EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE BEAM BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE BY LDPE GRANULES AND

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE BEAM BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE BY LDPE GRANULES AND CEMENT BY ALCCOFINE

1 P.G Scholar, M.E Structural Engineering Department of civil Engineering , Anna University Regional Campus Madurai, Tamilnadu-625019

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Dindigul, Dindigul, Tamilnadu.-624622

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Ramanathapuram, Ramanathapuram Tamilnadu-623513

*Corresponding author. ***

Abstract - The application of waste materials is getting more popular in the concrete industries, as it can reduce the associated costs and environmental impacts. In this paper Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) granules and Alccofine are used as partial replacement for coarse aggregate and cement for producing concrete cubes and cylinders has been investigated and reported. Concrete cubes and cylinders are cast manually and the strength of concrete in terms of compression and split tension are experimentally evaluated. It is found that the strength of plastic replaced concrete in terms of compression, split tension and flexural strength can be comparable with the conventional concrete. The present study is aimed at concrete mix with partial replacement of coarse aggregate and cement by LDPE granules (0%, 2%, 4% & 6%) that will provide an advantage in reducing the dead weight of structure. Alccofine is used to improve the workability and strength of the concrete. This mix in the form of cubes, cylinders and beam were subjected to compression, split tension, flexural strength to ascertain the strength parameter. Hence the replacement of Coarse Aggregate and Cement in concrete making is not only beneficial but also eco-friendly.

Key Words: LowDensityPolyethylenegranules,Alccofine, Fine Aggregate, Coarse Aggregate M 50, Compressive Strength,SplitTensileStrength,FlexuralStrength.

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete and plastic are the most widely used man made materialinworld.Astheworldpopulationincreasesrapidly, various types of waste are generated. It is estimated that everyyear4.8to12.7millionmetrictonsofplasticenterthe oceaneachyear.Only9%ofplasticwasteeverproducedhas been recycled. The remaining 79 percent has collected in landfills, dumps, or the environment, with just around 12 percentbeingburned.LeoBaekeland,whopopularizedthe word "plastics," created Bakelite in 1907, the first totally

syntheticplasticintheworld.Disposingplastichasbecomea majorproblem;itcanbereusedinmanyways.

Manyresearchandstudyhasbeencarriedoutinorder to reusetheplasticinconstructionfield,whichiseconomical. In the plastic waste stream, High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) form the largest fraction, followed by Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polypropylene (PP) and Polystyrene (PS). Reusing plasticinconcreteisseentobethemostpracticalsolution fordealingwiththedisposalofvastamountsofplasticwaste andtofulfilthegrowingdemandforaggregates.Sinceplastic is built of polymers, which are composed of long string molecules comprised of carbon atoms coupled with other elementssuchashydrogen,nitrogen,oxygen,andfluorine,it cannot be crushed as readily as natural coarse aggregate (NCA).

The goal of this experiment is to determine if it would be possibletopartiallyreplacethecoarseaggregateinconcrete withplastic-granulatedwastematerialswhilemaintaining thestrengthoftheconcrete.

2. POLYETHYLENE

Athermoplasticpolymerwithavaryingcrystallinestructure ispolyethylene.Tensmillionstonnesofplasticareproduced globallyeachyear,makingitoneofthemostfrequentlyused polymers.Itsapproximatemeltingpointis110°C(230°F). Theyareutilizedinsqueezebottles,toys,householdgoods, agriculturalmulch,garbageandgrocerybags,wireandcable insulation,andpackagingfilm.

3. ALCCOFINE

Anewcategoryofmicro-finematerialscalledalccofinehave much smaller particle sizes than conventional hydraulic materials like cement, fly ash, silica, etc. Alccofine is a supplemental cementitious material made from ultrafine

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groundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag.Itsuniqueproperty,an optimum particle size distribution, is produced during manufacturing under carefully regulated settings using specializedequipment.Whenmakinghigh-strengthconcrete (HSC) and high-performance concrete, the material Alccofine-1203, which has a low calcium silicate concentration, is used as an SCM to replace silica fume (HPC).Alccofineisalsosimpletouseandcanbemixedright inwithcement.Abetter,smoothersurfacefinishisproduced byAlccofine'sultrafineparticles.

4. OBJECTIVE

The project's primary objective is to i)Replace naturally occurringmaterialsinordertoreducepressureonthem.ii) Studying concrete's characteristics using LDPE and Alccofine. iii) To compare the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of conventional concretewithconcretethathasbeenpartiallyreplaced.iv) Using concrete of the M50 grade. V) To investigate how freshlypouredandhardenedconcretebehave.

