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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)

e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025

p-ISSN: 2395-0072

www.irjet.net

Literature review on high-strength cold-formed steel beams Saumiyaa K S1, Amali D2 1Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem-11, Tamil

Nadu, India

2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem-11, Tamil Nadu,

India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract - This paper explores the literature review on

behavior of CFHSS under various conditions, assess the reliability of current design codes, and propose improvements based on experimental and numerical analyses. By enhancing the understanding of CFHSS, this study seeks to contribute to the development of more accurate design standards that align with the actual performance of high-strength cold-formed steel in structural applications.

material properties, structural behavior, and design methodologies for cold-formed high-strength steel CFHSS hollow sections and tubular beams. The review synthesizes existing studies on CFHSS, highlighting the significant residual stress distributions and enhanced strength characteristics associated with steel grades of 700, 900, and 1100 MPa. Key findings from tensile and bending tests indicate that current design codes tend to underestimate the strength and ductility of CFHSS beams. This underestimation underscores the need for revised slenderness limits and moment redistribution criteria. A critical analysis of design methods reveals that the Continuous Strength Method CSM and the modified Direct Strength Method (DSM) offer superior predictions of structural performance when compared to traditional design codes. The review also examines the role of finite element analysis in validating new design equations, alongside an evaluation of the influence of perforations on the load capacity and failure modes of CFHSS components. The research highlights significant gaps in current design guidelines and emphasizes the need for updated, more accurate approaches to improve the reliability and performance of CFHSS components in engineering applications.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Material Properties The reference for the material properties is Material properties and residual stresses of cold-formed high strength steel hollow sections Jia-Lin Ma ,Tak-Ming Chan ,Ben Young [1].The study investigated the material properties and residual stress distributions of cold-formed high-strength steel (HSS) hollow sections with nominal yield stresses of 700, 900, and 1100 MPa. A total of 66 tensile coupon tests were conducted on square, rectangular, and circular hollow sections to assess properties such as modulus of elasticity, tensile proof stress, and ultimate strength. Residual stresses were measured using a wirecutting method, revealing higher tensile stresses on the outer surface and compressive stresses on the inner surface, particularly in corners due to cold-forming. A new constitutive model based on the Ramberg-Osgood expression was proposed, highlighting the influence of residual stresses on the early yielding and stability of HSS sections.

Key Words: Cold-formed steel, High strength coldformed steel, Literature review, Structural Engineering, Thin-walled structures

1. INTRODUCTION Cold-formed high-strength steel (CFHSS) has emerged as a critical material in modern structural engineering, renowned for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and versatility. This type of steel is produced through a cold-working process, which enhances its mechanical properties, making it ideal for applications that require both structural integrity and efficiency. CFHSS is commonly used in a variety of structural components, including beams, columns, and hollow sections, where its lightweight nature can lead to reduced material usage and lower construction costs.

2.2 Cold-formed high strength tubular beams The paper "Experimental investigation of cold-formed high strength steel tubular beams [2]" conducted bending tests on circular, rectangular, and square hollow sections with nominal yield strengths of 700, 900, and 1100 MPa. A total of 25 four-point bending tests were performed to analyze the beams' flexural behavior, including loaddeformation responses and failure patterns. The experimental results were compared to design codes from European, Australian, and North American standards, as well as predictions from the Direct Strength Method. The study found that current design standards tend to underestimate the strength of HSS tubular beams, making them

As the demand for high-performance materials in construction continues to grow, it is essential to investigate the mechanical behavior of CFHSS and refine existing design methodologies. This research aims to explore the structural

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