Review Paper on Experimental Study on Freeze & Thaw Resistance of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Concrete

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

Review Paper on Experimental Study on Freeze & Thaw Resistance of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Concrete

M.Tech, Civil Engg (Structural Engineering)

BRCM College of Engineering & Technology, Bahal, Bhiwani-127028 ***

Abstract:-

Freeze and Thaw resistance is an important durability criterionofconcreteincoolareas.Tofurtherimprovement in freezing and thawing resistance of concrete, carbon Fibre was added into the concrete. Rehashed absorbing water will speed up the freeze-thaw harm of concrete, resulting in the declination in compressive strength of concrete.

Consequently, a repetitive Freeze-Thaw test, in which samples (Specimens) of carbon-Fibre-Reinforced concrete were frozen for 16h followed by 8h of thawing, was completed to gauge the relationship of the carbon Fibre and Freeze-Thaw resistance. The outcomes show that adding Carbon Fibre content upto optimum limit into concrete could diminish the rate of weight loss of the concrete during the Freeze-Thaw investigation. The increment in Fibre content into the concrete resulted in improvement in compressive strength (28 days) of concretesignificantly.

The experimental results indicate that the Fibre Reinforced concrete made with carbon Fibre is suitable as construction material in cold regions when the optimal addition of amount of carbon Fibre is 1 % of the weight of thecement.

Keywords: Carbon Fibre Reinforcedconcrete, Carbon Fibre, Durability, Freeze-Thaw Resistance, Compressivestrength.

Introduction

Concrete is a versatile widely utilized construction material. Since concrete has been laid out as a material for construction, investigators have been attempting to work on its quality improvement. As a brittle material, concrete is strong under compression and weak under tension as well as in Flexure. This issue might be lightenedbytheadditionofshortcarbonFibres.

FibreReinforcedConcrete:-

FibreReinforcedConcreteisconcretecontainingfibrous material such as steel Fibres, synthetic Fibres, glass Fibres,carbonFibresandnaturalFibresasanadditional

materialinplainconcrete.Fibrousmaterialincreasesthe structuralintegrityofconcrete.

Fibrous material is used in concrete to reduce cracking due to drying shrinkage and to plastic shrinkage. It is alsohelpfulinreductioninbleedingofwaterinconcrete and permeability of concrete. Fibres produce higher impact resistance, crack and abrasion resistance in concrete.

Advantages of Fibre Reinforced Concrete:-

Improvestrengthofconcrete

Improvefrostresistance

Improve abrasion resistance and impact resistance

Increaseresistancetoshrinkageeffect

Increasestructuralstrength

Reducecrackwidth

Reductioninsteelrequirement

CarbonFibreReinforcedConcrete:

Carbon fibres are fibres about 5 to 10 micrometers in diameterandcomposedmostlyofcarbonatoms.Carbon fibres have several advantages including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion. Carbon fibres are usually combined with othermaterialstoform a composite. Whenimpregnated with a plastic resin and baked it forms carbon fibre reinforced polymer (often referred to as carbon fibre) which has a very high strength-to-weight ratio, and is extremelyrigidalthoughsomewhatbrittle.Carbonfibres are also composited with other materials, such as graphite, to form reinforced carbon composites, which haveaveryhighheattolerance.

AdvantagesofCFRC:

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

LiteratureReview

To improve the quality of concrete, various types of Fibre-reinforced concretes that are made of cement, aggregate, water and scattered Fibres. The extensively used Fibres are steel Fibres, synthetic Fibres, polypropyleneFibres,glassFibresandcarbonFibres.

Now days, polypropylene Fibres, steel Fibres, carbon Fibres are the most common materials for Fibre ReinforcedConcrete.

Karahan et al reported adding polypropylene Fibres into concrete could marginally increment the freezethawdurability.

The mixing of polypropylene Fibres in concrete resulted increase in compressive strength, improvement in nondeformability of the concrete, increase the fatigue and impact resistance and increase the toughness. Due to lower elastic modulus of polypropylene Fibres, bonding between concrete and polypropylene Fibre is not strong atall.

Yu et al reported steel Fibres can also be used to improvethefrostresistanceofconcrete.

Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete has a high compressive strength,crack resistance,andtoughness.Howeversteel Fibrescaneasilyrustinhumidenvironment.Themixing of steel Fibres diminishes the flow ability of Fibre Reinforcement Concrete somewhat, resulted in reducing workabilityofFibreReinforcedConcretesignificantly.

Fibrereinforcedpolymerplatedbeams

Plates and Sheets of Fibre reinforced polymer offer incredibly productive choice to steel plates as external reinforcement for strengthening and rehabilitation applications. Since Fibre Reinforced Polymers were first explored as a plating material in Switzerland in the 1980s (Meier et al. 1992), there has been a lot of examination into their structural behavior. Many of major research studies have been acted in Europe (Deuring 1993; Lane et al. 1997; Meier and Winistorfer 1995; Quantrill et al. 1995; Rostasy et al. 1992; Canada (AlexanderandCheng1996;BizindavyiandNeale1997; Swamy and Mukhopadhyaya 1995; Varastehpour and Hamelin 1995), Heffernan et al. 1996; Shehata et al. 1997), Chaallal et al. 1997; Green et al. 1997; and the United States (An et al. 1991; Arduini and Nanni 1998; Chajes et al. 1996; Malek et al. 1998; Malvar et al. 1995; Nanni 1997; Plevris et al. 1995; Saadatmanesh and Ehsani 1990; Triantafillou 1998). Field applications utilizing FRPs to fortify supported substantial designs have been executed in Europe (Steiner 1996; Nanni 1997), Japan (Ichimasu et al. 1993), and all the more as

of late North America (Labossière et al. 1997; Chajes et al.1996).

Tosumup,thegeneralimpactsofplatingforflexureona built up concrete beam can be expressed as follows, assumingthatprematurefailuremechanismareavoided:

1. Increasedflexurallimitunderbothultimateand serviceloadconditions.Itisreflectedinyielding ofcrackandultimatemoment.

2. Uniformly distributed finer and more evenly cracks in concrete. Reduction in crack width in platedbeam.

3. Small amount increment in post cracking flexuralstiffness.

4. Reduce ductility. The reduction in ductility might be expected to change from under reinforcedsectiontoanoverreinforcedsection.

Cold climate research on fibre reinforced polymerplatedbeams

By far most of concrete structures that require rehabilitation or strengthening are exposed to extreme environmentalconditions.

A significant number of these severe environmental conditionsaretheresultof coldenvironmentconditions for example Freeze-Thaw action, low temperature, and exposure to defrost salts. Due to this, the environmental durability of both the materials and techniques used in rehabilitation applications is of utmost importance, especially in colder climates such as those found in Canada. However, very little research has been performed relating to the environmental durability of FibreReinforcedPolymerplatedmembers.

Kaiser in 1989 investigated a series of Freeze and Thaw test on beams plated with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Sheets. He observed that there was no unfavourable impact on the overall structural performance of beam tested after 100 cycles of freeze andthaw from +25 ֯Cto -25 ֯C.Baumert et al.in 1996 exploredtheimpactofoutrageouscoldonthestructural performance of Fibre Reinforced Polymer plated beams. That's what these tests showed, for Carbon Fibre reinforced polymer plated (CFRP) beams presented to a temperaturedistinctionof+21°Cto-27°C,therewereno unfriendly effects on structural behaviour of beams whensubjectedtoastaticload.

Green et al. in 1997 also conducted a series of tests to observe the freeze & thaw durability of beams strengthened with CFRP sheets. The beams were subjected to 50 freeze & thaw cycles from -18°C to +15°C.It was observed that freeze &thawcycling didn't impact the strength of the concrete beams, the FRP

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

sheets,ortheFRPtoconcretebond(althoughnospecific effortwasmadetostudybondbehaviour).

Tysl et al. (1998) studied the effect of surface deterioration on the freeze–thaw durability of CFRP plated reinforced concrete beams. It was found that neither freeze-thaw cycling nor partial surface deteriorationhadadiminishingeffectontheoverallload deflectionresponseoftheplatedbeams.