5. LITERATURE REVIEW

The main aim of the paper is to compare the mechanical propertiesofconcretewithregularplasticwaste(RPW)and (IPW) as replacement of FA and OPC. The replacement of fineaggregateorcementbyIPWmayregainitsstrengthdue to improved microstructure. For 5% replacement of OPC with IPW 1.07% increases in compressive strength and 13.7% increases in split tensile strength. 7% replacement reduces59.69kg/m3ofsand(3).Inthispaperthecrumb tyre is used as the partial replacement of fine aggregateandalccofineis mixedintheratioof 5%, 10%and15%attheoptimumpercentageofcrumb rubber.Theidealreplacementrateforcrumbtyresis determinedtobe10%.Theconcreteismoreaffected bysulphuricacidcuringascomparedtohydrochloric acidcuring.So the sulphuric acid is more dangerous forconcrete(4-6) Usingrecycledplasticinreplacementof naturalaggregatesinconcrete,eithercompletelyorpartially. ThebondstrengthisdecreasedwhenincreasewithRPA.As the amount of RPA increased, the bond strength, elastic modulus,andcompressiveandflexuralstrengthallreduced. The thermal conductivity of concrete decreased with an increaseinthequantityofRPA.Thethermalconductivityof RPAwas35–65%lessthanthatofthecontrolconcrete(79)Thecementisreplacedby10%byalccofineandfine aggregate is replaced by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% Iron powder. The addition of alccofine and iron powder increases its Compressive strength, Tensile strength and Flexural strength of concrete when compared to conventional concrete. The result of the test showed that concrete containing iron powder has good resistancetosulphateattack,acidattack.(10-12).

6. MATERIALS

6.1 Cement:

Cementactsasabindingmaterialinconcrete.Thisproject makes use of OPC 53 grade cement. The main reason for usingOPC53gradeisithelpsinhydrationprocessandalso itincreasesthestrengthofconcrete.Thespecificgravityof cement is 3.12. The physical properties of the cement is testedandresultedbelow.

Table

-1: Physical Properties of Cement

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION

Specificgravity 3.1-3.2

Compressivestrengthat28days 53N/mm2(Minimum)

InitialsettingTime 30min(minimum) FinalSettingTime 600min(maximum)

6.2 FINE AGGREGATE:

FineAggregateusedhereisMsand,whichismanufactured sand made by crushing stones. The size of manufactured sand(M-sand)islessthan4.75mm.Specificgravityoffine aggregate is 2.62. The fundamental material tests for fine aggregatehavebeenresultedbelow.

Table -2: Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES VALUES

Specificgravity 2.68 Finenessmodulus 2.998 Surfacetexture Smooth

6.3 COARSE AGGREGATE:

Coarse is usually found naturally and can be obtained by blastingquarriesorcrushingitbyhandorwithcrushers.A coarseaggregatewithanominalsizeof20mmischosen,and thephysicalparametersaredeterminedaccordingtoIS383 –1970.Theaggregatewhichretainedon4.75mmsievewhen sieved.Thespecificgravityofcoarseaggregateis2.70.The physicalpropertiesofCoarseaggregateistabulatedbelow

Table -3: Physical properties of Coarse Aggregate PHYSICAL PROPERTIES VALUES

Specificgravity 2.70

Finenessmodulus 7.364 WaterAbsorption 0.512% ImpactValue 38.43%

ParticleSize Angular

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6.4 LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

Lowdensitypolyethylene,orLDPE,isasupple,adaptable, andlight-weightplastic.LDPEissimpletoproduce,easyto form,andhasstrongchemicalandimpactresistance. Low tensilestrengthbuthighflexibilitycharacteriseLDPE.Plastic bagsarethelow-densitypolyethyleneproductthatisused the most frequently. Squeezable bottles, lids, and toys are someLDPE examples.LDPE'sspecific gravity rangesfrom 0.91to0.925.

6.6 WATER

Waterplaysanimportantcomponentofconstruction.Salts andsolidparticlesmustnotbepresentinthewaterusedfor building or curing. Water's pH shouldn't be less than 6. Throughoutthetrial,portablewaterthatmetIS456:2000 requirementswasused.

7. MIX DESIGN

GradeofConcreteM50

TypeofCementOPC-53grade

NominalMaximumsizeofAggregate-20mm ExposureCondition-Sever

MaximumCementContent-450Kg/mm3

Maximumw/cratio-0.45 MineralAdmixture-Alccofine

7.1 MIX RATIO

Table-4: Mix Ratio

Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Water

6.5 ALCCOFINE

Alccofine, a mineral admixture employed here, has been showntoboostconcrete'scompressivestrengthovertime. Due to its ideal particle size distribution, alccofine offers uniquequalitiesthatimprovetheperformanceofconcretein both fresh and hardened states. Alccofine comes in two varieties:Alccofine1101(whichhasahighcalciumsilicate content)andAlccofine1203.(withlowcalciumsilicate).The specificgravityis2.7.

