сітка network [ˈnеtˌwɜːk] мережа never [ˈnevə] ніколи new [nju:] новий brand new [ brænd njuː] новенький news (sg.) [nju:z] новини breaking news [ˌbreikiŋ ˈnju:z] термінове повідомлення newsagent’s [ˈnju:sˌeidʒənts] газетний кіоск newspaper [ˈnju:sˌpeipə] газета popular newspaper [ˌpɒpjələˈnju:sˌpeipə] популярна газета з великим накладом newsworthy [ˈnjuːzˌwɜːði] важливий, цікавий next [nekst] наступний next door [ˌnekst ˈdɔ:] поруч, сусідній next to [ˈnekst tə] біля (the) next morning [ (ðə) ˌnekst ˈmɔ:niŋ] наступного ранку nice [nais] (nicer – the nicest) милий nickname [ˈnikneim] псевдонім, прізвисько (розм.) night [nait] ніч at night [ət ˈnait] вночі last night [ lɑ:st ˈnait] минулого вечора night nurse [ˈnait nɜ:s] нічна медсестра no [nəυ] ні no idea [ˌnəυ aiˈdiə] не мати жодного уявлення no one [ ˈnəυwʌn] ніхто to nod [nɒd] кивати (головою) noise [nɔiz] шум none [nʌn] ніхто, ніякий normal [ˈnɔ:ml] нормальний north [nɔ:θ] північ nose [nəυz] ніс *to stick one’s nose up [ˈstik wʌnz ˈnəʊz ˈʌp] задирати носа

Dictionary not [nɒt] не, ні not … yet [jet] ще не not even [ nɒt ˈi:vn] навіть не note [nəυt] замітка, нотатка sick note [ˈsik ˌnəυt] медична довідка to take notes [teik ˈnəυts] занотовувати notebook [ˈnəʊtˌbʊk] ноутбук, портативний комп’ютер nothing [ˈnʌθiŋ] ніщо, нічого notice [ˈnəυtis] оголошення, повідомлення notice board [ˈnəυtis bɔ:d] дошка оголошень to notice [ˈnəυtis] помічати, повідомляти noun [naυn] іменник novel [ˈnɒvəl] новела, роман novelist [ˈnɒvəlist] автор роману November [nəυˈvembə] листопад now [naυ] зараз right now [ˌrait ˈnaυ] саме зараз nuclear [ˈnjuːkliəʳ] повна (сім’я) traditional nuclear family [trəˈdiʃənl ˈnjuːkliəʳ ˈfæmili] традиційна (повна) сім’я null [nʌl] нуль number [ˈnʌmbə] число, кількість phone number [ˈfəυn ˌnʌmbə] номер телефону to nurture [ˈnɜːtʃəʳ] виховувати, розвивати, прищеплювати nurse [nɜ:s] медсестра nuts [nʌts] горіхи *to be nuts about [ bi: ˌnʌts əˈbaυt] з’їхати з глузду (через когось, щось), дуже подобатися

obliging [əˈblaidʒiŋ] люб’язний, поступливий observatory [əbˈzɜ:vətri] обсерваторія, спостережний пункт observation platform [ˌɒbzə’veiʃ(ə)n plætfɔːm ] оглядовий майданчик obsessed [əbˈsest] залежний, схиблений (на чомусь) obsessive [əbˈsesiv] залежний, схиблений (на чомусь) obvious [ˈɒbviəs] очевидно, зрозуміло, безсумнівно occasionally [əˈkeiʒnəli] час від часу, іноді to occupy [ˈɒkjʊˌpai] займати to occur [əˈkɜː(r)] з’являтися, виникати ocean [ˈəυʃn] океан ocean liner [ ˈəυʃn ˌlainə] океанський лайнер October [ɒkˈtəυbə] жовтень odd [ɒd] дивний, незвичний of [ɒv; əv] вказує належність, приналежність of course [əv ˈkɔ:s] звичайно off [ɒf] відстань від, віддалений to get off [ ɡet ˈɒf] зійти to send off [send ˈɒf] відсилати offence [əˈfеns] образа, посягання

to offer [ˈɒfə] пропонувати office [ˈɒfis] офіс post office [ˈpəυst ˌɒfis] поштове відділення office block [ˈɒfis blɒk] адміністративна (офісна) будівля officer [ˈɒfisə] чиновник; службовець, офіцер, поліцейський often [ˈɒfn] часто oh [əυ] о! ох! ой! Oh dear! [əυ ˈdiə] Боже мій! Oink-oink! [ɔiŋk ɔiŋk] хрю-хрю! OK [əυˈkei] гаразд!, добре!, згода! It is OK with us [ iz əυˈkei wið ʌs] Усе добре. We’re OK. [ˌwiər əυˈkei] У нас усе добре. old [əυld] старий How old are you? [ haυ ˈəυld ˌɑ: ju:] Скільки тобі років? old jazz [ˈəυld dʒæz] старий джаз ollie [ˈɒli] маневр-стрибок разом із дошкою on [ɒn] на on foot [ɒn ˈfυt] пішки on Mondays [ɒn ˈmʌndeiz] щопонеділка on record [ɒn ˈrekɔ:d] задокументований on the air [ˌɒn ði ˈeə] в ефірі on the bus [ˌɒn ðə ˈbʌs] в автобусі on the job [ˌɒn ðə ˈdʒɒb] по роботі on the left [ ɒn ðə ˈleft] ліворуч on the right [ɒn ðə ˈrait] праворуч once [wʌns] один раз, колись at once [ət ˈwʌns] відразу one day [wʌn ˈdei] одного дня one(s) [wʌn(z)] (в значенні людина) only [ˈəυnli] тільки, лише, єдиний only child [ˈəυnli ˌtʃaild] єдина дитина onto [ˈɒntu:; ˈɒntə] на, в Oops! [u:ps] ой! ох! open [ˈəυpn] відкритий open-air [ˌəʊpnˈɛəʳ] під відкритим небом, надворі to open [ˈəυpən] відкривати opera [ˈɒprə] «мильна» опера, спектакль soap (opera) [ ˈsəʊpˌɒprə] «мильна» опера, спектакль operator [ˈɒpəreitəʳ] компанія-оператор opinion [əˈpinjən] думка, погляд, переконання opportunity [ˌɒpəˈtjuːniti] можливість opportunity centre [ ˌɒpəˈtjuːniti ˈsentəʳ] центр для дітей з особливими потребами to oppose [əˈpəʊz] протистояти opposite [ˈɒpəzit] протилежний option [ˈɒpʃn] спосіб, варіант or [ɔ:] або, чи orange [ˈɒrindʒ] апельсин, жовтогарячий order [ˈɔ:də] наказ, порядок to order [ˈɔ:də] наказувати, наводити порядок organizer [ˈɔ:ɡənaizə] організатор

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to organize [ˈɔ:ɡənaiz] організовувати, влаштовувати orienteering [ˌɔːriənˈtiəriŋ] орієнтування orienteering map [ˌɔːriənˈtiəriŋ mæp] мапа спортивного орієнтування to originate [əˈridʒineit] походити other [ˈʌðə] інший each other [ˌi:tʃ ˈʌðə] один одного our [ˈaυə] наш out [aυt] з, зовні Keep out! [ki:p ˈaυt] Не входити! out and about [ˈaυt ənd əˈbaυt] подорожувати out of [ˈaυt əv] поза, за to get out [ɡet ˈaυt] виходити; забиратися геть з to knock out [nɒk ˈaυt] перемагати to sort out [sɔ:t ˈaυt] відбирати to take out [teik ˈaυt] виймати to work out [wɜ:k ˈaυt] виробляти, тренуватися outback [ˈaʊtbæk] малонаселений район Австралії outfit [ˈaʊtfit] комплект одягу (одяг) outgoing [ˈaʊtˌgəʊiŋ] дружелюбний outside [aυtˈsaid] зовнішній oval [ˈəυvl] овальний oven [ˈʌvn] піч, духовка over [ˈəυvə] над, вище, через over there [ˌəυvə ˈðeə] там to come over [kʌm ˈəυvə] прийти в гості over easy [ ˌəυvər ˈi:zi] яєчня – портмоне або яєчня в торбинці to overcome [ˌəʊvəˈkʌm] долати (проблеми, перешкоди) overboard [ˈəʊvəbɔːd] не в собі, за бортом to go overboard [ɡəυ ˈəʊvəbɔːd] не знати міри, перегинати палку overdress [ˌəʊvəˈdres] вдягнутися занадто яскраво, святково overheard [ˌəυvəˈhɜ:d] підслуханий barn owl [ˈbɑ:n ɑυl] сипуха (сова) to overlook [tə ˌəuvə’lʊk] оглядати, виходити на to overthrow [ˌəʊvəˈθrəʊ] скинути own [əυn] свій, власний owner [ˈəυnə] власник

to pack [pæk] упаковувати, укладати to package [ˈpækidʒ] упаковувати packet [ˈpækit] пакет, пакунок pad [pæd] блокнот pagan [ˈpeigən] язичницький page [peidʒ] сторінка paid me off [peid mi əv] мені повернулося все сповна pain [pein] біль paint [peint] фарба to paint [peint] розфарбовувати painter [ˈpeintəʳ] художник

256

pair [peə] пара pal [pæl] товариш palace [ˈpælis] палац pan [pæn] пательня, сковорода to panic [ˈpænik] панікувати panther [ˈpænθə] пантера, леопард paper [ˈpeipəʳ] папір paper case [ ˈpeipəʳ keis] паперова форма (для кексів) paperback [ˈpeipəbæk] м’яка обкладинка paradise [ˈpærəˌdais] рай parent [ˈpɛərənt] один з батьків (мама/тато) parents (pl) [ˈpeərənts] батьки single parent family [ ˈsiŋgl ˈpɛərənt ˈfæmili] неповна сім’я park [pɑ:k] парк national park [ ˌnæʃənəl ˈpɑːk] національний парк theme park [ˈθi:m ˌpɑ:k] тематичний парк розваг part [pɑ:t] частина, частка *to take part in [ teik ˈpɑ:t in] брати участь у spare parts [ˈspɛəʳ pɑːts] запасні частини part-time [ ˈpɑːtˈtaim] неповне навантаження, неповний робочий день participant [pɑrˈtisəpənt] учасник participate [pɑrˈtisəpeit] брати участь partner [ˈpɑ:tnə] партнер party [ˈpɑ:ti] свято, вечірка to have a party [ ˌhæv ə ˈpɑ:ti] влаштовувати вечірку pass [pɑ:s] прохід to pass [pɑ:s] проходити, минати, здавати pass on [pɑːs ɒn] передавати passage [ˈpæsidʒ] рейс, прохід passenger [ˈpæsndʒə] пасажир passion [‘pæʃ(ə)n] пристрасть, пристрасне захоплення passive [ˈpæsiv] пасивний стан дієслова passport [ˈpɑ:spɔ:t] паспорт passports (pl) [ˈpɑ:spɔ:ts] паспортний контроль past [pɑ:st] минуле half past (two) [ˈhɑ:f pɑ:st] пів на третю pasta [ˈpæstə] паста, макарони to paste [peist] вставляти path [pɑ:θ] стежка, доріжка patient [ˈpeiʃnt] пацієнт, терплячий pause [pɔ:z] пауза, перерва PC [ˌpi:ˈsi:] британський офіцер поліції найнижчого рангу pea [pi:] горох peace [pi:s] спокій, тиша, мир pear [peə] груша pedestal [‘pedist(ə)l] підніжжя, п’єдестал peg [peg] гвіздок, гачок pen [pen] ручка pence (pl) [pens] монета в один цент pencil [ˈpensl] олівець

