Data Analytical Study of Injury Reduction in Sports by IRJET Journal

Data Analytical Study of Injury Reduction in Sports

1Ashwin K Manoj, 2Dr. Manusankar C, 3Ariya T.K, 3 Dr. Prathibha P. H

1PG Scholar, 2HoD , 3Assistant Professor PG Department of Computer Science

Sree Sankara Vidyapeetom College Valayanchirangara, Kerala ***

Abstract - Despite the health benefits of participating in sports, many people are afraid of getting injured and this is a big barrier to participating in sports. Musculoskeletal injuries in athletes are a serious problem that has a major impact on the sports world. The main reasons for the high number of injuries and the long return to play are lack of proper exercise and warm-up, inadequate wearing of protective gear, variations in air temperature from place to place, and having not much understanding about how training alerts ligament structure and functions. Injuries resulting from sports and physical activity can persist and pose significant problems to the financial health and quality of life of athletes. Wearable technology combined with analytics can help reduce player risk by identifying injury risk factors and focusing on risk mitigation. Injuries to players also place liability on sponsors. A high injury rate in sport is a problem that needs to be addressed. There are many possible solutions to reducing injuries, and this paper discusses a few of them.

Key Words: Musculoskeletal,Injury,Improper,Reduction,Sports

1.INTRODUCTION

Physicalsafetyinsportsisanimportantprerequisiteforcontinuedparticipationinsportsandfor maintaining a healthy physicallyactivelifestyle.Prevention,reduction,andcontrolofsportsinjuriesareimportantgoalsforsocietyasawhole Recentadvancesinsports medicinehaveled tothe needformore researchoninjurypreventioninthereal world.Some people argue that we should take a more behavioral approach when it comes to sports injury prevention, in order to reducethenumberofinjuries.Despitethelackofresearchontheroleofbehaviorinsportsinjury prevention,itremains animportantfactor.

Various behaviors are associated with injury risk factors and injury mechanisms. There are many factors that can influence the behavior that leads to injury and risk factors for injuries[1]. This is not just something that happens to athletes. Various types of behavior by, for example, the coach, referee, physical therapist, or sports associations, can influence risk factorsand injury mechanisms. Inaddition,multiple behaviorsoften work togethertoincreasetherisk of injury. Sometypesofbehaviorareclearlyassociatedwithincreasedinjuryrisk,andaretherefore consideredriskfactors. Otherbehaviorsmayonlyaffectriskfactorsandinjurymechanisms,and havenodirectimpactoninjuryrisk.

Recentideasaboutinjurypreventionthatrequirestudiesoninjurypreventioninreallifestillrely heavilyonpreventive measuresestablishedthroughefficacyresearch.Oneseriouslimitationof suchanapproachisthatonewouldexpectthat proven preventive measures would be adopted if the determinants and impacts of sporting safety behaviors were understood. Therefore, if one really wants to prevent sports injuries in real-life situations, a broader research focus is needed[3].Weneed tolookattheresearchoninjurypreventioninotherfieldstoseewhatwecanlearnthatcanhelp us preventinjuriesinoursport.

1.1 Injuries

Foralmosthalfofallsports-relatedinjuries,musclestrainsandtearsarethemostcommon.Their frequencyanddisabling potentialhavebeendocumentedinepidemiologicalstudiesofsports[1]. Footballisoftenthecauseofinjuriesthatresult intimeofffromsportsandotheractivities,and theyarealsoacommonsourceofpainandpoorperformancefollowinga return to competition. We don't have any information about the effects of a warmup. People who use protective equipment improperly often end up getting injured. For example, they might not use the right type of pads or boots, or they might not wear them properly. This can lead to serious injuries. It can also lead to player injury. For example, if a football player running in boots with thin spikes slips and falls while trying to stop abruptly. It might cause you some harm. For beginners, it is important to wear boots with large studs so that you don't injure yourself while running or landingafterajump.Itis importanttowearappropriateprotectiveequipmentwhenworkinginthefield.Changesinthe

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normal atmosphere can also lead to a drop in performance & increasing the chances of a player getting injured.For example, Players from countries like frozen Iceland are more prone to dehydration and injuries when playing in hot countrieslikeIndia.

1.2 Warm-Up

Players frequently warm up before an exercise task with the goal of enhancing performance and lowering the risk of injuries.Theadvantagesforperformancehavebeenhotlycontested.Despite thefactthatthishasnotbeenfullyproven, players,coaches,trainers,anddoctorsgenerallyagree thatthiswarmuplowersthechanceofinjury[2].

Stretchingactivitiesandatimeofactivemusclecontractionoractivityarefrequentlyincludedin thewarm-upphase.The range of motion in the joints and muscle-tendon units should be increased during the warm-up process, along with the muscletemperatureandcontractionefficiency.The increaseinrangeofmotionorthedecreasedstiffnessbroughtonby the increase in muscle temperature are two reasons given by different authors for the apparent beneficial benefit of warming up.

