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both for the case studies of the Prague city centre and for selected suburban communities, where the disproportion between the real and registered population is still most pronounced (Pospíšilová, Ouředníček, Křivka, 2012; Pospíšilová et al., 2012; Novák, Novobilský, 2013). The fundamental finding of our research is the fact that there are much greater differences between the statistically recorded population and the population actually present in the central area of Prague and on its outskirts.
6.5 NEW DISTRIBUTION OF JOBS In addition to the residential function, the distribution of job opportunities is a very important factor in the spatial differentiation of the population in Central Bohemia. During the day, several activities of the economically active population are linked to commuting centres or workplace locations. Prague and the Central Bohemian Region are characterised by very intensive commuting and spatial mismatch between places of work and residence (Novák, Ouředníček, 2011). Although in recent years there have been significant changes in the nature of work and its spatial embeddedness (Svoboda, Ouředníček, 2015; Svoboda, 2017), the location of work is still one of the basic factors of the regional structuration. Various analyses of commuting and enumeration of job opportunities at the municipal level are regularly conducted after each population census, which is, so far, the only comprehensive option for analysing job distribution in sufficient spatial detail (Novák, Ouředníček, 2011). However, data from mobile phone operators offer a promising alternative to this traditional source of data. Despite it’s inability to capture structural characteristics, it serves as an important tool, especially for capturing the sizes and directions of commuting flows at any time during the intercensal period. The diagram in the map (Figure 6.4) shows the total number of jobs in the Central Bohemian Region municipalities and Prague cadastral areas. The choropleth in the same map explains the number of jobs in relation to population size. When interpreting the data, it is necessary to consider that the number of jobs can be underestimated. The data determines with certainty only the number of workers working in traditional time periods (see Chapter 6.3), while the category of labourers working part-time jobs or night shifts as well as flexible workers might be confused with other categories. In this regard, the number of residents is more accurate due to the indicator making an average from a long-term data period. Due to the regional patterns of jobs distribution being rather inertial, basic results based on mobile phone data are quite similar to the evidence gathered by the population census in 2011 (Novák, Ouředníček, 2011; Nemeškal,
Ouředníček, 2015). The added value of mobile phone data lays in its up-to-date character and the unified methodology of population detection. Diagrams in Figure 6.4 have a unified scale for Prague’s cadastral areas and Central Bohemian municipalities. Therefore, such data enables the demonstration of the prevailing economic importance of Prague; eight of its central and inner parts have an equal or an even higher number of jobs compared to the largest district cities of the Central Bohemian Region, e.g. Kladno or Mladá Boleslav. Another location of concentrated jobs is in Chodov and Stodůlky, located in the outer city of Prague, with the recent localisation of services and retail centres in housing estates. On the other hand, suburban villages (e.g. peripheral parts of Prague Březiněves, Třeboradice, Nedvězí, Benice or Královice) mostly serve exclusively as a place of residence, similarly to most other municipalities within a 30km radius of Prague. However, locations with concentrations of jobs can also be found in the Central Bohemian Region. The increasing intensity of housing construction followed an increase of the population density resulted in the emergance of services in suburban municipalities around Prague. The reason for a high number of jobs located along the main highways is commercial development, together with the recently built logistic, industrial, retail and wholesale parks. Finally, several localities possess higher numbers of jobs in the quaternary sector of the economy, such as Dolní Břežany, Vestec, or Řež u Prahy. Motorway accessibility and empty plots of land predetermined for such constructions enables the presence of logistic and commercial parks. This applies to a 10 km radius distance from the boundary of Prague. Further commercial zones are mostly used for light industries (e.g. Žebrák-Zdice). Regional centres, as is the case of the traditional industrial areas of Kladno, Mladá Boleslav, and Nymburk– Poděbrady–Kolín–Kutná Hora belt, remain to be commuting centres. The surrounding municipalities serve not only as a source of labour force, but also as a location of a significant number of suppliers, in close proximity to big factories that mostly focus on the automotive industry. The third type of locations with a high job concentration are mid-size towns, forming the suburban core (Nemeškal, Ouředníček, 2018). Here, the population size and specific administrative functions generate jobs in the tertiary sector. Concurrently, these towns are an important location for different industrial enterprises. Towns such as Příbram, Rakovník, or Vlašim make for rather isolated nodes, which are not connected to the Prague Metropolitan Region. The number of jobs per 10 residents is shown in the choropleth in Figure 6.4. The areas that have a higher share of residents than jobs, dominate. This is partially caused by the construction of the indicator, where the number of residents includes both unemployed people and the economically inactive population. These groups make up half of the
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6 R eal P opulation and D aily M obility /
total residents (ČSÚ, 2011). Thus, municipalities and cadastral areas in Central Bohemia, with values higher than 10, can be considered to be exceptional. This can be mainly explained by the presence of a big employer. In such localities, the process of commuting to work is crucial when it comes to the daily rhythm as well as the running and planning of the municipality. Examples include: Dubenec and Háje, with a large sand and gravel quarry, Bytíz with its prison and Chotusice with its military air base. However, some of the other extreme values could be explained as being false numbers caused by both an administrative and the mobile operator cell network overlay mismatch. In the case of some small municipalities, the positive ratio in favour of jobs is the result of several small employers’ assemblage. Contrary to this, in strongly populated areas (e.g. Prague’s neighbourhoods), the values higher than 10 indicate a major commuting node. Bearing in mind the methodological limitations described above, we are able to regard the areas with 5 jobs per 10 inhabitants as important labour nodes. The chart in Figure 6.3 shows the overall numbers of residents, workers, and visitors on the average workday and Saturday, in Central Bohemia categorised by municipality type. On a workday, the highest numbers of workers per total inhabitants are found in Prague (5.9), suburban cores (5.4), and in the first and second suburban zones (4.4 and 4.2). However on a Saturday, Prague has only 1.6 workers per 10 inhabitants. During the weekend, the rest of the municipality types experience a 50 percent decrease.
