Absorption competency of Duck weed and Water lettuce towards Cd and Ni in Electroplating waste water

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | Sep 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Absorption competency of Duck weed and Water lettuce towards Cd and Ni in Electroplating waste water

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davanagere, Karnataka, India

2Assistant professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davanagere, Karnataka, India ***

Abstract – The huge concentrations of the heavy metals present in Electroplating industry waste water enters food chain by getting accumulated in various living components. The traditional methods that are currently in usage involves lot of processes and highly non-economical. Phytoremediation emerged as a cost effective, efficient and green technology to remediate these heavy metals. In this study two free floating aquatic plants Water lettuce and Duck weed are investigated for their potential to absorb heavy metals from electroplating industry waste water. These plants are grown in waste water samples for the period of 20 days and Heavy metal concentration in the water sample is analyzed for every 4 days until 20 days. Finally the comparison is made between these two plants for removal of Cd and Ni from waste water. The Duck weed plants showed better absorption towards Cd and Ni than Water lettuce plants. The removal efficiency varied from 70-80 percentage by both the plant species.

Key Words: Bio-absorption process, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer(AAS),Phytoremediation,Waterlettuce, Duckweed,HeavymetalToxicity,Cadmium(Cd),Nickel(Ni).

1.INTRODUCTION

The rapid growth in industrial sector made a safe waste water disposal as major environmental issue. Due to dischargeofuntreatedwastewaterintonaturalecosystem, the surrounding environment is polluted. Electroplating techniqueisemployed inmetal finishingindustrieswhich giverisetowastewaterwithlotofhazardouscomponents and heavy metals (L. Suseela et al.,2021). There are many heavymetalswhichexhibitdifferentcharacteristics,someof them are categorized as precedence pollutants which are highly toxic in nature and engages into the food chain throughplantsandanimals(UzmaMajeedetal.,2014).These heavy metals adversely affect the soil environment by altering the soil composition, granular size and microbial activity. They cause chlorosis, stunted growth, yield decrement,metabolicdisordersinplantswith depression, insomnia, fatigue, sensory damage, irritability and gastric disordersinvariousanimalsandhumans.Aquaticecosystem balanceisseverelyimpactedbytheseheavymetals which leadstobiomagnificationandbio-accumulationindifferent aquaticspecies(VinodKumaretal.,2019).Hencetreatment

ofwastewaterisconsideredasgoodpracticetoovercome scarcityofwaterandreducethedamagetoenvironment.But theconventionalmethodsthatarebeingusedarecostlyand ineffective. The use of easy, economical and efficient technique to remediate heavy metals from waste water is necessary.

1.1 Phytoremediation

Itisagreentechnology,wherethetoxicheavymetalsare convertedintonon-toxicorlesstoxicformbyvariousplant species(ShahabaldinRezaniaetal.,2016).Itincludesvarious mechanisms such as Rhizofiltration, Phytoextraction, Phytodegradation, Rhizodegradation, Phytostabilization, Phytovolatilization,Hydrauliccontroletc.,(MonikaYadavet al.,2021). Bio-absorption is a mechanism where the heavy metals and other pollutants are absorbed by plants roots, tissues and shoot areas. The plants that are used for this process should be able to uptake large amount of both inorganicandorganicpollutantswithfastgrowingabilityand shouldshowlesstoxicity(RashaHMahmoudetal.,2017). Hencechoosingofplantsplaysaveryimportantroleinthis technique.

1.2 Free-Floating Aquatic plants

FreeFloatingaquaticplantspossessbettercapabilityto eliminate heavy metal from waste water as they are fast growingwithhighabsorbingpotential.Activetransportof pollutants occurs via roots to shoot system. Passive transport occurs during direct contact of plant parts with polluted water (Shafaqat Ali et al.,2020). Water lettuce ( Pistia stratiotes L)andDuckweed(Lemna minor L)arethe most commonly seen aquatic weeds which absorb heavy metals at a faster rate and exhibit less metal toxicity (SangeetaAnandetal.,2016).Waterlettuceconsistsofpale greenleaveswith3-4inchwideand2-3incheslongandalso withwhitishhairylowerpart.Ithasleavesfloatingonwater and a well-developed root system hanging beneath the water.Duckweedplantsaretinywith0.5to1inchoverall heightand1-2cmlightgreenleaves.Theseplantspropagate vegetatively and can be easily harvested if the absorbed heavy metals are to be extracted ( Dana A. Mohammed Barznji,2015).

