SELECTION OF FORMWORKS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | Sep 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

SELECTION OF FORMWORKS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Abstract – In the developing country like India construction work plays an important role to increase the economy of the country. Also with the growing population urbanization is being the need of time. A good construction project has to focus on saving both time and money without losing the quality of work. One of the factor influencing the project time and economy is formwork. Different types of formworks are available in terms of material and function, so it becomes necessary to select a suitable formwork for a particular project. In Indian construction mostly aluminum (MIVAN technology) and conventional formworks are being used among which aluminum formwork is considered to save time and money for mass housing projects and large scale construction whereas, conventional formworks are found cheaper for small scale projects. For speedy construction MIVAN technology is best suited as it is easy to install and gives better finish. Apart other formwork systems like prefabricated, tunnel formwork etc. aluminum and timber formworks are commonly used as these are easily available almost all over India.

Key Words: formwork, MIVAN technology, conventional formwork system, aluminum formwork, mass housing

1. INTRODUCTION

Formwork is defined as a temporary structure which acts as support and mould for fresh concrete until it can take its own weight[1]. The structural system of temporary supports that holds formwork in position is termed as false work[2]. When concrete member gains sufficient hardness and strength formwork is removed and the process is known as stripping[2]. Formworkisconsideredasimportantconstructionmaterialsincequalityofstructuralmembersisalsoeffectedbythe quality offormwork.Conventionally,formworksaremadeoutoftimberbutwiththeadvancementoftechnologyformworksmadeof differentmaterialscanbefound.Inrecenttechnologiesformworksaremadeofaluminum,plastic,timberwithsteelbracings, prefabricated etc. which are being used worldwide in construction industries. Traditional timber formwork system, Engineered formwork system, reusable plastic formwork system, stay in place formwork system, flexible formwork system etc.aresometypesofformworksystemsusedallovertheworld onthebasisofmaterial Similarlyonthebasisofmethodof usetable/flyingformwork,climbingformwork,tunnelformwork,jumpformwork,slipformworkareseeninpractice[3]Butin Indian construction practice mostly wooden and Engineered formwork systems are seen. In any construction project formworkareconsideredtobeimportantfactorwhichinfluenceprojectcostandtimeasitconsistsof35-45%oftotalcostof structuralwork[4]anditisfoundthatformworkrequires20-25%ofconstructioncost[5].Selectionofformworkdependson factors such as project type, project duration, cost, location of project etc. Also high labor intensity of works, poor quality of materials and structures are also considered as problem related to selection of formwork technology[6]. In modern days, various formworks are available in the market. In India present formwork techniques mainly available are: Prefabrication Technology, System formwork Technology, Precast Technology[7]. These formworks has many advantages such as higher floor cycle rate, lower material rate and lower material wastage, large number of reuses, low maintenance cost and smooth surfacefinish[8].Themaincharacteristicsofgoodformwork:-

1. Toprovidethesafetyofthestructureduringimplementationanduse[6].

2. Toensureappropriatetechnicalqualitysuchasproperstiffness,placement,assembly,disassemblyandgeometry oftheformworkstructure[6].

3. Tobeeconomicinordertominimizethetimeandcostassociatedwith theformwork[9]

Formworks play important role in saving project cost and time so it is necessary to select an appropriate formwork for any type of project. Formworks with different material are available in market among which conventional (wooden) formwork andaluminumformworkaremostlyseeninIndianconstructionpractice.Betweenthesetwotypesofformworksconventional andmodernconventionalformworksaremostlyusedduetolowcostandeasyavailability.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | Sep 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

2. METHODOLOGY

Thisstudywasbasedondocumentanalysis.Severalbooksandarticleswerecollectedastheliteratureofthisstudy.Almostall documentswereaccessedfromonlinesources.Variouswords/phrasesrelatedtotitleofthisstudywereusedaskeywordsto searchrelatedarticlesfromauthenticsources.Relatedliteraturewasstudieddeeplyandcarefully.Requiredinformationwas noted down and systematically recorded in a notebook. For every information, page of the notebook was divided into three parts.Neededinformationwasclearlyandseparatelywritteninthirdpart,appropriatereferencingwaswritteninsecondpart and the category (introduction, literature review, discussion etc.) in which it should be included was written in first part. Finally,collecteddatawerewrittentopreparereviewpaperwithpropercitationsusingMendeleysoftware.