Verylittleresearchesbeendoneontheeffectsoffreezethaw cycling specifically on Fibre Reinforced Polymers. Daniel and Ishaiin 1994 express that,sincethefibresin Fibre Reinforced Polymers are generally least sensitive to the climate conditions, thermal effects are most observable in framework overwhelmed properties, such ascompressivestrengthandtransversetensilestrength, and in-plane shear. Longitudinal rigidity isn't thought of asessentiallyimpactedbytemperatureimpacts.

Tests directed by Dutta in 1988, where FRPs were exposed to 150 freeze-defrost cycles from +23°C to40°C, however, showed that the rigidity (Tensile Strength) of glass-Epoxy fibre reinforced polymer was decreased by about 10% due to Freeze-Thaw cycling. Thermal Cycling produce significant degradation of offaxispropertiesforcarbonfibrereinforcedpolymer.

For concrete, crumbling because of freeze-defrost is brought about by freezing of pore water inside the concrete.Iftheporesaretoolittle,theextensionbrought aboutbyfreezingcanapplystressesontheconcretethat breaktheconcreteandsubsequentlycausecrumbling.

Air entraining agent of 7% to 8% depending on the size of aggregate can essentially dispense with this FreezeThawdamage(Nevillein1995).

Results&Conclusions

Theslumpvaluewasindecreasingorderwithincreasing inamountofcarbonfibre.Theadditionofcarbonfibrein concrete in larger amount reduces the workability of concrete while it is also responsible to knotting of the fibres.

byweightofcement,thecompressivestrengthofCarbon FibreReinforcedConcrete(CFRC)wasmorethanthatof Plain Cement Concrete. Thus optimum value of Carbon FibreResinsis1%byWeightofCement.thecompressive strength decline from the beginning and afterward an increment with the increment of carbon fibre resins in concrete.

There are several types of micro cracks develop in concrete which can be classified in to two categories according to the age of concrete, first one is plastic shrinkagecracksandsecondoneiscracksdevelopeddue to concrete hardening. Carbon fibre resins have greater effect on plastic shrinkage as compare to crack developedduetohardeningofconcrete.

Concrete have smaller tensile strength before hardening stage (Plastic Deformation Stage). When it comes under hardening stage many micro cracks develops in the interior of concrete due to evaporation of moisture content from the concrete. Fibre reinforcement mechanism is mainly deals with the improvement of crackresistance.Fibreresinswouldbedistributedinthe concrete as fine reinforcement which can be resist the tensile stresses develops through the deformation and also can control the shrinkage of concrete that reduces the development of cracks resulting in better performanceofconcreteinallaspects.

Howeverfibreresinsinstigatestheinterfacedefectsinto the composite material that may be harmful for the mechanical properties of the concrete. The impact of carbon fibre resins in concrete can be control by some factor such as Amount of Fibre Content provided, distance between fibres, bond between fibre resins and concretematerial.

Mechanical Properties of concrete decreases with increases in Freeze-Thaw Cycles in which the compressivestrengthisthemostdelegatedparameter.

When a small quantity of carbon fibre was considered thecompressivestrengthoftheCarbonFibreReinforced Concrete (CFRC) was lower than that of Plain Cement Concrete and when the quantity added more than 0.5%

According tothis experimental study,atfirst theCarbon fibre content was not adequate to oppose plastic shrinkage resulting in development of cracks planes at higherratethatcompressivestrength.Whentheamount of carbon fibre content increased an enormous number of plastic shrinkage cracks were eliminated that formed inconcreteandtheconstructiveoutcomewasprominent than the presented feeble area. The concept of adding carbon fibre content in concrete makes the compressive strength increase rapidly and showing approximate linearly growth of compressive strength. Increment in carbon fibre content reduces the strength significantly resultedindeclinationincompressivestrength.

Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Carbon Fibre ReinforcedConcrete:

The frost resistance mark displayed on concrete cube in increasing pattern with increase in carbon fibre content

Effect of Carbon Fibre on compressive strength of concrete:

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

before 1 % by weight of cement. When carbon fibre content increase more than 1% then, it shown not any further improvement in frost resistance in concrete. When the water present in pores experienced frost resistance its volume increased and which would cause of tensile stress development and micro cracks forms. The improvement in frost resistance by using carbon fibre in concrete prevented the formation of micro cracks. Therefore the addition of optimum carbon fibre content that is 1 % by weight of cement used can improvethefrostresistanceinconcrete.

