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child (up to 16 years)18. These factors, similarly as in the case of woman’s characteristics, were proved to be very important: they make the risk of victimization up to three times higher and so range among the most significant correlates of victimization (besides alcohol drinking, aggressive behaviour outside the home and the possibility of using partner’s money”, if partner’s age is not included). Considerably higher incidence of violent attacks against the female partner was found both in men whose fathers were sometimes violent towards their mothers and in those who themselves experienced violence by their fathers (excluding common forms of child punishment like spanking) up to 16 years. Nevertheless, the impact of the first factor (father’s violence towards the mother) is even more dominant. Men who witnessed their father’s violence towards the mother during their childhood, in adult age were c. three and a half times more frequently aggressive also towards their spouse or partner in comparison with those who did not go through such an experience (it corresponds with the proportions of 55% of women opposite to 15%; see Table 49). Only a little weaker is the correlation with father’s aggressive behaviour towards the son. Violence by the partner was experienced by 48% of females who reported that their partner’s father was aggressive to the son comparing with 15% of those who said the opposite. Substantially higher incidence of violent assaults – in comparison with those who do not have any violent experience from their childhood – can be found also in men whose father did not live with the family. About 40% of the female victims of violent attacks said that their partner’s father did not live with the family when the partner was young (up to 16 years). The findings mentioned above indicate a considerable effect of family background and family history on the frequency and rise of aggressive forms of behaviour towards female partners. The men whose father were violent towards them during their childhood or those who witnessed violence by the father towards their mother, had the higher probability to behave in accordance with similar behavioural patterns also at their adult age – comparing with those men who did not have any violent experience. Our results so reflect the existence of inter-generational transmission of these patterns of behaviour. Another 18 The respondents answered the following questions: “To the best of your knowledge, was your partner’s father (or father figure) ever violent towards your partner’s mother, or any of the woman he lived with?” “To the best of your knowledge, was your partner’s father ever violent towards him?”
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significant risk factor when studying the incidence of violence within a partnership proved to be the fact that father lived outside the family, i.e. men who were growing up without a father. These findings are definitely not new – they can be found also in lots of former studies, surveys and research (see for example [Thornberry, Lizotte, Krohn et al. 2003; Tremblay, Vitaro, Nagin et al. 2003; Loeber, Farrington, Stouthame-Loeber at al. 2003; Huizinga, Weiher, Espiritu et al. 2003 etc.]). It is without doubt that the accurate effect of the family background and history on the incidence of violence cannot be defined in this context – we have already mentioned this fact above. However, just quite a simple analysis has confirmed unambiguously that the character of partner’s own family and its effect on his behavioural patterns in the adult age ranges among three or four most significant factors (in the context of the factors studied) which are connected with the risk of rise in violence inside the intimate partnership, and so points to strong links of transmission of behavioural patterns between generations.
5.3 Deeper view on rise of violence in intimate partnership based on IVAWS: regression analysis The findings that are discussed in the precedent three chapters and that concern the factors which are connected with the rise of violence in intimate partnership are finally suitable to be completed by using some of the complex mathematical methods. Such an analysis also gives rise to some new questions to discuss and offers possible methods that can be used in future, more detailed analyses of the data. To this effect we have chosen the analysis of multiple regressions. With the help of this method – naturally within certain methodical limitations – effects of individual factors on the risk of rising violence by the intimate partner, which were discussed above, can be quantified. This analysis brings the study of the specific character of violence within intimate partnership to perfection
Methodology Multiregression models are used for determining the influence of predictor variables (covariates) on a dependent variable, by determining the relative hazard function, or the survival function respectively. This
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hazard can be expressed as the probability that a woman will experience a violent assault by their partner in the next 5 years, given her and her partner’s individual characteristics (independent variables – see below). The hazard is purged of the influence of all other variables. Variables entered into the model The likelihood that a woman actually will experience some violence by the partner depends on many social and demographic factors, often wound up in a complex network of relations, not all of which can be determined with the aid of available statistical methods. The selection of factors is also always limited by the type and character of data. In order to grasp as well as possible the complexity of the phenomenon of violence in the intimate partnership that the study is investigating, we entered the following factors (independent variables) into the model: Independent variables: Respondent 1. Basic characteristics: • Age: 18–24; 25–29; 30–34; 35–39; 40–44; 45–49; 50–54; 55–59; 60–64; 65+ • Attained level of education: elementary (i.e. ISCED 2); secondary without GCE (i.e. ISCED 3C); secondary with GCE (i.e. ISCED 3A, 3B); post-secondary (i.e. ISCED 5A, 5B, 6) • Nationality: Czech; other than Czech • Residence area: up to 5,000 inhabitants; 5,000–19,999 inhabitants; 20–99,999 inhabitants; 100,000 or more inhabitants • Socio-economic status: the respondent is × is not unemployed; the respondent is × is not a houseperson / on the maternal leave 2. Character of the respondent’s family background: • She grew up (up to her 16 years) in a complete family with both parents; she grew up in an incomplete family with one parent or in another situation 3. Violent experience in the respondent’s family history (up to 16 years): • She experienced her father violence against her mother: yes; no • She experienced violence towards herself by her father: yes; no • She experienced violence towards herself by her mother: yes; no
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