International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 13 Issue: 03 | Mar 2026 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
VIRTUAL TRY-ON TECHNOLOGY AND THE NEW AGE OF PURCHASE
DECISIONS
Dr. N. Velmathi1, Mr. Pranesh S2
1Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, NIFT-TEA College of Knitwear Fashion, Tirupur.
2Final year M.Sc Apparel Fashion Management, NIFT- TEA College of Knitwear Fashion, Tirupur.
Abstract-These waft expansion of e-comm erce has propelled the integration of Virtual Try-On (VTO) technology as a means to mitigate uncertainty in online shopping. This research investigates consumer awareness, usage trends, perceptions, influencing factors, and the perceivedadvantagesofVirtualTry-Ontechnologywithinthe realmofonlineretail.Employingadescriptiveresearchdesign alongside a quantitative methodology, primary data were gathered from 151 participants in the Tirupur district via a structured questionnaire, which was subsequently analyzed through percentage analysis, weighted average scoring, and Garret ranking techniques. The results indicate that Virtual Try-On is primarily utilized by younger, educated consumers, with clothing emerging as the most favored category. Although respondents display a moderately positive perception of Virtual Try-On, there remains a degree of neutralityinspecificaspects,suchasitsinfluenceonpurchase decisions.Keyinfluencingfactorsidentifiedincludeeaseofuse, technology reliability, and internet speed, while the most significant benefits recognized were time-saving and confidenceenhancement.Inconclusion,thestudyassertsthat Virtual Try-On technology not only improves shopping convenienceandboostspurchaseintentionsbutalsodecreases productreturnrates,thusfunctioningasaneffectivestrategic instrument for enhancing customer experience and fostering sustainable growth in online retail.
Key Words: E-Commerce, customer, purchase decision, Virtual Reality, virtual try-on technology etc
1. INTRODUCTION
The swift expansion of e-commerce has revolutionized consumer shopping habits, resulting in the incorporation of sophisticated technologies to improve onlinepurchasingexperiences.Onenotableadvancementis Virtual Try-On technology, which allows consumers to digitally visualize items such as apparel, shoes, eyewear, cosmetics,andaccessoriespriortomakingapurchase.By facilitating real-time product interaction, Virtual Try-On seekstoclosethegapbetweenin-storeandonlineshopping, thusminimizinguncertaintyandenhancingdecision-making.
Despite its growing implementation by online retailers, consumer awareness, usage trends, and perceptionsofVirtualTry-Ontechnologydifferconsiderably. Itiscrucialforretailerstocomprehendhowconsumersview itsutility,easeofuse,andinfluenceonpurchasingbehavior
in order to enhance customer satisfaction and decrease productreturnrates.Elementssuchasconfidenceinproduct choice, shopping convenience, and overall experience are vitalinshapingconsumeracceptanceofthistechnology.
Inthisregard,thecurrentstudyaimstoinvestigate consumerawareness,usage,andattitudestowardsVirtual Try-On technology in the realm of online shopping. The structuredquestionnaireiscrafted togatherdemographic information,levelsofawareness,frequencyofuse,consumer perceptions, purchasing behavior, perceived advantages, influencing factors, and overall satisfaction. The results of this study will offer significant insights for e-commerce platforms and marketers to refine Virtual Try-On functionalities and boost consumer engagement and purchasingresults.
