Report on Tourism and Sustainability - Case Study of Coastal Tamil Nadu

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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Report on Tourism and Sustainability - Case Study of Coastal Tamil Nadu

1Student, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, India

2Professor, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, India ***

Abstract - The promotion of Eco-tourism in Coastal Tamil Nadu is considered as the topic for this report, as Tamil Nadu has a rich and long coastal belt. The prime objective of this report is to analyze the potential locations and strategies for the development of sustainable ecotourism and for the same, we have identified Rameshwaram and the Gulf of Mannar as two possible locations for study. The study's methodology involved doing an online literature review and using questionnaires and interviews, surveying of locals, business owners, hotels, and local as well as international tourists as part of the earlier literature. The findings indicated that Rameswaram and the Gulf of Mannar were having a lot of problems getting visitors to be satisfied with their special eating habits, lodging, and services, as well as pollution. The study also found conclusively thattheseareasneededtocreate sustainable tourism, often known as eco-tourism, in order to strengthen the local economy and advance the public infrastructure already in place for which a few sustainable materials for construction have been proposed. The local government must address possibilities and weaknesses that will lessen environmental effects, improve service quality,and strategically position the area as atourism hotspot ifitwishes to encourage sustainable ecotourism growth through appropriate or practical solutions.

Key Words: Coastal Tourism, Eco Tourism, Sustainability, Sustainable Tourism, Tamil Nadu Tourism.

1. Introduction to Tourism and Sustainability

Tourismisoneofthemostimportantsectorsoftheglobal economy. It produces hundreds of millions in income and employsmultiplethousandsofpeoplethroughouttheworld. As a result, the tourist sector has expanded from coastal resorts to mountain resorts, and from tiny towns to large metropolises.Thesocialnormsandnaturalresourcesofhost communitiesaroundtheworldarenegativelyimpactedby the acts of capitalists and visitors. From an economic perspective,tourismcreateswealthandjobs,butthiswealth exits the community and the majority of the jobs are lowpaying.Froma sociologicalperspective, tourism promotes peacebyunitingpeopleofdiverseancestries,ethnicities,and customs.Butduetoglobalisation,manytownsandvillages are losing their native identities as well as their cultural identities. In general, ecotourism aided in the creation of protectedareasandnaturalreservesthathouserarespecies of both plants and animals. Entrepreneurs who cater to

tourists are also to blame for the utter disrespect for the environmentandlocalculture.Thefundamentalissuewith thesenegativeeffectsseemstobethatthenativepeoplepay foralloftheharmtoculture,tradition,and,mostimportantly, theenvironment

FormanytouristplacesinIndiaandaroundtheworld,the tourismsector isa majorprovider of meansof developing andgrowingeconomic activity.Theconceptofsustainable developmentindicatesthattourism'secological,social,and other resources be preserved for future use while still providingadvantagestotoday'smoderncommunity.Because mosttourismgrowthisdependentontouristspots'cultural, environmental,andhistoricallegacy,andculturalpatternsof locations, this strategy is critical. If all these resources are deteriorated or destroyed, tourist places will be unable to attract visitors, and tourism would fail. In general, most touristsseekoutareasthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.

2. Tamil Nadu States’ Profile

TamilNadu,atourist'sparadiseinthedeepsouthofthe Indian subcontinent, with its feet drenched by the Indian Ocean,isarefugeofbeautyandpeace.Visitorsdepartwitha strongsenseofthecountryandpeople.TamilNaduisaland with exquisitely maintained temples that showcase the wonderandgrandeurofDravidianculture,art,architecture, andspiritualbeliefs.Notonlytemples,butalsochurchesand mosques, proclaim the land's inherent secularism: the largest population is Hindu (88.68 percent), followed by peopleofIslamicfaith(5.48percent),Christianfaith(5.68 percent), Sikhs (0.015 percent), Jain (0.13 percent), and Others(0.05percent).Throughouttheyear,severalfestivals and fairs bring colour to the beautiful beauty of various locales.Thehistoricsplendourandmodernlivingcentremix together,offeringjoyandcalmingcomforts.Thereareplenty oflong,sandy,andbeautifulbeachestokeepingone'swellbeingandhappinessincontrol.

