PBESS-^Kosli'HasfciraaH' 5 7 0 1 — T h n r s d a j v O e t o b e r ^ ^ New Year's Edition
cepted. in Russia, where the reacchanged J e w J s ft.: tionary groups were grateful 1c ts referring to till for gratification. The Hebrew lanthe Pclss £or supplying them wkh herolrr* ci f ir.lx soldiers in the; till M irilklis'6*' si 16 U*L» guage had just won its initial batiisfciii such excellent propaganda mater;# llied araies. tle against the German tongue in ial. These outrages were-resented Allied Ee letters by military:. the dispute centering over the b the liberal libers! eleele-i Eves routi to the p a r e n t s ' of: and condemnedd by medium of instruction at the HaiJewish soldiers Informing them of fa Technical School. Thus, the Conference o Pro- the valor of tliclr KOEB, •vrere supHope was felt that a charter gressive Deputies of the D pressed. Ncv.*s coB.csrr.iiiE the '&®tfor mass colonization could be obheld st Petrograd in I S M J tiritles -of ,Te-r!f.;!i VTSJ- relief bodiestained from Turkey. Palestine was 1915, adopted, a resolution in or docations to relief activities by not considered at that t i m e a3 which they declared thst t: would r o t extend any help to the I Jews was OEditeS, Jrora. ne^vepifi-; even a partial solution of importilecl&rsticjj a£ tins ance for the problem of the conPolish deputies in the furtherance err., and any " "~'~ fiisapnroTed of" aa~ military temporary refugees, the Russian' of any o£ their national aims in miuwirj.-- v, iuou. «.i.s«.v.f,.,;,._—, .. Jews. It was a free.almost passthe Duma because of this policy. ti-Jevrish policies or cleared $mv portless- world. Spy Accusations • of alleged misdeeds were kept -ppt Emigration was open to both and New Zealand num Australia and f&i&PVSGBfB. ; NOTB:: ''air.'• italicsA variation of these accusations ot the press. On the other .haim^ Americas and in South Africa. It 0000 bered nearly 20.000. •was was an optimistic world. The nine.'iim : written-'an fUnndnating, '.com?. Number. and' Distribution and the spy invention rumors. o£ spy stories all kinds c£ falsa ruitsors, r.iicli %s •*^A charges ETIIT were rumors. oftenSuch reprinted baseless is. spurious reports ol vrholes&le %> teenth century, t h e century of ;;|)?etisisslve ':'Harvey' ;:of.' tlt©'';.jrolo '.v ' •/of Jews;-- .in 1914 the- reactionary newspapers and sertioiss of Jewish soldiers RB& fill The Political Background emancipation had j u s t ended. .•playied".i''-..by-i.;the:iJews|rin -ilia, first frequently isagEifieci by the mili- cases of Epying, were pEblisaed' Jews in the world today numJews were convneed that the : A Jewish Question pres- Most A question in the th p f s f l j <' War,;- whlbh ;'• is '• «f; iisrflc-s-ber more than sixteen million. tary authorities as part o£ the pol- even if they carried tic names" Ssr twentieth century, the century of! dates,been and even s.Ste-r ench reports . !|« : ; interest.: at, .this:.' time ~ in, view The three sreat centers of Jewish ent sense of the word did not ex- technological improvement, would iey of fastening upon the Jews had tary auti repudiated by .the lalll: ist then, nor was the problem of population are the United States, all the blame for defeats at the extend J e w i s h emancipation to. ' Of; tttsir.; tragically vulnerable; -poapproximately 4,845,000 international anti-Semitism a fac- Eastern Europe and the N e a r ] hands 61 the German armies. The •'•" ©Itlon'- i a • 'the -'ctugrent conflict.': Thewhere or live, Poland with over 3,000,000 tor of importance in 1914. The &uui shot ui<^u fired at Russian military command issued 'evs. Jtuast.'-rue ^ . Sarajevo ~ . It is true that the six million East. goofi r.a.tr : a^d0'/vra&^ published- originally Jews, and the Soviet Union, where the orders for special searches of Jewi were confined onfined to disturbed t h i s scene, relatively of Russia ." i a 'tlisj.Contemporary Jewish' Kec- the number of Jews is well above Jews ider . J e w i ish homes. a Pale of Settlement, were bur- prosperous 'and peaceful w h rtf e n were se' 2,500,000. Rumania has 900,000 ;-.ord»•' bi»m<mtttly:issued-: by .