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‘eight’ > oto (Borrow), but ophtó (Sentmenat), ojtó (Cat), hafthó (Cat); Rom. sovnakaj/ somnakaj ‘gold’ > sanacay (Coelho), sonacay (Coelho), sonacai (Conde, Borrow, Trujillo); Rom. baxt ‘luck’ > bají (Usoz, Trujillo), baji (Cat, Borrow); Rom. nasvaló ‘sick’ > nasaló (Conde, Usoz, Coelho), nasalo (Basq, Borrow), nessaló (Cat), but nasvaló (Trujillo); Rom. řomní ‘(Gypsy) woman, wife’ > rumí (Trujillo, Coelho, Cat), miruni (Basq), romí/romi (Sentmenat, Conde, Borrow, Trujillo, Coelho, Cat), erromi (Basq); Rom. lubní/lumní ‘prostitute, whore’ > lumí (Conde, Coelho), lumi (Borrow, Trujillo), luni (Basq); Rom. khabní/khamní ‘pregnant’ > camí (Román), cami (Cat), but also cambrí (Usoz, Borrow, Trujillo); Rom. grasní ‘mare’ > grañí (Conde, Usoz, Coelho), gañí (Coelho), but grasña (Trujillo). Another reason for the syncope of consonants is the already mentioned weakening of the plosives /b/, /d/, /g/ in the intervocalic position that in the languages of the Iberian Peninsula are pronounced in a relaxed way as fricatives and in the South Spanish dialects often vanish: Rom. love ‘money’ > *loβe > lua (Trujillo), luas (Borrow); Ib. Rom. úga*/ova ‘yes’ > ua (Cat, Basq, Coelho), but unga (Conde, Usoz, Borrow, Trujillo); Rom. dukh ‘pain’, dukha PL > duga (Usoz, Borrow), dua (Usoz, Borrow).
4.3.5 apocope of consonants and syllables In some Romani dialects, the apocope of -s occurs, in particular in some words or forms such as in the Romani noun divés ‘day’, further in nominative of nominal masculine loanwords ending in -os, -is, -us, e.g. fóros ‘town’ (these loanwords come from Greek or other European languages and are adapted through the athematic morphology of Greek origin). The preservation of the final -s is considered a conservative feature. In Iberian (Para-)Romani varieties, the final -s rather tends to be preserved, but the apocope is documented as well: Rom. divés ‘day’ > dzibes (Cat), zibezi (Basq), chivés (Conde), chibés (Borrow, Usos), but chivé (Trujillo), chibé (Coelho). Sometime the change of final /s/ > /r/ occurs: zibér, sibér (Sentmenat), chivér (Conde).113 The occurrence of the final -s varies in loanwords too: foros (Usoz, Borrow), foro (Conde, Borrow, Trujillo, Coelho); Rom. sapunis ‘soap’ > sampuñí (Usoz, Borrow, Trujillo), sapuñé (Conde), sapuñes (Coelho); Rom. trupos ‘body’ (of Slavic origin) > trupos (Cat), drupos (Borrow), trupo (Conde, Bright, Borrow, Trujillo, Coelho); Span. cielo ‘sky, heaven’ > cielos (Sentmenat). Further, in some Romani dialects, the apocope of -n appears in the nominal suffix for abstracts (-pén/-bén). This tendency is also sporadically documented in the Iberian varieties: Rom. čačipén ‘truth’ > chachipén (Cat, Usoz, Trujillo), chachipé (Conde, Borrow); Rom. učharibén/učharipén ‘blanket, cover’ > charivé (Conde), charipé (Borrow), txariben (Basq), chariben (Hill). 113
I assume that this change could be a result of a loss, weakening or aspiration of the final -s, a phenomenon common in South Spanish dialects, and the subsequent erroneous etymological re-interpretation of this sound as a weakened /r/.
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The apocope of other consonants (and syllables) is quite common in Iberian (Para-) Romani varieties, but it is not a systematic change: Rom. deš ‘ten’ > dé (Usoz), but deque (Borrow, Trujillo); Rom. řom ‘(Gypsy) man, husband’ > ro (Conde, Borrow, Trujillo); Rom. džov ‘barley’ > cho (Conde, Borrow); Rom. džuv ‘louse’ > xu (Basq), but chube (Borrow); Rom. but ‘a lot’ > bu (Cat, Trujillo), but but (Cat, Conde); Rom. dand ‘tooth’ > danes (PL) (Conde, Coelho), but bredant (Sentmenat), dant (Cat); Rom. grast ‘horse’ > gra (Basq, Usoz, Borrow, Trujillo). It is also documented in cases when the adaptation to the Spanish phonological system does not require it: Rom. sástri ‘iron’ > sas (Conde, Borrow), sat (Trujillo), sast (Cat); Rom. lil ‘sheet of paper’ > li (Conde, Usoz, Borrow, Trujillo), but lil (Bright); Rom. len ‘river’ > le (Conde) beside len (Conde, Usoz, Borrow, Trujillo).
