Improvement of Air-Swirl ratio in 4-stroke diesel engine to improve performance and emission of an e

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Improvement of Air-Swirl ratio in 4-stroke diesel engine to improve performance and emission of an engine

1

2

1Professor and PG Co-coordinator (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering Department, RYMEC Bellary, Karnataka, India

2M.Tech (Thermal Power Engineering), Research Scholar, Mechanical Engineering Department, RYMEC Bellary, Karnataka, India ***

Abstract - Themainthinginadieselengineisthecontrolofairforachievinggoodcombustionprocess.Inthisproject,the soleaimistocreatetheswirlofairforachievingbetterperformanceandreductioninharmfulemissions.Theturbulenceofair causescompletecombustionoftheproductsandreactantsofcombustionresultinginreducedemissionsofharmfulgaseslike HC,CO&NOxetc.

Key Words: Dieselengine,swirl,performance,Harmfulemission,completecombustion

1. INTRODUCTION

Combustionprocessisthekeyforanenginetoattaingreatcombustionandtocutdownemissionofhealthhazardousgases. Fromthepastdataexcellentcombustionresultscanbeobtainedbycreatingswirlandturbulenceofair.Variousmethodsare availabletocreatetheswirl;inourprojectweareutilizingthemethodofmasking.Maskingisdoneonthepoppetvalve.Theflow ofairinthepassageisdisruptedbymasking.Duetomaskingdoneonthepoppetvalve.Theflowofairisdisturbedhenceswirl willbeimproved.

1.1 Sub Heading 1

Beforeyoubegintoformatyourpaper,firstwriteandsavethecontentasaseparatetextfile.Keepyourtextandgraphic filesseparateuntilafterthetexthasbeenformattedandstyled.Donotusehardtabs,andlimituseofhardreturnstoonlyone returnattheendofaparagraph.Donotaddanykindofpaginationanywhereinthepaper.Donotnumbertextheads-the templatewilldothatforyou.

Finally, complete content and organizational editing before formatting. Please take note of the following items when proofreadingspellingandgrammar:

1.2 Sub Heading 2

Sampleparagraph,theentiredocumentshouldbeincambriafont.Type3fontsmustnotbeused. Otherfonttypesmaybe usedifneededforspecialpurposes.Theentiredocumentshouldbeincambriafont.Type3fontsmustnotbeused. Otherfont typesmaybeusedifneededforspecialpurposes.

2. POPPET VALVES

2.1 Models of Inlet poppet valve:

Conventionalinletpoppetvalveisusedforsinglecylinderfourstrokedieselengines.Valvesaretheimportantelementsofa dieselengine.ValvescontroltheInflowofthefreshchargeinsidethecylinderandexitthecombustiongasesoutsidetheengine cylinder.KirloskarmakeDieselengineinletvalvemodelisshowninthefigure.Themodelshownhereisdesignedinsolidworks modelingsoftware.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Figure -1: ConventionalInletpoppetvalve

2.2 3-D Model of modified inlet poppet valve:

Theinletpoppetvalveismodifiedbyusing4balls,whicharefabricatedatrightanglesontheseatsurface.The4-ballvalveis modeledusingsolidworkssoftware.Radiusoftheballis4mmandisfabricatedupontheseatsurfaceofthepoppetatadepthof 2.5mm.Theballsarefabricatedonthebackofvalveradiussuchthattheydonotintersectwiththevalveseating.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Figure -2. ModifiedInletpoppetvalve(4-Ballvalve)

3. FABRICATION OF MODIFIED MODELS OF INLET POPPET VALVES:

Inthistypeofdesigntherefourballsof8mmdiameterswhicharefastenedtotheseatsurfaceofthepoppet,oppositetoeach otheratrightangles.Ballsaremadeupofchrome steel withabout1%carbonand1.5%chrome.Fasteningisdonebybrazing process.Thisvalveismadeinsuchawaythatitcanwithstandhightemperature.

4. DIESEL ENGINE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

1. Singlecylinderfourstrokedieselenginetestrigwhichisconnectedtocomputer.

2. Dynamometerforincreasinganddecreasingtheload. 3. Ithasflowmeasurementunit. 4. PiezoPowerunit&proceedindicator 5. Fuelmeasuringunit.