2.1 Geographical Features

TamilNaduisoneofIndia'ssouthernmoststates,located between 8o N and 13o N latitude and 78o E and 80o E longitude.ItisborderedbyKarnatakaandAndhraPradesh to the north, and Kerala to the west. The southern tip is lappedbytheIndianOcean,andtheeasternsidebytheBay ofBengal.PointCalimereistheeasternmostpoint,andthe

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Mudumalainaturalsanctuaryisthewesternmostpoint.Lake Pulicat is located at the farthest northern point. The southernmostpointisCapeComorin,commonlyknownas Kanyakumari.

2.2. Demographic Details

Tamil Nadu has a population of around 56.8 million peopleandcoversanareaof130,058km2.Pondicherryisa smallenclaveinsideTamilNaduneartheCuddaloredistrict, whereas Karaikal, even farther away but still a part of Pondicherry,isneartheNagapattinamdistrict.

Demographic details in Tamil Nadu

Males Females TotalPopulation 37,229,590 34,917,440 7,21,47,030

Tourism is crucial for every country's socio-economic growth. It is a significant source of foreign exchange. Tourism development also produces employment in both urban and rural regions, which may halt sizable mass migrationtourbancentresand,asaresult,assistavoidthe constructionofnewslums.

With its beautiful hills, beaches, waterfalls, wildlife sanctuaries,temples,historicalsites,placesofworshipforall faiths,andcentresforartandculture,TamilNaduhasalotto offer both local and foreign tourists. The government has taken steps to improve current infrastructure at tourist destinations,aswellastoidentifytourist-valuedareasand developthemwithappropriateinfrastructureforthebenefit ofvisitors.

Basedonthe“20years’sustainabilityplanbyGovernment of India Ministry of Tourism and Culture” Approximately 24,81,928 international visitors visited India in 1999, and thefigureincreasedto26,41,157in2000,representinga6.4 percentrisewellovertheprioryear.Tourismisamongthe most important foreign exchange earners, second only to gems,jewellery,andclothing.

3. Influence of tourism on the downtrodden and nature

Issues around tourism and its potential for impacting positivelyuponthepoorhavebeenreceivinganincreasing amountofattention.ODIandDFIDoftheUKhavestressed thattourismshouldbemade'pro-poor'."Pro-poortourism" means "tourism that generates net economic, social, environmentalorculturalbenefitstothepoor"[2].

Until recently, the phrase 'ecotourism' was more commonly used than 'pro-poor tourism.' The Ecotourism Societydefinesecotourismas"responsibletraveltonatural areasthatconservesnaturalenvironmentsandsustainsthe wellbeing of the local people" or "an enlightening,

participatory travel experience to natural and cultural environmentsensuresthesustainableuseofenvironmental resourceswhileproducingviableeconomicopportunitiesfor thehostcommunities"(theUniversityofPretoria,Centrefor Ecotourism).

However, there are environmental consequences associatedwithtourism[3][4],suchas

• Constructionofcoastal constructionsthatdisrupt thenaturalbalanceofreefecosystemsbychangingcoastal currents and the accompanying erosion and accretion processes.

• Reefdestructioncausedbytheexploitationofcoral dirtandrocksfortheconstructionoftourismamenities;

• Removing of coastal vegetation or interruption of normal succession processes during the construction of touristamenities;

• Contaminationfromsolidandliquidwaste-sewage seepageintogroundwaterandreservoirscanpollutereefs withcoliformbacteria,whilechemicalsandnutrientsfrom dirty water will induce eutrophication and undesired microorganismblooms.

• Pollutionfromnon-biodegradablegarbage(plastic materialsandaluminiumcans)destroysmarinespeciesand hasseveralotherharmfulconsequences.

Rigid quotas setting ceilings on tourist facility construction, restrictions on the sort of development, and quotasforthenumberofvisitorstoanysinglesiteovertime arerequired,asareappropriatesewagedisposal/treatment andtrashdisposalsystems.Nicholcreatedafullintroduction toecotourismanditspossibilitiesintheGulfofMannar.

4. Case Study of Rameshwaram

Rameshwaram,anuntouchedandpeacefulmunicipalityin TamilNadu,ispartofthepicturesquePambanIsland.The famedPambanwaterwayconnectsthetowntotherest of thenation.ItisapopulartouristattractioninsouthernIndia. Thiscoastaltourismlocationboastsauniqueresourcemixof landandthreeoceans(theBayofBengal,theArabianSea, and the Indian Ocean). The writers attempted to design appropriatetechniquesforthegrowthofecotourisminthis paper byMallick [6].The findingsrevealedthat somehow this coastal region is still not well-known as a tourist destination,despitethefactthatKanyakumarihasgrownin popularity.

