Study and Analysis of Bridges situated in Melghat Region constructed in British Era

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | Sep 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Study and Analysis of Bridges situated in Melghat Region constructed in British Era

1M.E. Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, DRGIT&R, Amravati, Maharashtra, India 2H.O.D., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dr. Sau. KGIET, Darapur, Amravati, Maharashtra, India 3Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, DRGIT&R, Amravati, Maharashtra, India ***

Abstract – This paper is all about the “Study andAnalysis of Bridges situated in Melghat region constructedin British Era” . The project included the on-site inspection of bridges. These bridges are playing important role in developing not only the Tribal people located in Chikhaldara and Melghat region of Maharashtra but also the Tourism for the Tiger reserve area. Many historical stone masonry arch bridges have beenlocated in various environmental effects. Under these natural or manmade effects such as floods, the bridges were partially damaged. The repair and maintenance of the historical arch bridges is required there It is very important to know about year of construction of the structures, the sequence of the damages, various repairs and strengthening done in the structure in past and to check about any change in environmental conditions.

1. INTRODUCTION

Bridge, a structure, is built to cross across a physical obstaclessuchasariver,valley,railwaytracksorroadways. Bridgeis the majorsystem ina Transportation. Thereare numberofbridgeswhichareusedsinceBritisherainIndia. Thedevelopmentinbridgeconstructiontechnologyisalso therelatedtomeasurethedevelopmentofhumanbeing.

Thisstudyisexclusivelyforthesurvey,repairmaintenance and strengthening of bridges located in Melghat region which are built in the British era. Most of the bridges are constructedintheyearof1886aspertheinformationgiven by regional government body. The following building also constructedin1886.Thismarvellousstructureisalsomade up of stone masonry. Such rest houses are built at every approximately25kmintervaldistance.Theseallstructures arestillstandstrongenoughevenafteradecade.

Thestudyreportcomprisesthefollowingstructuraldetails:-

1.Thestudyisbasedondifferentlocationbridgessituatedin Melghatregion

2.Allthebridgesarestonemasonrystructures

3.Thespanlengthisdifferentforeverybridge.

4. The structure consists of stone masonry and brick masonry.

5. The structure probably is decided based upon the availability, economy, and construction suitability of that time.

6. The study and analysis shall be beneficial to the Tribal peopleofMelghatandtouristsfortravelingfromonepoint toanotherpoint.

Following pages covers the study and analysis existing bridgestructuresofMelghat.Thestructureconsistofstone masonry arch bridges. This study will definitely not only helpsinimprovingMelghattheroadconditionbutalsowill helps in developing human development of Tribal people andalsothedevelopmentoftourismfortheforestandTiger reserveoftheMelghat.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | Sep 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

1.1 Objectives

Theresearchobjectivesaresetasfollows:

• Active investigation of the site to determine the conditionofthebridgeandtoensurethatadequate measures can be taken for the protection and safeguardingofthishistoricstructureaswellasthe unique spirit and landmark quality of the entire Cultural-Historical-Environmental Units of Great ImportanceinMelghat,Maharashtra.

• Enhancing knowledge about the possibility of protecting stone bridges to prevent further degradation, particularly the development of new cracks.

• Enhancingconsciousnessconcerningthevaluesand methodsofhistoricalmonumentspreservation.

• Maintainsmoothanduninterruptedtransportduring anyweatherconditions.

• Optimize utilization of existing infrastructure and operateatinstalledcapacitiestoenhanceefficiency.

• TostudythecurrentsituationofBritisherabridges.

• Toanalyzeitsstructuralstabilityandworkability.

• To check the materials used according to its importanceandintermsofavailabilityandstrength forfurtherrepairs.

• Finding out any vegetation grown and need to be removedasperforestarearegulations.

• MinimizingtheNaturaldisturbancesneedtosuffer bythepeoplelocatedthereduringMonsoon.

