Parking Infrastructure Evaluation and Management Strategies in Kurukshetra City by IRJET Journal

Parking Infrastructure Evaluation and Management Strategies in Kurukshetra City

Deepak Kumar1, Dr. Gursharan Kaur2

1M. Tech (Transport Planning) Student, Guru Ramdas School of Planning, Amritsar, India

2Assistant Professor, Guru Ramdas School of Planning, Amritsar, India

ABSTRACT

Kurukshetra is a city with significant cultural and historical significance that is experiencing rapid urbanization and an increase in private vehicle use, creating significant parking issues. Congestion, poor accessibility, and inefficient use of urban space, particularly in core areas, have been brought on by an increasing population, mixed land use, narrow streets, and insufficient parking facilities. This study examines the demand for parking based on peak hours, spatial distribution, and user behavior, as well as existing on- and off-street parking facilities. Markets, government offices, and tourist destinations with a high parking shortage are identified as major problem areas. To effectively manage demand, the study suggests solutions like multi-level parking structures, smart parking systems, paid parking policies, and strict enforcement. Additionally, it places an emphasis on expanding last-mile connectivity and promoting alternative modes of transportation to lessen the reliance on private automobiles. In general, the study offers a planned and long-lasting framework for enhancing parking management and supporting future urban expansion.

Key Words: Parking Management, Urban Mobility, Parking Demand Assessment, Smart Parking Systems, Traffic Congestion, Sustainable Transportation, Land Use Planning, Kurukshetra.

1. INTRODUCTION

Parkingisanessentialcomponentoftransportationthatensurespeoplecanmove aroundcitiesefficientlyandmakethe bestuseofurbanland.InKurukshetra,whichhasapproximately1,55,000residents,thedemandforparkinghasincreased with the growth in private vehicles. This highlights the importance of well-planned parking management strategies to address both current and future challenges. Proper parking management makes it easier for businesses, tourists, and residents to travel and helps make the best use of limited road space. It also supports economic and social activities by makingtravelmoreconvenient. Effective parking policies, such as time restrictions and pricing, can reduce dependence on private vehicles. Managing parking supply and demand encourages the use of alternative modes of transportation. Understanding the relationship betweenparkingdemandandlandusehelpsinbetterplanningofparkingfacilities.Integratingparkingplanningwithland use planning can improve accessibility and traffic flow. Solutions such as shared parking, multi-level parking, and smart parking systems can further improve efficiency. Overall, effective parking management can support organized and sustainableurbandevelopment.

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1.1 LITERATURE

• History of parking - First parking meter

• Inthe1930s,OklahomaCityexperiencedcongestionasaresultofunregulatedstreetparking.Thefirstparkingmeter, BlackMaria,wasdevelopedbyCarlMagee’steamtocontrolparkingtime.

• Parking Garages: - Garageswere createdin response tothe growing numberofautomobilesonthe roadinorderto conservespaceandkeepvehiclesdry.Theyarefrequentlyrepurposedfromstablesorstoragebuildings.

• Automated parking system (APS): - Liftswereusedtomovecarsinthefirstsemi-automatedgarage,whichopenedin Parisin2005.APSwasdevelopedtomakethemostofavailablespaceandlessenproblemswithparkingontheroad.

Parking Definitions: -

• Parking accumulation: - Numberofvehiclesparkedataparticulartime.

• Parking volume: - Totalnumberofvehiclesparkedovertime.

• Parking load: - Totalvehicle-hoursofparkinguse.

• Parking types and the sector controlling it: -

• There are two main types of parking: -

On-streetparking:-Thepracticeofparkingautomobilesonpublicstreetsorroadsisreferredtoas"on-streetparking." Itisconvenientandsimpletogetto,butifitisn'tmanagedproperly,itcanreduceroadcapacity,causetrafficjams,and obstructtrafficflow.