1.3 Need of Injury Reduction

Sports and physical activity-related injuries can be chronic and significantly impact a player's economic well-being and quality of life[4]. Numerous teams and sponsors must invest a lot of money in players who will later retire from competitiondue toinjury,costing the sponsors money. This situation necessitates a decrease in injuries.Byfocusingon riskreductionanddetectinginjuryrisk factors,wearabletechnologiesincombinationwithanalyticscanassistinreducing thedangerto players[5]. Wearablescan beusedtofacilitatethequantificationof relevantfunctional capacities priorto participatinginphysicallydemandingathleticactivities,thusadvancingthefieldofsports injurymanagement[6].

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

The paper “Risk factorsfor sport injuries- a methodological approach” by Markus Endler R Bahr and Iholme effectively discusses the methodology for studies designed to investigate potential risk factors muscle-tendon units. According to some earlier studies, muscle-tendon units that are repeatedly passively stretched display a reduction in tension. They wereprimarilylookingtosee ifapreconditioningorwarmingupphasewithoutappliedstretchhasany protectiveeffects. The topicofsportsinjuriesisdiscussedusingtheexampleofhamstringstrains.Theintricateinteraction ofnumerousrisk factors and events leads to injuries. A multivariate statistical method should be utilized as a result. Additionally, it's important to give serious thought to the study's sample size. Sample size is mostly determined by the risk factor's anticipated impact on injury risk and the need to identify moderate to strong relationships. Small to moderate associationswouldrequireroughly 200injuredinstancesfrom300subjects,whereas20to50injurycasesarerequired. Studiesonthe riskfactorsforhamstringstrainsthathavebeenpublishedsofarincludemethodologicalflawsand aretoo weaktoidentifysmall tomoderaterelationshipsandmediumcorrelations. Byintegrating asmanypertinentriskfactors as feasible and employing a multivariate statistical methodology, studies on the etiology of sports injuries need to take intoconsiderationthemultifacetedcharacter ofsportsinjuries.Itisimportanttocarefullyassessthestudy'ssamplesize, whichmostlydepends ontheestimatedimpactoftheriskfactoronthelikelihoodofsufferinganaccident.20to50injury cases are required to detect moderate to strong relationships, whereas 200 wounded patients are required to discover smalltomoderateassociations.Thestudiesthathavebeenpublishedareyet tosufferfrommethodologicalflawsandare unable to detect modest to moderate relationships, hence more research on the risk factors for hamstring strains is required.

The study "Role of Warming-up in Promoting Athletes Health and Skills" by Dr.Homoud M. Alanazi discusses about Warming-upisconsideredtobeasthemainsportcomponentforanysport trainingperiod,itisthebasisforanyathletes beforeperforminganysportactivityor competitions. Ithasbeenobservedthatthemajorityofsportcoachesdonotpay the necessary attention to and follow up on the players' warm-up phase, instead letting fitness trainers handle it unattended. Exercises performed as a warm-up should pay close attention to their nature, duration, and correct timing before actual training or competition. For the advantage of the athlete generally and for the score outcomes of his participation in competitions specifically, the health goal average level of heart pulses should be obtained through warmingupexercises.Exercisesforwarmingup shouldbeperformedcorrectly;otherwise,itwillhaveanegativeimpact onanindividual's performanceandhealth.Sportswarmingupisveryimportant,especiallybeforeanathlete performsan exercisethatcallsformaximalefforttobeputforthinashortamountoftime.The goalofthisstudyistoshedmorelight

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onthevalueofwarmingupfromallanglesinorderto achievepeakperformanceandhealth.Thisstudywillpayparticular attention to the effect that warm-up activities have in increasing the physical prowess of football players in certain matches.In everyelementoflife,warm-upsarecrucial.Inourfieldofstudy,scientistshavedemonstratedits importance to athletes in terms of many body organs and components, and it is anticipated that additional information about its importancetotheathletebodywillbediscoveredinthefuture. Overall,it'scriticaltooursurvivalashumans becauseit ensuresahappyandhealthylifeforus.