4.3.6 vowel shifts and alternations It is quite common in the sources on Iberian (Para-)Romani varieties that the same word contains different vowels. 4.3.6.1 vowel raising The shifts /o/ > /u/, /e/ > /i/ occur independently in some Romani dialects. This phenomenon can also sporadically be noticed in Caló, but it is not a systematic change. The shift /e/ > /i/ appears e.g. in these words: Rom. phen- ‘(to) say’ > pinar (Coelho), but penar (Conde, Borrow, Trujillo); Rom. them ‘land’ > chim (Borrow, Trujillo), but chen (Borrow), utsem (Cat). The shift /o/ > /u/ seems to be somewhat more frequent: Rom. řom ‘(Gypsy) man, husband’ > rum (Bright, Coelho, Cat), marrun (Basq), but rom (Sentmenat, Conde, Borrow), ron (Trujillo, Coelho), ro (Conde, Borrow, Trujillo); řomní ‘(Gypsy) woman, wife’ > rumí (Trujillo, Coelho, Cat), miruni (Basq), but romí/romi (Sentmenat, Conde, Borrow, Trujillo, Coelho, Cat), erromi (Basq); Rom. xoraxáj/koraxáj ‘Muslim’ > curajay (Coelho); Rom. phosav-/phusav- ‘(to) prick’ > pusabar (Borrow), but posabar (Coelho); Rom. mořav- ‘(to) shave’ > munrávar (Conde), munrabar (Borrow), but monrabar (Borrow, Trujillo, Cat). The opposite shift /u/ > /o/ occurs sporadically as well: Rom. ulica ‘street’ > olicha (Borrow, Coelho), but ulicha (Borrow, Trujillo); Rom. učhardo ‘covered’ > ochardó (Conde, Trujillo), but uchardo (Conde); gurúv ‘bull’ > goruy (Borrow), but gurui (Conde). The alternation of unstressed vowels a / e, o / u is common in Catalan (Para-)Romani. 4.3.6.2 vowel harmony Vowel harmony or vowel assimilation is quite rare: Rom. tató ‘warm’ > totó (Trujillo), but tató (Conde, Bright, Borrow); Rom. xoraxáj/koraxáj ‘Muslim’ > corojai (Usoz), carajai
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(Bright), but corajai (Conde, Borrow, Trujillo); Rom. čen ‘earring’, čenjá PL > chañás (Conde); Rom. khangeri ‘church’ > cángari (Trujillo), but canguerí (Conde); Rom. sovnakaj/somnakaj ‘gold’ > sanacay (Coelho) beside sonacay (Coelho), sonacai (Conde, Borrow, Trujillo); Rom. balevas ‘bacon’ > balabas (Basq), barabas (Basq), but balebál (Conde), balebá (Trujillo, Coelho). 4.3.6.3 vowel dissimilation Vowel dissimilation is rather rare in Iberian varieties of Romani: Rom. trušul ‘cross’ > trijul (Conde, Usoz); Rom. purum ‘onion’ > purima (Trujillo), porumi (Usoz), but purum (Cat), pulum (Basq); Rom. pušum ‘flea’114 > pajume (Conde), pajumi (Borrow), but pujumi (Usoz, Borrow), pujuma (Trujillo), pujumiá(s) (Conde, Usoz); Rom. adava ‘this’, odova ‘that’ > andoba (Borrow, Trujillo), but ondoba, otoba (Borrow); Rom. akaj ‘here’ > acoi (Conde, Borrow, Trujillo), but acai (Conde). 4.3.6.4 alternation a / e, o / u in catalan (para-)romani As a language contact consequence in Catalan, (Para-)Romani often alternates a / e, o / u, e.g.: Rom. devél ‘god’ > debel (Cat) and dabel (Cat, Sentmenat), rodebél (Sentmenat); Rom. čhonút ‘moon’ > choumout (Cat), dchumud (Cat). In an unstressed position, the vowels /a/ and /e/ are realised as a neutral vowel [ə], the vowels /o/ and /u/ as [u]. 4.3.6.5 other alternations of vowels In addition to the above described vocalic changes, there are also other sporadic vowel alternations, e.g. Rom. džukhél ‘dog’ > chiquel and chuquel (Coelho); Rom. džungaló ‘ugly’ > tgingalo (Cat), but chungaló (Conde, Borrow, Bright); Rom. phosav-/phusav- ‘(to) prick’ > pinsabelar and punsabar (Trujillo); Rom. thuvaló ‘cigar’ > chibalo (Usoz), but chubaló (Trujillo, Borrow), súbalo (Cat), otzualó (Sentmenat); Rom. šingaló ‘horned’ > sungaló (Borrow), but jingaló (Conde); Rom. čhonút ‘moon’ > tchimout (Cat), tschemut (Cat); Rom. khangeri ‘church’ > kingari (Cat).
4.3.7 consonant alternations 4.3.7.1 alternation of sonorants Sonorants (liquids and nasals) are often unstable in Romani dialects; they tend to be replaced by other sonorants or they are subject to metathesis. 114
In European Romani dialects, the form pušum appears beside the forms pišum, pišom, pošum, pošom.
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