• Off-street: -Acarparknotonthepublicroad,inwhichanymemberofthepubliccanparktheircar,subjecttocomplying withanyregulationsmaximumstayorpayingafee.Thiskindofcarparkmaybeownedand/oroperatedbythepublic and/orprivatesector.

• Parallel parking: - Thecarsareparkedallthewaydowntheroad.Whenparkingorunparkingthevehiclehere,thereis noneedtomovethevehiclebackward.Asaresult,itisthemostaccident-freeparkingoption.However,duetothefact thatittakesupthemaximumlength ofthecurb,onlyaspecifiednumberofvehiclescanbeparkedthereatanygiven time.Becauseasmalleramountofroadwidthisused,thismethodofparkingcausestheleastamountofroadobstruction totheongoingtrack.

• 30-degree Parking:

• Thevehiclesareparked30degreesfromtheroundalignmentinthirty-degreeparking.Inthiscase,morevehiclescanbe parkedcomparedtoparallelparking. Additionally,thereisimprovedmanoeuvrability.Inthiskindofparking,thereis alsoaminimumamountofdelayforthetrack.

• Concept of parking in case of management

• Free or Paid parking: - Theopenspacesurroundingandadjacenttotheroad,aswellasthebasementfloorsandground floorsofthebuildings,thattheauthoritymayhavedesignatedforfreecarparking.

• Authorized and Unauthorized parking: - Contract parking entails parking in a predetermined space during predeterminedhoursforapredeterminedfee.

• Puzzle parking: -Puzzle system is aimed for optimum use of space on ground. It is electromechanically designed to travelhorizontallyasmuchspaceasisavailableonthegroundandverticallyuptoseven

• Stack parking: - Stackersaimtodoubletheparkingspaceaboveground/basementtypeparking.

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• Fully or Semi-automated parking: - Thestate-of-the-artintechnology. Ineachlevel,theyhavehorizontalcartsanda verticalliftthattakesthecarfromthedriveleveltovariousfloors.Whencomparedtothemulti-storyparkinggarage, theAPSsavesspaceprimarilythroughasignificantreductioninspacenotdirectlyrelatedtocarparking.

• Parking Strategies: -

• Park and Walk: - Parkclose(Busstand,Railwaystation)by,thenwalktoyourdestination.

• Park and Ride: - Takethebusortraininsteadofparkingattheedge.

• Pickup and Dropoff: - zoneswithshortstopstoletpassengersmovequickly.

• 1.2 Norms and standards

Parking regulations in India must be adhered to in an appropriate manner in order to manage traffic in congested areas effectivelyandefficiently.AccordingtoIndianconditions,theguidelinesforurbanareasareprovided.

Table -1: Standard Parking Dimensions

Car

3mx6m

2.5mx5m

Truck 3.75mx7.5m

Whenindividualparkingspaceisrequired

Whencommunityparkingspaceisrequired

ToparkaTruck

Source: Tentative recommendations on the provisions of parking spaces for urban special, I.R.C., New Delhi, 1973

Table -2: Types of Land use

PlanningNormsforUndergroundParking

Extentofarea

Minimum 1000sq.m. subject to provision of ramps, service lanes, pedestrians’ circulation,liftsandstaircasesasperbuildingbyelaws

No.ofbasements/floors Min.2withintheenvelopearea

Usespermitted Parking,servicesandelectricalsubstation,otherusessubjecttotheapproval

Othercontrols

(a) Thebasementsshallbekeptwiththegroundandshallbeventilatedwith mechanizedmeansofventilation

(b) Basementsshallbedesignedtotakefullloadofthefiretender,wherever requiredandsubjecttoadequatesafetymeasures.

