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ANALSEX
be named, at least in the vernacular. In more recent legal texts the two major crimindized practices are commonly designated more precisely by the Latin terms "per as" (oral] and "per anum." Modern methods of sanitation, and the influences of other cultures, made the Anglo-Saxon world more tolerant of anal sex in the twentieth century. From early times anal copulation has also been practiced heterosexually, the male penetrating the female. This has been done mainly for contraceptive reasons, though some men also hold that it is more pleasurable because the anal sphincter is tighter than the vulva. Recently, some heterosexual men have discovered that dildo stimulation by their female partner produces a pleasant sensation in the prostate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.Jack Morin, Anal Pleasure and Health: A Guide for Men and Women, 2nd ed., Burlingame, CA: Yes Press, 1986. Ward Houser
ANARCHISM The Russian thinker Peter Kropotkin 11842-1921) defined anarchism as "a principle or theory of life and conduct under which society is conceived without gov&nment-harmony in such a society beirig obtained, not by submission to law, or by obedience to any authority, but by free agreements concluded between the various groups, territorial and professional, freely constituted for the sake of production and consumption, as also for the satisfaction of the infinite variety of needs and aspirations of a civilized being." While anarchists agree in abhorrence of govemment, there are many schools of anarchism, with some emphasizing the rights of private property and individualism (libertarianismj, others the necessity for voluntary cooperation and community selfcontrol. Anarchists agree in opposing the regulation of sexual behavior by govemments and other powerful organizations
(such as the church). State power has frequently been used to persecute homosexuals: thus homosexuals and anarchists have often shared a common enemy. Anarchism as a philosophy and as a movement has offered legitimation to homosexuals and homosexuals have contributed much to anarchism. Forerunners. Etienne de la Boktie (1530-1563) and William Godwin (1756-1836) wrote two proto-anarchist classics. BoCtiels Discours de l a servitude voluntaire (1552-53) (translated as The Politics of Obedience and as 'The Will to Bondage] is still read by anarchists. Montaigne dedicated his essay on friendship to Boetie after the young man's death. William Godwin's Inquiry Concerning Political Justice (17931provided a philosophy for his circle which included Mary Wollstonecraft (his wife), Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, and Percy Bysshe Shelley (who translated Plato's Symposium); another daughter of Godwin's bore a child of Byron's. Their whole circle deviated wildly from conventional sexual standards. Among the followers of Godwin's philosophy was Oscar Wilde. Diffusion of Anarchism. PierreJoseph Proudhon (1809-1865) first used the term anarchie to designate a political philosophy (ratherthan a form of disorder); like his famous "property is theft," Proudhon's anarchism challenged convention. His De la Justice duns la Rkvolution et duns I'Eglise (1858; untranslated] celebrated the Greeks and denounced the Roman Catholic Church. He interpreted Anacreon's poems as gay and praised Socrates for his linkwith Alcibiades. "We all want to see," he wrote, "to caress attractive young boys. Pederasty comes not so much from lack of marriage bed as from a hazy yearning for masculine beauty." Max Sther's individualist classic Der Einzige und sein Eigentum (1845;The Ego and His Own] awakens a cry of recognition in every lesbian or homosexualwho has ever felt she or he was the only one. T h e boy-lover John Henry Mackay