Flexible pavements using plastic as a road construction material: A Review

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Flexible pavements using plastic as a road construction material: A Review

Deepankar Sharma1, Haleema Naaz2

1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, GITM, Lucknow

2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, GITM, Lucknow ***

Abstract

Asoneofthemostimportantelementsinpreventingroaddeaths,theuseofwell-designed,sturdy,durable,andsafehighways is essential. Maintaining roads, including safety planning into all phases of development, and cooperating closely with transportationsafetystakeholdersareallareasinwhichgovernmentsthroughouttheglobeplaceahighpriority.Additionally, the road sector is making a concerted effort to mitigate the dangers posed by poor pavement conditions and other driver behaviourandvehiclemaintenancefactors.Whenimplementingroadmanagementvirtueplans,itiscriticaltounderstandthe impactofroadconstructionmaterialsontrafficsafety.Thereareanumberofnewtechnologiesbeingexploredtoenhancethe qualities of materials used in transportation infrastructure, notably roads and traffic. This list includes concrete composites, solarpanels,self-healingmaterials,andshape-memoryalloys.Theamountofplasticgarbagegeneratedeachyearisgrowing asaresultofpopulationexpansion.Reusingplasticgarbageisanurgentneed.Asaresultofthelackofrecycling,plasticwaste is destined for landfills and ocean garbage patches or incineration, where it causes a variety of environmental issues. Many nations will beunableto affordtheplant'soperationif pollutionfromincineration facilitiesisnotcurbed.Asa cost-effective solutiontobothperformanceandenvironmentalconcerns,usingplasticwasteintoflexiblepavementhasgainedfavor.Using plastic waste as a bituminous mix modifier is the topic of this review paper. The inclusion of trash to the bituminous mix is receivingalotofattention.

Keywords: Plastic, Construction, Road, Flexibility, Load variation.

1. INTRODUCTION

Drivertrainingandbehavior,vehiclemaintenance,roaddesign,andpavementqualityallhavearoleinreducingadriver'srisk ofacrash.Despitealltheresearchonhowpavementconditionsimpacthumansafety,thenumberoftraffic-relateddeathsand injuries continues to rise throughout the country. Surface deterioration from increasing traffic and pavement wear may be exacerbated by severe weather and excessive traffic on inadequate pavements. There is no pavement to blame for this deteriorationofthelandscape.

Many collisions are caused by road surface defects, including as potholes and cracks, which are the most common. Reduced tyre-asphaltfrictionasaresultofroadimperfectionshelpsthevehicletoacceleraterapidly.

Aninadequatestormwatersystem,inadequatesubsurfacedrainageduetothelackofembankment,surfacecrackscausedby trucksthatdamage the roadcrust, frequent braking andwearing a coat thatisn'tdesigned to handleheavytractive forceall contribute to urban road damage, which can be particularly damaging. This list is rife with the potential for all manner of mischief. Thisstudy focuses on materialsused in transportation infrastructure construction with the goal of improving road durabilityandstrengthwhilealsoincreasingtrafficsafetyontheroute.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Figure-1: PlasticRoad

1.1. Construction of roads and the paving of Certain Roads

Since the earliest Roman roads were created from stone and wood some 4,000 years ago, road construction processes have improveddramatically.Priortothewidespreaduseofasphaltpaving,brickandgraniteblockwereoftenusedinthebuilding ofroads.Carswereforcedtoslowdowndueoftheunevenbrickandgraniteblocksurface,whichreducedthelikelihoodofan accident. In contrast, asphalt and concrete are often used in the construction of modern road surfaces. Route design, earthwork,andpavementbuildingarethreeofthenumerousphasesofroadconstruction.Anaturalsoilsub-gradelayermust firstbeputdownbeforeanymanmadematerialscanbeaddedtothefoundation.Dispersetheweightofcarsonthegroundby usingsub-principalgradesoil.

