International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 05 | May 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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USE OF BIO-BASED WASTE MATERIALS IN CONCRETE: A GREEN APPROACH TO CONSTRUCTION Muskan1 and Nitu2 Civil Engineering Department, Matu Ram Institute of Engineering & Management, Model Town, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------harm but also improve the performance characteristics of Abstract - This study investigates the use of agro-industrial waste materials as partial replacements in M45 grade concrete. Wood ash (WA), rice husk ash (RHA), and corn cob granules (CCG) were tested as cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate replacements, respectively, at varying levels. A total of 25 concrete mixes were prepared using an L25 orthogonal array, adhering to IS 10262:2019 guidelines with a constant water-cement ratio of 0.37. Mechanical and durability properties, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and density, were evaluated at 28, 56, and 90 days. Results showed that mixes with up to 10% WA, 20% RHA, and 20% CCG demonstrated comparable performance to the control mix. However, higher replacement levels, especially for RHA and CCG, led to decreased strength and increased water absorption, affecting durability. WA at 10-15% proved beneficial for long-term strength development and microstructure refinement.
the resulting concrete.
Key Words: Agro-industrial waste, concrete, wood ash, rice husk ash, corn cob granules, durability, mechanical properties, sustainability.
Al-Sabaeei et al. (2022) examine the potential of crude palm oil (CPO) and its by-products, like palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and palm oil clinker, in green construction. POFA improves concrete strength and durability, while palm oil clinker enhances asphalt mixtures. These materials offer sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based products, reducing environmental impact. However, challenges such as sourcing enough palm oil for non-food applications and variability in performance based on oil type remain. The study highlights the feasibility of CPO-based products for sustainable construction. Amantino et al. (2022) assess bio-concretes made with rice husk (RH) bio-aggregates, focusing on mechanical, thermal, and physical performance over six months. Replacing cement with rice husk ash (RHA) and natural sand with rice husk decreased compressive strength by up to 36%. While mechanical properties were compromised, the bio-concretes maintained good thermal performance, making them suitable for lightweight, insulating applications. This substitution reduces the carbon footprint, enhancing the material’s sustainability and durability. Despite lower strength, rice husk-based bioconcretes are a promising eco-friendly option for construction.
2 LITERATURE STUDY Aduldejcharas (2024) investigates the use of mussel shell waste as a bio-responsive block material for concrete in Samut Songkhram Province’s Bang Ja Kreng Community, addressing environmental issues from traditional disposal methods. Mussel shells, when burned at various temperatures, undergo a chemical transformation, enhancing their calcium oxide content and compressive strength. The study demonstrates the material's potential for concrete, showing strength up to 500 kg (4,000 N). By incorporating mussel shells into concrete, the research highlights an eco-friendly solution for waste management and sustainable construction, with community involvement being key for success.
1.INTRODUCTION Concrete, a widely used construction material, is composed primarily of cement, sand, water, and aggregates. Its unparalleled versatility, strength, and durability have made it a fundamental material in modern infrastructure. However, the environmental impact of concrete production is substantial, primarily due to the energy-intensive process of cement manufacturing. Cement production alone is responsible for a significant share of global carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to the ongoing challenges of climate change. As a result, there is increasing pressure to develop more sustainable alternatives to traditional concrete ingredients. One promising approach to reducing the environmental footprint of concrete is the use of bio-based materials as partial replacements for conventional materials like cement, sand, and coarse aggregates. Bio-materials are derived from renewable, natural sources and offer several advantages, including waste reduction, lower energy consumption, and potentially enhanced material properties. By replacing a portion of conventional concrete ingredients with bio-based materials, it is possible to not only mitigate environmental
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Ansari, Tabish, and Zaheer (2025) review hemp-infused concrete, emphasizing its environmental and structural benefits in reducing carbon emissions in construction. Hempcrete, made from hemp and lime, offers thermal
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