Dictionary pencil case [ ˈpensl ˌkeis] пенал penknife, penknives (pl) [ˈpennaif; ˈpennaivz] складаний ножик, ножики people [ˈpi:pl] люди per [pɜ:] через, по, за допомогою to perform [pəˈfɔ:m] виступати performance [pəˈfɔ:məns] виступ, спектакль perhaps [pəˈhæps] можливо period [ˈpiəriəd] урок, заняття peroxide [pəˈrɒksaid] пероксидний, знебарвлений peroxide curls [ pəˈrɒksaid kɜːlz] знебарвлені кучері person [ˈpɜ:sn] людина, особа, особистість personal [ˈpɜ:snl] особистий; персональний to personify [pɜːˈsɒnifai] втілювати, уособлювати persuasive [pəˈsweisiv] переконливий perverse [pəˈvɜːs] зіпсований, помилковий, спотворений, впертий pet [pet] домашній улюбленець phone [fəυn] телефон phone box [ˈfəυn ˌbɒks] телефонна будка phone call [ ˈfəυn ˌkɔ:l] телефонний дзвінок phone number [ˈfəυn ˌnʌmbə] номер телефону to phone [fəυn] телефонувати phonetic [fəˈnetik] фонетичний photo [ˈfəυtəυ] фотографія, знімок to photograph [ˈfəʊtəɡrɑ:f] знімати (фото), фотографувати phrase [freiz] фраза, словосполучення, вираз physical [ˈfizikl] фізичний, тілесний Physical Education (PE) [ ˌfizikl edʒυˈkeiʃn] фізична культура (про урок) to pick [pik] збирати, вибирати to pick up [pik ˈʌp] піднімати pickpocket [ˈpikˌpɒkit] кишеньковий злодій picture [ˈpiktʃə] картина, малюнок still (picture) [ˈstil ˌpiktʃə] фотографія to take pictures [teik ˈpiktʃəz] фотографувати piece [piːs] шматок in one piece [in ˈwʌn ˈpiːs] суцільний (про купальник) pier [piə] пірс, причал I want my… pierced. [ai ˈwɒnt mai . . . ˈpiəst] Я хочу проколоти… (зробити пірсинг ) pig [piɡ] свиня, кабан piggy bank [ˈpiɡi bæŋk] скарбничка pile [pail] стосик (книжок) pilot [ˈpailət] пілот river pilot [ ˈrivəʳ ˈpailət] річний лоцман pin [pin] шпилька ping pong [ˈpiŋ ˈpɒŋ] настільний теніс (пінг-понг) pink [piŋk] рожевий колір Pinkerton [ˈpiŋkətən] Пінкертон (детектив) pipe [paip] трубка, труба pitch [pitʃ] ігрове поле (в бейсболі), середина поля (крикет), газон

pitcher [ˈpitʃə] гравець, що подає м’яч a pity [ˈpiti] шкода pizza [ˈpi:tsə] піца place [pleis] місце, помешкання, житло change of place [ ˌtʃeindʒ əv ˈpleis] зміна місця to take place [ teik ˈpleis] траплятися, мати місце, сісти, відбуватися placement [ˈpleismənt] працевлаштування work placement [ wɜ:k ˈpleismənt] виробнича практика, стажування plain [plein] рівнина level plain [ ˈlevl ˌplein] пласка рівнина plan [plæn] план fitness plan [ˈfitnis plæn] фітнес-план, план тренувань to plan [plæn] планувати plane [plein] літак plant [plɑ:nt] рослина hydroelectric plant [ ˈhaidrəʊiˈlektrik plɑːnt] гідроелектростанція to plant [plɑ:nt] садити (рослини) plate [pleit] тарілка home plate [ ˈhəυm ˌpleit] основна база, місце гравця з биткою play [plei] гра, п’єса to play [plei] гратися, грати player [ˈpleiə] гравець CD player [ ˌsi:ˈdi: ˌpleiə] програвач компактдисків DVD player [ˌdi:vi:ˈdi: ˌpleiə] програвач цифрових відеодисків wheelchair player [ ˈwiːlˌtʃɛəʳ ˈpleiəʳ] гравець в інвалідному візку playground [ˈpleiɡraυnd] ігровий майданчик adventure playground [ ədˈventʃə ˈpleiɡraυnd] дитячий ігровий майданчик playwright [ˈpleirait] драматург please [pli:z] будь ласка *to be pleased with [ bi: ˈpli:zd wið] бути задоволеним чимось to pledge [pledʒ] обіцяти (давати присягу) plot [plɒt] сюжетна лінія to plot [plɒt] організовувати змову were not plowed [plaʊd] не чистилися plural [ˈplυrəl] множина p.m. [ˌpi:ˈem] після полудня (про час) pocket [ˈpɒkit] кишеня pocket money [ ˈpɒkit ˌmʌni] кишенькові гроші podcast [ˈpɒdˌkɑːst] подкаст (цифровий запис, розміщений в інтернеті для завантаження на персональні аудіоплеєри) poem [ˈpəυim] вірш poet [ˈpəυit] поет poetry [ˈpəυətri] поезія poetry slam [ ˈpəυətri ˌslæm] змагання у віршуванні

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point [pɔint] крапка, пункт, думка to the point [tə ðə ˈpɔint] по суті, влучно to point [pɔint] вказувати на poisoning [ˈpɔizniŋ] отруєння police [pəˈli:s] поліція policeman, policemen (pl) [pəˈli:smən; pəˈli:smen] поліцейський, поліцейські Polish [ˈpəυliʃ] польський, польська мова polite [pəˈlait] ввічливий, чемний pollution [pəˈlu:ʃn] забруднення pompom [ˈpɒmpɒm] помпон pond [pɒnd] ставок pony [ˈpəυni] поні pool [pu:l] басейн leisure pool [ˈleʒəʳ ˌpu:l] басейн для відпочинку swimming pool [ ˈswimiŋ ˌpu:l] басейн poor [pɔ:; pυə] бідний, незаможний pop [ˈpɒp] поп pop star [ ˈpɒpˈstɑːʳ] поп-зірка to pop out [ˈpɒp ˈaʊt] вискочити, вилетіти, виступати, з’являтися popular [ˈpɒpjələ] популярний popular newspaper [ˌpɒpjələˈnju:sˌpeipə] популярна газета з великим накладом population [ˌpɒpjəˈleiʃn] населення; мешканці, жителі population density [ˌpɒpjəˈleiʃn ˈdensiti] густота населення pork [pɔ:k] свинина port [pɔ:t] порт, гавань possible [ˈpɒsəbl] можливий, ймовірний post [pəυst] стовп goal post [ˈɡəυl pəυst] стійка воріт to post [pəʊst] помістити post office [ˈpəυst ˌɒfis] поштове відділення postcard [ˈpəυstkɑ:d] поштова листівка poster [ˈpəυstə] плакат, афіша e-poster [ˈiːˌpəʊstəʳ] електронний постер pot [pɒt] горщик; казанок potato, potatoes (pl) [pəˈteitəυ; pəˈteitəυz] картопля couch potato [ˈkaυtʃ pəˌteitəυ] лежебока pottery [‘pɒtəri] гончарні вироби pound (£) [paυnd] фунт (грошова одиниця) pound (lb) [paυnd] фунт (про вагу) to pour [tə pɔː] лити(-ся), вливати(-ся) poverty [ˈpɒvəti] бідність, злидні powder [ˈpaυdə] порошок, пудра power [ˈpaυə] сила, влада power socket [ ˈpaυə ˌsɒkit] розетка to power [paʊəʳ] приводити в дію, рух practice [ˈpræktis] тренування to practise [ˈpræktis] займатися (чимось), практикувати(-ся); тренувати(-ся) to pray [prei] молитися predecessor [ˈpriːdisesəʳ] попередник

258

prediction [priˈdikʃən] передбачення, прогноз to prefer [priˈfɜːʳ] надавати перевагу premiership [ˈpremiəʃip] першість premiership match [ ˈpremiəʃip mætʃ] матч за першість to prepare [priˈpeə] готуватися prescription [priˈskripʃən] припис, рекомендації present [ˈpreznt] подарунок to present [priˈzent] представляти presentation [ˌpreznˈteiʃn] презентація, представлення preserve [priˈzɜːv] заповідник president [ˈprezidnt] президент longest-serving president [ˈlɒŋəst ˈsɜːviŋ ˈprezidənt] президент, що найдовше перебував на посаді to press [pres] тиснути, натискати prestigious [prəˈstidʒəs] престижний pretty [ˈpriti] достатньо, сильно, досить previous [‘priːviəs] попередній, що передував price [prais] ціна half-price [ ˌhɑ:fˈprais] півціни pride [praid] гордість primary [ˈpraiməri] початковий primary education [ ˈpraiməri ˌedjʊˈkeiʃən] початкова освіта primary school [ ˈpraiməri ˌsku:l] початкова школа prince [prins] принц to print [print] друкувати to print out [print ˈaʊt] роздруковувати small print [ ˈsmɔːl print] примітка, застереження prior [ˈpraiəʳ] попередній private [ˈpraivit] приватний, особистий private school [ˈpraivit skuːl] приватна школа prize [praiz] приз, нагорода probably [ˈprɒbəbli] ймовірно, можливо problem [ˈprɒbləm] проблема to produce [prəˈdju:s] виробляти, створювати product [ˌprɒdʌkt] засіб, продукт cleaning product [ˈkli:niŋˌprɒdʌkt] засіб для чищення production [prəˈdʌkʃən] вистава, постановка profile [ˈprəυfail] профіль, стисла інформація programme [ˈprəυɡræm] програма (телебачення, радіо) project [ˈprɒdʒekt] проект promise [ˈprɒmis] обіцянка to promise [ˈprɒmis] обіцяти to prompt [prɒmpt] спонукати, викликати proof [pruːf] доказ, підтвердження prop [prɒp] реквізит pros and cons [ˈprəʊz ænd ˈkɒnz] «за» і «проти» protagonist [prəʊˈtægənist] головний герой to protect [prəˈtekt] захищати, охороняти protection [prəˈtekʃən] захисне обладнання, кріплення proteins [ˈprəʊtiːnz] білки