Any one of these components may be improved to enhance the road's overall durability and strength. In order to build safe roadways, research into the production of such materials has been conducted and will be conducted in the future. Flexible pavementsandstiffpavements,thetwomostcommonformsofroadpavements,areeachfurtherclassifiedintoanumberof subcategories. Portland cement concrete's long-term durability makes it a good option for constructing strong pavements. Depending on the scenario, engineers may utilise unreinforced, weakly reinforced, continuously reinforced, pre-stressed, or fibrousconcreteinthedesignofthepavementslab.Aggregatetypehasasignificantimpactontheperformanceandlong-term durabilityofpavements.Ahigherflexuralstrengthmaybeachievedbyusingcrushedrockaggregateinthesameproportions asuncrushedmaterials.Whenitcomestosoundeffects,thisisafactthatcannotbeignored.Concretepavements'compressive and flexural strengths are strongly influenced by the cement's strength. Stronger concrete with higher strength cement has superiorcompressiveandflexuralstrengthsthanweakerconcretewithlowerstrengthcementwhenthewater/cementratio isequal,Avarietyoffactors,suchaspotholesandsurfacedegradation,maycausestifforflexiblepavementstofail.Repairing defects in road pavements using new processes and materials has been more popular in recent years. Experts in the area of roadbuildinghavebeenabletoimprovetheirworkthankstodevelopmentsintechnology.

2. TECHNIQUE TO STABILIZE THE PAVEMENT

What is meant by the term "pavement stabilization" is the process of using a stabilizing agent, such as a binder or granular material, to modify the inherent qualities of a pavement material or earthworks material in order to satisfy performance requirements during application. This is done in order to make the material more suitable for use. The stabilization of pavement can also be referred to as "road stabilization." To improve the long-term performance of heavily travelled pavements in the most cost-efficient manner, stabilizing and recycling the materials that are used in the construction and

maintenance of pavements is the most effective strategy. This is due to the fact that the demand for new construction and maintenancemaybereducedifthesematerialsarestabilizedandrecycled

2.1. Stabilization Materials for Soil

Thequalityofthesoilunderneathabuilding'sfoundationhasaconsiderableinfluenceonthefoundation'sperformanceover time.Pavementsandotherstructuresmayhaveseriousissuesiftheclaysoilsareunstable.Stabilizationofthesoilpriortothe construction of overlaying buildings is often done to enhance the soil's geotechnical attributes, such as its compressibility, strength, permeability, and durability. Stabilizing agents, also known as binding compounds, are used to increase the soil's abilityto bear weight.Cementandlime, aswell asa variety of other possible stabilizers,are now thesubject of study to see whether they might improve the geotechnical properties of soil. Ashes, fly ash flocculants, wastewater sludge, rice husk ash, and fly ash flocculants included pozzolanic value. The soil was stabilised with the help of these materials. Commercial roads are increasingly being built using nano polymer binder technology, which strengthens and stabilizes the soil. Using nano polymers to cover and bind dirt particles in water is considerably simpler since they are so tiny. The polymer-to-polymer connection is strengthened by mechanical compaction. Binding quality has a direct correlation to compactness. The use of nano polymersto stabilize fragilesoilshasmany benefits.Someofthe benefitsincludea smaller carbonfootprint,improved foundational and sub-base stability and strength, as well as a decrease in quarry aggregate consumption and construction costs. Multiwall carbon annotates, carbon nanofibers, and metal oxide nanoparticles such as SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3 may be usedtostabilizesoil.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

Afterstudiedtheresearchpaperrelatedtothe plasticusesintheroadconstructionasaflexiblematerial,thesummaryofall researchpaperaregivenbelow:

Jithendra et.al: Plasticgarbageproductionisontherise.Thedisposalofplasticisgettingmoredifficultaswell.Asaresult, recycling waste plastic in the building industry is a sustainable practise. Bitumen with a plastic coating has a higher melting point.AhigherperformingalternativeisPolymerModifiedBitumen.Bindingstrengthandcontactareabetweenaggregateand bitumen are improved by using plastic-coated bitumen. The voids may also be eliminated by using this product. Since voids areeliminated,bitumenonroadsislesssusceptibletobituminousoxidationduetotrappedair.Becauseofthischaracteristic, theplastic-coatedbitumenroadcanresisthightrafficvolumesanddemonstrategreaterrobustnessandendurance.