1 1.12 1.66 0.34

Table-5: Percentage of materials replaced

Mix Ratio % of Coarse Aggregate

% of LDPE Granules

% of Cement % of Alccofine MSand

CC 100% 0% 100% 0% 100%

MR1 98% 2% 90% 10% 100%

MR2 96% 4% 90% 10% 100%

MR3 94% 6% 90% 10% 100%

8. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

8.1 SLUMP CONE TEST

To determine the concrete is workability, the Slump Cone test is performed. The distance between the top of the slumpedconcreteandthelevelofthetopoftheslumpcone isusedtocalculatetheconcrete'sslump.Theresultofthe Slumpconetestismentionedbelowandtheslumpissaidto beTrueorHighSlump.

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Table-6: Slump cone test result

Replacement of PEG 4000(%)

Trial No Slump value (mm)

Average slump value (mm)

Type of Slump

NormalSlump 1 102 101 True or High Slump

2 100 MR1 1 105 104 2 103 MR2 1 106 107 2 118 MR3 1 105 `106 2 107

8.2 HARDENED CONCRETE

The concrete is said to be hardened only when it is fully cured.TheHardenedconcretetestareCompressivestrength, SplitTensileTest,andFlexuralstrengthtest.

8.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Theabilityofamaterialorstructuretoresistpushforces thatareappliedaxiallyisknownascompressionstrength.A cubeofstandarddimensionsof150x150x150mmisusedfor thecompressivestrengthtest.Theconcreteiscuredfor7and 28-daybeforeaconcretetestisconducted.TheCompressive Strength of 4% replacement of CA with LDPE granules increased when combared to conventional concrete. The resultsofthe compressivestrength istabulated below(1316)

Table-7: Compressive strength of concrete

% of Replacemen t

Average Compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) at 7 days

Average Compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) at 28 days

CC 33.21 50.34

MR1 33.38 51.14 MR2 34.52 52.11 MR3 34.20 51.28

8.2.2

Fig-3: CompressiveTestonCube

Chart-1: CompressiveStrengthofConcrete

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

Thetensilestrengthofconcretecanbetestedindirectlyusing thistechnique.Thistesttakesplaceonacylindricalspecimen with dimensions of 300mm in length and 150mm in diameter. The concrete is cured for 7and 28-day before a concretetestisconducted.TheSplitTensileStrengthof 2% replacement of CA with LDPE granules increased when combaredtoconventionalconcrete.Theresultsofthesplit tensilestrengthistabulatedbelow(17-20).

Table-8: Split tensile strength of concrete

% of Replaceme nt

Average Split Tensile Strength (N/mm 2 ) at 7 days

Average Split Tensile Strength (N/mm 2 ) at 28 days

CC 3.26 4.85

MR1 3.31 5.52

MR2 3.18 5.38 MR3 3.13 5.04

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Fig-5: SplitTensiletestonCylinder

Chart-2: SplitTensileofConcrete

8.2.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

Flexuralstrengthistestedusingabeamwithaspecimensize of200mmx200mmx750mm.Theidealpercentagebased on compressive strength is MR2, or 4 percent LDPE granule replacement and 10 percent Alccofine. Fromthe optimumpercentagethebeamiscastedandaftercuring,the flexural test of a conventional concrete beam and a beam that has been replaced with materials is conducted, The Strengthis increased at 4% replacementwhencomparedto conventional concrete and the results are tabulated below(21-26).

Table-9: Flexural Strength of concrete

% of Replacement Average Compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) at 7 days

Average Compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) at 28 days

CC 4.87 6.11 MR2 5.02 6.35

9. CONCLUSION

Theworkabilityoftheconcreteisgraduallyincreasingwith replacement of plastic and mineral admixture when comparedtonormalslump.At28daysofcuringtheconcrete attainitsmaximumstrengthandthetestsarecarriedout. TheCompressivestrengthofReplacedconcretehighat MR2 (52.11 N/mm2) whencomparedtoconventionalconcrete. TheSplitTensiletestofreplacedconcreteishighat MR1 ( 5.52N/mm2) whencomparetoconventionalconcreteat28 days.TheFlexuralStrengthofconcretebeamisincreasingat B2 ( 6.35N/mm2) with 4% replacement of CA by LDPE granulesand10%ofCementbyAlccofine.Sincetheweight oftheconcreteisregucedbyusingplasticmaterialitcanbe used as light weight material also. By introducing waste recycledplasticintotheconcreteiswhichisenvironmental friendly

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