Dictionary protester [prəˈtestəʳ] протестант proud of [ˈpraυd əv] пишатися, гордий, похвальний, задоволений to provide [prəˈvaid] давати, забезпечувати public [ðəˈpʌblik] публіка (слухачі, глядачі), громадський public school [ ˌpʌblik ˈsku:l] приватна школа, державна школа, що фінансується штатом pudding [ˈpυdiŋ] пудинг to pull [pυl] тягти punctuation [ˌpʌŋktjʊˈeiʃən] пунктуація, знаки розділу punk [pʌŋk] панк pupil [ˈpju:pl] учень puppetry [ˈpʌpitri] ляльковий театр purple [ˈpɜ:pl] пурпуровий колір purpose [ˈpɜːpəs] мета purse [pɜːs] сумочка, гаманець pursuit [pəˈsjuːt] переслідування, пошук to push [pυʃ] штовхати, натискати *to put [pυt] (по)класти, (по)ставити to put down [pυt ˈdaυn] записувати, (по)класти, (по)ставити to put in [pυt ˈin] добавити, включити to put on [pυt ˈɒn] надягати, наносити (макіяж) to put out [pυt ˈaυt] гасити, виганяти to put up [pυt ˈʌp] піднімати, будувати, вішати to put one’s hands on [ˈpʊt wʌnz ˈhændz ˈɒn] братися до справи, починати puzzle [ˈpʌzl] загадка, головоломка crossword puzzle [ˈkrɒswɜ:d ˈpʌzl] кросворд puzzling [ˈpʌzliŋ] головоломка, той, що спантеличує pyramid [ˈpirəmid] піраміда inverted pyramid [inˈvɜːtid ˈpirəmid] перевернута піраміда

quality [ˈkwɒləti] впливовий (про газету); якість quarter [ˈkwɔ:tə] чверть quarter past [ˈkwɔ:tə pɑ:st] чверть на (про час) quarter to [ˈkwɔ:tə tə] чверть до queen [kwi:n] королева to quench [ˈkwentʃ] втамовувати to quench thirst [ˈkwentʃ ˈθɜːst] втамовувати спрагу quest [kwest] пошук question [ˈkwestʃn] запитання, анкета queue [kju:] (brit) черга to queue [kjuː] стояти в черзі quick [kwik] швидкий quiet [ˈkwaiət] тиша, спокій quiet [ˈkwaiət] тихий, спокійний quite [kwait] повністю, зовсім quick-witted [ˌkwikˈwitid] кмітливий, винахідливий quiz [kwiz] короткий тест, вікторина, опитування

race [reis] змагання на швидкість (з бігу), перегони to run a race [ ˌrʌn ə ˈreis] брати участь у перегонах rack [ræk] полиця luggage rack [ˈlʌgidʒ ˌræk] полиця для багажу racket [ˈrækit] ракетка radio [ˈreidiəυ] радіо radio show [ˈreidiəυ ˌ ʃəυ] радіопостановка, радіовистава rag [ræg] лахміття, ганчірка rain [rein] дощ heavy rain [ ˈhevi ˈrein] злива to rain [rein] іти, литися (про дощ) rainy [ ˈreini] дощовий It’s raining cats and dogs [ its ˈreiniŋ ˈkæts ənd ˈdɒɡz] Ллє як із відра rainforest [ˈreinˌfɒrist] тропічний ліс to raise [reiz] збільшувати, заробляти, підвищувати rally [ˈræli] парад ramp [ræmp] рампа (площадка для скейтбордингу) ranch [rɑːntʃ] ранчо, ферма randomly [ˈrændəmli] довільно, хаотично, іноді range [reindʒ] хребет, діапазон mountain range [ ˈmaʊntin ˌreindʒ] гірський хребет wide-ranging [ ˌwaidˈreindʒiŋ] багатий (про словниковий запас), великий, різноманітний rap [ræp] легкий удар to rap [ræp] злегка бити, стукати rapids [ˈræpidz] річні пороги rapper [ˈræpə] репер ratio [ˈreiʃiəʊ] співвідношення raven [ˈreivn] ворона I’d rather [aid ˈrɑ:ðə] Я б краще… to rattle [ˈrætl] стукати, брязкотіти to reach [ri:tʃ] досягати *to read [ri:d] читати reading [ˈri:diŋ] читання ready [ˈredi] готовий, підготовлений to get ready [ ɡet ˈredi] готувати real [riəl] дійсний, справжній, реальний realistic [ˌriəˈlistik] реалістичний, правдоподібний reality show [riˈæləti ˌ ʃəυ] реаліті-шоу really [ˈriəli] дійсно, насправді reasonable [ˈriːznəbl] недорогий, помірний, доступний to recall [riˈkɔːl] пригадувати receipt [riˈsiːt] збори, дохід world receipts [ riˈsiːts] касові збори в загальносвітовому масштабі reception [riˈsepʃn] стійка реєстрації (в готелі) recipe [ˈresipi:] рецепт to reckon [ˈrekən] вважати recognized [ˈrekəgnaizd] відомий

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to reconcile [ˈrekənˌsail] відновлювати зв’язок record [ˈrɛkɔːd] рекорд to brake a record [ˈbreik ə ˈrɛkɔːd] побити рекорд on record [ɒn ˈrekɔ:d] задокументовано, зафіксовано у письмовому вигляді to record [riˈkɔ:d] записувати, реєструвати recycling [ˌriːˈsaikliŋ] переробка відходів recycling bin [ ˌriːˈsaikliŋ bin] корзина для сміття red [red] червоний to go red [ɡəυ ˈred] червоніти (про обличчя) to refer [riˈfɜːʳ] означати, стосуватися ref(eree) [ˌrefrˈi:] арбітр, рефері reference [ˈrefrəns] рекомендаційний лист refrain [ri’frein] приспів, рефрен regardless [riˈgɑːdlis] незважаючи на.. / незалежно від ... to register [ˈredʒistə] реєструвати registration [ˌredʒiˈstreiʃn] реєстрація to regret [riˈgret] жалкувати regular [ˈreɡjələ] постійний відвідувач rehearsal [riˈhɜːsəl] репетиція to rehearse [riˈhɜ:s] репетирувати (виставу) to reimagine [riiˈmædʒin] переосмислювати reliable [riˈlaiəbl] надійний, вірний religious [riˈlidʒəs] релігійний Religious Education (RE) [riˌlidʒəs edʒυˈkeiʃn] релігієзнавство (предмет) to relive [ˌri:ˈliv] переживати, пережити to remember [riˈmembə] пам’ятати reminder [riˈmaindəʳ] нагадування renowned [riˈnaʊnd] видатний to repeat [riˈpi:t] повторювати to report [riˈpɔ:t] повідомляти reporter [riˈpɔ:tə] репортер, кореспондент to require [riˈkwaiəʳ] потребувати, мати необхідність *to reread [ri:ˈri:d] перечитувати rescue [ˈreskju:] порятунок to rescue [ˈreskju:] рятувати, звільняти research [riˈsɜːtʃ] дослідження, експеримент to reserve [riˈzɜːv] rooms, tickets замовляти кімнати, квитки to resolve [riˈzɒlv] вирішувати (про конфліктну ситуацію) resolution [ˌrezəˈluːʃən] вирішення to resonate [ˈrezəneit] робити сильнішим, підсилювати, відгукуватися, резонувати resort [riˈzɔːt] курорт, місце відпочинку respect [riˈspekt] повага response [riˈspɒns] відповідь, відгук, реакція rest [rest] відпочинок rest area [ˈrest ˌeəriə] зона відпочинку to rest [rest] відпочивати restaurant [ˈrestrənt] ресторан restriction [risˈtrikʃən] обмеження, заборона to retain [riˈtein] зберігати

260

retractable [riˈtræktəbl] висувний to reunite [ˈriːjuːˈnait] возз’єднуватися review [riˈvju:] огляд, рецензія revision [riˈviʒn] повторення *to rewrite [ˌri:ˈrait] переписувати rhesus [ˈri:səs] резус rhesus monkey [ˈri:səs ˌmʌŋki] макак-резус або макака-резус rhyme [raim] рима, римований вірш rhyming [ˈraimiŋ] римування rice [rais] рис rich [ritʃ] багатий, заможний ride [raid] поїздка (підвозити) *to ride [raid] їхати (верхи, автобусом...) rider [ˈraidə] вершник, наїзник riding [ˈraidiŋ] їзда (верхова, на мотоциклі) horseback riding [ ˈhɔ:sbæk ˌraidiŋ] верхова їзда right [rait] правий; правильний Go right. [ɡəυ ˈrait] поверни праворуч on the right [ ɒn ðə ˈrait] праворуч right away [rait əˈwei] відразу, негайно right now [ˌrait ˈnaυ] зараз to be right [bi: ˈrait] бути правим to get … right [ ɡet . . . ˈrait] правильно зрозуміти to turn right [ tɜ:n ˈrait] повернути праворуч ring [riŋ] кільце rubber ring [ˌrʌbə ˈriŋ] гумовий плавальний круг *to ring [riŋ] дзвонити The bell rings. [ðə ˈbel riŋz] Дзвенить дзвінок. Дзвінок! ice rink [ˈais riŋk] ковзанка rise [raiz] підйом *to rise [raiz] підніматися, вставати river [ˈrivə] річка river pilot [ ˈrivəʳ ˈpailət] річний лоцман road [rəυd] дорога, шлях roadster [ˈrəʊdstəʳ] екіпаж, родстер to rob [rɒb] грабувати, обкрадати rock [rɒk] рок to rock up [rɒk ˈʌp] прибувати role [rəυl] роль roll [rəʊl] шар, булочка bread roll [ ˈbred rəʊl] булочка, рогалик to roll [rəʊl] котитися roof [ru:f] дах room [ru:m; rυm] кімната dining room [ˈdainiŋ rυm] їдальня dorm room [ ˈdɔːm ˌruːm] кімната в гуртожитку (номер на декілька місць) living room [ ˈliviŋ rυm] вітальня changing room [ˈtʃeindʒiŋ ˈrʊm] примірочна, переодягальня chat room [ˈtʃæt rʊm] чат science room [ˈsaiəns rυm] наукова лабораторія rope [rəup] канат, мотузка, трос rope walks [rəup wɔːks] ходіння по канату