• Togivesuitablesuggestionsfortheimprovementof bridges.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Aliteraturereviewisasynthesisandcriticalevaluationofthe relevant literature on a particular topic. It is written as a narrative. It provides details about the motivation for the project, why the problem addressed by the dissertation is important,todescribewhatothershavedoneandhencecan set a benchmark for the current study. The review of literaturerelated to the present research is organized and presentedasfollows.

Even though masonry arch bridges usually follow simple forms, the complexity of their understanding and investigation lies in the variety of ground conditions, geometries of the structure, sensitivity of materials used, weathering conditions and maintenance measures. In

masonry arch bridges, the damages can be followed by variousproblemsthatmustbethoroughlyinvestigated.For the structure to be restored and its further deformations prevented, the causes of the damages must be analyzed. Masonryarches,asaresultofinhomogeneouscomposition, showcomplexpatternsoffailure.Beforethelosshappens, significantdamagewiththeformationofnumeroushinges canoccur,whichraisesthequestion,ofwhatrangeofdamage isacceptablefortheserviceabilityofthestructure.

3. METHODOLOGY

Sincethisresearchaimstoanalyzethestructuralcondition ofthearchbridgesofMelghat,inthefollowingpartofthe paper,possiblecausesforthisproblemwillbeinvestigated. For the research shown in this paper, the following methodologyisapplied:-

• Data analysis using literature review, analysis of previousstudies,andthesystematizationofknowledge abouttheproblemofcracksonarchstonebridges.

• Checklistaspersiteinvestigationandobservations.

• Observationonthesitefocusedonthebuilt-inmaterials state, monitoring of supporting elements and the soil/stonebeneaththefoundation,detectionofcracks on the bridge’s arch and detection of other damages relatedtothedegradationofthestonestructureonthe bridge’sparapet.

• Discussionregardingpreviousanalysisanddeveloping conclusions about causes of bridge damages and the appearanceofcracks.

• Proposition for the strengthening of the arch stone bridgeinMelghatbasedonpreviousanalysis.

3.1 PROBLEMS IN ARCH BRIDGES

1)

Deficient

Load Carrying Capacity:

-InadequateFilloverArchBarrel.

-LowAngleofInternalFrictionofexistingfillmaterial.

- Deficient Structural Design: o Inadequate Span to Rise Ratio,InsufficientBarrelThickness.

-FlatteningofArchBarrel.

-Transversecrackingatcrownand/orQuarterpointsofthe archspan.

2) Ring Separation – In case of Multi-ring Arch Barrel:

- When Travelling Load increases beyond Ultimate Load CarryingCapacity.

-Failurestartsinformofseparationofringatintradoslevel fromArchbarrel.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | Sep 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

- When separation reaches the threshold limit, compete collapseofbottom-mostmost ringoccurs.

-Subsequently,duetothinningofthearchbarrel,nextring atintradoslevelstartsseparating.

-Theaboveprocesscontinuestillthearchbarrelthickness reducestoanextentwhereitnolongercansafelycarrythe travellingloadsandcollapses.

3) Localised Falling of Voussoirs from Arch Barrel:

-Duetoblockageofweepholesandoutletdrainagepoints.

-Waterpercolatesthroughthejointsbetweenvoussoirsin thearchbarrelundergravity.

-Overpassageoftime,themortarfromthesejointserodes causinglooseningofthevoussoirs.

-Looseningofvoussoirsleadstolocalisedfallingandfurther reducingtheloadcarryingcapacityofarchbarrelasaunit.

4) When Friction between Spandrel Wall and Arch Barrel is not strong:-

-WallSliding

-SpandrelWallTilting.

-SpandrelWallBulging.

3.2 STRENGTHENING OF MASONARY ARCHBRIDGE AS PER IRC-40

a) Substructure

cavitieswhereverrequired

Usewirenettingifrequired

Applycoatofmortar

b) Superstructure

Removefillingabovearchportion

CastRCCslabontop(forsoundandstrong existing approaches) to serve as a supplementaryaction.

