PLASTICS WASTE AS OPTIONAL FUEL

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

PLASTICS WASTE AS OPTIONAL FUEL

1 Research Scholar M.Tech ,Dept of Civil Engineering , Jagannath University , Jaipur Rajasthan , India 2 Professor , Dept of Civil Engineering , Jagannath University , Jaipur Rajasthan , India

3Assistant Professor , Dept of Civil Engineering , Jagannath University , Jaipur Rajasthan , India ***

Abstract - This research examined at the problems of plastic waste on land and in the ocean, as well as other ways to deal with it. This was done because too much plastic waste is being made, which could be used to meet the energy needs of industry. In this study, it was found thatdumpingplasticwasteonlandhurtsthequalityofthe soil. On a site where plastic garbage was dumped, the levelsofphosphorusandpotassiumwerediscoveredtobe higher than normal. This indicates that the trash disposal hascausedthesite'ssoiltoloseitsnutritionalvalue.There was not a significant difference between the levels of heavymetalsinsamplesofseawaterandsoil.Thismaybe due to precipitation, high tide, low tide, wind speed, and the current at the ocean floor. To determine what type of energy may be extracted from plastic waste, the gross calorific value of several types of recycled plastics numbered 1 through 7 was determined to range from 5,500 kCal/kg to 11,500 kCal/kg. This indicates that the potential energy of plastic trash is comparable to that of pet coke and coal (about 8,500 and 4,500 kCal/kg, respectively). The gross calorific value of plastic garbage indicates that it could be a more efficient energy source thanpetcokeformeetingenergydemands.

This plastic is co-processed in an effort to use it as an alternativefuelinacementplant.Throughouttheprocess, the fuel, plastic, and clinker produced with and without plastic waste are measured. Specific heat through coprocessing demonstrates that the specific heat for clinkerization increases by approximately 755 kCal/kg of clinker when plastic waste and pet coke are used as fuel, compared to when only pet coke is utilised as fuel. The computation of specific heat demonstrates that there was no negative change in the quantity of heat required. This indicatesthatclinkerizationwassuccessful.Thisheatneed has not increased significantly, thus it might be utilised alongsidepetcokeasanalternativefuel.

During co-processing, the emissions from the stack were also monitored. This indicates that there were no significantchangesandthattheemissionswerewithinthe prescribed levels. The standard is 0.1 ngTEQ/Nm3, however the air concentration of Dioxin and Furan was 0.019ngTEQ/Nm3.

1.INTRODUCTION

Plastic has been used in a lot of different ways, like in carry bags, industrial tools, food packaging, and so on. Becauseofthis,theamountofplasticwastehasincreased byanextremelylargeamountduetotheriseinpopulation and use of plastic. The problems got worse because most plasticdoesn'tbreakdownveryquickly.

Themaingoal ofthestudyistofindotherways togetrid ofplasticwastesothatthebadeffectsofplasticwastecan be lessened. Plastic waste can be used as an alternative fuel in a lot of manufacturing industries, especially steel andcement.

1.1GLOBAL SCENARIO OF FUEL

According to the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy, India is the world's largest consumer of pet coke. Pet coke is a carbon-based solid fuel that produces 11 percent more greenhouse emissions than coal when burned. The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce estimates that by 2020, the manufacturing sector will use 22 million tonnes (MT) of plastic annually, up from 13.4 MT in 2015. Nearly fifty percent of this is single-use plastic.

In manufacturing industries, a substantial amount of fuel, primarily Pet coke or Coke, is used. The calorific value of thesefuelsrangesbetween7,000and8,000Kcal,whichis the amount of energy required to transform a solid into a liquid. This fuel, either from crude oil or coal mines, satisfiestheenergyrequirementsofthisprocess.

1.2WHAT MADE OF PLASTIC

Plastic is made of different kinds of organic synthetic or processed materials that are mostly high-molecularweightthermoplasticorthermosettingpolymers.Itcanbe made into filaments, objects, films, bags, or containers. Plasticisoneofthemostcommonandusefulmaterialson earth, but it is also one of the most harmful and longlasting pollutants, which is hurting the world's fragile ecosystems.Theoceansandallthelifeinthemmaybethe onesthatarehurtingthemost.