4.1. Issues and impact of tourists visiting Rameshwaram

Every day, thousands of travelers go to Rameswaram Island, which serves as a spiritual tourism hub. On ceremonialdays,uptoahundredthousandtouristscanbe

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gatheredinonesquarekilometerofthecentraltemplearea. According to the City's development plan established in 2009,atleast5,000pilgrimsvisitedtheislandseveryday. According to current estimates, this sum exceeds 1.5 cr. everyyear.Thefiguresarestunning,buttheyalsoshowthe extentto whichthe environmentispolluted.According to theSwachhBharatMission'scleancityassessmentforMarch 2017,Rameswaramisranked262outof468Indiancities. According to Census Data 2011, waste produced in home, business,andmedicalsettingsgrewfrom12MetricTonto 18 Metric Ton, although population increased just little. Rameswaramhasapercapitagarbageoutputofabout3,505 grams,whichisnotablymoreforatownofitssizeduetothe rising population inside the Island. Because of tourismrelated activities, Rameswaram is a major transportation hub.Astherearenopublictransportationservicestoother areas of the island, there are a huge number of vehicles running all around the island. The results of the SWOT analysispredictedthattouristgrowthwillhaveanimpacton Rameswarammunicipality'sexistingsituation.

4.2. Mitigation strategiestosupportEcoTourismin Rameshwaram

Somefeaturesshouldbecarriedout,suchasaprovisionof sanitarylandfillmanagement,aprovisionofpotablewater facilities,properdrainagesystem,andtrafficmanagement. Despite the fact that Rameswaram has produced islandbasedtourismandurbanizationgrowth,heavydevelopment activitiesshouldbelimitedtothisresearchregion.Due to increaseinthevehiculartrafficandhumanactivitiesinthis region, there is an impact on the turtle population in this regionaswell.

Itmeansthatthisareastillhassignificantpotentialwith adequateopportunitiessuchasscenicbeauty,island-based destinations, religious significance, and so on to grow tourism on a national and worldwide scale. Tourists and overcrowdingarewreakinghavocontheislandsandcoastal zonesandasaresult,developmentshouldbeplannedina way that balances environmental care with tourism activities.

Furthermore, improving the transportation communications network through green transportation, beautifying seaside regions, and road network expansion willbeamajorassetfortouristgrowthintheresearcharea. Rameswaram's government and tourist department have madevarioussteps,suchasthedevelopmentofsustainable andcommercialhomestays,whichcancreatelocalrevenue. The final conclusion has been explained that the research region offers several prospects for tourist development along Rameswaram's coastline belt. These are the constraintsofthisresearcharea'secotourismplanningand improvementthatshowedanunmanageablestyleoftourist development.Inthiscontext,tourists,locals,urbanplanners, tourismdepartments,andpoliticiansmustcommunicatethe

overall challenges utilizing opportunities and strengths considerations, and proper strategic based planning for sustainabletourismgrowthandjobcreationinthestudied regionisrequired.

5. Case Study of Gulf of Mannar – Dhanushkodi

ThestretchofseasidebyDhanushkodipeninsulaonthe GulfofMannar ispicturesque,relativelylonely,andclean. Theseaisbrilliantandblue,butthelandslopessteeplyinto it,whichcausesthewatertoquicklygrowdeepandviolent currents to build along the shore. Dhanushkodi's geographical location and natural beauty make it an ideal touristdestination.

5.1. Issues and impact of tourists visiting Dhanushkodi

Therearecurrentlynotourismfacilitiesintheregionand as a result of the same, there has been widespread degradationofthenatureinthisregion.Therearenotmany wastecollectionanddisposaloptionsalongtheseasideand asaresultofthis,thereiswidespreadplasticandorganic pollution on the beaches and the town. Due to excess tourism,andpoorexistingpublictoilets,thereisimproper handling of human waste. Currently, the local poor in the Gulf of Mannar region are unable to meet the demands of wealthy tourists seeking luxurious accommodations and services.ThelocationismoreappealingthanSankumalsince thebeachandseaarecleanerandtheareaismoredesolate, but local populations' knowledge of tourism and visitor expectations are significantly lower. Transport from Rameshwaramandtheamenitiesavailabletherearelimited, andauto-rickshaws,whichhaveamonopolyontheroad,are costly.