6. Transmittersareprovidedforairandfuelflowmeasurements.

7. AVL5smokemeasuringunit.

4.1 Specifications of Engine Setup:

1. Enginebrand-Kirloskarmake 2. Speed-1500rpm 3. Cylinders&stroke-Singlecylinderfourstroke. 4. Coolingtype-watercooled. 5. Typeoffuelused-Diesel. 6. Borediameter-87.5mm 7. Lengthofthestroke-110mm

4.2 Emission Test Setup

FormeasurementofemissionAVL5gasanalyserisused.ItindicateslevelofCarbonmonoxide,Hydrocarbons,Nitrogen oxides,Carbondioxide,Oxygenandsmokeetc.Itisfittedattheexhaustofanengine.

Figure -5. AVL5gasanalyser

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Performance.

1. LoadvsBrakethermalefficiency 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 3 6 9 12 15

BTHE in % Load in Kg

Conventional

Modified poppet valve

Chart-1:LoadvsBTHE

Brakethermalefficiencyhastheabilitytoincreasewithincreasingloadbecauseofmorepowerdeveloped.Brakethermal efficiencydependsuponbrakepower.Thepoweravailableatthecrankshaftislessinanenginewithmodifiedpoppetvalve henceBTHEisreducingandathigherloadsfurtheritisdecreasingbecauseofrichequivalenceratio.

200

150

2. Loadvsindicatedthermalefficiency 0

ITHE in % Load in Kg

Conventional

100

50

250 0kg 3kg 6kg 9kg 12kg 15kg

Modified inlet poppet valve

Chart-2:LoadvsITHE

Indicatedthermalefficiencydependsonindicatedmeaneffectivepressureandindicatedpower.Indicatedpowerislessinan enginewithmodifiedinletpoppetvalvemaybeduetothelongrunofconventionalenginesoengineoilmayhavereducedprior tothestartofanenginewithmodifiedinletpoppetvalve,hencefrictionisgeneratedsoindicatedpowermayhavereduced. Indicatedmeaneffectivepressureislessforanenginewithmodifiedinletpoppetvalvehenceitisslightlydecreasingcompared toconventionalengine.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

3. Loadvsmechanicalefficiency

Chart-3:LoadvsMecheff

MechanicalefficiencyistheratioofBPtoIP.Mechanicalefficiencyisalmostsameforboththesetups.

Chart-4:LoadvsSFC

SFCisincreasinginmodifiedenginecomparedtoconventionalenginebecauseofcombustionofrichmixture.Asthereis reducedairflowintheenginecylinderbecauseofmodificationscausingfuelrichmixture.

5. LoadvsA/FRatio

A/F Ratio

60

40

4. Loadvsspecificfuelconsumption 0

80 0 3 6 9 12 15

20

Load in kg

Chart-5: LoadvsA/FRatio

Conventional valve Modified inlet poppet valve

2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

AsthereisarichequivalenceratiobecauseofmodificationsA/Fratioisdecreasinginanenginewithmodifiedinletmanifold.

5.2 Emission.

1. Hydrocarbons(HC):

Chart-6:Loadvs.HCforConventionalFuel.

Because of not enough temperature near the cylinder wall hydrocarbon emissions are due to the unburned fuels. HC emissionsarealsocausedduetorichAirfuelratio.Itisobservedthatinthechart-6,25.00%ofHCisreducedforModified(4ballvalve)inletpoppetvalvewhencomparetoconventionalinletpoppetvalveatmaximumloadingcondition.For100%loading thepercentageofunburntfuelislessformodifiedvalve(4ballvalve)thanconventionalvalve,duepropermixtureofairand fuel.

2. Carbonmonoxide(CO):

Chart-7:Loadvs.CO%forConventionalFuel.

