Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement Using Egg Shell Powd

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Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement Using Egg Shell Powder And GGBS

1Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sri Sai College of Engineering & Technology

2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sri Sai College of Engineering & Technology ***

Abstract - The production of Portland cement results in emission of pollutants that ultimately causes environmental pollution. The carbon dioxide delivered by concrete enterprises causes natural contamination and an unnatural weather change. In production of 1000Kg of concrete, roughly 900Kg of CO2 is discharged into atmosphere. To diminish the effect of concrete production on climate, some wastes and by-products can be are utilized as admixture, so ecological contamination and depletion of natural resources is decreased. We used eggshell powder and GGBS in our research as partial replacement of cement. The reason behind this is the chemical behavior and abundant availability. Eggshell is made almost entirely of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals. The chemical composition of cement and eggshell are almost similar. GGBS as we know is a pozzolanic material which is being used as partial cement replacement since ages. It has good cementing action which can be taken as advantage. Since we are utilizing waste products to get concrete with desired properties, we are actually transforming waste into wealth In our study, replacement of Egg shell powder was varied from 0% up to 20% (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 respectively) and replacement of GGBS was added at varying percentages from 0% to 40% (0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 respectively). The above-mentioned waste products were utilized as partial replacement of cement and different properties of concrete were determined.

Key Words: Eggshell Powder, GGBS, Compressive Strength,FlexuralStrength,SplitTensileStrength

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Concrete being the main construction material in construction industry. Production of Portland cement causesreleaseofgreenhousegaseslikeCO2 whichleadsto environmental pollution and global warming. Main emphasis is put on the use of wastes and by-products in concrete as partial replacements. It is estimated that concreteconsumptiononearthisoftheorderof10billion tonne per year. To meet the sustainable development and environmental goals while maintaining the strength requirements, responsiveness to environmental regulations and waste management practices should be a part of daily operations in the concrete industry. The concrete industry must consume a wider range of byproductsfromotherindustries.

Waste materials in cement concrete not only reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, but also provide a sustainable management of waste in countries like India, whereinfrastructureprojectssuchasirrigation,roadsand buildings are being constructed or are near completion of theplanninganddesignstages

1.2 Eggshell Powder

Eggshell wasteisgeneratedfromnotonlyhouseholdsand food industries but also hatcheries. Eggshells are a part of agricultural wastes that serves a problem for its disposal. India, as we know, is the second largest producer and consumer of eggs after China. Managing such huge quantities of eggshells emerges as a problem. There is a chance that we can convert this waste into wealth. Scientifically, eggshell comprises of Calcium. Eggshell contains of 1% magnesium carbonate, 1% calcium phosphate, 4% organic matter, and 94% calcium carbonate. Cement and eggshells have almost same primarycompositionincalciumcompounds.Thus,itcanbe utilized as replacement of cement in concrete industry afterreachingoptimumpercentagethatsatisfiesourneed.

1.3 GGBS

GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag) is a cementitious material commonly used in concrete. It is a by-product of blast furnaces used to make iron. The blast furnace runs at a temperature of about 1500°C, fed by a carefully controlled mixture of iron ore, coke, and limestone. Slag forms on top of the iron as the iron ore is reducedtoiron.Asamoltenliquid,thisslagisperiodically removed.InordertomanufactureGGBS,itmustberapidly cooled in large volumes of water. The quenching process improves the cementitious properties, producing granules similartocoarsesand. Afinepowderisthengroundfrom thedriedgranulatedslag.

GGBSisoftenreferredtoas"slagcement",butitcanalsobe called"GGBFS"or"GGBS".SinceGGBShardensveryslowly. itisusuallymixedwithPortlandcementinconcrete.Based on the amount of GGBS in the cementation material, concretemadefromGroundGranulatedBlastFurnaceSlag sets more slowly than ordinary Portland cement concrete. Moreover, it takes longer for it to gain the necessary strength.

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1.4 Objectives

a) To perform Compressive Strength Test, Flexural Strength Test and Split Tensile Strength Test of concrete and to compare the results with and without replacement of Eggshell Powder and GGBS b) To reduce the overall environmental effects of concrete production using Eggshell Powder and GGBSaspartialreplacementofcement. c) Workabilityofconcrete.

2. MATERIALS

2.1 Cement

OPC 43 Grade conforming to IS: 8112 was used. All concerned test results of cement were performed at the concerned laboratory. Various tests were performed on cementtoknowitsphysicalproperties.Thetestresultsare showninTable1.