Conclusions:



By increasing Carbon Fibre Content from 0% to 1.25% by weight of cement showing a decrease pattern in workability. Slump value decreases from146mmto78mm.

6. Dutta, P.K. 1988. Structural fiber composite materials for cold regions. Journal of Cold RegionsEngineering,2(3):124–135.

7. Tysl, S.R., Imrogno, M., and Miller, B.D. 1998. Effect of surface delamination on the freeze–thaw durability of CFRP-reinforced concrete beams.InDurabilityoffibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for construction. Edited by B. Benmokrane and H. Rahman. Avantage Inc., Sherbrooke,Qué.,pp.317–324.

8. Kaiser, H. 1989. Bewehren von stahlbeton mit kohlenstoffserverstarkten epoxiharzen. Ph.D. thesis, Diss ETH Nr. 8918. EMPA, Zurich, Switzerland.



The mixing of Carbon fibre into concrete could compressive strength decrease first and cause increase after that, the value of maximum compressivestrengthafter50cyclesreportedis 47.26MPa which is just only 0.381% lower than its28daysstrength.

9. Flores Medina, N.; Barbero-Barrera, M.M. Mechanical and physical enhancement of gypsum composites through a synergic work of polypropylene fiber and recycled isostatic graphite filler. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 131, 165–177.



Themixingofcarbonfibrecontentintoconcrete candecreasetheweightlossoftheconcrete.

Reference:

1. Neville, A.M. 1995. Properties of concrete. John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,NewYork,N.Y.

2. Baumert, M.E., Green, M.F., and Erki, M.A. 1996. Low temperature behaviour of concrete beams strengthened with FRP sheets. Proceedings of the 1996 CSCE Annual Conference, Edmonton, Alta.,pp.179–190.

3. Green, M.F., Soudki, K.A., and Johnson, M.M. 1997. Freeze–thaw behaviour of reinforced concretebeamsstrengthenedbyfibrereinforced sheets. Proceedingsof theAnnual Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Sherbrooke,Qué.,pp.31–39.

4. Daniel, I.M., and Ishai, O. 1994. Engineering mechanics of composite materials. Oxford UniversityPress,Oxford,U.K.

5. Deuring,M.1993.Verstarkenvonstahlbetonmit gespannten faserverbundwerkstoffen. Ph.D. thesis, Diss ETH Nr. 224. EMPA, Dubendorf, Switzerland.

10. Cao, Q.; Gao, Q.; Gao, R.; Jia, J. Chloride penetration resistance and frost resistance of fiber reinforced expansive self-consolidating concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 158, 719–727.

11. Karahan, O.; Atis, C.D. The durability properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced fly ash concrete.Mater.Des.2011,32,1044–1049.

12. Yu,H.F.;Sun,W.;Zhang,Y.S.;Huang,D.S.Effectof expansive agent, fiber or their combination on freezing-thawingdurabilityofhighperformance concrete. Nanjing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut. 2006,38,245–250.

13. Rai,A.;Joshi, Y.P.Applicationsand propertiesof fibre reinforced concrete. Int. J. Eng. Res. Ind. Appl.2014,4,123–131.

14. Al-lami,K.A.Experimental InvestigationofFiber Reinforced Concrete Beams. Master’s Thesis, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA, 2015.

15. Horˇnáková,M.;Lehner,P.AnalysisofMeasured ParametersinRelationtotheAmountofFibrein Lightweight Red CeramicWaste Aggregate Concrete.Mathematics2022,10,229.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

16. Zaid, O.; Mukhtar, F.M.; M-García, R.; Sherbiny, M.G.E.; Mohamed, A.M. Characteristics of highperformance steel fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete utilizing mineral filler. Case Stud.Constr.Mater.2022,16,1–19.

17. Xiong, B.; Wang, Z.; Wang, C.; Xiong, Y.; Cai, C. Effects of short carbon fiber content on microstructure and mechanical property of short carbon fiber reinforced Nb/Nb5Si3 composites.Intermetallics2019,106,59–64.