Key

Words: Plastic Waste, Soil Sample , Calorific Value, Pet Coke , Research, Fuel etc

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

2.PLASTICS AND ITS TYPES

Plastics are commonly being categories in two major fields:

1. Thermoset plastics

When plastic cooled and hardened, it kept its shape and couldn't go back to how it was before. These are hard, long-lasting,andstiff. Thermosetsarealways usedfor car parts,planeparts,tyres,andsoon.Thermosetisatypeof plastic that includes polyurethanes, polyesters, epoxy resins,andphenolicresins.

2. Thermoplastics:

Plastics that get soft when heated and then go back to theiroriginalshapeareeasytoshapeintofilms,fibres,and packaging. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride are all examples of thermoplastics (PVC).

Common

Polypropylene is also used a lot to make tubes, battery cases,bottles,bags,filaments,andmanyotherthings.

2.1 PLASTIC WASTE AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

According to the MoEF&CC rule on managing plastic waste,theterm"plasticwaste"referstoanyplasticthatis thrown away after it has been used or after it has served itspurpose.Plasticwastetakesalongtimetobreakdown because of its chemical structure, and getting rid of it is even harder. Plastic waste is very common because it is cheap and has a lot of uses in everyday life. This means thatalotofplasticwasteismade.

2.2 HOWTO REDUCE THE LOAD OF PLASTIC WASTE

Plastic Waste Management: Plasticwastemanagementis the process of getting rid of, controlling, or reducing the amountofwastefromthetimeitismadeuntilitisthrown away. It also includes collecting, moving, treating, and getting rid of plastic waste, as well as keeping an eye on andregulatingtheprocess.

Fig1.1

2.3 Plastic Waste Management Flowchart

A. Conventional Technology: Thesearethetechniques that can be used as a disposable method at the chemical, physical, and biological level. People have been using this type of technology for a long time to cutdownontheamountofplasticwaste. 

Plastic Waste Recycling: It is the process of getting backdifferentkindsofplasticsothattheycanbeused tomakedifferentthings,butnotintheiroriginalform. These recycled products are made by reusing plastic to make a wide range of new items, most of which can'tberecycledagain.

Stepsintherecyclingofplastic:

In order to get rid of plastic waste, every piece of plasticneedstogothroughfivedifferentsteps.Sothat more processing could be done to make different kindsofgoods. 

Sorting:Inthisstep,plasticsthatcan'tberecycledand plastics that can be recycled are separated from plastics that are needed. Plastics are separated by brand and type so that they can be fed into a shreddingmachine. 

Washing: Once the plastic waste has been sorted, it needs to be washed well to get rid of contaminants, labels, dirt, and adhesives. This makes the finished productmadefromrecycledplasticbetterandbetter.

Shredding:Oncetheplasticwastehasbeenwashed,it should be put on different kinds of conveyor belts, such as screw conveyors, belt conveyors, and so on, which then go through shredders. These kinds of

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

shredderscanbreakupplastictrashintosmallpieces thatcanthenberecycledintootherthings. 

Plastics:HowtoIdentifyorSortThem:

Shredded plastic can be easily analysed in the right way to test the plastic pieces so that uniformity of plasticwastecanbesecuredthroughqualityandclass assessment. 

Extruding: In this process, shredded plastic is melted in different ways, which lets it be shaped into small pellets that can be used to make different kinds of plastic.

Processes or methods of Plastic Recycling

Heat Compression: Thistypeofmethodforrecycling plastic waste is mostly used because it can recycle all kinds of plastic at once, which is in high demand. In this,plasticwastethathasn'tbeensortedorcleanedis mixedtogetherinbigcontainersthatshakethewhole thing up. The main benefit of this method is that the piecesofplasticthatarerecycleddon'thavetomatch up.

Monomer: This method of processing not only cleans plastic, but also cleans used plastic to make a new polymer.Withadetailedandaccuratemonomerrecycling process method, most of the problems with recycling plastic waste can be solved. This method shows how to reverse the polymerization process so that the same type ofcondensedpolymercanbeusedagain.

3.IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY

Toturnplasticresinintoplasticbottles,youalwaysneeda sourceofenergy.Plasticresinwasheatedandpouredinto a mould. The mould was then heated and bottles were made. About 8 percent of a plastic bottle's carbon footprintismadeduringthislaststageofproduction.

About three pounds of CO2 are released when about one poundofPET(polyethyleneterephthalate)plasticismade. The carbon footprint of a bottle is made up of the production of plastic resins and the transportation of bottles.Studieshaveshownthata500-mlbottleofplastic water has a total carbon footprint of about 82.8 grammes ofcarbondioxide.