-. the Jews; France, 3-00,000; and Great dened by a great number of po-compared to the vicissitudes Prominent J e w s in occupied nf.lv PlXPl Desptie the fact thai Pslestlae.ss ia &e tliefitre of v?kr,- its program cf ironG&lici&n. localities were t a t en as j Z on*" •' Iiaetlrau: 'Jewish'- -Committee,:, of Britain, 300,(^00. Canada has litical and economic restrictions, the post-War world. .icra grstion, coleaiistioa aasi rebitildiBg has been ccEtinaed without' isstcrrapJit hostages; in case ol sabotage or 1 * •tflilcli--is©'is<:nailisa,giag-editor, .It about 160,000 Jewish residents and faced a policy" of anti-Semitic II. throEgli tls-s sld-of the United Palestine Appeal, which^is a partidpaas activities on the part In South America there are ap collaboration on the part Of "the together wish the Joint BisirtbsJiots Comuijacs end Nstiosal Refuges treacherous .'. te!'reproduced'.by*''spec£al Jews in the Army cf any one of the local inhabi- ies Church, State and tea reactionproximately 330,000. In Africa " "" ' * * * * * * *— »»*«»«.•« i,nA • OvcrsEss Needs. Tbi* An examination of available .. xheiit' with'-the. Jewish" ~" tants, the hostages were immedithe Jewish population has grown ary elements which often resultand estimate shows that ately executed. Orders were issued . agisacy.:.:'". •'••..- ,''•,-.' to about 600,000, while in Asia ed in waves of pogroms and \ was statistics estimated total of men under that the conduct of Jewish soldthere are now more than 800,00t). the cause for their mass emigra- the ti-£.ciP iers be closely watched. This pol."'3?iio.- outbreak "ot the -war in In 1914,. out of the approxi- tion. On the other hand, the voice arms on both sides was 65,000,Burops added, a host of new prob- mately fourteen- million Jews, of liberal Russia was heard more 000; the number of Jews was 1,- planned for the pest sis months la provide tcmes for J e m * re.ugee» B O T I ^ icy opened a new avenue of army corruption, namely, blackmail. lems to those left unsolved by more than sis million resided in frequently than ever before dur- 500,000 or 2% of the total. The i soaes ©I'distress ia EETOPO. ' • The .demoralization resulting, test World "War. In many respects the Russian Empire, which at ing the two decades which pre- proportion of Jews a m o n g the from these abuses ia the Russian j brought 2t was the failure to* solve these that time encompassed the pres- ceded the War. The revolution of general population of these counand problems which brought / about ent territories of the " Soviet 1905 proved the instability of the tries was estimated at approxi- The Russian /War Zone the Russian hinterland, the Na-army became so flagrant that the j from of the present conflict. The heavy Union,. Latvia, Esthonia, Finland, Tsarist regime. Jewish emancipa- mately 1%. Among the 42,000,tional Democrats aimed at the re- higher authorities were forced to ' " " ' - « ^ toll o£* modern warfare, the vast Lithuania^ Congress Poland, the tion was In the offing and Rus-000 men in the allied forces, 1,- We shall now briefly review the construction cf a, united Poland order a careful investigation of sacrifices demanded of all people, region of "Western White Riissia, sia's Jews were confident of ob-055,600 or 2.5% were Jews; of treatment of the Jewish popula- as an autonomous part of Russia. Ell accusations and the puixiEh- lefeat. ) the disasters' from, which- society at. present under Polish rule taining equal rights. the.23,000,000 men in the armies tion residing in the Russian Em- The more liberal .elements in theraest of all false witnesses. "By. euifera are 'so great that .only (more, recently occupied by the The same hopes were expressed of the Central Powers, 450,000 or pire, particularly in the war zone. Russian section of Poland as "we!' distracting the attention c£ officThe Russian policy towards It was as in .Galieia were depending on ials from their necessary duties," ©vents of first magnitude make Red Aimy), and the province of by the Jews of Rumania who also 2% of the total were Jews. a dual one. On the one hand,'seek- : suffered from numerous disabili•-,: a lasting impression on the mind