Source: Tentative recommendations on the provisions of parking spaces for urban special, I.R.C., New Delhi, 19

Table -3: Entry/Exit standards of parking’s

Entrypoint(vehicles/hour/lane)

Freeflow-600

Semi-Automatic/CardReader-400

Automaticticketissueandboomgate-300

Manuallycontrolled-250

Exitpoint(vehicles/hour/lane)

Freeflow-600

Ticketortokenacceptanceunitandboomgate-300

Cashiercontrolled-200to250

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S.no Land use

Table-4: Land use based Standards

Parking space standard

1 Ofiices onespaceforevery70sq.m.offloorarea

2 Industrialpremises one space for upto 200sq.m. of initial floor area. Aditional spaces at the rate of one for every subsequent 200sq.m. of fractionthereof

3 Shopsandmarket onespaceforevery80sq.m.offloorarea

4 Restaurants onespaceforevery10seats

5 Theatresandcinemas onespaceforevery20seats

Five- and four-star hotels onespaceforevery4guestrooms

6 HotelandMotels

Three-starhotels onespaceforevery8guestrooms two-starhotels onespaceforevery10guestrooms Motels onespaceforeachguestrooms

7 Hospitals onespaceforevery10beds

Source: Tentative recommendations on the provisions of parking spaces for urban special, I.R.C., New Delhi, 1973

Typeofparking

Table -5: Standards for car parking bays

Dimensionsofparkingbayinmeters

Source: (Norms Specified from - Planning, Design and Engineering of Sustainable Urban Transport by AK Jain, 2015)

Table -6: Space standard for parking facilities

(a)BusBayparking

(b)Parkingofothermodes

Source: (Norms Specified from - Planning, Design and Engineering of Sustainable Urban Transport by AK Jain, 2015)

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Conclusion

Tocontroldemand,alleviatecongestion,andensureeffectivelanduse,parkingregulationsareabsolutelynecessary.Effective standards take into account land use, the growth of automobiles, and accessibility to public transportation. Efficiency is increased,andsustainableurbandevelopmentisaidedbyefficientsystems,pricing,andproperenforcement.

1.3 Derived Parameters

• Demographic & Urban Growth: - Populationgrowthandrapidurbanizationincreasethenumberofvehiclesinacity. More peoplevisitbecauseofchangingpatternsoflanduse,especiallytheriseofmixed-useandcommercialareas.Incrowdedurban areas,thisresultsinahigherdemandforparkingspots.

• Parking Demand & Supply: - Parkingdemanddependsonvehicleownership,durationofstay,andturnoverrate. Parking spaceavailabilityandutilizationareevaluatedthroughfieldsurveys.Arateofoccupancygreaterthan85percentindicates a lackofandinefficientsupplyofparking.

• Road Geometry: - Parking space availability is determined by road width and classification. Narrow roads and lower hierarchy streets are more sensitive to on-street parking. The effective parking space on the road is further reduced by encroachmentsandinformalactivities.

• Travel Demand & Trip Generation: - Tripcharacteristicslikepurpose,duration,andfrequencyaffectparkingdemand.In commercialandinstitutionalareas,peak-hourtrafficcausesthegreatestparkingdemand.Planningthetimingandlocationof parkingfacilitiesismadeeasierwithanunderstandingoftravelpatterns.

• Parking & Mobility Management: - Smart systems and shared parking make searching quicker and more efficient.

• Parking Pricing: - Demandiscontrolled,revenueisguaranteed,anduserbehaviourisinfluencedbyfixedordynamicpricing.

Objectives

Themainobjectivesofthestudyare:-

• To assess the Existing and future parking demand and supply in Kurukshetra: - Thisobjectivefocusesonassessingthe currentparkingsituationbyevaluatingthenumberofoccupiedparkingspaces,peak-hourdemand,andavailableparking spaces.Toestimatefutureparkingrequirements,italsoinvolvesstudyingfactorslikepopulationgrowth,trendsinvehicle ownership, and land use patterns. By comparing demand and supply, deficiencies in the parking infrastructure can be identified.Thishelpsinunderstandingcriticalareasfacingshortagesandplanningforfutureneedseffectively.