Dictionary rough [rʌf] грубий, нерівний; вибоїстий (про дорогу), тяжкий (про життя) round [raυnd] раунд, круглий round up [ˈraʊndˌʌp] огляд route [ru:t] маршрут, курс routine [ruːˈtiːn] танець, хореографічний номер row [rəυ] ряд rowing [ˈrəʊiŋ] гребля rowing champion [ˈrəʊiŋ ˈtʃæmpiən] чемпіон з греблі royal [ˈrɔiəl] королівський RSVP [ˌɑ:r es vi: ˈpi:] чекаємо на відповідь (примітка на запрошенні) rubber [ˈrʌbə] гума, каучук rubber boots (pl) [ˌrʌbə ˈbu:ts] гумові чоботи rubber ring [ ˌrʌbə ˈriŋ] гумовий плавальний круг rubbish [ˈrʌbiʃ] мотлох, сміття, дрібниці, нісенітниця rucksack [ˈrʌksæk] рюкзак, похідний мішок rugby [ˈrʌɡbi] регбі to ruin [ˈruːin] завдавати шкоди, знищувати rule [ru:l] правило ruler [ˈru:lə] лінійка run [rʌn] біг *to run [rʌn] бігати to run a race [ˌrʌn ə ˈreis] брати участь у забігу to run away [rʌn əˈwei] втікати to run campaign [ˌrʌn kæmˈpein] проводити кампанію, агітувати to run into [rʌn ˈintə] доходити до, впадати в to run upstairs [ˌrʌn ʌpˈsteəz] бігти вверх, забігати нагору runaway [ˈrʌnəˌwei] утікач runner [ˈrʌnə] бігун rush [rʌʃ] поспіх, різкий рух in a rush [in ə ˈrʌʃ] поспіхом, квапливо, похапцем Russian [ˈrʌʃn] російська мова; російський

sad [sæd] сумний safe [seif] безпечний safely [ ‘seifli] надійно; без ризику, безпечно to sail [seil] плавати (про корабель) sacred [‘seikrid] святий, священний to sacrifice [ˈsækrifais] жертвувати salad [ˈsæləd] салат same [seim] однаковий the same [seim] той (цей) самий; один і той же; однаковий sand [sænd] пісок sandplay [ˈsændˌplei] гра з піском sandwich [ˈsænwidʒ] сендвіч, бутерброд sandy [ˈsændi] піщаний sample [‘sæːmpl] зразок, взірець Saturday [ˈsætədei] субота sausage [ˈsɒsidʒ] ковбаса, сосиска

to save [seiv] рятувати, заощаджувати *to say [sei] говорити, мовити It said … . [it ˈsed] сказано ... What does it say? [ˌwɒt dʌz it ˈsei] Про що мова? scanning [‘skæniŋ] сканування, перегляд, пошук, обстеження, читання з метою швидкого знаходження інформації scarabaeus [ˌskærəˈbiːəs] амулет, жук-скарабей scarf [skɑːf] шалик scared [skeəd] зляканий, переляканий I’m scared. [aim ˈskeəd] Мені страшно scary [ˈskeəri] жахливий, страшний scavenger [ˈskævindʒəʳ] прибиральник, двірник to do a scavenger hunt [ ˈskævindʒəʳ hʌnt] грати в «полювання за предметами» (американська гра) scenario [siˈnɑːriəʊ] сценарій scene [si:n] сцена, місце події scenery [ˈsi:nri] пейзаж school [sku:l] школа school bag [ ˈsku:l bæɡ] шкільний портфель basic school [ ˈbeisik skuːl] основна школа basic school leaving certificate [ ˈbeisik skuːl ˈliːviŋ səˈtifikit] свідоцтво про базову загальну середню освіту comprehensive school [ kɒmpriˈhensiv ˌsku:l] загальноосвітня школа elementary school [ eliˈmentri ˌsku:l] початкова школа high school [ˈhai ˌsku:l] старша школа independent school [ ˌindiˈpendənt ˈskuːl] приватна школа grammar school [ ˈɡræmə ˌsku:l] середня класична школа middle school [ ˈmidl ˌsku:l] основна школа (США) matriculation school certificate [ məˌtrikjʊˈleiʃən skuːl səˈtifikit] атестат про повну загальну середню освіту primary school [ ˈpraiməri ˌsku:l] молодша школа, початкова школа private school [ ˈpraivit skuːl] приватна школа public school [ ˌpʌblik ˈsku:l] приватна школа state school [ˈsteit ˈsku:l] державна школа з безкоштовним навчанням scholar [ˈskɒləʳ] учень scholarship [ˈskɒləʃip] стипендія, грант на навчання Science [ˈsaiəns] предмет природничого циклу, наука science room [ ˈsaiəns rυm] наукова лабораторія science fiction [ ˌsaiəns ˈfikʃn] наукова фантастика scientist [ˈsaiəntist] учений, науковець, спеціаліст sclerosis [skliˈrəʊsis] склероз scone [skɒn] булка (кругла) score [skɔ:] рахунок (у грі) to score [skɔ:] забити гол; зараховувати (у грі), набирати (очки) to score high [skɔː hai] набрати високі бали

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Scottish [ˈskɒtiʃ] шотландський; шотландець screen [skri:n] екран screen shot [ˈskri:n ˌ ʃɒt] скріншот, знімок (копія екрану), відеокадр screenplay [ˈskriːnplei] сценарій script [skript] сценарій, текст sea [si:] море above sea level [ əˈbʌv si: ˈlevl] над рівнем моря seafront [ˈsiːfrʌnt] узбережжя, частина міста біля моря search [sɜːtʃ] пошук search engine [sɜːtʃ ˈendʒin] інформаційнопошукова система seaside [ˈsi:said] морське узбережжя season [ˈsi:zn] пора року, сезон seat [si:t] місце seating capacity [ˈsiːtiŋ kəˈpæsiti] кількість місць second [ˈseknd] другий, другорядний secretary [ˈsekrətri] секретар *to see [si:] бачити, дивитися, розуміти See you! [ˈsi: jə] До скорої зустрічі! to see a doctor [si: ə ˈdɒktə] бути на прийомі у лікаря seed [siːd] сім’я, насіння, зерно *to seek [ˈsiːk] шукати to seek out [ˌsiːk ˈaʊt] вишукувати, звертатися seldom [ˈseldəm] рідко self-employed [ˌselfimˈplɔid] підприємець selfish [ˈselfiʃ] егоїстичний self-taught [ˌselfˈtɔːt] той, хто навчився самостійно (самоучка) *to sell [sel] продавати, торгувати *to send [send] посилати; відсилати to send in [send ˈin] подавати заяву to send off [send ˈɒf] відсилати, виганяти sense [sens] відчуття sixth sense [ˈsiksθ ˈsens] інтуїція, «шосте відчуття» sensible [ˈsensibl] розсудливий sentence [ˈsentəns] речення, вирок September [sepˈtembə] вересень sequence [ˈsiːkwəns] послідовність sequel [ˈsiːkwəl] продовження series, series (pl) [ˈsiəri:z] серія/серії; випуск/ випуски servant [ˈsɜ:vnt] слуга, прислуга service [ˈsɜ:vis] служба, обслуговування session [ˈseʃn] сесія (парламенту, суду); період *to set [set] ставити, налаштувати, розташовувати to set off [set ˈɒf] заводити (будильник) to set the table [ˌset ðə ˈteibl] накривати на стіл to set up [set ˈʌp] встановити settlement [ˈsetlmənt] поселення sewer [ˈsjʊəʳ] каналізація *to shake [ʃeik] трясти, струшувати Shall we … ? [ˈʃæl wi:] Давайте … ?

262

shallow [‘ʃæləu] мілководний; поверховий to shape [ʃeip] формувати to share [ʃeə] ділитися she [ʃi:] вона shed [ʃed] повітка, надвірна прибудова sheep, sheep (pl) [ʃi:p] вівця, вівці sheer [ʃiəʳ] чистий, легкий shelf, shelves (pl) [ʃelf; ʃelvz] полиця, полиці shelter [ˈʃeltəʳ] ] притулок dog shelter [ dɒg ˈʃeltəʳ] ] притулок для собак shield [ʃiːld] щит ship [ʃip] корабель shirt [ʃɜ:t] сорочка (чоловіча) shocked [ʃɒkt] приголомшений, вражений shoddiness [ˈʃɒdinis] убогість, недоброякісність shoe [ʃu:] черевик *to shoot [ʃuːt] стріляти to shoot down [ʃuːt ˈdaʊn] збивати shop [ʃɒp] магазин, крамниця shop assistant [ˈʃɒp əˌsistnt] продавець sports shop [ ˈspɔ:ts ʃɒp] спортивний магазин clothes shop [ˈkləʊð ʃɒp] магазин одягу music shop [ˈmjuːzik ʃɒp] магазин музичних інструментів shopping [ˈʃɒpiŋ] відвідання магазину, щоб щось купити short [ʃɔ:t] короткий, невисокий shorts (pl) [ʃɔ:ts] шорти shot [ʃɒt] знімок, картина over-the shoulder shot [ ˈəʊvəʳ ðə ˈʃəʊldəʳ] знімок з-за плеча screen shot [ˈskri:n ˌ ʃɒt] скріншот, знімок (копія) екрану *should [ʃυd] модальне дієслово для вираження поради to shout [ʃaυt] кричати, вигукувати show [ʃəυ] показ, вистава radio show [ˈreidiəυ ˌ ʃəυ] радіопостановка; радіовистава reality show [ riˈæləti ˌ ʃəυ] реаліті-шоу talk show [ˈtɔ:k ˌ ʃəυ] бесіда (інтерв’ю) з відомою людиною; ток-шоу *to show [ʃəυ] показувати(ся), демонструвати to show off [ˈʃəʊ ˈɒf] демонструвати з кращого боку, намагатися справити враження, виставлятися shower [ˈʃaυə] злива shred [ʃred] клапоть, шматок to shred [ʃred] різати, рвати на клапті to shroud [ʃraʊd] огортати, вкривати, обволікати shrub [ʃrʌb] чагарник, кущ to shrug [ʃrʌg] пожимати (плечима) to shuffle [ˈʃʌfl] перемішувати, тасувати shuffle [ʃʌfl] плутанина, мішанина to get lost in the shuffle [ get ˈlɒst in ði ˈʃʌfl] загубитися