BessaTabia. victory of the Central Powers the order read, "t h e s e reports \ io' " The casualty figures for both ing1 the sympathy of neutrals afed the ©£ the public." The^'smaller; trageties. In Germany and AustriaThey accordingly, org&nised'' a Po^ poiuote disorder and excitement LI i Over 2,500,000 resided in the dies,, however poignant, are no-dual monarchy of Austria-Hun- Hungary, anti-Semitism existed sides demonstrate that an • over- a possible American loan, the gov- Hsh legion under the leaders]!;] amoag the local population." ticed by only a few, and are soon gary, which ithen included Czecho; as-a form of political propaganda whelming majority of the Jewish ernment pretended that it had the of Joseph. Pilsudskl, .which was to The Arrows Bole a of o, » forgotten,.: .The"' effects • -ot .••'.-•the Slovakia; ^Transylvania, Bukovina rather than as a movement. The soldiers saw actual combat, and best intentions of regulating the aid the Austrians ia the liberation The Russian army authorities stila' \ •World War on-the Jews.suffered- and? other regions; and Bosnia- bureaucracy and army in tthese their sacrifices equalled t h e i r Jewish question when the war was of .Poland from the yoke.of Tsar- went further in their campaign TTie -.-.this-fate o£ obscurity. countries certainly were not free comrades-in-arms. As in the Poo v e r . . • • • • . • Herzegovina and Croatia, which Ism. The' Polish war policy con- against the Jewish population. Oshowever • :Yet, -what happened to the are now parts of ' Yugoslavia. from the infection. Yet, its man- llsh army today, the Jewish popOn the other hand, the persecu- sisted of watchful waiting and a tensibly because o£ its similarity i the Jewis /-.Je/ws In that struggle has theAbout 600,000 — approximately ifestations were regarded as un-ulation, barred from the civil ser- tion of Jews was carried over as pretense of patriotism t o w a r d to German, the use of Yiddish in. 1 r l " i t 1 P. Uissiaii E markings of profound • tragedy. the same number as in 19 33— pleasant, hut, unavoidable v e s- vices and from tthe army offices, a v.ery useful, instrument of war both sides. Denunciation of the eerrespciicience, correspondence, oovv e e r the tele3 could hi Fighting in all the armies \ for. resided' in Germany, Rumania tiges of the "unenlightened" past. naturally supplied more front line propaganda among a people which Jews — ' to. the Russians and to phone and in public places wasSue. soldiers, particularly in Russia, •their native lands, Jews, in many counted some 300,000 Jews. The No Anti-Semitism.In West beea. trained by the govern- the Germans and Austrians '•— as prohibited. No Euch escrase coulfi ed r crtlEPS, in the occu1 reesses, -were simultaneously forced number of Jews in France was a France, where anti-Semitism Rumania, and Germany. In Rus-had ment, clergy and the reactionary spies and traitors was pointed to be given for forbidding the printto defend themselves:. against the little over 100,000; Great Britain had ceased to be of political im- sia, "Black- Coat" regiments of _ np-wsTjauers , and boots in glons o£ Galieia. as proof of Polish patriotism aud iing„ _f and hostility of/the governments for numbered then about 245,000. portance following the ending of Jewish soldiers, so called because press to b l a m e everything dis- loyalty. the Hebrew language. The prohib. . .' But the systematic expulsion ol!, which they "fought. Victimised by The rest of Europe's Jews was the Dreyfus affair was a splendid of the color .of - their. uniforms, agreeable on the Jews. The War • In Pilsudski ition of correspondence in Yid-Jews from all the Polish provmany—but also befriended by distributed among the Balkans, example of the rest of Western were sent to particularly danger- began with an appeal issued by The war • promises affected hundreds o thous- inces, commenced in. March, 1§1B, the Tsar to "My dear Jews!" in Tsarist dish many—the Jews bore a terribly Scandinavian countries, the Neth- Europe. In England, Italy, Hol- ous position. Russia to establish anof autonom__ds of Jewish, soldiers on the as veil as from the regions of erlands, Belgium and Italy. which a definite promise of future disproportionate" share of the sufland, Belgium and the Scandinavous Poland including the Galician front who were thus to Kovno (Kaunas) Of the estimated total of 3,-equality was made. even and those Ivurlawl regions ferings imposed" on humiinlty by ian countries, no responsible perThe entire Jewish population 500,000 men killed in a l l the The wave of • patriotic esiotion regions within the Russian Russian EmEra- communicate 'with their families. -not occupied "br the G e r m a n fcHe War. .