TherehavebeenindicationsofOliveRidleyturtlenesting threats anendangeredmarinespecieslocatedintheGulfof Mannar. Food garbage thrown by visitors to the Arichalmunaineighbourhoodattractsstraydogstowardsthe beach.Inadditiontofoodwaste,thedogseatonturtleeggs. The number of individuals taking a dip in Dhanushkodi wouldalmostprobablymultiplyasaresultoftheroadwayto Dhanushkodi,resultingingreaterdumpingofwaste,notably plastic items. People can currently take the bus or motorrickshawtotheendofthepitchroadandthenrideinafourwheeldrivefishtruckthroughthesandtothepeninsula's tip, but there is not adequate public infrastructure in the region for the tourists. Birds from all around flock to the stretch of Mukundarayar Chathiram to Dhanushkodi. A diverserangeofavianlifemaybefoundhere,rangingfrom nativebirdstoahighnumberofmigratorybirds.Thisregion isamigrationhubforvariousbirdsandcurrentlythereisno existinginfrastructuretofacilitatebirdwatching.

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5.2.

Mitigation strategiestosupportEcoTourismin

Dhanushkodi

Iftheresidentsaroundthebeachcouldbegiventourist managementtrainingandpermissionfromtheappropriate authorities (e.g., the Forest Department), a modest lowimpactresortmaybebuilt.Thelocalscanbeeducatedabout thebenefitsofsustainabledevelopmentandsegregationof waste at source. Collections of tropical thatch huts, composting pit latrines, and modest sun-shelters and restaurantsofferingbeveragesandlocaldelicacieswouldbe adequate to attract international tourists looking for a deserted beachforsunbathing,swimming,andrelaxation. However,ifmanagedwell,hotelsofagoodcalibrehasthe ability to employ many locals while also promoting awarenessandloveoflocalculture.Tripstothisregionand the tip of the peninsula, on the other hand, can continue, with the possibility of adding bird viewing and beach combing nature excursions in the early evenings for interested guests from the recommended resort. To complementthisactivity,natureguidesmustbetrainedin birdidentification,binocularuse,andidentificationofshells and other creatures on the beach. Such guides might also operatefromthespecifiednodepointintheGulfofMannar Interpretive Centre. Sustainably sourced materials can be used in the new construction in this region. “Sea turtle’s conservationprogrammes”canbelaunchedbyNGO’salong withthehelpofthelocalgovernmenttohelpwiththedrop inpopulationofendangeredseaturtles,foundinthisregion. This case study was based on the “Report of a study conducted Sustainable Ecotourism and eco-enterprise opportunitiesintheGulfofMannar,TamilNadu,India”by NaomiM.Saville.

6. Discussion & Recommendation

This study revealed that there is a lot of untapped potentialinthecoastalcitiesofRameshwaram,andGulfof MannarinTamilNaduwithrespecttothedevelopmentof Eco-Tourism. The existing scenario and the possibilities were analysed based on the information provided in the literature available online. Future scopeand management processbasedonweaknessesandthreatsoverthetourism activity and study area specifically were discussed in this paper.Thelocalgovernmentmustaddresspossibilitiesand weaknessesthatwilllessenenvironmentaleffects,improve service quality, and strategically position the area as a tourism hotspot if it wishes to encourage sustainable ecotourism growth through appropriate or practical solutions

However,thisstudy'sfindingshavepredictedashortage ofbankingandmedicalfacilities,abaddrainagesystem,and poorwaterqualityinmetropolitanareas.Themunicipality, the Rameshwaram tourism agency, or the Gulf of Mannar Development Authority have not had access to the total numberofvisitorsduringthepastfewyearsforaverylong

time. Additionally, earlier planning reports and the locals' communicationissuesarethemainobstaclestosocialand questionnaire-based research. These restrictions on ecotourismmanagementandexpansioninthisresearcharea showedthattheindustrywasunmanageable.Inthiscontext, tourists,locals,urban planners,tourism departments,and policymakers must communicate the overall issues using possibilities and strengths factors, and adequate strategic basedschedulingforsustainabletourismdevelopmentand jobcreationinthestudyareaisrequired.Thesefindingsmay beusefulforfutureresearchersconductingintensiveandindepth studies on the ecotourism development of Coastal Tamil Nadu in order to encourage the sustainable developmentpotentialforecotourismtoalargeextent.