Dictionary shutter [ˈʃʌtə] затвор shy [ʃai] сором’язливий sick [sik] що відчуває нудоту; хворий sick note [ˈsik ˌnəυt] медична довідка to feel sick [ fi:l ˈsik] відчувати нудоту side [said] бік, сторона sunny side up [ ˌsʌni said ˈʌp] яєчня – глазунья sides [saidz] переписана роль sidewalk [ˈsaidˌwɔːk] тротуар sieve [siv] решето,сито sightseeing [ˈsaitˌsiːiŋ] огляд визначних місць, пам’яток sign [sain] знак, прикмета; вивіска sign language [ˈsain ˈlæŋɡwidʒ] мова жестів to sign [sain] підписуватися sign an autograph [sain ən ‘ɔːtəgrɑːf] дати автограф signing lesson [ ˈsainiŋ ˌlesn] урок мови жестів signal [ˈsiɡnl] сигнал, знак to signify [ˈsignifai] позначати silent [ˈsailənt] німий, мовчазний, тихий silent movie [ˌsailənt ˈmu:vi] німе кіно (фільми без синхронно записаного звуку) silly [ˈsili] нерозумний, безглуздий, кумедний, дурник silver [ˈsilvəʳ] срібло, срібний silver foil [ ˈsilvəʳ fɔil] фольга similar [ˈsimilə] схожий, подібний; однорідний simile [ˈsimili] порівняння since [sins] з того часу як; відколи, оскільки sincere [sinˈsiəʳ] щирий, відвертий *to sing [siŋ] співати to sing the blues [siŋ ðə bluːz] жалітися, сумувати singer [ˈsiŋə] співак/ співачка single [ˈsiŋgl] одинокий single parent family [ˈsiŋgl ˈpɛərənt ˈfæmili] неповна сім’я singular [ˈsiŋgjʊləʳ] незвичайний, своєрідний *to sink [siŋk] (sank (pt) (sunk (pp))) тонути sinless [ˈsinlis] безгрішний sir [sɜ:] сер, пане (ввічливе звертання до чоловіка) Sir [sɜ:] Сер (титул лицаря або баронета) sister [ˈsistə] сестра half-sister [ ˈhɑ:fˌsistə] сестра, рідна тільки по одному з батьків *to sit [sit] сидіти to sit down [sit ˈdaυn] сідати to sit with [ ˈsit wiθ] сидіти з sitcom [ˈsitkɒm] комедійний телесеріал situation [ˌsitjuˈeiʃn] стан, ситуація, обстановка to skate [skeit] кататися на ковзанах skateboard [ˈskeitbɔ:d] скейтборд, роликова дошка skateboarding [ˈskeitbɔ:diŋ] cкейтбординг skatepark [ˈskeitˌpɑːk] серфінг-парк skater [ˈskeitəʳ] скейтер skates (pl) [skeits] ковзани

ski [skiː] лижа ski jumper [skiː ˈdʒʌmpəʳ] стрибун на лижах skill [skil] майстерність, уміння skimming [ˈskimiŋ] швидке читання з метою вилучення змісту тексту skip [skip] стрибати, скакати, перестрибувати skirt [skɜ:t] спідниця sky [skai] небо skyscraper [ˈskaiˌskreipə] хмарочос poetry slam [ˈpəυətri ˌslæm] змагання у віршуванні slamster [ˈslæmstə] учасник конкурсу віршування slang [slæŋ] сленг *to sleep [sli:p] спати sleeping bag [ˈsli:piŋ ˌbæɡ] спальний мішок sleepy [ˈsli:pi] сонливий, сонний sleuth [sluːθ] детектив *to slide [slaid] ковзати slip [slip] записка від батьків to slip [slip] прослизнути / вислизнути slogan [ˈsləʊgən] слоган slope [sləʊp] схил slow [sləυ] повільний, тихий small [smɔ:l] маленький, невеликий to start small [ ˌstɑːt ˈsmɔːl] розпочинати з малого smell [smel] запах, нюх *to smell [smel] відчувати запах, пахнути to smile [smail] посміхатися smoke [sməυk] дим, кіптява to smoke [sməυk] диміти, палити smuggler [ˈsmʌɡlə] контрабандист snack [snæk] легка закуска, снек, перекус snack bar [ˈsnæk bɑːʳ] буфет, закусочна snail [sneil] равлик to snatch [snætʃ] красти, намагатися відібрати to sneak [sniːk] пробратися to sneeze [sniːz] чхати to sniff [snif] вдихати (втягувати) носом, сопіти, нюхати snow [snəυ] сніг to snow [snəυ] сніжити snowy [ˈsnəυi] сніжний snug [snʌg] зручно схований, розміщений, вкритий so [səυ] так, так само, таким чином so far [ˈsəυ fɑ:] досі; поки що, наразі soap [səυp] мило docu soap [ ˈdɒkju ˌsəυp] розважальна телепередача про життя відомих людей soap (opera) [ˈsəʊpˌɒprə] «мильна» опера, спектакль soccer [ˈsɒkə] футбол socket [ˈsɒkit] розетка power socket [ˈpaυə ˌsɒkit] розетка soda [ˈsəʊdə] газований напій sofa [ˈsəυfə] софа, диван soft [sɒft] м’який, ніжний soil [sɔil] ґрунт

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solution [səˈluːʃən] рішення, відповідь to solve [sɒlv] вирішувати some [sʌm] деякий, якийсь, трохи somebody [ˈsʌmbədi] хтось, хто-небудь someone [ˈsʌmwʌn] хтось, дехто something [ˈsʌmθiŋ] щось, що-небудь sometimes [ˈsʌmtaimz] інколи, іноді somewhere [ˈsʌmweə] де-небудь, коли-небудь son [sʌn] син song [sɒŋ] пісня soon [su:n] скоро, незабаром The sooner the better! [ðə ˈsuːnəʳ ðə ˈbetəʳ] Якнайшвидше! (Чим швидше, тим краще). sorry [ˈsɒri] який жалкує, шкодує (про щось, за чимось) I’m sorry about … . [aim ˈsɒri əˌbaυt] Я шкодую про … to be sorry [ bi: ˈsɒri] шкодувати to feel sorry for [fi:l ˈsɒri] жаліти/шкодувати sort [sɔ:t] вид, сорт, тип to sort [sɔ:t] сортувати, вибирати to sort out [sɔ:t ˈaυt] з’ясувати, розібрати (проблему) sound [saυnd] звук, шум to sound [saυnd] звучати, давати звук; дзвеніти soup [su:p] суп sour [ˈsaυə] кислий, прокислий south [saυθ] південь southwest [ˌsaυθˈwest] південно-західний souvenir [ˌsu:vəˈniə] сувенір; подарунок на пам’ять spaghetti [spəˈɡeti] спагеті spare [ˈspɛəʳ] запасний spare parts [ ˈspɛəʳ pɑːts] запасні частини spare time [ ˈspɛə taim] вільний час to speak [spi:k] говорити, розмовляти speaking [ˈspi:kiŋ] слухаю (у відповідь на телефонний дзвінок) speaker [ˈspi:kə] доповідач; промовець, оратор special [ˈspeʃəl] спеціальний; особливий today’s special [təˈdeiz ˈspeʃəl] страва дня speciality [ˌspeʃi’æliti] спеціальність, фах to specialize in [ˈspeʃəˌlaiz in] спеціалізуватися spectacular [spekˈtækjələ] ефектний; імпозантний speech bubble [ˈspi:tʃ ˌbʌbl] хмаринка з текстом (підпис до малюнку) *to spell [spel] писати, вимовляти по літерах spellbound [ˈspelbaʊnd] зачарований spelling [ˈspeliŋ] правопис, орфографія *to spend [spend] проводити (час), витрачати spices [spaisiz] спеції, приправи spicy [ˈspaisi] гострий, пряний spider [ˈspaidəʳ] павук spin [spin] йти обертом spoiled [spɔilt] зіпсований sponge [spʌndʒ] губка

264

spontaneity [ˌspɒntəˈneiiti] спонтанність, стихійність spot [spɒt] пляма, місце spooky [ˈspu:ki] страшний spoon [spu:n] ложка sport [spɔ:t] спорт sports day [ ˈspɔ:ts dei] день спортивних змагань sports field [ ˈspɔ:ts fi:ld] ігровий майданчик sports shop [ˈspɔ:ts ʃɒp] спортивний магазин to do sports [du: ˈspɔ:ts] займатися спортом sporty [ˈspɔ:ti] спортивний spring [spriŋ] весна sprouts [ˈspraʊts] капуста Brussels sprouts [ˈbrʌslz ˈspraʊts] брюссельська капуста square [skwɛəʳ] площа stadium [ˈsteidiəm] стадіон staff [stɑ:f] персонал, колектив stage [steidʒ] сцена Key Stage [ˈki: steidʒ] ключовий етап stairs (pl) [steəz] сходи at stake [steik] під питанням stall [stɔ:l] кіоск, намет (з товаром) stall holder [ˈstɔ:l ˌhəυldə] власник кіоску white elephant stall [ ˌwait ˈelifənt stɔ:l] прилавок з непотрібними речами stamp [stæmp] поштова марка, відбиток stand [stænd] стенд, трибуна *to stand [stænd] стояти, терпіти I can’t stand [ ai kænt ˈstænd] Я терпіти не можу… star [stɑ:] зірка word star [ˈwɜ:d stɑ:] слово, що потрібно вгадати pop star [ˈpɒpˈstɑːʳ] поп-зірка start [stɑ:t] початок, старт to start [stɑ:t] починати, братися за щось starter [ˈstɑ:tə] закуска to stash [stæʃ] ховати, класти state [steit] держава, штат; державний state school [ˈsteit ˈsku:l] державна школа з безкоштовним навчанням state (final) attestation [ steit ˈfainl ætesˈteiʃən] державна підсумкова атестація statement [ˈsteitmənt] заява, твердження station [ˈsteiʃn] станція, пост, станція; ферма в Австралії status [ˈstei təs, ˈstæt əs] статус to stay [stei] зупинятись (у готелі), залишатись to stay cool [ ˈstei ˈkuːl] зберігати спокій to stay out late [stei ˈaυt leit] затримуватися to stay with [ˈstei wið] зупинитися у *to steal [sti:l] красти steamboat [ˈstiːmbəʊt] пароплав steel band [ˌsti:l ˈbænd] шумовий оркестр, який грає на каністрах, бочках steelworker [ˈstiːlˌwɜːkəʳ] людина, яка працює з металом