Table -1: TestresultsofCement

S. No. Properties Exp Value IS:81121989 limits 1. Fineness(Sievingmethod) 5.71% <10% 2 NormalConsistency 29% 2 Initial Setting Time [minutes] 61 >30 3 Final Setting Time [minutes] 289 <600 4 SpecificGravity 3.13 3to3.25 5 Specific Surface Area (cm2/g) 2781 >2250 6 SoundnessTest (Le-ChatelierApparatus) 0.7 10mm (max.) 7

Compressive Strength (MPa) 1. 3days 2. 7days 3. 28days

2.2 Fine Aggregate

26.12MPa 38.19MPa 47.11MPa

Minimum 16MPa 22MPa 43MPa

Crushed Sand was used as fine aggregates. Physical Properties of sands like fineness modulus, specific gravity wasdeterminedatthelaboratoryasshowninTable2.

Table -2: TestresultsofFineAggregate Test Values obtained SpecificGravity 2.68

Finenessmodulus 2.8 Siltcontent 4.48% Waterabsorption 1.1% Bulkdensity(poured) 1376kg/m3 Bulkdensity(tamped) 1611kg/m3

2.3 Coarse Aggregate

Angular crushed aggregates have been used in this research.Thephysicalpropertiesofcoarseaggregatewere determinedandaretabulatedinTable3.Gradingofcoarse aggregateswasdoneaccordingtoIS:383-1970. Aggregates ofnominalsizes20mmand10mmwerecombined.Water absorption and specific gravity of coarse aggregate was determinedasperIS2386-Part-III(1963)

Table -3: TestresultsofCoarseAggregate

Test Result

AggregateCrushingValue(ACV) 17.14%

AggregateImpactValue(AIV) 11.31%

NominalSize 20mm

SpecificGravity 2.67 Waterabsorption 0.75% Gradingratioof20mmto10mm 2:1

BulkDensity(poured) 1701kg/m3 BulkDensity(tamped) 1938kg/m3

2.4 Water

Potable water available in a laboratory as per specifications conforming to BIS:456-2000 was used for thisprojectinmixingandcuring

2.5 Eggshell Powder

ESA is a waste substance that is difficult to come by. It is createdbyincinerationorcontrolledcombustionofESPat extreme temperatures. Calcium carbonate makes up the majority of ESP. The carbonate of lime decomposes into calciumoxidewiththeproductionofcarbondioxidewhen exposedtohightemperatures.EggShellsforthisresearch were collected from different Bakers and Restaurants in Jammu City. The material was brought in one place and spread out to dry for 72 hours before burning. Then the shells were burnt in Oven at 1200-degree Celsius. Finally, the ashes of the burnt shell were taken to Laboratory for testing. It was sieved using 90µm Sieve. Chemical composition of Egg Shell Powder shows that it has CaO

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content even greater than industrial grade lime. Thus, it may lay a very important role in augmenting the calcium supplyoftheprimarystabilizer,i.e.,lime.

The physical and chemical properties of eggshell powder aregivenasunderinTable4andTable5respectively.

Table -4: PhysicalPropertiesofEggshellPowder

S. No Property Value

1 Shape Spherical/Irregular

2 SpecificGravity 2.07–2.50

3 AverageParticleSize 1-155micron

4 BulkDensity 1081kg/m3

5 SurfaceArea(BET) 307-1400m2/kg

Table -5: ChemicalPropertiesofEggshellPowder

S. No Property Value

1 IronOxide(Fe2O3) 2.60%

2 SiliconDioxide(SiO2) 0.11%

3 CalciumOxide(CaO) 50.7%

4 AluminiumOxide(Al2O3) 0.05%

5 SodiumOxide(Na2O) 0.14% 6 PotassiumOxide 1.88% 7 LossonIgnition 6.00%

2.6 GGBS

GGBSwasprocuredfromseller“KashmirIspat”viaonline Store namely “India Mart”. It has off-white colour. The physical and chemical properties of GGBS are given as underinTable6andTable7respectively.

