International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 10 | Oct 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Miniaturization of UHF Antenna Arrays for Sub-GHz IoT Applications Nor Hidayah Daud1, Alyani Ismail1, Aduwati Sali1, Mohd Hafizal Ismail2 1Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre, Department of Computer and
Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 2Department of Nature Parks and Recreation, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Modification in the shape of patch antennas has helped to Abstract - The size restrictions present a significant issue when designing antennas for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. To address this issue, this research investigates and develops a suggested antenna that consists of 1 × 2 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Arrays Antenna integrated with a fishbone-shaped slot and rounded corner based on a truncated ground plane and a T-shaped slot structure. From the results obtained, the antenna shows a better performance, including a return loss magnitude of -18.0 dB. The overall dimensions of the proposed antenna are 123.0 × 66.0 mm2 with a gain of 2.30 dBi. Thus, the final outcomes indicate that, the use of this antenna is anticipated to yield numerous benefits and feasible to communicate for IoT applications.
achieve desirable antenna performance. In addition, patch antennas support various feed techniques and can be developed into arrays to improve the gain and achieve the desired pattern requirements. Owing to these reasons, patch antennas have proven to be a strong candidate for IoT applications. Thus, this research tackles to miniaturize the antenna while maintaining the antenna performance. The performances of the propose antenna were evaluated in terms of dimensions, gain and return of loss, S11 (dB). To achieve this, the 1 × 2 rectangular microstrip patch arrays antenna have been preferred for antenna design since its characteristics are suitable for commercial wireless applications. Besides, the microstrip patch array antenna are easy to fabricate due to the simple design.
Key Words: Antenna Arrays, EM wave propagation, IoT Applications, Rectangular Patch Antenna, and Sub-GHz Frequency.
2. MINIATURIZATION TECHNIQUES Recently, the previous researches have been developed on miniaturization antenna for wireless applications. Currently, the most common approach for miniaturization antenna involve the use of specialized structures like metamaterials or fishbone slots, and optimizing designs for specific frequencies to improve the antenna performance. A thick dielectric substrate with a high relative permittivity ɛr is a common technique to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna (MPA). However, miniaturization techniques in antenna design often leads to increased surface wave excitation within the substrate, which can negatively impact BW and radiation efficiency [4].
1. INTRODUCTION IoT connects, communicates, and exchanges data among devices over the internet, revolutionizing technology. Owing to its many applications, IoT is pursued as a key technology for improving economic growth and quality of human life. As IoT grows, researchers are developing novel antenna designs, materials, and technologies to boost performance and efficiency [1]. Designing antennas for IoT applications presents unique challenges due to the diverse requirements of each application field such as agriculture, medical, security, smart home, tracking devices associated with wireless technology going towards future [2, 3]. Major issues include miniaturizing IoT devices, which requires tiny antennas with sufficient signal strength and range.
Changing the shape of the patch or introducing slots on the patch is a commonly used technique to miniaturize the MPA [5]. The microstrip patch's resonance frequency will be lowered by the addition of the slots, which will aid in increasing the current route within the patch area and resulting in a reduction in size [6]. Besides, numerous ground plane modifications can be made to miniaturize the MPA.
Current antenna technology has challenges with frequency, bandwidth (BW), size, weight, material choices, and energy efficiency, requiring new solutions [1]. To mitigate these challenges, various antenna designs have been investigated and many reduction strategies have been put forth by academics worldwide to shrink the size of the antennas.
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However most of the studies have not been clearly stated the way of integrating the miniaturization technique while maintaining the antenna performance. Besides, the effect of different channel characterization parameters such as conductivity, frequency and transmitter and receiver
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