International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 12 | Dec 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
MHD Thruster for underwater Submarines. Ganesh B K 1, Hamsa A2, Mohammed Sahil S 3, Mrs. Nandini M4, Dr. Mohamed Saleem5. 1,2,3 Student, Dept. of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Bangalore Technological Institute, Bangalore, India 4 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Bangalore Technological Institute, Bangalore,
India 5 Professor and Head of Department, Dept. of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Bangalore Technological
Institute, Bangalore, India ------------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------1.1 Relevance of the Study Abstract - Traditional underwater submarines rely on mechanical propeller-based propulsion systems that generate high noise levels, require frequent maintenance, and negatively impact marine life. Our project presents the design and development of a propeller-free underwater submarine using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion, where thrust is generated by the interaction of electric and magnetic fields acting on conductive seawater. An Arduino Nano is used as the central controller to regulate thruster operation and steering through servo motors. Waterproof ultrasonic sensors provide real-time obstacle detection to enhance navigation safety, while wireless control is achieved using a 2.4 GHz FS-i6 transmitter and receiver. The system is housed within a 3Dprinted waterproof hull to ensure compact integration and hydrodynamic stability. Experimental smooth, silent propulsion and reliable maneuverability, validating MHD propulsion as an eco-friendly, low-noise alternative to conventional propeller-driven underwater vehicles.
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion offers a silent, propeller-free alternative for underwater robotics, enhancing reliability, reducing maintenance, and extending operational life. By applying electromagnetic forces to conductive fluids, MHD drives enable compact, ducted designs suitable for small or unconventional hulls, supporting exploration, monitoring, and sensitive environments without disturbing marine life. Optimizing magnetic field strength, thruster length, and flow velocity improves efficiency, making it viable even for small-scale robots. Its stealth characteristics aid defense applications, while reduced mechanical complexity minimizes environmental impact. Advances in materials and modeling further enhance MHD durability, performance, and sustainability in underwater operations.
1.2 Feasibility Study
Key Words: Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion, MHD Thruster, Underwater Submarine, Arduino Nano, Ultrasonic Sensor, Propeller-Free Propulsion
1. Technical Feasibility: The Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion system, based on established electromagnetic principles, employs easily available components such as neodymium magnets, electrodes, sensors, and Arduino Nano. Studies confirm its capability to achieve reliable underwater vehicle motion and control. 2. Economic Feasibility: Although MHD thrusters may incur higher initial costs due to specialized magnets and power systems, their minimal maintenance and long lifespan reduce overall expenses. Use of standard microcontrollers and sensors keeps costs reasonable, and mass production can further lower lifecycle costs. 3. Operational Feasibility: MHD propulsion enables silent, moving-part-free underwater motion, reducing failures and maintenance. Integrated sensors for obstacle detection and depth control enhance autonomy, while wireless remote control adds operator flexibility. These features support reliable, low-intervention operations for applications such as research, surveillance, and environmental monitoring.
1. INTRODUCTION Conventional underwater submarines use mechanical propellers, which produce high noise, require frequent maintenance, and can disturb marine ecosystems, limiting stealth and operational efficiency. This project presents a propeller-free submarine using Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion, where thrust is generated by electric and magnetic fields acting on conductive seawater, eliminating moving parts and enabling silent operation. An Arduino Nano serves as the central controller, managing the MHD thruster and steering via servo motors, while waterproof ultrasonic sensors provide real-time obstacle detection for safe navigation. Wireless remote control is achieved using a 2.4 GHz FS-i6 transmitter and receiver. All components are housed in a 3D-printed waterproof hull. Experimental testing demonstrates smooth, silent propulsion and reliable manoeuvrability, validating MHD propulsion as a low-noise, eco-friendly alternative to conventional systems.
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