RameshwaramandDhanushkodishouldbedesignatedas 'EcotourismZones.'Accordingtotheabovenotification, a. petrolvehiclesshouldbeprohibitedintheregion;b.useand sales of plastic bags should be prohibited; and c. smoking should be prohibited. On-road electric bus transportation couldbedeployed.ThemodelofPPPcanbeusedtoprocure andoperatethesebusesintheseareas.Privatemeansofecofriendlymobilitysuchase-bikes,bicycle,biovehicles(oxdrawncarts,horsecarts,etc.)andpedestriantourismmight beencouraged.Treesmightbeplantedonbothsidesofthe 7.5-kilometer route from Mukundarayachathiram to Dhanushkodi. The plants could be maintained by local groups&civilsocietyorganisations.Treeplantationmight be done on the shores of the waterways present on the flanks of the roadway to improve the quality of the microclimate and enhance the banks. Solar street lighting might be installed on both the sides of the road, beaches, temples,waterbodies,andkeylocationsinDhanushkodiand Rameshwaram. Using proper IEC tactics, visitors and the localpopulationmightbeeducatedaboutecotourism.

Similarly, materials like bamboo can be used for constructionalongthecoastalregionsofRameshwaramand Gulf of Mannar to as its sustainable and has no carbon emissions.Constructiondoneusingreclaimedwoodcanbe doneasameasureofsustainability.Mosaiccanbeusedfor flooringastheylastlongerthanotherflooringtypesandare more sustainable. Recycled steel can be also used for the roofingorframingstructuresastheyarestronganddurable. Flyashbrickscanbeusedforconstructionofbuildingsasits cheaper than conventional clay brick, is sustainably manufactured and has better physical properties. Manufacturingunitsofpaperandclothbagscanbesetupin theseregionswhichwillboosttheireconomiesandwillalso substitute plastic bags with bags made up of more environmentally friendly materials. The Leadership in Energy&EnvironmentalDesign(LEED)criterionsetbythe United States Green Building Council recognises precast concreteashelpfulinsustainabledesignandcanbeusedin development of these places. Natural clay can be used to plasterwallsinsteadofconventionalgypsum-basedplasters. Clay-basedplasterwithexcellentworkmanshipoffersthe

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spaceawonderfulappearancewhilealsobeingsustainable. Non-VOCorgreenpaintispreferablethanVOC-containing paints.TheprevalenceofVolatileOrganicCompounds(VOC) withinpaintcombineswithsunlightandnitrogenoxideto generateozone,whichcancauseserioushealthconcernsfor theinhabitants.

7. Conclusion

Given the abovecontext, there is an urgent need to safeguardtheecologyalongthestretchfromRameswaram toDhanushkodi.Governmentsandcivilsocietyorganisations must take appropriate action. Eco-tourism, a new idea, providessolutionstothechallengesthatplaguetheregion. And as a conclusion of the research, based on the case studiestakenabove,wemayinferthattourismhasavariety of effects that are impacted by a variety of elements, including the community's ability and desire to embrace change[7].Tourismandhospitalitysectorisoneoftheonly economicsurvivalchoicesforcertainvillages.Fortherest, tourismasamixofgoodandbadelementsbeingthemost commonscenario.Planningandstrongsupervisionbyboth thecommunityandgovernmentarerequiredtoavoidthese undesirablecircumstances Theattitudeandinvolvementof the local government in assuring the wellbeing and the sustainabledevelopmentoftheseplaceslikeRameshwaram andGulfofMannarplaysapivotalrole.Morefacilitiesshould be provided by the government so that the locals are motivatedtoselectsustainablemethodsforlivinganddoing businessintheseecosensitiveareas.AccordingtoGoeldner andRitchie(2012),themajorissueforthetourismsectoris to acquire advantages that outweigh the costs while also takingstepstoavoidnegativeconsequences.Currentlythere arenofacilitiesinthetermsofinfrastructureorincentives beingprovidedbythegovernmentleadingtoslowandpoor developmentoftheseplaceswhichcanbeavoidedbyproper planning and implementation by the local government bodies/ authorities. Initiatives can be taken up by both NGO’s and government to educate the locals about sustainabledevelopmentandeco-tourism,itsbenefitsand forthcomings.Asaconclusion,abanonsingleuseplastics, sustainabledevelopmenttechniquesandmaterialsdiscussed inthispapercanbeusedtopromotesustainablegrowthin theseregions.

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