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | Sep 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Collection of Waste water sample from Electroplating industry

A CETPlocatedat12.84210N, 77.67960Ecoordinates near Electroniccity,Bengaluru,whichreceiveswastewaterfrom surroundingElectroplatingindustrieswasapproachedand wastewatersamplewascollectedfromitsinlettank

2.2 Collection of free Floating aquatic plants

The plant samples (Duck weed and Water lettuce ) were collected from a lake situated at 12.77690N, 77.66080E coordinatesnearHennagaravillage,Bengaluru.Theseplants werewashedintapwatertoremovedustanddirtparticles and then grown in tap water for 7 days and 50% diluted electroplating industry waste water for other 7 days to acclimatethemtowastewater.After14dayshealthyplants areselectedforfurtherprocess.

2.3 Experimental process

Thecollected wastewatersamplewasfilledin10different 1litrecapacityplasticcontainersinwhichtheWaterlettuce andDuckweedplantsaregrown.Initiallyabout10gramsof plantsspeciesareintroducedineachcontainerandallowed togrow.Plantsusesallthenutrientsinthewastewaterand developdaybyday.Thewatersampleswereanalyzedat4,8, 12,16,20daysforCdandNiconcentrations.1containerwith waterlettuceplantsand1withDuckweedplantsareused duringeveryanalysis.After20thdaytheabsorptionefficiency ofboththeplantsarecompared.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Cd and Ni reduction over 20 days by Water lettuce and Duck weed plants

The initial Cd and Ni concentrations in the waste water sample was found to be 7.80 mg/L and 11.0 mg/L respectively. After 20 days the concentration of Cd was reducedto2.06mg/Land1.49mg/LbyWaterlettuceand Duckweedplantsrespectively.Waterlettuceplantsreduced Nicontentto2.98mg/LandDuckweedplantsreduceditto 2.53mg/L.

3.2 Bio-Absorption efficiency of Water lettuce and Duck weed plants

TheDuckweedplantsshowedbetterabsorptionefficiency forbothCdandNielementsoverWaterlettuceplants.Duck weedplantsabsorbedabout80.89%ofCdand77.00%ofNi. TheabsorptionefficiencyofWaterlettuceplantswasfound tobe73.50%and72.90%towardsCdandNirespectively. Theresultsobtainedduringtheanalysison4,8,12,16,20 daysareshowninthebelowtablesandcharts.

Table -1: Variationinheavymetalconcentrationdueto Waterlettuceplants

Sl.No Time interval (days)

Parameters Cd (mg/L) Ni (mg/L)

1. 0 7.80 11.00 2. 4 6.70 9.48 3. 8 5.57 7.92 4. 12 4.42 6.39 5. 16 3.26 4.79 6. 20 2.06 2.98

Table -2: Changesinheavymetalconcentrationdueto Duckweedplantseffect

Fig -1:Experimentalsetup

2.4 Analytical procedure

ThetwoheavymetalsCdandNi wereanalyzedin Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) model AA-6880 through “WizAArd” software. Cadmium is analyzed at 228.8nmandNickel at 232.0nm wavelengths. Slit widthis adjustedaspertherequirementsfordifferentelements.

Sl.No Time interval (days)

Parameters Cd (mg/L) Ni (mg/L)

1. 0 7.80 11.00

2. 4 6.60 9.40 3. 8 5.35 7.73 4. 12 4.07 6.05 5. 16 2.79 4.35 6. 20 1.49 2.53

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Table -3: AbsorptionpotentialofWaterlettuceplants

Sl.No Time interval (days)

Absorption efficiency (%) Cd Ni

1. 4 14.10 13.80 2. 8 28.58 28.00 3. 12 43.33 41.90 4. 16 58.20 56.45 5. 20 73.50 72.90

Table -4: AbsorptionpotentialofDuckweedplants

Sl.No Time interval (days)

Absorption efficiency (%) Cd Ni

1. 4 15.38 14.54 2. 8 31.41 29.72 3. 12 47.82 45.00 4. 16 64.23 60.45 5. 20 80.89 77.00

Chart -3:Cdabsorptionefficiency versesTime

Chart -1:CdconcentrationversusTimeinterval

Chart -4:NiabsorptionefficiencyversusTime

4. CONCLUSION

Aclear-cut ideaaboutheavymetaltoxicityandcosteffective witheasilyapproachablemethodforheavymetalreduction is obtained by this study. Both the Duck weed and Water lettuce plants showed best absorption on 20th day. The concentration of the heavy metals are highly reduced by DuckweedplantswhencomparedtoWaterlettuceplants The absorbed heavy metals can be easily extracted by harvestingtheplantpartswithverylessefforts.Thismethod canbeeasilyadoptedinvariousindustrieswhichcouldnot affordforcostlyconventionaltreatmentmethods.

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