Table -6: PhysicalPropertiesofGGBS

S. No Property Value

1 Colour Off-white

2 SpecificGravity 2.78

3 SpecificSurfaceArea 400–600m2/kg

4 BulkDensity(Loose) 1000-1100kg/m3

5 Bulk Density (Vibrated) 1200-1300kg/m3

Table

-7: ChemicalPropertiesofGGBS

S. No Chemical Properties Value

1

CaO 33.20% 2 SiO2 34.40%

Al2O3 21.50%

MgO 09.50%

Fe2O3 00.20%

SO3 00.66%

Na2O 00.34%

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Casting

Workability of concrete in terms of slump was measured beforemouldingwasdone.Forcompressivestrengthtest, specimens of standard of size i.e., 150 x 150 x 150 (all dimensions in mm) were casted having different percentages of Egg shell powder and GGBS. For flexural strength test, specimens of size 150 x 150 x 700 were prepared. The moulds are well lubricated before filling in the concrete mix to allow easy demoulding after gaining strength. Similarly, for split tensile strength test, specimens of size 300 x 150 were prepared. After filling mouldswithconcrete,compactionwasdoneusingmanual tampingrodtoachievedesiredcompaction.Thenatrowel wasusedtofinishthesurfacewellanddateofcastingwith mixdesignationnumberwasmarkedonit.

3.2 Curing

After24hoursofmoulding,thespecimensweretakenout frommouldsandplacedincuringtanksforcuringprocess for28daysatnormalroomtemperature.

3.3 Tests on Concrete

3.3.1SlumpConeTest

ThistestconsistsofamouldknownasSlumpConehaving standard dimensions. This test was used to determine fluidity. Note that the concrete should be free form bleeding and segregation. The apparatus consists of a tampingrodofdia16mmandlength600mm,atruncated cone of height 300 mm, bottom dia 200mm and top diameter100mm.

3.3.2CompressiveStrengthTest

Concrete specimens of size 150 x 150 x 150 were tested forcompressivestrengthatthreedifferentcuringperiods.

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Notethat specimens ofsize 100x 100 x 100 mmcan also be used for aggregate size less than 20 mm. If specimen size is 150 mm, tamping is done 35 times for each layer and if the specimen size is 100 mm, then tamping is done 25 times on each layer. Specimens were placed in CTM and a gradual load was applied @ 14N/mm2 upto failure andtheloadcorrespondingtofailurewasnoted

3.3.3FlexuralStrengthTest

Ability of concrete structure to resist flexural failure in bending is called flexural strength. This test gives directly the modulus of rupture. The specimen is generally prismaticsectionofsize150x150x700mm.Ifaggregate sizeislessthan19mm,thenspecimenofsize100x100x 500 mm can be used. In our study, the specimens of size 150 x 150 x 700 mm were used which is as per IS:5161959 The gradual loading was applied without shock at the rate of 180 kg/min for 100mm and 400 kg/min for 150mm until cracks appeared on the surface of the specimen.Readingwasnotedatfailure

3.3.4SplitTensileStrengthTest

This test gives indirect tensile test of concrete and is generally used to determine the tensile strength. In our research, cylindrical specimens of standard dimensions 150 mm diameter and 300 mm long were used. This test wasconductedasperIS5816(1999).Gradualloadingwas applied ranging from 1.2 N/mm2/min to 2.4 N/mm2/min atuniformrateuntilthespecimenfailed

3.4 Mix Design

Concrete mix design was based on compressive cube strength of trial mixes arrived at as per IS10262-2009

Table -8: MixDesignparameters

i. MixGrade : M35

ii. 43GradeCementstrength At7days At28days 33MPa 43MPa iii) Maximumaggregatesize(Coarse): 20 mm (angular size),graded. iv) Sp.GravityofC.A(Saturated : SurfaceDrycondition) 2.67 v) Sp.GravityofF.A(Saturated : SurfaceDrycondition) 2.68

vi) BulkdensityofC.A. (loose): (Rodded): 1.70kg/L 1.94kg/L

vii) BulkdensityofF.A. (loose): (Rodded): 1.376kg/L 1.611kg/L viii) Workability : 100-120slump

ix) FineAggregate : ZoneII x) QualityControlatsite : Good xi) Exposureconditions : Severe

Themixdesignratioascalculatedisasunder: Cement: FA: CA = 1 : 1.9 : 3

1 CC 0 0 0.00 0.00 385.00 2 X1 4 8 15.40 30.80 338.80 3 X2 8 16 30.80 61.60 292.60 4 X3 8 24 30.80 92.40 261.80 5 X4 12 24 46.20 92.40 246.40 6 X5 12 32 46.20 123.20 215.60 7 X6 16 32 61.60 123.20 200.20 8 X7 20 40 77.00 154.00 154.00

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Fig -1:Slumpvariationwithcement,ESP&GGBS

4.2 Compressive Strength Test

Inthistest,weusedthespecimensizeof150x150x150 (All dimensions in mm). The specimens were casted and after24hours,theywereplacedincuringtankatrequired temperature and relative humidity. Compressive Strength was performed on specimens at three stages (7 days, 14 daysand28days.