REVIEWS OF LITERATURE
Raheela Batool and Jian Mou (2024), in their research titledASystematicLiteratureReviewandAnalysisofTry-on Technology: Virtual Fitting Rooms, investigated the evolutionandeffectsofvirtualtry-ontechnologywithinthe realmofonlineclothingshopping.Thisstudyconducted a systematicreviewofeightyacademicarticlespublishedfrom 2005to2023,sourcedfromprominentacademicdatabases includingScopus,Springer,ScienceDirect,andIEEEExplore. The authors organized the literature according to publication year, geographical location, research methodology, theoretical frameworks, and significant influencing factors. Initially, the research examined methodologicalstrategiesandtheoreticalframeworks,such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R) theory, to gain insights into consumer adoption behavior. The results indicated that elements like image interactivity, telepresence, perceived usefulness, and enjoyment have a positive effect on consumer purchase intentions and shopping confidence, whereas perceived risk and technological constraints impede adoption. The study concludesthatvirtualfittingroomsgreatlyimproveonline shoppingexperiencesanddecreaseproductreturns,while also pinpointing research gaps to inform future investigations in fashion e-commerce and virtual retail technologies.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 13 Issue: 03 | Mar 2026 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Quan Hong Nguyen, Truong Thi Hanh, Nghiem Le My Hanh, Nguyen Duong Lan Nhi, Dang Ngoc Anh, and Ha Thuy Linh (2021) conductedastudytitledTheImpactsof VirtualTry-OnforOnlineShoppingonConsumerPurchase Intention:TheModeratingRoleofTechnologyExperience, whichexploredtheinfluenceofvirtualtry-ontechnologyon consumers' purchase intentions within online shopping contexts.Theresearchprimarilyaimedtoassessthedirect impactofvirtualtry-onfeaturesonconsumerattitudesand buyingintentions,whilealsoinvestigatingthemoderating effect of consumers' previous technology experience.Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire administered to online shoppers who had utilized virtual try-onapplications.Theresultsindicatedthatvirtualtry-on technology significantly enhances purchase intention by improvingperceivedusefulness,enjoyment,andconfidence inproductselection.Additionally,thefindingsdemonstrated thatprior technology experienceamplifies the connection between virtual try-on usage and purchase intention, suggesting that consumers with greater technological familiarity exhibit a more favorable response to these features.Thestudyconcludesthatvirtualtry-ontechnology serves as an effective mechanism for enhancing online shopping results, especially among consumers with substantialtechnologicalexperience.
Tingting Zhang, William Yu Chung Wang, Ling Cao, and Yan Wang (2019), in their research titled The Role of VirtualTry-OnTechnologyinOnlinePurchaseDecisionfrom Consumers’Aspect,investigatedtheimpactofvirtualtry-on technology on consumers’ online purchasing choices. The focusofthestudywastocomprehendconsumerperceptions regarding virtual try-on features within online apparel shopping platforms. Data were gathered through a structured survey conducted among online shoppers who hadpreviousexperiencewithvirtualtry-ontechnology.The researchers examined critical factors including perceived usefulness,perceivedenjoyment,perceivedrisk,andtrustin virtualtry-onsystems.Theresultsindicatedthatvirtualtryontechnologysignificantlyboostsconsumers’intentionto purchasebyalleviatinguncertaintyassociatedwithproduct fitandappearance.Furthermore,thestudydiscoveredthat perceived enjoyment and perceived usefulness have a positiveeffectonconsumerattitudestowardsvirtualtry-on technology,whereasperceivedriskhasadetrimentalimpact on purchasing decisions. In summary, the research emphasizesthatvirtualtry-ontechnologyplaysacrucialrole in boosting consumer confidence and decision-making processeswithinonlineshoppingenvironments.
Nandini Dixit (2022), in her research titled Effect of AI VirtualTry-OnTechnologyonCustomerPurchaseIntentand Buying Experience, investigated the impact of artificial intelligence–drivenvirtualtry-ontechnologyonconsumers' purchaseintentionsandoverallshoppingexperiencesinthe realmofonlineretailing.Theobjectiveofthestudywasto explore how AI-enhanced features, including precise fit visualization, personalization, and interactive interfaces,
influenceconsumerdecision-making.Dataweregatheredvia astructuredquestionnairefromcustomerswhohadutilized AIvirtualtry-onapplications.TheresultsindicatedthatAI virtual try-on technology significantly boosts customer purchase intentions by enhancing shopping confidence, perceived usefulness, and enjoyment. Furthermore, the study underscored that AI-based virtual try-on mitigates perceivedrisksanduncertaintieslinkedtoonlinepurchases. TheresearchconcludesthattheincorporationofAIvirtual try-on technology has a favorable effect on the buying experienceandactsasastrategicassetforonlineretailers aimingtoelevatecustomersatisfactionandconversionrates.