Dictionary step [step] східець stepdad [ˈstepdæd] вітчим stick [stik] палиця, ціпок carrot-and-stick [ˈkærətəndˈstik] батіг і пряник celery stick [ ˈseləri ˌstik] паличка селери still [stil] досі; все ще; як і раніше still (picture) [ˈstil ˌpiktʃə] фотографія stimulate [ˈstimjʊˌleit] заохочувати stint [stint] термін, норма stomach [ˈstʌmək] шлунок; живіт stone [stəυn] камінь; стоун брит. міра ваги (= 6,35 кг) to kill two birds with one stone [ kil ˈtuː ˈbɜːdz wið ˈwʌn ˈstəʊn] одним пострілом двох зайців убити stop [stɒp] зупинка bus stop [ˈbʌs ˌstɒp] автобусна зупинка to stop [stɒp] зупинятися stopover [ˈstɒpəʊvəʳ] транзитна зупинка store [stɔ:] крамниця, магазин store detective [ˈstɔ: diˌtektiv] співробітник служби безпеки магазину department store [diˈpɑ:tmənt stɔ:] універмаг to store [stɔːʳ] зберігати stork [stɔːk] лелека storm [stɔ:m] буря, гроза stormy [ˈstɔ:mi] бурхливий, штормовий story [ˈstɔ:ri] оповідання, повість detective story [ diˈtektiv ˌstɔ:ri] детектив strait [streit] протока strange [streindʒ] чужий; незнайомий; stranger [ˈstreindʒə] незнайомець, іноземець, чужинець straw [strɔː] солома, солом’яний stream [stri:m] струмок street [stri:t] вулиця strength [streŋθ] сила, перевага strict [strikt] точний, суворий string [striŋ] мотузка stripe [straip] магнітна стрічка to stroll [strəʊl] прогулюватися strong [strɒŋ] сильний, дужий *to go strong [ˌɡəυˈstrɒŋ] не здаватися, зберігати силу, триматися *to stick [stik] (stuck (vb: pt, pp)) прилипати to get stuck [ɡet stʌk] застрягати to stick one’s nose up [ˈstik wʌnz ˈnəʊz ˈʌp] задирати носа I was stuck [ ˈai wɒz ˈstʌk] Я застряг. student [ˈei stjuːdənt] учень, студент ‘A’ student [ˈei stjuːdənt] відмінник student body [ˈstjuːdənt ˌbɒdi] студентський колектив (орган) studio [ˈstju:diəυ] студія, майстерня study [ˈstʌdi] наука Classical studies [ ˈklæsikəl ˈstʌdiz] антична наука to study [ˈstʌdi] вивчати, досліджувати

to stumble [ˈstʌmbl] натикатися stunning [ˈstʌniŋ] неперевершений, карколомний stupid [ˈstju:pid] дурний, безглуздий style [stail] стиль, манера subject [ˈsʌbdʒikt] тема, шкільний предмет core subjects [kɔːʳ ˈsʌbdʒikts] обов’язкові предмети to substitute [ˈsʌbstitju:t] заміняти, підставляти suburb [ˈsʌbɜ:b] околиця, передмістя suddenly [ˈsʌdnli] раптом, зненацька to suffer [ˈsʌfəʳ] страждати sugar [ˈʃugəʳ] цукор sugar beet [ ˈʃugəʳ ˌbiːt] цукровий буряк suggestion [səˈdʒestʃn] припущення, пропозиція to suit [sjuːt] помістити, пасувати suitable [‘sjuːtəb(ə)l] придатний suitcase [ˈsuːtkeis] валіза, чемодан suite [swi:t] зал, кімната computer suite [ˌkəmˈpju:tə ˌswi:t] комп’ютерний зал hotel suite [ həυˈtel ˌswi:t] номер в готелі summary [ˈsʌmri] короткий виклад, підсумок summer [ˈsʌmə] літо summer fair [ ˈsʌmə ˌfeə] літній ярмарок summer term [ ˈsʌmə tɜ:m] літній семестр to summon [ˈsʌmən] кликати, звати (на допомогу) sun [sʌn] сонце Sunday [ˈsʌndei] неділя sunny [ˈsʌni] сонячний sunny side up [ ˌsʌni said ˈʌp] яєчня – глазунья suntan [ˈsʌntæn] засмага super [ˈsu:pə] чудовий, надзвичайний, «супер» superb [suːˈpɜːb] прекрасний, неперевершений superlative [su:ˈpɜ:lətiv] найбільший, найвеличніший, найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників supermarket [ˈsu:pəˌmɑ:kit] супермаркет, магазин superstition [ˌsuːpəˈstiʃən] забобон, марновірство supply [səˈplai] ресурси, запаси supper [ˈsʌpə] вечеря for supper [ fə ˈsʌpə] на вечерю to have supper [hæv ˈsʌpə] вечеряти supporter [səˈpɔ:tə] уболівальник supreme [sʊˈpriːm] верховний, головний, вищий Supreme being [ sʊˈpriːm ˈbiːiŋ] верховна істота (Всевишній) sure [ʃυə] звичайно, безумовно to make sure [ meik ˈʃυə] переконатися, упевнитися surgery [ˈsɜːdʒəri] хурургічне відділення, операція dental surgery [ ˈdentl ˈsɜːdʒəri] стоматологічне відділення (хірургія) to survive [sə’vaiv] виживати, зберігатися; переживати to surf [sɜ:f] займатися серфінгом

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Dictionary

to surf the Internet [ ˌsɜ:f ði ˈintənet] шукати інформацію в інтернеті surfer [ˈsɜːfəʳ] користувач surfing [ˈsɜ:fiŋ] серфінг surprised [səˈpraizd] здивований, вражений surprising [səˈpraiziŋ] несподіваний surrounding [səˈraʊndiŋ] оточення, середовище survey [ˈsɜ:vei] опитування suspense [səsˈpens] напруга, очікування, інтрига suspicious [səsˈpiʃəs] сумнівний, підозрілий swap [swɒp] обмін to swap [swɒp] обмінювати (-ся) sweatshirt [ˈswetʃɜ:t] бавовняний спортивний светр, «світшот» sweet [swi:t] цукерка sweet [swi:t] солодкий to swerve [swɜ:v] відхилятися від прямого шляху, звертати вбік *to swim [swim] плавати swimmer [ˈswimə] плавець swimming pool [ˈswimiŋ ˌpu:l] басейн swimsuit [ˈswimsju:t] купальник sword [sɔːd] меч symbol [ˈsimbl] символ, емблема, знак symbolize [‘simbəlaiz] символізувати sympathy [ˈsimpəθi] співчуття system [ˈsistəm] система

table [ˈteibl] стіл, дошка, таблиця tablet PC [ˈtæblit ˌpiːˈsiː] планшетний комп’ютер table-tennis [ˈteiblˌtenis] настільний теніс to set the table [ ˌset ðə ˈteibl] накривати на стіл tactful [ˈtæktfʊl] тактичний, делікатний to tag [tæg] переслідувати; причепитися, прикріпитися to tag along [ˈtæg əˈlɒŋ] переслідувати; слідувати по п’ятах; впасти на хвіст *to take [teik] брати, взяти to take a bow [teik ə bəʊ] вклонитися на аплодисменти, заслуговувати похвали to take care [ teik ˈkeə] Дивіться! (обережно) До побачення! to take home [ˌteik ˈhəυm] забирати додому to take notes [teik ˈnəυts] записувати, занотовувати to take off [teik ˈɒf] знімати, відриватися від землі to take on [ˈteik ˈɒn] вирішувати важке завдання, долати труднощі, справлятися to take out [teik ˈaυt] виймати to take part in [teik ˈpɑ:t in] брати участь у to take pictures [teik ˈpiktʃəz] фотографувати to take place [teik ˈpleis] відбуватися to take the wrong turn [ teik ðə rɔŋ tɜːn] неправильно повернути

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to take turns [teik tɜːnz] робити щось по черзі to take your chance [ˌteik jɔ: ˈtʃɑ:ns] зважитися, ризикнути (на щось) takeaway [ˈteikəwei] їжа з собою tale [teil] розповідь tall tale [tɔːl teil] байка talk [tɔ:k] розмова talk show [ ˈtɔ:k ˌ ʃəυ] бесіда (інтерв’ю) з відомою людиною ; ток-шоу to talk [tɔ:k] говорити, розмовляти to talk to [ˈtɔ:k tə] говорити з talkie [ˈtɔ:ki] звукове кіно (фільм, який, на відміну від «німого кіно», супроводжується звуком) talisman [ˈtælismən] талісман, оберіг tall [tɔ:l] високий tall tale [ tɔːl teil] байка tamer [ˈteiməʳ] приборкувач, дресирувальник tape [ˈteip] стрічка tape recorder [ ˈteip riˈkɔːdəʳ] диктофон, пристрій для запису на стрічку target [ˈtɑːgit] ціль target audience [ˌtɑːgit ˈɔːdiəns] цільова аудиторія to taste [teist] пробувати на смак, покуштувати tasty [ˈteisti] смачний Pizza is tastier. [ ˈpi:tsə iz ˌteistiə] Піца смачніша. tattoo [tæˈtu:] татуювання taxi [ˈtæksi] таксі tea [ti:] чай afternoon tea [ˌɑ:ftənu:n ˈti:] чай о п’ятій годині *to teach [ti:tʃ] вчити, навчати teacher [ˈti:tʃə] вчитель teaching [ˈtiːtʃiŋ] навчальний teaching block [ˈtiːtʃiŋ blɒk] навчальний корпус team [ti:m] спортивна команда technical [ˈteknikl] технічний Technology [tekˈnɒlədʒi] технічні предмети, технології teen [ti:n] підліток teenage [ˈti:neidʒ] підлітковий teenager [ˈti:nˌeidʒə] підліток *to tell [tel] розповідати, говорити temperature [ˈtemprətʃə] температура annual mean temperature [ ˈænjʊəl miːn ˈtempritʃəʳ] середньорічна температура tennis [ˈtenis] теніс table-tennis [ˈteiblˌtenis] настільний теніс tension [ˈtenʃən] напруження tent [tent] намет term [tɜ:m] семестр, чверть (навчальний рік) summer term [ ˈsʌmə tɜ:m] літній семестр temple [‘temp(ə)l] скроня, храм terrible [ˈterəbl] жахливий test [test] випробування, контрольна робота external independent testing [eksˈtərnəl ˌindiˈpendənt testiŋ] зовнішнє незалежне тестування to test [test] випробовувати, перевіряти

