9
ANALSEX
be named, at least in the vernacular. In more recent legal texts the two major crimindized practices are commonly designated more precisely by the Latin terms "per as" (oral] and "per anum." Modern methods of sanitation, and the influences of other cultures, made the Anglo-Saxon world more tolerant of anal sex in the twentieth century. From early times anal copulation has also been practiced heterosexually, the male penetrating the female. This has been done mainly for contraceptive reasons, though some men also hold that it is more pleasurable because the anal sphincter is tighter than the vulva. Recently, some heterosexual men have discovered that dildo stimulation by their female partner produces a pleasant sensation in the prostate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.Jack Morin, Anal Pleasure and Health: A Guide for Men and Women, 2nd ed., Burlingame, CA: Yes Press, 1986. Ward Houser
ANARCHISM The Russian thinker Peter Kropotkin 11842-1921) defined anarchism as "a principle or theory of life and conduct under which society is conceived without gov&nment-harmony in such a society beirig obtained, not by submission to law, or by obedience to any authority, but by free agreements concluded between the various groups, territorial and professional, freely constituted for the sake of production and consumption, as also for the satisfaction of the infinite variety of needs and aspirations of a civilized being." While anarchists agree in abhorrence of govemment, there are many schools of anarchism, with some emphasizing the rights of private property and individualism (libertarianismj, others the necessity for voluntary cooperation and community selfcontrol. Anarchists agree in opposing the regulation of sexual behavior by govemments and other powerful organizations
(such as the church). State power has frequently been used to persecute homosexuals: thus homosexuals and anarchists have often shared a common enemy. Anarchism as a philosophy and as a movement has offered legitimation to homosexuals and homosexuals have contributed much to anarchism. Forerunners. Etienne de la Boktie (1530-1563) and William Godwin (1756-1836) wrote two proto-anarchist classics. BoCtiels Discours de l a servitude voluntaire (1552-53) (translated as The Politics of Obedience and as 'The Will to Bondage] is still read by anarchists. Montaigne dedicated his essay on friendship to Boetie after the young man's death. William Godwin's Inquiry Concerning Political Justice (17931provided a philosophy for his circle which included Mary Wollstonecraft (his wife), Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, and Percy Bysshe Shelley (who translated Plato's Symposium); another daughter of Godwin's bore a child of Byron's. Their whole circle deviated wildly from conventional sexual standards. Among the followers of Godwin's philosophy was Oscar Wilde. Diffusion of Anarchism. PierreJoseph Proudhon (1809-1865) first used the term anarchie to designate a political philosophy (ratherthan a form of disorder); like his famous "property is theft," Proudhon's anarchism challenged convention. His De la Justice duns la Rkvolution et duns I'Eglise (1858; untranslated] celebrated the Greeks and denounced the Roman Catholic Church. He interpreted Anacreon's poems as gay and praised Socrates for his linkwith Alcibiades. "We all want to see," he wrote, "to caress attractive young boys. Pederasty comes not so much from lack of marriage bed as from a hazy yearning for masculine beauty." Max Sther's individualist classic Der Einzige und sein Eigentum (1845;The Ego and His Own] awakens a cry of recognition in every lesbian or homosexualwho has ever felt she or he was the only one. T h e boy-lover John Henry Mackay
ANARCHISM
(1864-19331, who wrote widely on both pederastic (under the pseudonym "Sagittal,) and anarchist topics, prepared the first (and only] biography of Stirner in 1898. MikhailBakunin(l814-1876)and Sergei Nechaev (1847-1882) are the most famous anarchist pair of friends. After leaving Russia, Bakunin agitated across Europe in the revolutions of 1848, was captured, shipped to Siberia, escaped (via San Francisco, London, New York, and Paris] and played a major role in organizing the First International (a federation of working-class political organizations, 1864-76 1, where he engaged in a prolonged struggle with Karl Marx. Using a word learned in San Francisco, Bakunin nicknamed Nechaev "boy." George Woodcock maintains that t h e fascination that Nechaev "wielded over Bakunin reminds one of. . . Rimbaud and Verlaine, or Lord Alfred Douglas and Oscar Wilde" (Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements, New York: Meridian, 1962). Karl Marx and Frederick Engels had a personal disgust for homosexuality (Engelstold Marx to be grateful that they were too old to attract homosexuals]. Marx published full-length diatribes against Proudhon, Stirner, and Bakunin. He used Bakunin's relationship to Nechaev as an excuse for expelling the anarchists from the International in 1872. Lenin later denounced anarchists as politically "infantile," just as Freudians argued that homosexuality was an arrested infantile (or adolescent] development. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, anarchism became popular among painters, poets, and bohemians as it likewise spread among workers and farmers in Italy, Spain, Greece, and other countries where homosexuality was less persecuted than in Germany, England, and the United States. In England, Oscar Wilde went to prison for his "love that dare not speak his name," but his anarchist leanings are less publicized. Besides writing the Soul of Man Under