Ekta Jain and Dr. Preeti Chhabra (2021), intheirresearch titledTheImpactofConsumerPerceptionTowardsVirtual Reality(Try-on)FeaturesinOnlineClothingPlatforms –A Detailed Review Between E-Commerce and V-Commerce, examinedhowconsumersperceivevirtualreality-basedtryonfeaturesinbothtraditionale-commerceandtheemerging v-commercesectors.Thestudyutilizedathoroughreview methodology to assess the influence of VR try-on technologies on consumer attitudes, engagement, and purchasing behavior. The results indicated that virtual reality try-on features significantly boost consumer confidence, perceived enjoyment, and trust by offering immersive and interactive shopping experiences. Additionally, the research underscored that v-commerce platformsprovidegreaterexperientialvaluethantraditional e-commerce by mitigating perceived risks and enhancing product assessment. The authors conclude that consumer perception is vital for the effective adoption of VR try-on technologies and stress the increasing significance of immersive technologies in the future of online clothing retailing.
Thevaranjan Dinesh (2018), inhisresearchtitledFactors Affecting Consumer Attitudes towards Online Shopping, investigated the primary factors that affect consumers' perceptions of online shopping platforms. The research aimed to identify elements such as perceived usefulness, easeofuse,trust,security,convenience,andperceivedrisk that influence consumers' online shopping behavior. Data weregatheredusingastructuredquestionnairedirectedat consumerswhohadpreviousonlineshoppingexperience. Theresultsindicatedthatperceivedconvenience,trust,and ease of use significantly enhance consumer attitudes, whereasperceivedriskandsecurityissuesadverselyaffect theadoptionofonlineshopping.Thestudyconcludesthat comprehending consumer attitudes is crucial for online retailerstoimprovecustomersatisfaction,fostertrust,and enhancetheoverallonlineshoppingexperience.
Hyunwoo Hwangbo, Eun Hie Kim, So-Hyun Lee, and Young Jae Jang (2020) conductedastudytitledEffectsof 3D Virtual “Try-on” on Online Sales and Customers’ PurchasingExperiences,whichexaminedtheinfluenceof3D virtualtry-ontechnologyonconsumerpurchasingbehavior and online sales outcomes. The research specifically
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 13 Issue: 03 | Mar 2026 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
addressed how 3D visualization and interactive try-on functionalities affect customers’ shopping experiences within online retail settings. Data were gathered through experimental approaches and consumer assessments involving users of 3D virtual try-on systems. The results indicated that 3D virtual try-on technology significantly boosts customer engagement, perceived product fit, and purchaseconfidence,whichinturnleadstoan increasein purchaseintentionandenhancedonlinesales.Furthermore, the study demonstrated that immersive 3D experiences elevatecustomersatisfactionbyalleviatingtheuncertainty linkedtoonlineproductevaluations.Theresearchultimately concludes that 3D virtual try-on technology is a valuable instrument for enhancing purchasing experiences and improvingsalesperformanceintherealmofonlinefashion retailing.
Seyed Omid Mohammadi and Ahmad Kalhor (2022), in their research titled Smart Fashion: A Review of AI Applications in Virtual Try-On and Fashion Synthesis, examined the impact of artificial intelligence on the evolution of virtual try-on systems and digital fashion design. The research concentrated on AI-driven methodologies, including deep learning, computer vision, andgenerativemodels,whichareemployedinvirtualtry-on and fashion synthesis applications. Through a thorough analysisofexistingliterature,theauthorsunderscoredthe waysinwhichAIenhancesgarmentfitprediction,improves body modeling accuracy, and facilitates realistic fabric simulation.TheresultsrevealedthatAI-poweredvirtualtryon technologies significantly boost personalization, visual realism, and user engagement, thus favorably affecting consumer experience and adoption rates. The study concludesthattheintegrationofAIisapivotalelementin theprogressionofsmartfashionsystemsandinshapingthe futurelandscapeofvirtualapparelretailanddigitalfashion ecosystems.