• To propose suitable parking strategies for Kurukshetra: - Thisobjectiveaimstofindeffectivesolutionstotheparking issues facing the city. It includes recommending strategies like pricing mechanisms, management of on- and off-street parking, and the introduction of smart parking systems. Additionally, park-and-ride, shared parking, and increased enforcement are considered. With these strategies, congestion can be reduced, space can be better utilized, and urban mobilitycanbemademoresustainable.

3. Study Area

Kurukshetra,ahistoriccityinHaryana,islocatedatapproximately29°57′57″Nand76°50′13″Ewithanelevationofabout260 metersabovesealevel.Itliesabout160kmnorthofDelhiontheDelhi–AmbalarailwaylineandsharesboundarieswithAmbala, YamunaNagar,Karnal,andKaithaldistricts.KnownasthelandoftheMahabharata andmentionedintheBhagavadGita,the cityisanimportantreligiousandhistoricaldestinationattractingvisitorsfromacrosstheworld.Thecityhasstrongregional connectivity through rail androad networks,especiallyvia National Highway44, whichconnectsittoDelhiandChandigarh. Kurukshetra covers about 95 sq km and has a largely linear road network. However, rapid growth in vehicles has led to congestion,illegalparking,andenvironmentalconcerns.Nearlyhalfoftheroadsarelessthan15meterswide,makingon-street

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parkingdifficult.Thelackofproperparkingpricingandplanningincreasescongestionandreducesroadefficiency.Thecityhas a subtropical climate with hot summers, cool winters, and about 580 mm of annual rainfall. According to the 2011 Census, Kurukshetrahadapopulationgrowthrateof15.3%,aliteracyrateof76.7%,andasexratioof889femalesper1,000males.

Study Area Location Map

Fig-1: StudyAreaLocationMap

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4.1 Data

Parameter

1. Demographic & Urban Growth

2. Parking Demand & Supply

Table -7: Parameters for parking study

Sub-Parameters

Growthrate

Urbanlanduse

Landusetype

Vehicleownership

Parkingduration

Occupancyrate

Peakdemand

Carriagewaywidth

3. Road Geometry

5. Travel Demand & Trip Generation

6. Parking & Mobility Management

7. Parking Pricing

4.2 Software-

➢ Arcgis10.8

➢ Zwcad

➢ Vissum

➢ Microsoftpackage

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Indicators

%Annualgrowth

%Changeinland-usezones

No.ofparkingbayspublicsemipublicandcommercialland-use

RegisteredVehicles

Avg.parkingtime(min)

%Occupancy

Peakhourparkedvehicles

Widthinmeters

Roadhierarchy Type(arterial,sub-arterial,local)

On-/Off-streetspace

Roadencroachments

Trippurpose

Triplength

Peaktripgeneration

Sharedparking

No.ofmarkedparkingspaces

Encroachmentextent

Tripcategorycounts(work, leisure)

Avg.tripdistance(km)

Vehiclesperhour

%Oflotsshared

Smartsystems No.ofsmartfeaturesinstalled

Feestructure ₹/hour

Dynamicpricing %Changeinratesbydemand

Data Source

Secondary survey

Primary survey

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5. Methodology

Themethodologyhasbeendividedinto4stages(Fig2).Thefirststageofthestudybeginswiththeneedofthestudy,wherethe rationale for exploring parking management in Kurukshetra is established. This includes identifying key issues such as increasingvehicleownership,trafficcongestion,andenvironmentalimpact,whichnecessitateafocusedinvestigationintothe city’sparkingsystem.

Thesecondstagefocusesoncomprehensivedatacollection,encompassing bothprimaryandsecondarysourcestodevelopa detailedunderstandingofKurukshetra’sparkingconditions.Primarydataisgatheredthroughfieldsurveys,whilesecondary data is sourced from existing reports, records, and municipal documents. The stage begins with Land-Use and Population DensitySurveys,whichmapthecity'sland-usepatternsandassesspopulationdistributiontocorrelatewithparkingdemand. Additionally,Mobility,Accessibility,andConnectivitySurveysareconductedtoanalyzehowpeoplemovewithinthecityand accesskeyareas,providinginsightsintotheimpactofconnectivityonparkingrequirements.