Carbonmonoxideisproducedbyincompletecombustion;SwirlingofairhasverygoodimpactoncombustionhenceCOis reducedinanenginewithmodifiedpoppetvalve.Itisobservedthatintheabovechart-7,19.04%ofCOisreducedforModified Inletpoppetvalve(4ballvalve)whencomparetoconventionalinletpoppetvalveatmaximumloadingcondition.During100% loading,thepercentageofincompletecombustionislessformodifiedValve(4ballvalve)thanconventionalvalvethatisbecause ofmoreoxidationprocessoccurred.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

3. Nitrogenoxides(NOx):

Chart-8:Loadvs.NOxforConventionalFuel

Air,mainlycomposedofoxygenandnitrogen,isinitiallydrawnintothecombustionchamber,then,itiscompressed. Nitrogenoxidesresultsfromtheenginecylindertemperature.Asthecylindertemperatureincreasesreflectsanincreasein NOx.

Itisobservedfromabovechartthat48.6%ofNOXisreducedforModifiedInletpoppetvalve(4ballvalve)whencompare toconventionalinletpoppetvalveatmaximumloadingcondition,duetoincreaseinsurroundingcylindertemperaturefor conventionalvalve.

4. Carbondioxide(CO2):

Chart-9:Loadvs.CO2%forConventionalFuel.

AsCO2increases,thatindicatesthecompletecombustiontakenplace.ItistheproductofCOwhichgivestoCO2.

Itisobservedfromchart-9that4.00%ofCO2isreducedforModifiedInletpoppetvalve(4ballvalve)whencompareto conventionalinletpoppetvalveatmaximumloadingcondition.

5. CONCLUSION:

Thefinalconclusionsforthestudyaretakenfromtheinvestigationontheuseofinletpoppetvalvesindieselengineswith modifiedinletpoppetvalvedesigns.

1.Advancementofinletairtotheenginecanbedonebymeansofinletpoppetvalves.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

2.Brakethermalefficiencyisdecreasinginanenginewithmodifiedpoppetvalveduetolessbrakepowerandindicated thermalefficienciesareslightlydecreasingduetolowerindicatedmeaneffectivepressureandfriction.

3.Specificfuelconsumptionisslightlyincreasinginanenginewithmodifiedpoppetvalvebecauseofrichequivalence ratio

4.Basedontheexperimenttheemissionlevelsaregreatlydecreasedinanenginewithmodifiedinletpoppetvalveswhen comparedtoconventionalvalve.

5.Manufacturingcostof4ballvalveislessandcaneasilybeprepared.

Future Recommendations

1. Thesizeandnumberofballscanbechangedandtobechecked.

2. Theinletvalverotationduringprocesscanbemadestatictoenhancegoodswirlrates.

3. Theenginevalvescanbemodifiedtogenerateairswirlattheentranceforbetterperformances.

4. Enginesizecanbemadecompactforsamecapacitieswithuseoflessair,i.e.,withlowervolumetricefficienciesandathigh swirlratesforthesamecapacity,theenginecanbemadecompactinsize

References

1. HiregoudarYerrennagoudaru,ShivaPrasadDesai2014EffectofInletAirSwirlonFourStrokeSingleCylinderDiesel Engine’sPerformanceJournalofMechanicalandCivilEngineering 11(4) PP59-68

2. MaheshG,HiregoudarYerrennagoudaru,RHMSomanathSwamy, B Basavaprakash 2019EffectofInletAirSwirlinCi Engines–AReviewInternationalJournalofScientificResearchandReview 7(5) UGCJournalNo.:64650

3.PankajN.Shrirao,Dr.RajeshkumarU.Sambhe2014EffectofSwirlInductionbyInternallyThreadedInletManifoldson ExhaustEmissionsofSingleCylinder(Di)DieselEngineInternationalJournalofScienceandResearch 3(7) pp17181722

4.RajKumar,Dr.G.JanardhanaRaju,Dr.K.HemachandraReddy2015PerformanceEvaluationofaDieselEngineinThe PresenceofaConvergentNozzlewithInternalBladesinTheAirIntakeManifoldInternationalJournalofInnovative ResearchinScience,EngineeringandTechnology 4(7) pp6597-6606

5. IdrisSaad,SaifulBari2014GuideVaneSwirlandTumbleDevicetoImproveIn-CylinderAirFlowofCIEngineUsing VegetableOilElsevier90pp425–430

6. MaheshG,Dr.HiregoudarYerrennagoudar,AVGouthamRao,BSPremSagar2019EffectofMaskingonInletPoppetValve and Performance Characteristics on 4-S Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Journal of Emerging Technologies and InnovativeResearch 6(6) pp902-905