-• 1 son, could over conceive of the use of Asia amounted in 1914 .to pire caused grave apprehension apprehe The Russian military censorship armies, the number of Jews is Today the theatre of conflict troops, wcan. TO-eiuwim, ~ ~e explained only toy »_J.. 1 _»J in *„ practices rrodtifoq wracn -which, were 356,000 of whom about of anti-Semitism as either an p l a c e d at 170,825 — 116,825 which swept across the country among Galician Jews. Many of- indulged Js once mote in regions thickly about could not fall to affect the Jewintended to brand the ,T e w s as the need o£ the military to prepare 100,000 resided in Palestine. Less economic or political weapon. these, especially the .sssiiiiijationJews in the Allied armies, and "populated by,Jews; the destruc- than J community. The fact that RusThe prohibition of shechitah in 54,000 in three' million Jews resided ana the Zionists, favored the hostile and cowardly. It system- a scapegoat to carry the "blame for in the forces of the CenC ish tlveness of'..war has reached un- in the 54,000Powers. was viewed more in tral sia was fighting on the side of the ists United States. Canada Switzerland The proportion o? * ,£ t i l e y 1€ coming defeat. Rupid invasion legitimate Polish national aspiraprecedented heights! and in some counted the nature of misconceived hu- Jewish dead was therefore about democracies was regarded rded by alltions but could by all only less than 80,000* maneness countries•.;. Jew-hatred has beenSouth and see an autonomous toward animals rather the .oppressed. andj-under-privilegt Central America con- than as a jestrlction-up-on-the re-. *3B,rroughlyAt hl app£oxlmating pproximating •their their ed and~by re'iormers as a 'harbing- Poland only under liberal Austria. etevated • to the. status x>f a. nationai: jpolioy^ Thficiate-jof the-Jena tained ....leas. than._•• 80,000 __ Jews; Uglous Jew. Difficulties of natur- percentage in the armies." " ' .. Many Jews volunteered in the 3?fler of better treatment. The feelfa the last war is. therefore, a Africa's Jewish * population was alization of East European Jews ing of a national unity in the face sudski Legion', and continued to German Army estimated to be about- 415,000. in some -western countries -were subject of timely importance. ot a common danger, was consld-
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no greater than those faced, by Chxiatlans from tho eivmo localities and constituted a minor problem. Persecution of Jews In Mohammedan countries like Morocco,
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meat at tHis 3"kwi«K pojitl -^ the conquered areas by memoers of the Legion. The. accusations made against Jews ranged from the medieval f a b l e of well-poisoning to the to an entirely dltlerent back- of .the o£t-repeated attempts to reasons, added to the natural love that they were" hiding- enground from that in Europe. Be- discredit the loyalty and patrio- of the Russian Jews for their na- charge sides, the situation in Morocco tism of the German Jew, some tive country -— and this in spite emy soldiers, firing on troops, and and Persia was then steadily im- facts regarding the war service of of their maltreatment — brought signalling to the invading armies. proving. about a tremendous surge ot pa- There were hundreds of s u c h amongtthem. cases, many of which brought dire I Religiously and ideologically, German Jews will be cited; these triotism ii h m are typical of the conduct of JewThis was evidenced in the num- consequences to individuals and [Jews .were'not as .diversified