ThethirdstageofthestudyisdedicatedtoAnalysisandModel Development,focusingoninterpretingthecollecteddataand creatingpredictivetoolstoinformparkingmanagementstrategiesinKurukshetra.TheprocessbeginswithDataAnalysis,where thegatheredinformationissystematicallyexaminedtoidentifypatterns,trends,andchallengesinparkingdemandandsupply acrossvariousland-usetypes.

Thefinalstageofthestudyfocusesontheassessmentofparkingneedsandthedevelopmentofactionablerecommendations tailoredtoKurukshetra.TheprocessbeginswithaParkingDemandAssessment,wheretheresultsfromtheparkingmodeland dataanalysisareusedtoestimatethecurrentandfuturedemandforparkingacrossdifferentland-usezones.Thisassessment highlightskeyareasofdeficiency,identifieshigh-demandzones,andprovidesaclearunderstandingofthescaleandnatureof parkingrequirementsinthecity.

Building on this, Demand-Based Parking Pricing strategies are formulated. These strategies involve linking parking fees to demandlevels,incentivizingefficientuseofparkingspaces,anddiscouragingexcessiverelianceonprivatevehicles.Dynamic pricingmodels,time-basedtariffs,anddifferentiatedratesforonstreetandoff-streetparkingareproposedtooptimizespace utilizationandreducecongestion.

Fig-2: Methodology

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6. Analysis Road Inventory

Table -7: Road inventory of the following stretches and gives exact measurement of the road components:

Node Name Road inventory of the following stretches and gives exact measurement of the road components:

Road Name

From

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7. Existing Parking Locations-

Fig-3: ExistingParkingLocations

Fig-4: ExistingParkingLocations

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Table 8: - Existing Parking Analysis

2395-0072

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• Peak Hour Parking

Railway

DC Office

LNJP Hospital

Shekh Chilli Tomb

Bhadarkali Temple

Srikrishna Museum

Panorama & Science Center

AccumulationCurve

Brahamsarovar (Front)

Brahamsarovar (Back)

Brahamsarovar (Side)

Old Bus Stand Inside

Front Old Bus Stand

New Bus Stand

AccumulationCurve

Graph1:

Graph2:

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8.Travel Characteristics of Kurukshetra city

Thetotalnumberoftripsacrossthe29TrafficAnalysisZones(TAZs)is117,596.Zoneswithhightripproduction are mainly residential, while those with high attraction are commercial or institutional. Imbalances in trip production-attractionratiosindicatetravelstressandcongestionincertainzones.Hightrip-producingzonesstrain transport infrastructure and fuel resources, while high-attraction zones suffer from congestion, parking demand, andpollution.

ExplorationFactoriscalculated=TotalpopulationofTAZ

No.ofSamplesinTAZ TAZ1Pop=155037/700=221

HenceSizeof1sample=221PopulationofTAZ

Graph 3: TAZwiseattraction/production

Fig 5: TripDistributiononeTAZtoAnother

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Rating System

ParkingLot

9. Proposals

Table 9: Parking sign and signals

CurrentRating (Rating1to5 onVisualBasis)

NewBusStand Poor(2)

OldBusStand Inside VeryPoor(1)

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ParametersNeedingImprovement

Line Marking, Slot Numbering, Disabled Marking, Directional Arrows, Entry/Exit Signs, No-Parking Signs, Obstruction-Free Space, Barriers, Paving, Drainage, Cleanliness, Lighting, Digital Payment System, Parking ManagementSystem,CameraSystem

FrontOldBus Stand VeryPoor(1)

LNJPHospital Poor(2)

DCOffice Fair(2)

Line Marking, Slot Numbering, Disabled Marking, Directional Arrows, Entry/Exit Signs, No-Parking Signs, Barriers, Drainage, Cleanliness, Digital Payment System, ParkingManagementSystem,DigitalSignage