Table -11: CompressiveStrengthvariation

S. No MIX % ESP+GGBS

CompressiveStrength (N/mm2) 7days 14 Days 28Days

1 CC 0+0 26.89 35.13 40.34 2 X1 4+8 27.48 37.05 41.22 3 X2 8+16 27.87 37.58 41.81 4 X3 8+24 29.08 37.98 43.62 5 X4 12+24 25.25 32.78 37.87 6 X5 12+32 24.77 31.90 37.15 7 X6 16+32 24.54 33.41 36.81 8 X7 20+40 22.16 28.69 33.24

Fig -2:28DayCompressiveStrengthVariation

4.3 Flexural Strength Test

Ability of a concrete structure to resist bending failure is measured in terms of flexural strength. Tests were conductedat7days,14daysand28dayscuringages.

Table -12: FlexuralStrengthvariation

S. No MIX % ESP+GGBS FlexuralStrength(N/mm2) 7days 14Days 28Days

1 CC 0+0 3.38 4.35 5.04 2 X1 4+8 3.42 4.35 5.15 3 X2 8+16 3.48 4.49 5.23 4 X3 8+24 3.63 4.68 5.45 5 X4 12+24 3.09 4.08 4.73 6 X5 12+32 3.03 4.03 4.64 7 X6 16+32 3.03 3.93 4.60 8 X7 20+40 2.72 3.55 4.16

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4.4 Split Tensile Strength Test

Direct tensile strength of concrete cannot be measured as itisveryweakintension.Testswereconductat7days,14 daysand28daysasshowninTable13.

Table -13: SplitTensileStrengthvariation

S. No MIX % ESP+GGBS

SplitTensileStrength (N/mm2)

7days 14Days 28Days

1 CC 0+0 2.41 3.22 3.70

2 X1 4+8 2.43 3.25 3.75

3 X2 8+16 2.54 3.32 3.78

4 X3 8+24 2.53 3.41 3.88

5 X4 12+24 2.31 3.10 3.56

6 X5 12+32 2.30 3.08 3.52

7 X6 16+32 2.27 3.04 3.50

8 X7 20+40 2.13 2.88 3.29

Tensile Strength

Fig -4:28DaySplitTensileStrengthVariation

5. CONCLUSION

ESP and GGBS content both contributed to an increase in the compressive strength of partially replaced concrete. The values of compressive strength were higher than conventional concrete in most of mixes. Mix X3 showed maximum 7-day, 14-day, 28-day compressive strength having values 29.08 MPa, 37.98 MPa, 43.62 MPa respectively Maximum increase in compressive strength withrespecttoconventionalconcreteisgiveninTable14.

Table -14: ComparisonofMaxCompressiveStrength

S. No Curing Age Increasein Compressive Strength(MPa) Percentage Increase(%)

1 7days 2.19 8.13%

2 14days 2.85 8.12% 3 28days 3.28 8.13%

Flexural strength was higher for most of the mixes than conventional mixes. Mix X3 had the highest 7-day, 14-day and 28-day flexural strength as 3.63 MPa, 4.68 MPa and 5.45 MPa respectively. Maximum increase in flexural strength with respect to conventional concrete is given in Table15.

Table -15: ComparisonofMaxFlexuralStrength

S. No Curing Age Increasein Flexural Strength(MPa) Percentage Increase(%)

1 7days 0.25 7.53% 2 14days 0.33 7.48% 3 28days 0.41 8.13%

7-Day Split Tensile Strength came out to be maximum for Mix X2 (2.54 MPa) whereas for 14-Days and 28-Days, the splittensilestrengthcameouttobemaximumforthemix X3(3.41and3.88MParespectively).Maximumincreasein splittensilewithrespecttoconventionalconcreteisgiven inTable16.

Table -16: ComparisonofSplitTensileFlexuralStrength

S. No Curing Age

IncreaseinSplit TensileStrength (MPa) Percentage Increase(%)

1 7days 0.14 5.82% 2 14days 0.19 5.98% 3 28days 0.18 4.88%

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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