Kamal, Yousif: The kind of materials that are used in the construction of roadways have a considerable influence on the overalldegreeofsafetythattheseroadwaysprovide.Roadsthatarebuiltwiththeappropriatedesignandmaterialshavethe potentialtolastfordecades.Roadconstructionprojectsneedcarefulconsiderationofawiderangeoffactors,oneofthemost important of which is the selection of appropriate materials for road building. This is because different components used in roadconstructionhavevaryingservicelives.Additivesknownasstabilisingagentsarerelativelyrecentinventionsthathave beenproducedinrecentyearsforuseinasphaltpavementmaterials,aswellassoilandfoundationmaterials.Theirgoalisto rectify any problems with the road surface that may have arisen during the construction process. The building of roads to a higherqualityismadepossiblebytheuseofmoderntoolsandinnovativetechnologiesthroughouttheconstructionprocess. Fiber-reinforcedpolymers(FRP),geopolymers,nanoparticles,self-healingmaterials(SHM),shapememoryalloys(SMA),and photoactivematerialsaresomeofthetechnologiesthatfallunderthiscategory.However,thislistisnotexhaustive.

Johnson et.al: Improved viscoelastic behaviour and altered rheological characteristics may be achieved by adding thermoplasticmodifiersintotraditionalbitumenmixtures.Thereweretwokindsofmodifiersutilised,Highdensitypolythene (HDPE)andPolypropylene(PP),eachofwhichhadadistinctimpactonthebinder,rangingfromboostingthesofteningpoint to lowering penetration value. This indicates that the polymer strands have been successfully 'blended-in' to the bitumen matrix. Stable Polypropylene PMB was shown to be the best option for road-making applications within the study's parameters.(PP).Ithasbeendemonstratedthatthereisasignificantamountofpotentialintheuseofwasteplasticmodified bitumen as an alternative recycling technique for the management of plastic waste in Ghana and as a non-traditional binder fortheconstructionofroads.Thishasbeendonebyshowingthatthereisasignificantamountofpotentialintheuseofwaste plasticmodifiedbitumenasanalternativerecyclingtechnique.Infurtherresearch,itwillbenecessarytoinvestigate,inmore detail,theresistanceofPMB-coatedfieldtestsectionstocracking,rutting,andlong-termstorage.

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Shelema: Thepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatehowtheincorporationofbrickpowderandplasticwastestripsintothe soil influenced its physical properties in a variety of ways. Experiments, such as those for compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), free swell (FS), and CBR, have been carried out in the laboratory to investigate the attributesofsoil'stensilestrength(CementBinderRatio).Whenplasticwastestripsandbrickpowderwereaddedtothesoil, thereweresignificantchangesinthecompactionpropertiesofthesoil,aswellaschangesinCBR,freeswell,andunconfined compressive strength. When there is an increase in the number of plastic waste strips, CBR values go up, which leads to an improvementinthe subgradestrengthofthesoil(PWS).AsthePWSandBPcontinuetorise,theearth'sabilitytoswellwill continue to decrease. When the blood pressure (BP) was increased, it was discovered that MDD and OMC were somewhat enhanced,butitwasdiscoveredthatMDDandOMCwereslightlyloweredwhenthePWSwasincreased.TheoptimalPWSand BP percentages, based on the findings and discussions, are 0.75 percent and 30 percent, respectively. The shear strength parameters, strength properties, and swelling potential of clayey soils are significantly altered when PWS and BP are used jointlyassoilstabilizersforexpansivesoils.Expandablesoil'sstrengthmaybeimprovedbyincludingplasticdebrisandwaste bricks, according to the findings of this research. Plastic and brick debris may now be used in paving, embankments, and foundationswithoutcausingharmtotheenvironmentthankstothisdevelopment.