3. RESULTS

3.1 Comparison of conventional, aluminum and steel formwork

In India, these two formworks are seem to be widely used in various range of construction projects. Selecting a suitable formworkcangivegoodoutcomestotheproject.Forthis, advantagesanddisadvantagesof bothtypeofformworksshould beknownalongwiththeirsuitabilityforthegivenproject. Topfivefactorsaffectingtheformworkselectionaretimefactor, surfacefinish,lifespan,costandsafety.

3.1.1 Conventional Formwork system

Itistheoldesttypeofformworkmadefromtimberplankandplywood[10].Thesetypesofformworkcanbereusedupto4-5 times and can be easily available all over the India. In conventional type of formwork the floor cycle is minimum of 3-4 weeks[11] For making wooden formwork the timber should be well seasoned, free from rots and other defects such as cracks and warps. It should be able to withstand the load applied in it during casting of the concrete member. To improve some of the disadvantages of conventional formwork system, modern conventional formwork system is brought in use whichusessteelpropsandvarioustypesofjacks(Ujacks,Tjacks)assupportinsteadoftimbersupportandplywoodsheets areusedinsteadoftimberplanksonslabdecks,beamsandcolumns[12].

3.1.2 Advantages of conventional formwork system

Timbershutteringisusedmostlyinresidentialbuildingsandsmallprojectsverycommonly.It isfamousforitslightweight, flexibility and easy availability at most of the places[13]. Conventional formwork system requires low initial and maintenancecostascomparedtomivanandsteelshutteringtechnology[14].Theycanbemadeindifferentshapeandsizeas pertheneed.

3.1.3 Disadvantages of conventional formwork system

Conventionalformworksareonlysuitableforlowrisebuildingsbuttheycaneffecttheprojectcostanddurationforhighrise buildings. These type of formworks have less load carrying capacity than aluminum and steel formwork system[4] Also it giveslowproductivityandreusability.Useofwoodenshutteringrequiresmoretimeandlabor. Ifthecornersandjointsare notfixedproperly,groutmaycomeoutintheformofslurrywhichwillleadtopoorqualityofstructuralmember[10] During constructioniftimber isdry thenit canabsorbmoisturefrom theconcrete[3].Thistypeof formwork leavesthesurfaceof the structure rough and to obtain smooth finishes plastering is required. When the useful time period of conventional formworkisoverthenithaszerosalvagevalue[15].

3.2 Aluminum Formwork System

Aluminum formwork consists of aluminum panels which consists wall panel, deck panel, staircase panel, deck beam, with props, tie rods and pin for attaching purpose[16] Prop heads are specially designed in such way that deck panels can be removedwithoutdisturbingtheprops.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | Sep 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

3.2.1 Advantages of aluminum formwork system

Aluminum forms are used to construct shear walls and other RCC structures, hence no plastering is required as it gives smoothfinishing.Theseformscanbeliftedmanuallyandareeasyinerectionanddismantling[16] Thesekindofformwork gives large number of repetition which allows speedy construction[17] This system allows cast-in-situ construction and monolithic construction. Labor requirement is less as compared to timber formwork[18]. After removal of formwork finishing line can be seen due to lower panel size[18]. It gives good salvage value when the useful life span is over. Mivan shuttering gives large carpet area and better seismic resistance[19]. This type of shuttering is considered as environment friendlyasnotreeshastocutdownforitsmanufacture[20]

3.2.2 Disadvantages of aluminum formwork system

Themaindrawbacksofmivantechnologyarehighinitialandmaintenancecost,structuralsymmetryisrequiredandskilled labors are required at every stage of construction[21] No alterations can be done once formwork is constructed[22] Like conventional system it does not provide flexibility in construction. For small projects they can over cost the overall construction.