DCOffice Fair(2)

ShekhChilli Tomb Fair(2)

Bhadarkali Temple Fair(2)

RailwayStation Good(3)

Line Marking, Slot Numbering, Disabled Marking, Directional Arrows, Entry/Exit Signs, No-Parking Signs, Barriers, Drainage, Cleanliness, Digital Payment System, ParkingManagementSystem,DigitalSignage

Line Marking, Slot Numbering, Disabled Marking, Directional Arrows, Entry/Exit Signs, No-Parking Signs, Barriers, Drainage, Cleanliness, Digital Payment System, Parking Management System, Digital Signage, Vehicle DetectionSensors

Minor Paving Repairs,Upgrade Digital PaymentSystem, Digital Signage, Real-Time Data Sharing, Vehicle DetectionSensors,CameraSystem

Brahmsarovar (Front) Excellent(4) Real-Time Data Sharing, Vehicle Detection Sensors, DigitalSignageEnhancement

RailwayStation Good(3)

Brahmsarovar (Front)

Brahmsarovar (Back) Good(3)

Excellent(4)

Brahmsarovar (Side) Good(3)

Brahmsarovar (Back) Good(3)

Srikrishna Museum

Brahmsarovar (Side) Good(3)

Panorma& ScienceCenter

Srikrishna Museum

Panorma& ScienceCenter

Minor Paving Repairs,Upgrade Digital PaymentSystem, Digital Signage, Real-Time Data Sharing, Vehicle DetectionSensors,CameraSystem

Line Marking Touch-up, Drainage Minor Repairs, RealTime Data Sharing, Vehicle Detection Sensors, Digital Signage

Real-Time Data Sharing, Vehicle Detection Sensors, DigitalSignageEnhancement

Line Marking Touch-up, Entry/Exit Signs, Digital PaymentSystemUpgrade,DigitalSignage

Excellent(4)

Line Marking Touch-up, Drainage Minor Repairs, RealTime Data Sharing, Vehicle Detection Sensors, Digital Signage

Excellent(4)

Maintain Existing Standards, Upgrade Camera System, MaintainDrainageandPaving

Line Marking Touch-up, Entry/Exit Signs, Digital PaymentSystemUpgrade,DigitalSignage

Maintain Existing Standards, Upgrade Camera System, MaintainDrainageandPaving

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ThegrowingparkingchallengesinKurukshetraandtoensuresmoothtrafficmovement,acombinationofon-streetandoffstreetparkingproposalsisrecommended.Theseproposalsarebasedonexistingroadwidths,trafficvolume,landuse,and fieldobservations,aimingtooptimizespaceutilizationandminimizecongestion.

9.1 On Street Parking Proposals: -

Thesespecificobjectivesaresettoachievethevisionandstrategies:-

PROPOSAL 1

PracticaldesignforonstreetParkingfromOldbusstandtoMohannagar.

PROPOSAL 2

Proposed ROW of old bus stand road fromold bus standtomohannagarbyremovedencroachmentand provideparallelparkingonbothsideofroad.

ExistingROWofoldbusstandtomohan nagar.

PracticaldesignforonstreetParkingfromOldbusstandtoMohannagar.

These specific objectives are set to achieve the vision and strategies for Pipli Road

Proposed ROW of Pipli road from New bus stand to pipli Pipli Bus stand by removed encroachment and provideparallelparkingonbothsideofroad.

ExistingROWofPipliroadfromnewbus standtoPipliBusstand

Fig-7: PracticaldesignforonstreetParkingfromNewbusstandtoPipliBusStand

Pipli

Fig-6:

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PROPOSAL 3

These specific objectives are set to achieve the vision and strategies for Brahamsarovra PracticaldesignforonstreetParkingBrahamsarovraFront

Front

front

ProposedROWofBarhamsarovraroad frombarahamsarovratoArjunchowk.

Existing ROW of Barhamsarovra road frombarahamsarovratoArjunchowk.