Balcom et.al: This research used an extended exergy analysis, commonly known as an EEA, to analyze and quantify the environmental implications of several probable end-of-life disposal options for recycled plastic/sand roof tiles in Uganda, a poor country. Using our extended exergy analysis, we can determine the energy-relevant resources used in the disposal process,the resourcessavedby recyclingvirginmaterialsintheir place,andanyadditional resources requiredtoreturn the tiles, byproducts, and pollutants to an environmentally acceptable state. This enables us to compare the quantity of energyrelevant resources utilised in the disposal process to the amount of resources saved by recycling virgin materials in their stead.During the courseof ourresearch,welookedat sevenalternativegarbage disposal strategies.Eachofthesestrategies hasbeenemployedbeforeorhasthepotentialtobeusefulinUganda'slessdevelopedinfrastructure.Thereisachancethatall ofUganda'swasteplasticwillberecycledintoroofingtiles,allowingthenationtosafelydisposeofallofitsoutmodedtiles.If thisoptionisrealized,Ugandawillbeabletorecycleallofitswasteplastic.Thepracticeofopenburningwasalsoinvestigated; however,wediscoveredthatowingtothelimitedtechnologynowavailableinUganda,itisimpossibleto eliminateall ofthe pollutantsthatemergefromopenburninginanenvironmentallysoundway.Thiswasoneofourstudy'sresults.Plantingtrees isaneffectivemethodofremovingcarbondioxidefromtheenvironment,usingjust0.7percentoftheexergynowrequiredby CO2 scrubbers in wealthy countries. Experiments employing waste plastic objects demonstrate how a thermodynamic extended exergy analysis can be utilized to analyse resource utilization in a range of recycling and trash disposal options. Becausenostudyhasbeenconductedspecificallyonplasticproductsanddisposaloptionsapplicabletodevelopingcountries, our paper has the potential to be useful to policymakers, multilateral organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) making decisions about solid waste management practices in less-developed countries. This is due to the fact that there has never been a research conducted exclusively on plastic items and disposal solutions appropriate to poor nations. Because of the wide range of differences across nations in terms of natural resources and technological infrastructure, the conclusionsprovidedinthisresearchareexclusivelyrelevanttoKampala,Uganda.However,ifnewlyformingcountrieshave enough data, it is feasible to modify the calculations to include such states. Because of the considerable negative environmental consequences produced by specific disposal procedures, such as pyrolyzing PET or PVC, the choices for disposing of plastic covered in this article are not relevant to all forms of plastic. As a result, the reader should avoid using these ways to dispose of plastic. This study's results are applicable to high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene(LDPE),andpolypropylene(PP).

Arjita et.al: Theadditionofwasteplastictothebituminousmixhasdelayedtheearlydegradationofroads,accordingtothe resultsofapilotresearchdoneinPune,Maharashtra,India,on10in-serviceroadswiththesameCVPDandtopographicaland climatic circumstances. Authors used the AHP model to evaluate all urban bituminous roads, taking into account significant distressindicatorsthatimpactthedegradationoftheseroads.Implementingplasticroadsmaysavelocalgovernmentsinpoor countries like India money on annual pre-monsoon maintenance of bituminous roads, when resources are few and efficient maintenance of bituminous roads is necessary. As a result, these roads will be even more useful as a result of the 8 percent replacementofbitumenwithwasteplasticinthisresearch.Asignificantincreaseinscrapvaluemaybeachievedbyeffectively usingthewasteplasticforthemanufacturingofthemodifiedbitumen,whichotherwiseisanunwantedwasteitemthatlitters theurbanareas.Usingamodifiedbituminousmixwithwasteplasticwillmotivatefieldengineersandlocalauthorities.

