International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 09 | Sep 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Optimized Radix-2 FFT Processor for FPGA: A VHDL Design and Synthesis Study Dr. Sarita Sanap1, Shrushti Baviskar2 1Department of Electronics and Computer, MIT, Chht. Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India, 2Post Graduate Student, MIT, Chht. Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The paper details the design and implementation
including different radix algorithms, pipelined architectures, and multiplier-free designs, often leveraging FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays due to their flexibility and parallelism.
of a high-speed Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processor at the Register Transfer Level (RTL) using VHDL, optimized for FPGA deployment. The FFT is integral to digital signal processing, and the need for efficient, high-throughput hardware solutions is emphasized by the growing demands in applications like 5G communications, audio/image processing, and medical imaging. The project focuses on a radix-2 approach for simplicity and scalability, developing essential components such as the butterfly computation unit, twiddle factor ROM, shift registers, and a finite state machine controller. Xilinx tools were used for simulation and synthesis, verifying correctness and resource efficiency. The modular, pipelined architecture achieves high throughput and is well suited for real-time DSP systems, bridging theoretical concepts and practical hardware realization. Future work may extend the design to support higher-point FFTs and reconfigurable architecture.
This project directly addresses the need for optimized FFT hardware by focusing on the design and simulation of a highspeed FFT processor using a Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language. The primary objectives of this study are as follows:
Key Words: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Digital Signal Processing (DSP), FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language), Radix-2 algorithm, Butterfly unit, Twiddle factor, Register Transfer Level (RTL)
1.INTRODUCTION
Impact Factor value: 8.315
Individual VHDL modules for essential components, including the butterfly unit, twiddle factor ROM, shift registers, and control unit, were developed.
The design was simulated and rigorously verified using Xilinx tools to ensure functional correctness and performance.
To synthesize the FFT processor for FPGA implementation, with a focus on achieving high speed, low latency, and efficient resource utilization.
II. Literature Review Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) has been extensively studied in hardware design because of its fundamental role in various digital signal processing applications. This review explores key developments and architectural considerations in FFT processor design, particularly focusing on FPGA implementations and their relevance to modern communication systems.
Despite the widespread use of FFT, the challenges of realizing these algorithms efficiently in hardware remain significant. Achieving high throughput while minimizing resource consumption and power is a persistent design goal, particularly for embedded and real-time systems. Existing research has explored various optimization techniques,
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To design the Register Transfer Level architecture of an FFT processor using VHDL.
Through this project, we aim to bridge theoretical DSP concepts with practical hardware realization, demonstrating a VHDL-based RTL design that yields an optimized digital hardware solution for critical signal-processing tasks. The remainder of this paper details the theoretical background of the Fourier Transform, architectural design of the proposed FFT processor, implementation and verification methodologies, and discussion of the results obtained from synthesis and simulation
The Fast Fourier Transform is a cornerstone algorithm in Digital Signal Processing, which is crucial for analyzing and transforming signals between the time and frequency domains. Its efficiency has made it indispensable in a vast array of applications, including telecommunications, audio and image processing, medical imaging, and radar systems. Modern DSP systems, particularly those in rapidly evolving fields such as 5G communication, require high-speed, lowlatency, and resource-efficient implementations of the FFT. The increasing complexity and performance demands of these applications necessitate robust and optimized hardware designs for FFT processors.
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