Devika Parab, Meghana Peethambaran, and Pranjali Shirode (2023), intheirresearchtitledDressupDigital–The Virtual Wardrobe: Innovating the Future of Online Apparel Shopping with Virtual Try-Ons, investigated the impactofvirtualwardrobeandvirtualtry-ontechnologies onenhancingtheonlineapparelshoppingexperience.The studyanalyzedhowdigitalwardrobes,whenintegratedwith virtual try-on capabilities, aid consumers in visualizing outfits, managing their personal collections, and making well-informed purchasing decisions. The results indicated that virtual try-on and wardrobe systems significantly enhance shopping convenience, personalization, and user engagement by providing interactive and immersive experiences.Furthermore,thestudyemphasizedthatthese technologiesdiminishtheeffortinvolvedindecision-making andalleviateuncertaintiesrelatedtoproductfitandstyling. Theauthorsconcludedthatvirtualwardrobe-basedtry-on systemssignifyapromisingadvancementforthefutureof online fashion retail, leading to increased customer satisfactionandpurchaseintention.
Joy Onma Enyejo, Omotoyosi Qazeem Obani, Olusegun Afolabi, Emmanuel Igba, and Akan Ime Ibokette (2022), in their study titled Effect of Augmented Reality (AR) and VirtualReality(VR)ExperiencesonCustomerEngagement and Purchase Behaviour in Retail Stores, explored the influenceofimmersiveARandVRtechnologiesoncustomer engagementandpurchasingbehaviorwithinretailsettings. The research concentrated on assessing interactive and experientialelementssuchasimmersion,interactivity,and perceivedenjoyment.Dataweregatheredthroughconsumer surveysandexperimentalretailenvironments.Thefindings demonstratedthatbothARandVRexperiencessignificantly boost customer engagement, dwell time, and emotional involvement,whichsubsequentlyhaveapositiveimpacton purchase intention and buying behavior. Additionally, the study pointed out that immersive technologies mitigate perceived risk and enhance decision-making by providing realisticproductvisualizations.Theresearchconcludesthat ARandVRexperiencesserveaseffectivetoolsforimproving customerengagementandinfluencingpurchasingdecisions inretail.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Onlineshoppingprovidesconvenience;however,itdoesnot allow for physical trials of products, which creates uncertaintyregardingfit,appearance,andsuitability.This often leads to diminished purchase confidence, incorrect productchoices,andhigherreturnrates.Tomitigatethese challenges, Virtual Try-On (VTO) technology has been developed, enabling consumers to virtually experience productspriortomakingapurchase.Nevertheless,despite its increasing adoption, there remains a lack of clarity concerning consumer awareness, actual usage, perceived accuracy,user-friendliness,reliability,privacyissues,andits genuine influence on purchasing decisions and overall satisfaction.Therefore,thisstudyaimstoexamineconsumer perceptions, the factors that influence them, and the effectivenessofVirtualTry-Ontechnologyinenhancingthe onlineshoppingexperience.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Toinvestigatethesocio-economiccharacteristicsof theparticipants
To determine the categories of products that are most frequently associated with Virtual Try-On usage.
Toevaluatetheelementsthataffecttheadoptionof Virtual Try-On, including user-friendliness, precision,andtechnologicaldependability.
ToassesstheperceivedadvantagesofVirtualTryOnasreportedbyconsumers.
To gauge the overall satisfaction of consumers regardingVirtualTry-Ontechnology.
Toprovidecrediblerecommendations
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 13 Issue: 03 | Mar 2026 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research employs a quantitative research design toinvestigateconsumerattitudestowardsvirtualtry-on technology in the context of online apparel shopping. Data is gathered through a structured questionnaire administered to participants who have previously utilized virtual try-on features. The findings are evaluated using statistical methods, including percentage analysis, mean ranking, correlation, and regression,todeterminetheinfluenceofvirtualtry-on onpurchaseintention,confidence,andoverallshopping experience.
Research Design
The research utilizes a descriptive research design to examine consumer awareness, usage, perception, and satisfaction regarding Virtual Try-On technology in onlineshopping.Thisdesignissuitableasitfacilitatesa systematicdescriptionofconsumercharacteristicsand opinionsbasedonstructureddata.