4.Literature Review

4.1 PLASTIC WASTE A GLOBAL STUDIES AND VIEWS

4.1.1Hanna Ritchie and Max Roser's 2018 article "Plastic Pollution" shows how plastic pollution affects the

economy, the environment, and people's health. The article makes it clear that the world's plastic production was only 2 MTPA in 1950. Since then, it has grown by a factorof200everyyear,reaching381MTin2015andstill going up by a factor of 200 every year. The study also showed that the packaging and building and construction industriesarethemainsourcesofplasticwaste.

Hanna and Max also wrote in an article that most plastic waste comes from countries that are already wealthy. In the same article, Jambeck et al. (2015) tried to figure out how much plastic was actively being dumped into the oceans around the world in 2015. The data in Jambek's article suggest that, in 2015, plastic waste is mismanaged inChinamorethananywhereelseintheworld.

S.N o. Details Study Referenc es Understanding obtained

1 Plastic Pollution Hanna Ritchie and Max Roser (2018)

2 Negative Impact of Plastic Waste

3 Plastic Waste legislatio n

4 Plastic Waste as Alternativ e Energy: Plasticoil

5 Plastic Waste Handling and its Influence on Househol d Waste Incinerati on

6 Sustainab le Plastic Waste managem ent

CPCB 2015 study report

Plastic waste managem ent rule 216

Arif Setyo (2018)

• Global status of problem

• Challenges & Impacts

• Impact on soil andwater

• Problems of land fillmethod

• Scope made by policies

• Standards/guidel inetobefollowed onplasticwaste

• Plastic oil generation

• Challenges /problems /benefits of solution

Paolo Fornaseri (2014)

• Plastic waste segregation and different methods

• Environmental problem and benefit of solutions

Case study of thane municipal corporati on

• Challenges in the waste management

• Initiatives as a solution of problems

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

5.Methodology

1. The investigation will be conducted in stages dependentonitsscope.

2. The following procedures are proposed for completingthedissertation:

3. An examination of the impact of plastic garbage onthequalityofsoilandmarinewater.

4. In this step, an analysis will be conducted to determine the effects of the weathered plastic. In thisstudy,heavymetalswill beanalysed,and the results will be compared to the quality of soil in areasdevoidofplasticdebris.

5. The waste yard of the municipality or nagarpalika will be sampled for contaminated soil, and additional samples will be taken 3 kilometres awayfromthedumpyard.

6. Inthe samemanner,samplesofthe ocean will be collected approximately 2 metres from the shore and3kilometresfromtheshore.

7. To determine the calorific value, we will gather samples of several types of plastic garbage. Coprocessing criteria include the amount of plastic garbage accessible in the yard, its calorific value, andothervariables.Thecalorificvalueofthefuel and the amount of clinker produced for the day are then used to calculate how much heat is required to produce one tonne of clinker in a cement factory where plastic waste is utilised as analternativefuel.

8. During the co-processing of plastic trash, isokineticsamplingwillbeutilisedtoexaminethe emissions of a pollutant. As required by law, this emissionisassessedattherawmillandkilnstack, which is a primary source of emissions, to determine how they affect environmental air quality.

5.1PHASE-I: SOIL AND WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

5.1.1 Water Sampling:

1. The study began with an investigation of the effects of plastic trash on the quality of soil and water, followed by the selection of sampling locations. In the chronological order, the study occurred following the wet season. Gujarat's Jafarabad taluka was selected as the location for the dump. According to the 2011 Indian Census, thepopulationoftheareais27,167.Thelandfillis around 2–3 kilometres from the city centre.

Occasionally, earth is utilised to level the landfill site. The next sample is collected around three kilometresawayfromthelandfill.

2. Similarly, a sample of seawater was collected 20 metres from the coast, which may be where plastic debris enters the ocean via surface runoff. The usual sea water was collected three kilometersfromthecoast.

3. Thefirstsampleisobtainedfromthedumpsiteby excavating approximately 1 metre below. This samplewasalsocollected,identicaltothesample collectedatthelandfill.Thesampleiscollectedin separate, 500-gram-capacity plastic bags from bothlocations.

4. In the same manner, seawater was collected 20 metresfromtheshoreand 1metredeepnearthe city.Theseawaterwascollectedatadepthofone metre, three kilometres from the coast. Each water sample was placed in its own one-liter plasticbottle.

5. The water samples that will be analysed for the presence of heavy metals were collected by adding 5 ml of nitric acid per litre of sample water.