Dictionary testimony [ˈtestiməni] підтвердження text [tekst] текст text message [ ˈtekst ˌmesidʒ] текстове повідомлення, СМС to text [tekst] набирати текстове повідомлення (СМС) на телефоні than [ðən] ніж (у порівнянні) to thank [θæŋk] дякувати thank you [ ˈθæŋk ju:] Дякую ! thanks [θæŋks] Дякую thanks to [ˈθæŋks tə] завдяки that [ðæt] той, який that (bad) [ˈðæt bæd] так погано that evening [ˌdæt ˈi:vniŋ] того вечора That’s what I call … . [ˌðæts wɒt ˈai ˌkɔ:l] Ось що я називаю … that’s why [ˈðæts ˌwai] саме тому the [ðə; ði] означений артикль theater [ˈθiətə] театр IMAX theater [ˈaimæks ˈθiətə] кінотеатр для показу широкоекранних фільмів на надзвичайно великих екранах their [ðeə] їхній them [ðem] їм theme park [ˈθi:m] тема theme park [ ˈθi:m ˌpɑ:k] тематичний парк розваг then [ðen] тоді, потім there [ðeə] там over there [ˌəυvə ˈðeə] он там there are [ðer ˈɑ:] є, існує (для множини) there is [ ðer ˈiz] є, існує (для однини) thesaurus [θiˈsɔːrəs] тлумачний словник, словник синонімів та антонімів these [ði:z] ці they [ðei] вони thick [θik] густий (туман) thing [θiŋ] річ *to think [θiŋk] думати, гадати to think about [ˈθiŋk əˌbaυt] думати про to think of [ ˈθiŋk əv] думати про third [θɜ:d] третій thirst [θɜːst] спрага to quench thirst [ˈkwentʃ ˈθɜːst] втамовувати спрагу this [ðis] цей, ця, це this evening [ ðis ˈi:vniŋ] цього вечора those [ðəυz] ті thousand [ˈθaυznd] тисяча thriller [ˈθrilə] трилер trinket [‘triŋkit] дрібничка, дрібниця trio [ˈtriəʊ] тріо throat [θrəʊt] горло through [θru:] через, крізь, по throw [θrəυ] кидок *to throw [θrəυ] кидати, закидати to throw a fit [ˈθrəʊ ə ˈfit] розгніватися, влаштувати істерику, заводитися

Thursday [ˈθɜ:zdei] четверг to tick [tik] робити позначку ticket [ˈtikit] квиток tie [tai] краватка tiger [ˈtaiɡə] тигр tight [tait] тісний, вузький time [taim] час, період at any time [æt ˌeni ˈtaim] в будь-який час part-time [ˈpɑːtˈtaim] неповне навантаження, неповний робочий день to have a good time [ ˌhæv ə ɡυd ˈtaim] добре проводити час What’s the time, please? [ ˌwɒts ðə ˈtaim ˌpli:z] Котра година, будь-ласка ? What time … ? [wɒt ˈtaim] to time [taim] спланувати час timeline [ˈtaimlain] хронологія timetable [ˈtaimteibl] розклад tin [tin] консервна банка tiny [ˈtaini] крихітний tip [tip] кінчик; чайові tired [ˈtaiəd] стомлений dog-tired [ˌdɒɡ ˈtaiəd] зморений to get tired [ˌɡet ˈtaiəd] стомлюватися title [ˈtaitl] заголовок, назва to [tυ; tə] до tobacco [təˈbækəʊ] табак today [təˈdei] сьогодні today’s special [təˈdeiz ˈspeʃəl] страва дня toe [təυ] палець ноги together [təˈɡeðə] разом toilet [ˈtɔilit] туалет tomato, tomatoes (pl) [təˈmɑ:təυ; təˈmɑ:təυz] помідор, помідори tomorrow [təˈmɒrəυ] завтра tongue twister [ˈtʌŋ ˌtwistə] скоромовка tonight [təˈnait] сьогодні ввечері too [tu:] занадто tool [tuːl] пристрій, інструмент tooth, teeth (pl) [tu:θ; ti:θ] зуб, зуби top [tɒp] вершина at the top [ ət ðə ˈtɒp] вгорі top of the heap [tɒp əv ðə hiːp] найвища посада topic [ˈtɒpik] тема torch, torches (pl) [tɔ:tʃ; ˈtɔ:tʃiz] факел, факели tortilla [tɔːˈtiːə] тортилья to toss [tɒs] викидати, жбурляти to touch [tʌtʃ] (до)торкатися; торкати(ся) Keep in touch! [ˈkiːp in ˈtʌtʃ] Залишайся на зв’язку / Не пропадай / Бувай! tough [tʌf] сильний, «крутий» tour [tʊəʳ ] екскурсія virtual tour [ˈvɜːtjʊəl ˈtʊəʳ ] віртуальна екскурсія tourist [ˈtυərist] турист towards [təˈwɔ:dz] до, у напрямі до tower [ˈtaυə] башта, вежа

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town [taυn] місто toy [tɔi] іграшка to trace [treis] прослідкувати track [træk] трек, доріжка tradition [trəˈdiʃn] традиція, звичай traditional [trəˈdiʃənl] традиційний traditional nuclear family [trəˈdiʃənl ˈnjuːkliəʳ ˈfæmili] традиційна (повна) сім’я traffic [ˈtræfik] вуличний рух traffic jam [ˈtræfik ˌdʒæm] пробка (тиснява) на дорозі train [trein] потяг to train [trein] тренуватися trainers [ˈtreinəz] кросівки training [ˈtreiniŋ] тренування, навчання trait [treit] риса (характеру) to trample [ˈtræmpl] затоптати transfer [ˈtrænsfəʳ] пересадка transition [trænˈziʃən] перехід transport [ˈtrænspɔ:t] транспорт transport (no pl.) [ˈtrænspɔ:t] транспортне сполучення to be trapped [bi: ˈtræpt] попадати в халепу travel [ˈtrævl] подорож, мандрівка day travel card [ ˌdei ˈtrævl ˌkɑ:d] одноденний проїзний квиток to travel [ˈtrævl] подорожувати, мандрувати treader [ˈtredə] подорожуючий (той хто йде) tree [tri:] дерево family tree [ˈfæmli tri:] родовід, генеологічне девево trendy [ˈtrendi] модний, стильний triangle [‘traiæŋg(ə)l] трикутник tributary [ˈtribjʊtəri] притока trick [trik] хитрість card tricks [ˈkɑːd triks] карточні фокуси trident [‘traid(ə)nt] тризуб(-ець) trip [trip] подорож trolley [ˈtrɒli] візок (для речей в аеропорту); трамвай trophy [‘trəufi] трофей, здобич, нагорода trouble [ˈtrʌbl] неприємність, клопіт trousers (pl) [ˈtraυzəz] шорти, штани true [tru:] правда to come true [kʌm ˈtru:] збуватися to trust [trʌst] вірити trustworthy [ˈtrʌstˌwɜːði] той, хто заслуговує на довіру, надійний, вірний truthfully [ˈtruːθfəli] чесно, правильно, правдиво to try [trai] пробувати tryout [ˈtraiaʊt] відбірковий виступ T-shirt [ˈti:ʃɜ:t] теніска tucker [ˈtʌkə] їжа Tuesday [ˈtju:zdei] четверг tug [tʌɡ] сіпання, ривок tuition [tjʊˈiʃən] плата за навчання

268

tundra [ˈtʌndrə] тундра tunnel [ˈtʌnl] тунель, підземний хід Turkish [ˈtɜ:kiʃ] турецька мова, турецький It’s your turn. [its jɔ: ˈtɜ:n] Твоя черга to turn [tɜ:n] повертати to turn back [ tɜ:n ˈbæk] повернути назад to turn down [ ˈtɜːn ˈdaʊn] відмовлятися, відхиляти to turn left/right [ tɜ:n ˈleft/ˈrait] повернути ліворуч/праворуч to turn loose [ ˈtɜ:n ˈluːs] відпускати to turn off [tɜ:n ˈɒf] вимкнути to turn over [ˌtɜ:n ˈəυvə] перевернути to turn round [tɜ:n ˈraυnd] повертатися tutor [ˈtjuːtəʳ] вчитель, репетитор tutor group [ ˈtjuːtəʳ ˈgruːp] група для додаткових занять з тьютором TV [ˌti:ˈvi:] телебачення twice [twais] двічі twirler [ˈtwɜːləʳ] жонглер baton twirler [ˈbætən ˌtwɜːləʳ] жонглер мажоретками typewriter [ˈtaipˌraitəʳ] друкарська машинка typical [ˈtipikl] типовий, характерний

umbrella [ʌmˈbrelə] парасолька umpire [ˈʌmpaiə] суддя, арбітр uncle [ˈʌŋkl] дядько unconscious [ʌnˈkɒnʃəs] несвідомий under [ˈʌndə] під under the weather [ ˈʌndə ðə ˈweθə] почуватися погано, недужий to undergo [ˌʌndərˈgoʊ ] зазнавати (змін) underground [ˈʌndəɡraυnd] метро undergrowth [ˈʌndəgrəʊθ] чагарник to underline [ˌʌndəˈlain] підкреслити underlined [ˌʌndəˈlaind] підкреслений *to understand [ˌʌndəˈstænd] розуміти unfair [ʌnˈfeə] несправедливий; неправильний unfriendly [ʌnˈfrendli] непривітний unhappy [ʌnˈhæpi] нещасний unhealthy [ʌnˈhelθi] нездоровий uniform [ˈju:nifɔ:m] форма union [ˈju:njən] союз, спілка unit [ˈju:nit] розділ university [ˌju:niˈvɜ:səti] університет unmarried [ˈʌnˈmærid] нежонатий, незаміжня until [ʌnˈtil; nˈtil] доти, поки unusual [ʌnˈjuːʒʊəl] незвичайний up [ʌp] вгору up to [ˈʌp tə] близько ups and downs [ˈʌpsəndˈdaʊnz] злети та падіння, радість та горе Hurry up! [ˌhʌri ˈʌp] Швидше! to dig up [ diɡ ˈʌp] розшукувати, розкопувати