Ifexistingistooweaktobaretheloadthen newarchshouldbemadefewcentimeters above the existing one to fulfill the supplementarypurpose.

3.3 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTIONAS PER IRC-40

Life Expectancy

Superstructure=70years Substructure =100years

Types of Inspection

a) Detailed Inspection:

It is the visual inspection of all the substructures and the superstructures.

b) Routine Inspection:

Itisaphysicalrepairregulatorytypeinspection. Itisapplicabletoshort-spanbridges.

c) In-Depth Inspection:

Suchtypeofinspectionisdoneoncein3-5years. Thisinspectionplaysaveryimportantroleinoldbridges.

3.4 RATING OF EXISTING BRIDGES

Itisespeciallydoneforoldbridges.Ratingofbridgemeans thattheprocessofaccessingthesafeloadcarryingcapacity ofthebridges.Itisaffordablesafetymeasuretotrafficand public.

Ratingofbridgeisdoneusing- MagneticParticleDeflectometer

- Radiographicequipment

- UltrasonicTestingEquipment

4. PHOTOS TAKEN TO STUDY AND ANALYSE THE CURRENT SITUATION

4.1 STONE ARCH BRIDGE (4 SPANS)

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

4.4 SINGLE SPAN WITH GREAT HEIGHT OF 8M.

SUBMERSIBLE BRIDGE (21 SPANS) 4.3 SUBMERSIBLE BRIDGE (5 SPANS)

5. CONCLUSIONS

• Inthisproject,itisfoundoutthat95%oftheBritishera bridgesofMelghatregionareingoodcondition.Even thoughallarebuiltalmostandbefore100years.Even afteradecadetheyarestillstandingstrong.

• Only found very minor issues like seepage and accumulationofdebris,siltetc.Butdidn’tfindoutany majorstructuralissue.

• TheMelghatofMaharashtraisalsoveryknownplaceof IndiaforTigerReserveanditsbeautifulandcoldForest Area. Because of environmental regulations it is very hard to get the permission to clear the vegetation developedonorinsidethebridges.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

• Such extraordinary design methodology really very appreciable and should also try to implement such marvelousdesignforfutureaspects.

• Inthis,studiedthemethodology,inspectedandanalyzed the problems according to IRC codes for Bridge structures.

• This project educated the British construction methodologyofthestonemasonrystructuresofanarch bridge.

• ThisprojectgivesthedetailedstudyofArchBridgesof stonemasonryandtheknowledgeofForestregulations laidunderroadways.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor Ashish Bijwe, my research supervisor, for his patient guidance,enthusiasticencouragementandusefulcritiquesof thisresearchwork.

IwouldalsowanttothankDr.B.S.Sheteforherguidance andhelpinkeepingmydevelopmentontrackandassisted meindoingstudyandinspectionofoldbridgesasperIRC codes.

Iwouldalsowanttothankalltheteachingandnon-teaching staff for their valuable assistance providing me with the necessaryresourcesrequiredtoanalyzetheparameters.

REFERENCES

[1] IRC 40-2002 – Standard Specifications and Code of PracticeforRoadBridges,SectionIV(Brick,Stoneand cementconcreteblockmasonry)

[2] IRCSP40:2019GuidelinesonRepair,Strengtheningand Rehabilitation of Concrete Bridges (First Revision) by IndianRoadsCongress

[3] IRCSP51GuidelineforloadtestingofBridges

[4] IRCSP52:1999–Bridgeinspectorreferencemanual

[5] DesignOfBridges5Ed(Pb2019)byRajuN.K(Author)

[6] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319876067 _Analysis_and_Retrofitting_of_Arch_Bridges-_A_Review

[7] SafetyofHistoricalStoneArchBridgesByDirkProske· PietervanGelder(cSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg 2009)

[8] Soundengineeringpractice,technicalliterature/papers

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