3.3 Steel formwork system

Steel formworks are used largely in large projects or in situation where large number of reuses of the shuttering are possible[14].Itisconsideredgoodforcurvedstructuresuchaschimney,tanks,columnbelowplinthlevel,sewer,tunneland retainingwalls[23].

3.3.1 Advantages of Steel Formwork

Steelformworksaredurable,strongandhavelongerlifespanalsoitiseasytoinstallanddismantle.Thesetypesofformsdo notabsorbmoisturefromconcretepreventinghoneycombingofstructure[13] Steelshutteringcanbereused upto100to 120times[15]

3.3.2 Disadvantages of Steel Formwork

Steel formwork is durable and strong as aluminum formwork but it is heavier than aluminum formwork due to high density[22].Itrequiresskilledmanpowerforerectionandpropercareshouldbetakenwhilepouringconcreteintoit.

4. DISCUSSION

In various studies above mostly comparison of aluminum and conventional formwork are mentioned. This comparison is basedonmainlyprojecttime,costandbetterconstructionquality.Conventionalformworktechnologyisusedfromaverylong time in constructions which is considered to be economical in initial investment and also easily available all over India. But constructionwithconventional formwork takesmoretimethanadvanceformwork technology.Alsothesetype ofshuttering give poor surface finish, requires skilled labour to assemble as well as to dissemble[1]. Conventional formwork system has morewastage,zeroscrapvalueandthenumberofreusabilityofthesekindofformworkisupto5-7timesonly.Severalother factorsshouldalsobeconsideredwhileusingwoodenformwork,suchassafetyconditions,weathercondition,properstorage etc. In a comparison made among conventional, aluminum and plastech formworks in 22 storey building plastech formwork seemedtobebestoption[8]

On the other hand MIVAN technology has given best performances for large projects, villas, mass housing or buildings more than20stories.Theseformworksareeasytohandle,store,reusable+200timeswithlowwastageandhighscrapvalue,gives faster floor cycle[24]. Also use of this formwork gives better construction quality, speedy construction and can be used without skilled manpower. Aluminum formworks are easy to carry but contraction cracks can be seen as its demerit. Implementingadvancementinformwork willimprovethequalityofworkinconstructioncomparedtotraditionalformwork by nearly 25-30%. The duration of project gets reduced by nearly 15-20% whereas cost gets reduced by 20-25% and the overallsafetyandefficiencyoftheworkgetsimprovedby10-15%[25]

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | Sep 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

5. CONCLUSION

Basedontheliteraturereviewitcanbeconcludedthattomeettheconstructiondemandofpresentdaythemodernformwork techniques are considered capable for speedy construction. In large projects such as mass housing, towers, villas etc. It is bettertousealuminumformwork andsteelformwork ratherthanconventionalformworkduetoitsfasterfloorcycle,better surfacefinish,easyhandlingandmorenumberofrepetitions.Ontheotherhand,woodenformworksarebestsuitedforsmall housing projects due to its low initial cost, easy installation and availability. Better selection of shuttering method as well as materialforaconstructionprojectcanenhancetheprojectqualityaswellasitsrateofcompletion.Insteadofstickingonlyon conventional formwork system engineer should able to realize suitability of types of formworks according to the project. Hence,theselectionofformworkforanykindofbuildingprojectdependsontheimportancegiventothetimeandcostofthe project. The result of this study will help engineers and other technical persons to know different types of formworks with theirmeritsanddemeritsforproperselectionbasedonthenatureandsizeoftheproject,sothatqualityconstructioncouldbe achievedinestimatedtimeandbudget.

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