Research Approach
Aquantitativeresearchapproachisadopted,employing astructuredquestionnairetogathernumericaldatathat can be statistically analyzed to gain insights into consumerbehaviorandattitudestowardsVirtualTryOntechnology.
Data Source
Theresearchreliesonprimarydatagathereddirectlyfrom participants via a self-administered questionnaire. Additionally, secondary data, including journals, research articles,websites,andreports,wereutilizedtoreinforcethe theoreticalframeworkofthestudy.
Sampling Method
A convenience sampling approach is employed to select participants who possess experience or knowledge regardingonlineshopping andVirtual Try-On technology. This method is preferred due to its accessibility and the constraintsoftime.
Sample Size
The researcher collected data from one hundred fifty-one respondentsutilizingonlineshoppingintheTirupurdistrict for this investigation. The sample consists of 151 participants (to be detailed according to the actual data obtained), representing a diverse range of demographic attributesincludingage,gender,education,andincome.
Data Analysis Techniques: Afterthedatacollectionphase, appropriate tools and methodologies were employed for dataanalysis.Thestudyimplementedpercentageanalysis, weightedaveragescoring,andGarretrankingtoelucidate theresults.
Limitations of the study: The precision of
influencedbypotentialbiases
No. 1.1
Source: Primary Data
Interpretation: ThesurveydatapresentedinTableNo.1.1 revealsthatasignificantportionofrespondentsareyoung adults,with65%fallingwithinthe21–30agerange,which underscoresagreateradoptionofvirtualtry-ontechnology among younger consumers. Gender representation is
Volume: 13 Issue: 03 | Mar 2026 www.irjet.net
relativelybalanced,comprising52%maleand47%female respondents,indicatingasimilarlevelofinterestacrossboth genders.Regardingeducationalbackground,themajorityof respondentsareundergraduates(44%)andpostgraduates (41%),suggestingaheightenedawarenessandutilizationof virtual try-on technology among those with higher education. A notable percentage of respondents (52%) reportearninglessthan₹15,000permonth,whichimplies thatvirtualtry-ontechnologyisappealingtolower-income demographics as well. Clothing is identified as the most frequently utilized product category (51%), followed by eyewear (26%), highlighting the prevalence of apparelrelated applications. In terms of usage frequency, most respondentsengagewithvirtualtry-oneitheroccasionally or regularly, while a smaller group has never utilized it. Almost half of the respondents (46%) express neutrality regarding the technology's impact on their purchasing decisions, although a significant number view it as influential.Asubstantialmajority(74%)believethatvirtual try-onfacilitatesonlineshopping,therebyenhancingboth convenienceandconfidence.Nevertheless,recommendation levels are somewhat reserved, with 43% of respondents uncertainaboutendorsingittoothers.Insummary,thedata illustrates an increasing acceptance of virtual try-on technology,particularlyamongyoung,educated,andbudgetconscious consumers, although further enhancements are necessarytoamplifyitseffectonpurchasingdecisions.
EaseofUseoccupiesthetoppositionwiththehighesttotal score of 7921, indicating that respondents regard userfriendliness as the most critical factor in virtual try-on technology.TechnologyReliabilityfollowsinsecondplace with a score of 7916, underscoring the significance of consistentandreliablesystemperformance.InternetSpeed isrankedthirdwithascoreof7713,suggestingthatfastand smoothconnectivityisessentialforusersatisfaction.Privacy & Security is positioned fourth with a score of 7700, reflecting that while data protection is important, it is slightly less prioritized compared to other factors. Lastly, Accuracyranksfifthwithascoreof7450,indicatingthatitis valuedbutiscomparativelyconsideredlessimportantthan theotherfactors.