Dictionary to get up [ ɡet ˈʌp] вставати to go up [ɡəυ ˈʌp] підійматися, сходити (на гору) to wake up [weik ˈʌp] прокидатися to walk up to [wɔ:k ˈʌp tə] підходити до What’s up? [ˌwɒts ˈʌp] У чому справа? to update [ʌpˈdeit] модернізувати upper [ˈʌpə] вищий *to be upset [bi: ʌpˈset] бути засмученим upside-down [ˈʌpsaidˈdaʊn] догори ногами, перевернутий upstairs [ʌpˈsteəz] на верхньому поверсі, нагорі to run upstairs [ˌrʌn ʌpˈsteəz] підніматися нагору urban [ˈɜːbən] міський URL [ ˌjuː.ɑːrˈel ] уніфікований вказівник (адреса) ресурсу us [ʌs] нам, нас use [ju:s] вживання; застосування to use [ju:z] застосовувати, використовувати *to be used to [ˈjuːstu] звикнути, часто робити щось раніше useful [ˈju:sfl] корисний useless [ˈju:sləs] некорисний; непотрібний usually [ˈju:ʒli] зазвичай usurper [juːˈzɜːpəʳ] узурпатор, загарбник, самозванець utensils [juːˈtɛnsəlz] кухонний посуд

valuable [ˈvæljuəbl] цінний, коштовний van [væn] фургон, міні-автобус to vary [ˈvɛəri] відрізнятися vast [vɑːst] переважний, широкий vast majority [ vɑːst məˈdʒɒriti] переважна більшість vault [vɔːlt] підвал, склеп vegetable [ˈvedʒtəbl] овочі vegetarian [ˌvedʒiˈteəriən] вегетаріанець vehicle [ˈviːikl] транспортний засіб verb [vɜ:b] дієслово to verge [vɜːdʒ] переходити, граничити, вступати verse [vɜ:s] куплет versus [ˈvɜːsəs] проти, порівняно very [ˈveri] дуже vet [vet] ветеринар victim [ˈviktim] жертва, постраждалий video [ˈvidiəυ] відео(-); телевізійний view [vju:] вигляд; вид; краєвид to view [vju:] переглянути viewer [ˈvju:ə] глядач; телеглядач a viewing platform [ə vju:iŋ ‘plætfɔːm] оглядовий майданчик viking [ˈvaikiŋ] вікінг village [ˈvilidʒ] село violence (no pl.) [ˈvaiəlns] жорстокість, насилля violent [ˈvaiələnt] жорстокий virtual [ˈvɜːtjʊəl] віртуальний

virtual tour [ ˈvɜːtjʊəl ˈtʊəʳ ] віртуальна екскурсія vision [ˈviʒən] видіння visit [ˈvizit] відвідування to visit [ˈvizit] відвідувати visitor [ˈvizitə] відвідувач, гість vital [ˈvaitl] важливо, необхідно vitamins [ˈvitəminz] вітаміни vocabulary [vəυˈkæbjəlri] словник, запас слів vocals [ˈvəʊkəlz] вокал, голос voice [vɔis] голос to voice [vɔis] озвучувати volleyball [ˈvɒlibɔ:l] волейбол to vote [vəʊt] голосувати

to wait [weit] чекати to wait for [ˈweit fɔ:] чекати на waiter [ˈweitə] офіціант *to wake [weik] вставати to wake up [weik ˈʌp] вставати, прокидатися walk [wɔ:k] прогулянка to go for a walk [ ˌɡəυ fər ə ˈwɔ:k] ходити на прогулянку to walk [wɔ:k] ходити, гуляти to walk the dog [wɔ:k ðə ˈdɒɡ] вигулювати собаку to walk up to [wɔ:k ˈʌp tə] підійти до wall [wɔ:l] стіна wallet [ˈwɒlit] гаманець to wander [ˈwɒndəʳ] тинятися, прогулюватися to want (to) [ˈwɒnt tə] хотіти to want sb to do sth [wɒnt] хотіти щоб хтось щось зробив to want smb’s turn [ ˈwɒnt ˈsʌmbədiz ˈtɜːn] хотіти зробити щось у свою чергу war [wɔːʳ] війна wardrobe [ˈwɔ:drəυb] гардероб, шафа warm [wɔ:m] теплий to wash [wɒʃ] мити was following [wəz ˈfɒləυiŋ] слідував за to watch [wɒtʃ] переглядати Watch out! [wɒtʃ ˈaʊt] Обережно! water [ˈwɔ:tə] вода waterfront [ˈwɔːtəˌfrʌnt] берегова лінія to water [ˈwɔːtə(r)] поливати, розбавляти; слинки течуть eye-watering [ˌai ˈwɔːtəriŋ] захмарний, надзвичайно великий/коштовний wave [weiv] хвиля wave machine [ˈweiv məˈʃiːn] хвильова установка to wave [weiv] розвіватися, махати way [wei] спосіб, шлях by the way [ˌbai ðə ˈwei] між іншим in a way [inəˈwei] певною мірою, деяким чином

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Dictionary

He is on his way to … . [ ˌhi: iz ɒn hiz ˈwei tə] Він на шляху до… Which way … ? [witʃ ˈwei] В який бік…? we [wi:] ми weak [wi:k] слабкий to go weak [ ɡəυ ˈwi:k] слабшати weakness [ˈwiːknis] слабкість *to wear [weə] носити, одягати wear and tear [ˈwɛəʳ ənd ˈtɛəʳ] знос weather [ˈweðə] погода under the weather [ˈʌndə ðə ˈweθə] почуватися погано, недужий weather map [ˈweðə mæp] карта погоди (синоптична) weatherman, weathermen (pl) [ˈweðəmən; ˈweðəmen] метеоролог webcam [ˈwebkæm] вебкамера website [ˈwebsait] веб-сайт, майданчик в інтернеті Wednesday [ˈwenzdei] середа week [wi:k] тиждень a week [ə ˈwi:k] на тиждень weekend [ˌwi:kˈend] вихідні weight [weit] вага, маса weird [wiəd] дивний Welcome to … [ˈwelkəm tə] Ласкаво просимо … You’re welcome. [jυə ˈwelkəm] Будь ласка, не варто (подяки)! to welcome [ˈwelkəm] вітати *to be welcome to do sth [bi:ˈwelkəm] будь ласка, +дія well [wel] добре as well as [əz ˈwel əz] так само як welly [ˈweli] гумовий чобіт Welsh [welʃ] уельський, валлійський; валлійська мова, уельсьці west [west] захід wet [wet] вологий wet blanket [wet ˈblæŋkit] людина, що псує іншим радість (задоволення тощо) what [wɒt] що What about … ? [wɒt əˈbaυt] Як щодо… ? What a laugh! [ˌwɒt ə ˈlɑ:f] Як смішно! What a week! [ˌwɒt ə ˈwi:k] Що за тиждень! What does it say? [ˌwɒt dʌz it ˈsei] Про що йдеться? What’s the film about? [wɒts ðə ˈfilm əˌbaυt] Про що фільм? What’s the matter? [ˌwɒts ðə ˈmætə] У чому річ? What’s the time, please? [ˌwɒts ðə ˈtaim ˌpli:z] Котра година? What’s up? [ˌwɒts ˈʌp] У чому справа? What’s your name? [ˌwɒts jə ˈneim] Як вас звати? What time … ? [wɒt ˈtaim] О котрій годині? wheel [wiːl] колесо, кермо wheelchair [ˈwiːlˌtʃɛəʳ] інвалідний візок

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wheelchair player [ ˈwiːlˌtʃɛəʳ ˈpleiəʳ] гравець в інвалідному візку when [wen] коли where [weə] де, куди Where are you from? [ˌweər ə jə ˈfrɒm] Звідки ти/ ви? Where’s the fire? [ˌweəz ðə ˈfaiə] Де горить? which [witʃ] який, котрий Which way … ? [ witʃ ˈwei] В який бік… ? to whisk [wisk] збивати, змахувати to whisk away [ wisk] змітати to whisper [ˈwispə] шепотіти white [wait] білий white elephant stall [ ˌwait ˈelifənt stɔ:l] крамниця з непотрібними речами to whiz [wiz] швидко рухатися, їхати who [hu:] хто whose [hu:z] чий? чия? чиє? чиї? why [wai] чому? wicked [ˈwikid] злий, недобрий, неперевершений, крутий, чудовий (додає емоційності основному значенню прикметника – страшенно) wide [waid] широкий wide-ranging [ ˌwaidˈreindʒiŋ] багатий (про словниковий запас), великий, різноманітний wife, wives (pl) [waif; waivz] дружина, дружини wig [wiɡ] перука wild [waild] дикий, невгамовний wilderness [ˈwildənis] глушина, пустеля *will (’ll), won’t [wil; wəυnt] допоміжне дієслово; слугує для утворення майбутнього часу willow [‘wiləu] верба *to win [win] перемагати wind [wind] вітер window [ˈwindəυ] вікно to windsurf [ˈwinsɜ:f] займатися віндсерфінгом windy [ˈwindi] вітряний winner [ˈwinə] переможець winter [ˈwintə] зима wish [wiʃ] бажання, побажання to wish [wiʃ] бажати I wish I had… [ wiʃ] Якби я мав… with [wið] з within [wiˈðin] в, у межах without [wiˈðaυt] без to go without [ˌɡəυ wiˈðaυt] обходитись без witty [ˈwiti] розумний, дотепний wizard [ˈwizəd] чарівник wolf, wolves (pl) [wυlf; wυlvz] вовк, вовки woman, women (pl) [ˈwυmən; ˈwimin] жінка, жінки wood [wυd] деревина, дрова Woof! [wυf] Гав! wool [wʊl] шерсть word [wɜ:d] слово word star [ ˈwɜ:d stɑ:] слово, що закрите зірочкою

Dictionary work [wɜ:k] робота work placement [ wɜ:k ˈpleismənt] виробнича практика, стажування to work [wɜ:k] працювати to work out [wɜ:k ˈaυt] тренуватися workload [ˈwɜːkləʊd] навантаження worksheet [ˈwɜ:kʃi:t] письмове завдання workshop [ˈwɜ:kʃɒp] майстерня; цех, семінар world [wɜ:ld] світ *to be worried [bi: ˈwʌrid] бути стурбуваним worry [ˈwʌri] тривога to worry [ˈwʌri] турбуватися worse [wɜ:s] гірший worst [wɜ:st] найгірший worth [wɜːθ] вартий *would [wυd] модальне дієслово, що виражає упертість, наполегливість, бажання would like [wυd ˈlaik] хотілося б Would you mind … ? [ ˌwυd jə ˈmaind] Ви не заперечуєте, якщо … ? wow [waυ] Ого! (здивування) wrestler [ˈresləʳ] борець *to write [rait] писати to write down [ˈrait ˌdaυn] записувати wrong [rɒŋ] неправильно to be wrong [bi: ˈrɒŋ] неправильно зрозуміти to get … wrong [ɡet . . . ˈrɒŋ] зрозуміти когось невірно to go wrong [ɡəυ ˈrɒŋ] збитися з дороги

Xbox Live [ˈiks ˌbɒks ˈlaiv] всесвітня ігрова спільнота Xbox Live

yard [jɑ:d] ярд (0,914 м) year [jiə] рік yearbook [ˈjiəbʊk] шкільний щорічник year-old [ˌjiər ˈəυld] -літній, -річний yellow [ˈjeləυ] жовтий yes [jes] так yesterday [ˈjestədei] вчора not … yet [jet] ще не you [ju:; jə] ти, ви Here you are! [ˈhiə ju: ˌɑ:] Ось, будь ласка! thank you [ˈθæŋk ju:] Дякую! you’re lucky [ˌjυə ˈlʌki] Вам пощастило! You’re welcome. [jυə ˈwelkəm] Ласкаво просимо! young [jʌŋ] молодий your [jɔ:] твій, ваш Yours [jɔ:z] ваш; твій (у листі) youth [ju:θ] молодь yukky [ˈjʌki] відразливий, неприємний, бридкий

zipper [ˈzipə] застібка «блискавка» zone [zəυn] зона zoo [zu:] зоопарк zookeeper [ˈzu:ki:pə] працівник зоопарку

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