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Melkamu et.al: LDPE recycling may enhance the properties of bitumen and HMA, according to the findings of researchers. Accordingtothefindings,atemperatureof170degreesCelsiusduringmixingandamixingtimeofoneandahalfhoursresult inamixtureofwasteLDPEplasticmaterialandbitumenthatisbothcompatibleandconsistent.Basedontheaggregatemix's total weight, 5.16 percent of bitumen was identified in the aggregate mix. The quantity of LDPE plastic detected in bitumen amountedfor6.5%oftheOBC'soverallweight,itwasdiscoveredaswell.Theasphaltbecomesconsiderablymorestablewhen itcontains8percentormoreLDPEplasticwaste,butwhentheplasticconcentrationrisesbeyondthat,theasphaltbeginsto disintegrate.Itismorestablethannon-modifiedhotmixasphaltwhentherightamountofLDPEmodifiedbitumenisusedin its combination. There's a big difference here. It was 5.7 percentage points less flow able than the conventional asphalt mix whencomparedtotheLDPE-modifiedasphaltmix.ReduceddistortingpropertiesareachievedwhenLDPE-treatedasphaltis exposed to heavytrafficloads.AsLDPE increasestheasphalt'sresistanceto permanent deformation,this isa good thing for thepavement.AnadditionalpageisrequiredAlthoughLDPE-modifiedasphalthasabulkdensitythatissomewhatlowerthan thatofordinaryasphalt;conventionalasphalthasalittlelargerbulkdensity.Inpart,thisisbecausesomeoftheasphaltmix's componentsaremadeoflow-densityplastic.Thisisafactorinwhythishappens.Forairgapsandaggregatevoids,thevalueof wasteLDPE-modifiedasphaltissomewhathigherthanthatofnon-modifiedHMA.Non-modifiedHMA,ontheotherhand,hasa muchhigherdensity.Whencomparedtothestandardmix,themodifiedasphaltmixincludedjustalittleamountlessbitumen. AsphaltmixturesmaybeenhancedbyaddingwasteLDPEtothemix,asshownbythisstudyWasteLDPEmaybemixedwith asphalt to achieve this. The addition of asphalt that has been treated with waste LDPE might significantly enhance the mechanical qualities of asphalt roads. Plastic trash from asphalt roads may be used to minimise the quantity of nonbiodegradable material dumped into the environment while simultaneously using a large amount of waste resources. Waste LDPEplasticsenableasphaltroadwaystostoremorewastematerials,makingthisconceivable.

Ayesha, Atiq: andmixedwithhotbitumen.ItisthenutilizedtocreatethepavementusingthisBM.Mechanicallyrobustand long-lasting pavements have been built using this technology. This debate has led us to the conclusion that utilizing plastic waste to change BM, bitumen, and aggregates is a reasonable approach, since just a few studies have indicated that adding plastic waste damaged the qualities. The majority of studies, on the other hand, have discovered that adding plastic trash to BM enhances its functionality. The only measure that does not decrease with plastic addition, but rather rises, is the percentage of air spaces in BM, which is in an acceptable range and does not represent an issue. In certain cases, it's been found that adding plastic reduces the cost of flexible pavement maintenance. Recycled plastics are an obvious choice for the flexible pavement. Toxic contamination and climate change are the outcome of using and discarding plastic. The mechanical and chemical qualities of BM may be improved by include plastic waste in the mix. By tackling the problem of plastic trash disposal, this approach will also assist to increase the flexibility of pavements in urban environments. Plastic waste, such as PE, PS, and PP, may be utilized as an alternative to bitumen as a starting point. To make flexible pavement, plastic waste is shreds,coatedwithaggregate,

4. CONCLUSION

Afterstudiedtheaboveresearchpaperrelatedtotheuseoftheplasticastheconstructionmaterial,theconclusionaregiven below:

Therearefewvoidavailableintheeverymaterialswhicharegoingtousedintheconstruction,similarlyvoidwillbepresent intheplasticwhenitisusedintheroadconstruction.So,toremovethevoidfromroadwhichareproducedduetousedofthe plastic, can melt the plastic till its cannot converted like liquid which have minimum viscosity. The main purpose to remove thevoidfromplasticisthattoimprovethebearingcapacityofthepavement.

ModifyingbitumenwithshreddedwasteplasticraisesthepricepersquaremeterbyroughlyRs.Tenandhalf.Alittleincrease in cost is offset by an raised in volume, which results in reduced overall bitumen content, improved performance and environmentalconservationwiththeuseofscrapplastic.

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page423

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