99
Once again, the results of Table 6.2 pose the question of comparison between the census data and the mobile phone data. Excluding the notoriously missing data of the 2011 census and the numbers of night shift workers (thus also differences betweenthe two different data sources), a general increase is to be observed in the total number of jobs in Central Bohemia in the period between 2001 and 2015. The main point of comparison is the varying proportionality between the different types of municipalities. While suburban cores lost their position in the ladder, suburbs made a significant step forward and created 108 000 new jobs during the period between 2001 and 2015. The intensity of suburbanisation is an important factor: the higher the intensity, the larger the increase in the number of jobs. Rural municipalities were also affected by population change. Therefore, it is possible to assume that the population factor is an important indicator of the change in the number of jobs. The neighbourhoods and municipalities with high concentrations of jobs belong to the most important elements contributing to the structuration of the settlement system and peoples’ day-to-day mobility. Even though the system is dynamic and changes daily, weekly and annually, the only regularly offered, comprehensive picture is conducted once per decade by population census data. Short and mid-term trends in job distribution, as well as the present local development, remain undescribed. The conducted research proved the applicability of this data source, especially when it comes to examining contemporary trends in the metropolitan region of the Czech capital and its surroundings.
2 200 000 2 000 000 1 800 000 1 600 000 1 400 000 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000 600 000 400 000 200 000 0 Suburban zone 1
Suburban zone 2
Workday residents
Suburban zone 3
Workday workers
Suburban zone 4
Workday visitors
Suburban cores
Saturday residents
Rural municipalities Rural municipalities with population gain with population loss or stagnation
Saturday workers
Prague
Saturday visitors
Figure 6.3: Residents, workers, and visitors of Central Bohemia by the types of municipalities on a workday and Saturday. Data source: IPD (2015).
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100 /
Table 6.2: Comparison of the number of residents/workers according to mobile phone data and Czech Statistical Office.
1 251 200
Number of inhabitants 2015 (Czech Statistical Office) 1 267 449
352 432
740 937
719 937
734 724
The ratio of work opportunities to number of residents (%) 59.2
369 148
190 983
182 931
221 653
54.2
–30 670
194 009 225 197 106 151 103 708 629 065
189 449 222 461 106 945 102 904 621 759
85 961 95 619 41 629 40 548 263 757
61 856 79 818 34 924 36 639 213 237
36 963 62 044 27 334 28 953 155 294
44.3 42.5 39.2 39.1 41.9
48 998 33 575 14 295 11 595 108 463
151 685
145 397
43 434
43 829
32 684
28.6
10 750
197 807
190 067
64 087
69 949
66 917
32.4
–2 830
349 492 2 582 189
335 464 2 593 820
107 521 1 303 198
113 778 1 229 883
99 601 1 211 272
30.8 50.5
7 920 91 926
Number of residents (workday)
Type Prague Suburban cores (without Prague) Suburban zone 1 Suburban zone 2 Suburban zone 3 Suburban zone 4 Suburbs Rural municipalities with population gain Rural municipalities with population loss or stagnation Rural settlements Total
Number of work opportunities (Census 2011)
Number of workers (workday)
Number of work opportunities (Census 2001)
Work opportunities change 2001–2015 6 213
Data source: CZSO (2020), IPD (2015).
Mladá Boleslav
Mělník
Neratovice
± ³ D6
± ³
Slaný
± ³
Kralupy n. V. D10
± ³
D8
D7
Kladno
Nymburk
± ³
Poděbrady D 11
Rakovník
PRAHA
± ³
Kolín
D0
± ³
Beroun
Kutná Hora
Čáslav
± ³
D5
± ³
D1
D4
Benešov Příbram
± ³
Vlašim
D3
0
10 km
Suburban cores
200
500
1 000
5 000
10 000 20 000
Working population Working populationper per10 10residents residents dayinin2015 2015 during working a workday 2
3
5
10
20
Suburbs Rural municipalities with population gain Rural municipalities with population loss or stagnation
Ukázka elektronické knihy
± ³
Working population day Working populationduring duringworking a workday in 2015 2015
D1
Highway First class road
Figure 6.4: The distribution of jobs in Prague and the Central Bohemian Region. Data source: IPD (2015).