In the paper "The Harstad injury prevention study: the epidemiology of sports injuries. An 8 year study" by Borge Ytterstad describes the epidemiology of sports injuries occurring in a community during 8 years and to evaluate the outcome of an intervention implemented against injuries occurring in downhill skiing. The report addresses regional sportsinjury epidemiologies.OurstudysharessomeepidemiologicaltraitswithotherScandinavianstudies documenting prospectiveinjuryrecording,suchastheproportionofsportsinjuriescompared toallinjuries,themeanage,thefemale tomaleratio,andsoccer'spredominanceintheinjury landscape.However,therearesomevariationsintheproportionof certain sports injuries, which are primarily attributed to location and regional cultural variations. Fractures and concussions were the most common types of downhill skiing injuries. This is consistent with a sport's AIS score being much higher. However, whereas downhill skiing-related injuries were a significant issue in our study, they are far less prevalentinstudiesfromtheflatsections ofSweden.However,icehockey,whichintheseSwedishstudiesaccountedfora significant portionofsportsinjuries,isinfrequentinHarstad.

In paper "Performance aspects of an injury prevention program: a ten-week intervention in adolescent female football players''by K.Steffenandcolleaguesstatethattheinjuryrateinfootballishigh,andeffectiveinjurypreventionmethods areneeded.Anexerciseprogram, the ‘‘11,’’hasbeendesignedto preventthemost commoninjury typesinfootball. The impact ofsuchaprogrammeonperformanceisunknown,though.Thisrandomized-controlledtrial's goalwastofindout howthe"11"affectedperformancefollowinga10-weektrainingperiod. Arandomassignmentprocesswasusedtoplace 34 teenage female football players in an intervention or control group. Ten exercises for core stability, lower extremity strength, balance, and agilitymake up the 15-minute "11" programme. Performance evaluations includedvertical jump tests, sprint running, soccer skill tests, isometric hip adduction and abduction strength protocols, and isokinetic and isokinetic strength protocols for the quadriceps and hamstrings. For all of the tests used, there was no difference in the pre-to-post testperformancebetweentheinterventionandcontrolgroups.Finally,itcanbesaidthat employingthe"11" as a systematic warm-up programme had no impact on a group of teenage female football players' performance on a numberoftests.Thenewcomprehensive preventativeprogramme,called"The11+,"is afavorwarm-uproutinethatcan be employed in matches and training. It includes significant workouts and running drills. Implementing this warm-up programme"11+"atthebeginningoftrainingsessionsshouldhappenatleasttwice aweekforaround20minutes.Only the running exercises should be done. A randomized controlled trial that examined the impact of an 11+ on the risk of injuries in female youth football found a significantly lower risk of injuries overall, overuse injuries, and severe impairment. This prevention programme is useful to perform prior to games as well. They asserted that the 11+ programmecanhelpyoungfemalefootballplayersavoidinjuriesand lowertheirlikelihoodofsufferingthem. This"11+" warm-up programme should be used at least twice a week for about 20 minutes at the start of training sessions. You should just perform the running exercises. An 11+ considerably reduced the incidence of serious injuries, overuse injuries, and total injuries, according to a randomized controlled trial that looked at how an 11+ affected the risk of injuries in female youth football. It is beneficial to carry out this preventative approach before games as well. They claimed that the 11+ programme can aid young female football players in preventing injuries and reducing their risk of doing so.Even if the research stated above are significant and examined the role played in minimizing injuries among young football players, additional prospective studies should be carried out to determine whether the same outcomes exists. Research needs to be updated to meet the requirements of other sports disciplines while also looking into the significance ofthe11+programmeforadultfootballplayers.Everytrainingregimenshouldaimtoreduce thenumberof sports-relatedinjurieswhilealsoenhancingathletes'abilities.

The paper “Statistical modeling for recurrent events: an application to sports injuries” by Shahid. U compares five differentsurvivalmodels(Coxproportionalhazards(CoxPH)model andthefollowinggeneralizationstorecurrentevent data: Andersen-Gill (A-G), frailty, Wei Lin Weissfeld total time (WLW-TT) marginal, Prentice-Williams-Peterson gap time (PWP GT) conditional models) for the analysis of recurrent injury data. Model selection criteria and goodness-of-fit statisticswereusedtoempiricallyevaluateandcomparevariousmodels. Studiesusingsimulationsevaluatedthestrength and size of each model fit. Results The modeling approach is put into practise by using recurring injury data from the Australian National Rugby League's 2008 playing season. 14 (40%) of the 35 players analyzed suffered more than one

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injury, and 49 contact injuries were sustained during 29 games. The recurrent sports injury data had the worst match with the CoxPH model. In comparison to the WLW TT and PWP-GT models, the fit was better with the A-G and frailty models. Conclusions Although there isn't much of a difference in how well the A-G and frailty models fit the data, it is advisedthat,whenappropriate,futurestudiesmodelingrecurrentsportsinjurydata utilizethefrailtymodelinsteadthan the CoxPH model or its other generalizations. The study offers justification for potential statistical modeling techniques forrecurrentsportsinjuries.