RESPONDENTS’ OPINION ABOUT BENEFITS OF VIRTUAL TRY-ON
Source: Primary Data
Interpretation: Table No: 2 presents the opinions of respondentsregardingthefactorsthatinfluencetheuseof virtualtry-ontechnology.Therankinganalysisrevealsthat
Source:PrimaryData
Source:PrimaryData
Interpretation: Table No.3 illustrates the perspectives of respondentsregardingtheadvantagesofutilizingvirtualtryontechnology.TheanalysisofrankingsrevealsthatSaves Timeoccupiesthetoppositionwiththehighestcumulative score,signifyingitasthemostsignificantbenefitofvirtual try-on technology among the participants. Increases Confidenceispositionedsecond,indicatingthatconsumers experience greater assurance when making online purchasingdecisions.ReducesReturnRateisrankedthird, demonstrating that virtual try-on technology aids in decreasingthelikelihoodofincorrectproductacquisitions. Enhances Shopping Experience is placed fourth, implying thatrespondentsvaluetheenhancedandinteractivenature of the shopping experience. Lastly, Accurate Product Selection is ranked fifth, suggesting that while it is appreciated,itisrelativelylessprioritizedcomparedtothe otherbenefits.
RESPONDENTS OVERALL OPINION ABOUT VIRTUALTRY-ON TECHNOLOGY Table No.4
Source:PrimaryData
Interpretation:
TableNo.4illustratesthegeneralsentimentofrespondents regarding virtual try-on technology. This technology significantly enhances the overall shopping experience, securingthe1stposition.The2ndpositionisattributedtoits abilitytoboostconfidenceinonlineshopping,whilethe3rd positionisawardedforassistinginmakingmoreinformed purchasedecisions.The4thpositionisgivenforitsrolein minimizingproductreturns,followedbythe5thpositionfor thelikelihoodofpurchasingitemsthatfeaturevirtualtry-on capabilities, and finally, the 6th position is for its effectiveness in reducing the risk of selecting incorrect products.
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION:
Based on the findings, virtual try-on technology demonstrates strong potential in influencing consumer purchasedecisions,particularlyamongyoungandeducated users. Although overall perception is moderately positive, improving accuracy, realism, and system reliability can furtherstrengthenusertrustandengagement.Sinceeaseof use and time-saving benefits are key drivers of adoption, platformsshouldfocusonmaintainingsimpleinterfacesand smooth performance even under low internet speed conditions. Enhancing privacy and security measures, increasingawarenessthroughpromotionalstrategies,and expandingvirtualtry-ontoadditionalproductcategoriescan boostcustomerconfidenceandrecommendationlevels.In conclusion,virtualtry-ontechnologyplaysasignificantrole in improving online shopping experience, increasing purchase intention, and reducing return rates; with continuous technological improvement and strategic implementation, it can become a vital tool for sustainable growthinthedigitalretailindustry.
REFERENCES
1.PillaiBagavathi,R.S.N.“Statistics”SultanChand&Sons, NewDelhi,2010,P.P847-870.
2.Batool,R.,&Mou,J.DataandInformationManagement, Elsevier,Vol8,2024.PP1-28.
3.Nguyen,Q.H.,Truong,T.T.,Nghiem,L.M.H.,Nguyen, N. D. L., Dang, N. A., & Linh, H. T. Cogent Business & Management,VoL12,No.1,2025.PP1-18.
4.Zhang,T.,Wang,W.Y.C.,Cao,L.,&Wang,Y,Emerald Insight,2019.
5. Dixit, N., Verma, P., Dahiya, V., Yash, & Gupta, A, International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT),Vol13,Issue5,2025.
6. Jain, E., & Chhabra, P, Journal of Marketing & Social Research,Vol02,Issue07,2025.PP59-64.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 13 Issue: 03 | Mar 2026 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
7. Thevaranjan Dinesh, International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, Volume 23, Issue1,2018.PP-58-70.
8. Hwangbo, H., Kim, E. H., Lee, S. H., & Jang, Y. J, IEEE Access,2020.PP1-12.
9. Mohammadi, S. O., & Kalhor, A, Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Capsule Networks, Volume 3, Issue 4, 2021.PP284-304.
10.Parab,D.,Peethambaran,M.,&Shirode,P, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) Volume11,Issue5,2024.PP272-280.
11. Enyejo, J. O., Obani, O. Q., Afolabi, O., Igba, E., & Ibokette, MagnaScientiaAdvancedResearchandReviews, 2024.PP132–150.
12.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23 311975.2025.2500774#abstract
2026, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.315 | ISO 9001:2008