6. CONCLUSIONS

Accordingtoresearchofplastictrash,itsimpacts ontheenvironment,suchasontheair,water,and soil, demonstrate that the use of plastic is the greater issue. People's continued use and production of plastic waste, which makes life difficult for people, is creating significant changes. Here are the study's findings as presentedinthedissertation:

When the consequences of plastic trash were examined at a dump for plastic garbage in Gujarat's Jafarabad taluka, itwas discovered that phosphorus and potassium levels in normal soil samples were higher than in samples from dumpsites. This indicates that garbage disposal hasmadethesoilatdumpsiteslessnutrient-rich. 

However, the soil in the vicinity of the landfill exhibitedagreaterconcentrationofnitrogenand chlorideions.



The most plausible explanation is that garbage that has been abandoned or buried decomposes intheenvironment,therebyproducingchemicals with various properties, like nitrogen, methane, chloride,phosphate,etc.



International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072





A accumulation of discarded garbage containing numerous microplastics and a loose soil profile thatallowedagreatdealofwatertopassthrough led to a high organic and inorganic material retention. 

It has been shown that the chemicals, colours, stabilisers,andfillersinthemanytypesofplastic items can seep into the soil and seawater when plastic garbage is dumped. To safeguard the qualityofthesoilandwaterintheecosystem,itis urged that individuals dispose of less plastic garbage. 

There was not a significant difference between thelevelsofheavymetalsinsamplesofseawater and soil. This may be due to precipitation, high tide, low tide, wind speed, and the current at the oceanfloor.



processing. This means that a cementfactory will require higher specific heat to produce clinker. This indicates that plastic trash might be used in place of pet coke to produce clinker in a cement plant, despite the fact that the heat requirements donotvarysignificantly.

If plastic trash is burned in a cement kiln, the resultingemissionswillmeettheCPCB/MoEF&CC emission guidelines for co-processing, according to an analysis of air quality based on stack emissions.





Based on their recycle number, various types of plastic garbage are analysed to determine their gross calorific value. This is done in order to determine the possible energy range, and the resultisunexpectedlysuperior.

Gross Calorific Value(kCal/kg)

Theprimaryreasonisthatthetemperatureinthe cementkilnismaintainedatapproximately1,300 degrees Celsius, which breaks down the complex and hazardous chemicals into simpler componentsthatare easytodispose of.Asdioxin and furan are the most harmful gases, they are producedbythecombustionofplasticgarbage.In contrast to the standard of 0.1 ngTEQ/Nm3, the concentration of emissions was only 0.019 ngTEQ/Nm3.



When waste plastic is co-processed in a cement kiln, it will have a significant impact on the nation's waste management. The Indian cement sector,whichisoneofthemostenergy-efficientin the world, is also leaning toward embracing alternative fuels. Co-processing garbage will tackle two issues simultaneously: it will make it easier to dispose of waste and it will reduce carbonemissionsoverall.

REFERENCES

1.MoEF&CC (Plastic waste management rule 2016) and CPCBmonitoringguidelinefromwebsitecpcb.nic.in.

2.Study report 2014-CPCB and IITR Lucknow study on “Impactofplasticwastedisposalonsoilandwaterquality atLucknowdumpsite”.

3.Guideline of Co-processing of Hazardous and other wasteofCPCB-2017.

BIOGRAPHIES

According to the statistics presented in the graph above, recycle waste numbers 1 and 3 have a lower calorific value than other recycle waste numbers, although their values are still closer to coal's.

Specific heat is calculated to be approximately 755 kCal/kg of clinker with co-processing, as opposed to 753 kCal/kg of clinker without co-

Nirmal Kumar Sahu is a Research Scholar of M. Tech, Department of Civil EngineeringJagannathUniversityJaipur.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Professor (Dr.) Bharat Nagar is working as a HOD in Department of Civil Engineering,JagannathUniversityJaipur since last 13 years. He has worked in various engineering colleges and industries in Rajasthan & has total experience of more than 19 years. He haswritten4 booksandmore than60 researchpapers in various reputed International and National Journals. His area of interest is Environmental Assessment, Concrete application,andEarthquakeEngineeringetc.

HemantAgrawal isworking asanAssistantProfessorand M.tech Coordinator in Department of Civil Engineering, Jagannath University Jaipur. Graduated from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota with honor’s in 2014. He is honoredwithagoldmedalinM.techandhaspublished13 papers in International and National Journals & 3 in NationalConference.Hehasmorethan8yearsofteaching experience. His area of interest is Structure analysis, Concreteapplicationetc.

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