Fig-8: PracticaldesignforonstreetParkingBrahamsarovraFront

Table 10: On-Street Parking Turnover

Based on Guidelines and Common Practice in India

10/hrisstandardfor bikesinurbanareaslike Chandigarh,Delhi (SmartCityPolicy)

₹20/hrforcarsfollows MoHUAModelParking Policy

The table presentsa detailedfinancial estimation for a proposed parking facilityaccommodating bothtwo-wheelers and four-wheelers.Itincludes50slotsfortwo-wheelersand30forfour-wheelers,totaling80parkingspaces.Basedonstandard hourly parking charges 10 for two-wheelers and ₹20 for four-wheelers drawn from practices in cities like Delhi and Chandigarh, the revenue model assumes a 60% average occupancy rate. The facility is expected to operate for 10 hours daily.Withtheseassumptions,thedailyrevenuefromtwo-wheelersisestimatedat₹3,000,whilefour-wheelerscontribute 3,600,totalling6,600perday.Thisaddsuptoamonthlyincomeofapproximately1,98,000.Theseprojectionsdemonstrate the financial sustainability of the parking system. Moreover, structured pricing helps regulate parking demand and discourageslong-termoccupationofslots.generation.

Barhamsarovra

International Research

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9.2 Off Street Parking Proposals

PROPOSAL 1: -Design based proposal of organized parking in commercial

In busy commercial areas like Sector 1, a well-planned off-street parking facility is necessary to reduce congestion and parking shortages. Shop owners, employees, customers, and visitors alike will be able to park two-wheelers and fourwheelersattheproposedfacility.Movingparkingfromtheroadsidetoadesignatedlocationwillfreeuproadspace,increase safetyandtrafficflow.The parkingareaoughttohave therightmarkings,lighting,security,entry-exitpoints,anddigital payment systems. Utilizing intelligent features like occupancy sensors and real-time parking information can further enhanceuserconvenienceandefficiency.

Table 11: Multi-level spiral ramped parking proposal for DC office parking

S. No Location Area in Sq. Meter per Floor

1 NearDC office 880Sqm. Appox.

Total Floors Clear Floor Height

AboveGround03levels&BelowGround01levels

Total5levelsincl.Ground

2.1-2.4mforBasements 1.8-2.1mforGroundandabove floors

2 148Sq.m. approx.. GroundFloorformin50Nos.two-wheeler parking 3-3.2mforGFcoverslab

3 80sqmapprox. UtilityArea(VisitorsFacilitycentre,PublicToilet) OnGF

Proposal 2: - Parking proposal for railway station

Byassigningseparatezonesforvariousvehicletypes,a well-organizedandsegregatedparkinglayout nearhigh-demand areaslikerailwaystationsimprovesspaceutilization.Overcrowding,illegalparking,andmisuseofparkingspacesareall reduced as a result. During peak hours, separate entry and exit points improve traffic flow and reduce congestion. By reducing the amount of walking required and making it easier to pick up and drop off passengers, conveniently located parkinglotsalsoimprovepassengerconvenience.Overall,thedesignsupportstransportmanagementthatiseffectiveand well-organized,reducesconflicts,andincreasessafety.

Table 12: On-Street Parking Turnover

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Proposal 3: - Proposal for brahamsarovra parking

Aregulated parkingsystem is necessaryto reducetraffic andenhancesafetyaround BrahmaSarovar. Due to the highvolumeofpedestriantrafficandthenarrowroads,onlytwo-wheeledvehiclesshouldbepermittedinfrontof the site. The designated side parking area, which is better suited for larger vehicles, should be used for cars and buses.Topreventunauthorizedparking,barricadesandclearno-parkingsignsshouldbeinstalled.Enforcementand monitoringonaregularbasiswillhelptomaintainasmoothflowoftrafficandimprovethevisitorexperience.