9
Socialism in 1891, Wilde signed petitions for the Haymarket Martyrs (1886) and publicly identified himself as an anarchist. ThomasBell, agay secretary of FrankHarris and a trick of Wilde's, has written a book on Wilde's anarchism, available only in Portuguese. During t h e Third Republic (1871-19401, Paris became a center for those celebrating their political, artistic, and sexual unorthodoxy. Stuart Merrill (who had met Walt Whitman] wrote Symbolist poems and supported the anarchist paper Les Temps Nouveaux. Apollinaire's sexuality was as boundaryless as his poetry, his nationality, and his politics. The Surrealists have a real but unclear tie to anarchism and to homosexuality, but they welcomed Sade, Lautr&unont, and Jean Lorain into their pantheon. In Spain during the Civil War (1936-39), anarchists fought against both the fascists and the communists, and for a time dominated large areas of the country. Many gay men and lesbiansvolunteered to fight in the war, while others worked as ambulance drivers and medics. Jean Genet, who was in Barcelona in 1933, described a demonstration of queens ("Carolinas") after their favorite pissoir fell in a battle: "in shawls, mantillas, silk dresses and fitted jackets" they deposited on the fallen urinal "a bunch of red roses tied together with a crepe veil." American and Contemporary Developments. In the United States, Emma Goldman (1869-1 940)and AlexanderBerkman (1870-19361 both supported homosexual freedom. Goldman herself preferred passive cunnilingus with either a man or woman to other forms of sexual intercourse. She is unquestionably the first person to lecture publicly in the United States on homosexual emancipation; she firmly supported Wilde against his persecutors. Berkman wrote appreciatively in his Prison Memoirs (1912) of men who loved men. Whether from choice or necessity, anarchists have written extensively against prisons and in favor of prisoners,
4
ANARCHISM
many of whom either from choice or necessity have experienced prison homosexuality. William Godwin opposed punishment of any kind and all anarchists have opposed any enforced sexuality. Among the American anarchists, Paul Goodman wrote prolifically on anarchism and homosexuality. Robert Duncan published his 1944 essay on homosexuality in Politics, an anarchist publication, and he first met Jack Spicer at an anarchist meeting. Goodman, Duncan, and Spicer had reservations about the Mattachme Society because of its conservative positions during the late fifties and early sixties. While not always formally recognized, much of the protest of the sixties was anarchist. Within thenascentwomen's movement, anarchist principles bcame so widespread that a political science professor denounced what she saw as "The Tyranny of Structurelessness." Several groups have called themselves "Amazon Anarchists." After the Stonewall Rebellion, the New York Gay Liberation Front based their organization in part on a reading of Murray Bookchin's anarchist writings. The Living Theater embodied many of the countercultural drives of the sixties. Julian Beck, who directed the group with his wife, Judith Malina (both active in anarehist organizations),had a male lover; the theater collective included people of every gender and sexual orientation. Duringtheseventies, Tom Reeves and Brett Portman were active both as anarchists and as homosexuals. Ian Young of the Catalyst Press in Toronto combined poetry and anarchism in his speeches and writing. In New York, Mark Sullivan edited the gay anarchist magazine Storm and organized the John Henry Mackay Society, which has undertaken publication of Mackay's out-of-print works. Both anarchists and gays can be found in the Punk Rock movement. Since many anarchists do not really believe in organizations, they can often be as hard to identlfy as homosexuals once were. During the early eighties at the New York Gay Pride marches,
gay anarchists, S/M groups, gay atheists, NAMBLA, Fag Rag and others all marched together with banners as individual members drifted back and forth between all the groups. Enlivened by the nascent French gay liberation movement, Daniel GuCrin (1904-1988) showed the interconnections between Homosemaliti et rivolution (Paris: Le Vent du Ch'min, 1983); GuCrin also advanced the notion that interclass homosexuality promoted revolutionary consciousness. In 1929 he wrote a novel, La vie selon la chair (LifeAccordingto the Flesh), in which he mocks the apostle Paul; in 1983 (in an article in Gai Pied) he attacked a Communist party official and poet who publicly denounced homosexuality but privately maintained a harem of boys. A major question is whether homosexuals are inherently attracted to anarchism or whether homosexuals have been equally attracted to democracy, communism, fascism, monarchy, nationalism or capitalism. Because of the secrecy, no one can ever figure what percentage of homosexualsare anarchists andwhat percentage of anarchists are homosexual. But only among anarchists has there been a consistent commitment, rooted in basic principles of the philosophy, to build a society in which every person is free to express hirn- or herself sexually in every way. Charley Shively
ANDEANCULTURES The northwestern coast of South Americawasnotoriousfor "shameless and open sodomy" according to the chroniclers of the Inca and Spanish conquests (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, respectively]. The Inca empire and those conquered by and absorbed into it lacked writing, so that what is known about earlier societies derives hom chronicles of the conquerors' conquerors, supplemented by archeological and linguistic evidence.