as ish soldiers in all the other armber of voluntary enlistments, in even entire communities. they are today. Reform Judaism ies. the bravery with which the Jew- Whenever the military authoritwas professed by relatively small were 100,000 Jews in ish soldiers fought, in the large ies-went through the perfunctory numbers in Western countries. In theThere e r m a n army, comprising numbers, and sizes of donations f ormaliiy of Investigation, .the abthe United States, it was still con- 1.1%G of Germany's entire armed by Jewish communities and indi- surdity of these accusations was fined almost exclusively to Ger forces (the ratio of Jews to the viduals to funds for the relief of immediately demonstrated. In man Jews and their descendants. total population was less t h a n suffering and lor war .needs. The some cases Polish clergymen and The overwhelming majority was 1%). At least 78% brief period of hopefulness was of these servlay individuals felt compelled to then O r t h o d o x and Yiddish ed at the front; 29,785 were dee- over when Russia's forces began protest against these libels and speaking. including 900 w-ho re- to face defeat. ' testified on behalf of the accused Russian Jewry was still a unit. orated; the Iron Cross, first class; Jews. There w e r e a number of Secularism was just beginning to ceived " The Reward :. four who were awarded the particularly notorious incidents of make its influence felt there, but and The Tsar and his-army reward- this type. rare Prussian Gold Medal. it was limited to Yiddish-speak- About 23,000 were promoted Xo ed this patriotism by inaugurating. At Sochaczew seven Jews were ing intellectuals and a small sec- non-commissioned ranks. Over 2,- a series of forced deportations and esecuted. At Zamose, f i v e Jews, tor of the working class..Many of 000, not including the medical pogroms. In their - persecution of were hanged by the Russian miliits adherents, however, had stead- corps, were commissioned. Before the Jewish civilian population, the taty- authorities and seven others ily emigrated overseas. the War, no, Jew could be a com- Russian- "Black -Hundreds" were were saved after intervention by Zionism missioned officer. There were 200 ably; assisted- by . sections of. the a Russian priest. While the army people.- The ..Poles-' w , e r e commanders were more careful in Zionism was a growing move- Jewish fliers in the German air Polish a •.. dual -role because -of their examination of such inciment which competed with .the corps, 30 of whom w e r e shot playing._their desire,.-to:• regain, their' inde-' dents, the anti-Semitic propagandown. Nor does space stiff ice for non-political orthodoxy. The efp e n d e n c e . ' •, •,-••••. • • - - ' dists utilized them to. poison the an analysis of the statistics of volfects of its cultural activities in - the, one hand, there were minds of the jpublic and the.army modernizing education and reviv- unteers. The allied armies, espec- theOn National Democrats, the party against Jews. those of Prance and. Italy, ing the Hebrew language had ially a number of Jewish generals; of .-the-reactionary middle class,, The' result was that the defajust begun to strike permanent had capitalists and clergy.-Since, the mation of the Jews as a saboteur Australian army was comroots. The fifty odd colonies and the Russian part of the country, was was common on b o t h warring manded by a Jew, Sir John Monsettlements^ Hebrew- Gym Gymsettlements, and the Hebrew intimately t i e d , economically to sides. It was most frequently acnasium at Tel Aviv, were grounds ash.
ture. Tho m o r e tar-seelng realized that the -war -was bound to result In the destruction or modification Persia, and the Yemen -were due hravery earned by them. Because of the Tsarist tyranny. All these
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Limitation of space does n o t permit a. detailed • description .<*f the Instances o£ valor on tne part Jewish Boldlers In all the armies. Nor Is it -within the scope of this article to present a summary ol citations and decorations for
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