Proposal 4: - Bhadarkali temporary management

Duringweekendsandpeakpilgrimagetimes,atemporaryparkingmanagementplanaroundBhadrakaliTempleis necessary.Withappropriatesignageandclearlymarkedentryandexitpoints,congestioncanbereducedandtraffic flow maintained. To improve space utilization and organization, two-wheeler and four-wheeler parking zones shouldbeestablished.Elderlyanddisabledvisitorswillbenefitfromadesignateddrop-offlocationnearthetemple entrance, and illegal parking will be avoided. During times of high traffic, these measures will increase safety, accessibility,andoverallparkingefficiency

Proposal 5: - Temporary parking at the time of geeta Jayanti

KurukshetraexperiencesasharpincreaseinvisitorsandparkingdemandduringtheGeetaJayantiMahotsav.The Theme Park area can be used as a parking facility for a month to manage this. Brahma Sarovar and Bhadrakali Temple,amongothermajorattractions,willseelesstrafficasaresultofthis.Forsmoothoperation,fundamental amenities like lighting, security, signage, and entry/exit points should be provided. The parking area and event locationscanbeconnectedbyshuttleservicesore-rickshaws,enhancingconvenienceandtrafficmanagement.

Results

TheurbanparkingsysteminKurukshetraishavingalotofproblemsthatneedtobefixedrightawayandplannedstrategically. The city's parking infrastructure is currently overwhelmed by a number of interconnected factors, necessitating an allencompassing, multi-dimensional solution. The parking demand in Kurukshetra has distinct spatial patterns that are closely linkedtothecharacteristicsoflanduse.Thehighestdemandforparkingisfoundincommercialareas,whichaccountfor11% ofthecity'slandareaandrequirebetween30,000and50,000equivalentcarspaces(ECS). Thishighdemandcomesfromthe concentration of shopping malls,office complexes,and entertainment hubsthat receive a large dailynumber ofvisitors. The linearregressionmodel(y=0.00507x+1),whichquantitativelydemonstrateshowparkingrequirementsinthesecommercial zonesscaleproportionallywithbuilt-upfloorarea,isausefulpredictivetoolforurbanplanners.Adifferentobstacleexistsin the public and semi-public institutional areas, which make up 17% of the city. Examples of these areas include educational establishments, government offices, andhospitals,each ofwhichhasa significant butmore predictabledemandof10,000to 20,000ECS.Thedistinctlinearmodelfortheseareas(y=0.00681x+20.80)demonstratesthatasthesizeoftheinstitutionand thenumberofvisitorsrise,sodoparkingrequirements. ReligiousandtouristdestinationslikeBrahmasarovarandBhadarkali

Table 13: Parking proposal for railway station

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Temple,whichexperiencesignificantspikesindemandduringfestivalsandeveningritualsthatoverburdenexistingfacilities, contribute to the complexity. The city's road infrastructure makes these parking issues even worse. Unauthorized parking accounts for 23% of road encroachment, while vendor activity accounts for 6%, both of which reduce effective carriageway widthandcreatedangeroustrafficbottlenecks.Parkinginattentiondirectlycontributestourbangridlockinimportantcorridors liketheBhadarkaliChowktoAggarsainChowkstretchandthe3rdGatetoMuseumroute,bothofwhichhaveVCratiosof1.16, indicatingseverecongestion. UtilizationofservicelanesincloseproximitytocruciallocationslikeKurukshetraUniversityand theNewBusStandcontributestotheseissuesbydisruptingplannedtrafficflows.Anevaluationrevealsthattheexistingparking facilitiesdiffersignificantlyinbothqualityandefficiency.Thepotentialofwell-organizedlayouts,digitalpaymentsystems,and CCTVsurveillanceisdemonstratedbytheBrahmasarovarFront,SrikrishnaMuseum,andPanoramaCenter,allofwhichreceived ascoreoffouroutoffive.However,thesearetheexceptionsratherthantherule.Themajorityoffacilities,includingtheOldBus Stand(LNJPHospital),lackessentialamenitieslikeappropriatelinemarking,anddisabledparkingslots.

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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