The paper titled "Predicting Sports Injuries with Wearable Technology and Data Analysis" portrays an idea about Wearable technologies in conjunction with analytics that can help mitigate the risk to players by identifying injury risk factors and focusing on risk reduction. Wearables can be used to facilitate the quantification of relevant functional capacities prior to participating in physically demanding athletic activities, thus advancing the field of sports injury management.Theauthorsofthisresearchhighlighthowtrackingparticipantsacrossa widerangeofcharacteristicscan help athletes' health and athletic performance. In this study, a cohort of 54 army ROTC cadets took part. They acquired quantifiable data using Zephyr BioHarness Wearable technology to produce insights that help them predict and avoid injuries connected to the wearer's physical activity during sporting events. This study suggests that a high BMI in conjunctionwithseveremechanicalloadsmayresultininjury.Therefore,itis essentialtoensurethatmechanicalloadis graduallyraisedasathletesgetmoreconditioned whilecreatinganexerciseprogrammeduringthepractiseseason.While ahighdegreeof repetitivemechanicalloadwithuntrainedathletes mayquicklyresultininjuries,itiscrucial toinclude enoughmechanicalloadsinthetrainingregimentoguaranteeproper musculoskeletalgrowth.Eventhoughtheiranalysis found a number of variables linked to injury data during ROTC exercises, additional wearable variables might be important in different types of contexts. In conclusion, this study's findings show that wearable technology makes it possible to identify and target players who are more likely to sustain injuries. This essay examined how tracking participants across a wide range of characteristics might improve athletes' physical well-being and sports performance. Athletictrainerscanutilize theseinstrumentstocollectquantitativedatatogetinsightintothetrainingapproachthatis yieldingthegreatest results andtoforecastandpreventinjuriesresulting from wearer-related behaviors. Thisresearch shows that wearable technology has the ability to forecast sports injuries. Their study proved that wearable technology couldfunctionasamedicalinformatics systemtocategorizesportingactivitiesandlookintovariablesthataffectathletes' riskof injury.Withtheuseofthesesystems,athletictrainersandcoachescancollectmeasurable datatogetinsightinto the training approach that is yielding the best results and utilize the same data to forecast and avoid injuries resulting fromthewearer'sactions.Bygiving measurabledataforourbehaviors,wearabledeviceslikeZephyrBioHarnessbuilda bridge betweenthephysicalworldweperceiveandtheanalyticalworldweareconstructing.

3. CONCLUSIONS

The requirement of the hour is to keep up a physically active lifestyle and lessen sports-related ailments. Numerous injuries among the athletes put a financial strain on their sponsors. Basic steps for reducing injuries include following suitable warm-up and cool-down routines, drinking enough water to preserve health and prevent cramping, and appropriately donning a protective gear. Added to that There are many things that data analytics and machine learning can do to reduce injuries. It is possible to anticipate the likelihood that a player would sustain an injury by analyzing differencesinthetendonsduringeachstretchusingembeddeddevices andmeasuringthepulseswiththeaidofwearable technologies,suchasdigitalwristbands.

These kinds of technologies could function as a medical informatics system to categorize sporting activities and investigate variables that affect players' risk of injuries. Coaches and trainers can determine which training method is generating the best results by analyzing the data that wearables have acquired from athletes. They can also utilize this datatopredictand preventinjuriesassociatedwithweareraction.

REFERENCES

[1] RBahr.,IHolme.,Riskfactorsforsportinjuries-amethodologicalapproach,BrJSportsMed,Vol.[1]37,pp.384–392,2003.

[2] Dr.M.AHomoud.,RoleofWarming-upinPromotingAthletesHealthandSkills, InternationalJournalofScientific andResearchPublications,Volume6,Issue1,pp.2250-3153,January2016

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[3] BYtterstad.,TheHarstadinjurypreventionstudy:theepidemiologyofsportsinjuries.An 8yearstudy,Institute ofCommunityMedicine,UniversityofTromso,Breivika,N-9037Tromso,Norway,BrJSportsMed,1995.

[4] K.Steffen.,H.M.Bakka.,G.Myklebust.,and R.Bahr., Performanceaspectsofaninjuryprevention program:a tenweek intervention in adolescent female football players, Scand J Med Sci Sports .Printed in Singapore . DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00708.x,2008.

[5] Shahid.,JGTim.,&FFCaroline.,Statisticalmodelingforrecurrentevents:an applicationtosportsinjuries,BrJ Sports Med: first published as Vol. 10, pp. 1136, bjsports-2011-090803 on 7 August 2012, Downloaded from http://bjsm.bmj.com/at India:BMJ-PGSponsored.Protectedbycopyright,20June2021.

[6] Amir Zadeh., David Taylor., Margaret Bertsos., Timothy Tillman.,Nasim Nosoudi., Scott Bruce. Information SystemsFrontiers,Volume23Issue4,Aug2021pp1023-1037 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020-10018-3

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