COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF BITUMINOUS MIXES CONTAINING WASTE PLASTIC WASTE AS AN ADMIXTURE SUBJECTED

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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF BITUMINOUS MIXES CONTAINING WASTE PLASTIC WASTE AS AN ADMIXTURE SUBJECTED TO COLD WEATHERED ENVIRONMENT

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Abstract

Thisresearchwasaimedatmodifyingandimprovingtheperformanceofbitumenmixesinlowtemperaturesregionusing waste plastic bags (WPB) as an additive. Mixes with 6% WPB and 7% WPB show good results can replace aggregate in virginmixes.TheoptimumamountofWPBformixinbituminousconcrete(BC)wasfoundtobe6%atabitumencontent of5.66%. The retainedstabilityofcontrol mix wasfoundto beabout75% fromthe standard value,whereasforthemix withbothanti-strippingandWPBandformixwithWPBonly,itwasabove85%.Thisshowsthatmixeswith6%WPBhave greater durability and strength as compared to the mixes with anti-stripping chemical and control mix. Also WPB mixes are cheaper due to the availability of waste plastic, it was observed that control mix after being subjected to repeated freezethawcyclescanlosemorethan50%ofitsoriginalstrength.Hencemodificationtothemixcanbedonebyaddition of6%WPBwhichgivestherequiredstrength

Keyword:Performance,Mixes,Bituminous,Stability,Strength

1.0: Introduction

Useofplasticinbituminousmixescanbeofimportanceincurbingtheexcessdamagetoroadsincoldweatherconditions. Wasteplasticroadshavebeenusedinsomepartsofthecountrywithavaryingdegreeofsuccess.Wasteplasticroadshave variousadvantagesovernormalroadswhichcanbeofgreatimportanceinthesepartsofthecountry. Despitethefactthat alargeamountofworkhasbeencarriedoutbyadditionofwasteplastictothebitumenmixes,littleknowledgeaboutthe performanceofsuchmixesinharshclimaticandsnowyconditionspresentsabroaderscopetopreciselyobtainresultsin thisregardandthusunderstandthebenefitsand demeritsoftheuse,ifany.somerelevantstudiesandresearchdoneon usageofwasteplasticforcoldweatherregionsareasfollows:

(Awwad and Shbeeb 2007)claimed that the modified mixture considered to have higher stability and VMA rate in comparison with the non-modified blends and hasimpact directly to the rutting protection of mixtures. It was added by theirfindingthatmodifyingtheasphaltblendwithHDPEpolyethyleneenhancesitspropertiesmorewhencomparedwith LDPE polyethylene. (Herndon, 2009) examined dampness vulnerability of asphalt blend utilizing phosphorylated reused polythene.Theydemonstratedthatthereisahugedecreaseindampnesssusceptibilitybyadditionofreusedunmodified polyethylenetoasphaltconcretemixturesinboththeWetProcedureandtheDryProcess.Accordingtheworkof(Chavan, 2013) Plastic waste was replaced in place of aggregate for better performance of pavement. This was attributes in providing an enhanced amount of bitumen containing plastic as an admixture The polymer added decreases the voids present in the mix, which prevents the dampness absorption and oxidation of bitumen by captured air. They concluded that,utilizing plasticwaste inblend will reduceamount of bitumen by 10%, aswell asincrease the quality, performance andeventuallybuildupaneco-friendlyinnovation.Thereviewworkof(Gawandeet,al.,2012)onwasteplasticutilization in pavement in both wet and dry technique. It was concluded by them that modified bitumen with a content of waste plastic addition of 5-10% by weight of bitumen provides a longer life span and performance of pavement. (Ghorpade, 2018) revealed that the concurrent movement and high traffic volume of commercial vehicles, over-burdening of trucks and varieties in daily temperature of the pavement have been considered as the main factors causing rutting, cracking, bleeding, shoving and potholing on the bituminous surfacing.(Ahmadinia, et, al., 2012) conducted a series of laboratory test to utilize large amount of waste plastic containers as an admixture to stone mastic asphalt (SMA). Wheel tracking, dampnessweakness,bulkmodulusanddraindowntestswereconductedwiththedifferentpercentageoftheseat0%,2%, 4%,6%,8% and10%by weight of bitumen content.Their resultindicatesthatin cooperating suchwaste into the blend hasresultedinfavourableoutcomeonthepropertiesofSMAwhichcouldenhancetheblend'sprotectionagainstperpetual misshaping (rutting), increment the strength of the blend, give low binder drain down as well as recycling the waste productasanadvantage.

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(Gundaliya, 2012) shows that the procedure of modifying of bitumen with waste polythene provide better ways in protecting the pavement from protection from splitting, pothole arrangement and rutting by improving softening point, hardnessanddiminishingstrippingbecauseofwater,inthismannerenhancingthegeneralexecutionandperformanceof roadsoveradrawnoutstretchoftime.Asindicatedbythemthewastepolytheneusedintheblendshapescoveringover aggregatesoftheblendwhichlessensporosity,ingestionofdampnessandenhancesbindingproperty

(Karim et, al., 2013) investigate the performance of bituminous blend with polyethylene admixture and revealed that bitumenblends withpolyethylene performs betterwhencompared withconventionalbituminous blend whensubmerged underwater.Alsoprotectingtheearthfromcontaminationwill bea special reward. (SoniandPunjabi2013),discovered that with the usage of waste plastic aiming at enhancing the performance of bituminous concrete mixture, this waste plasticmodifiedbitumenmixturegivesbetterbindingproperty,stability,stiffness,thicknessandimpermeabilitytowater. Their result indicates that the waste polythene used in the blend will give lessens porosity, retention of moisture and enhances binding property of the blend. The bitumen adjusted with 4.5 % Polythene waste is considered to be optimum indicatingbetterperformancewhencomparedwithconventionalblends.

(Moghaddam et, al., 2013) confirmed that the use of waste material in asphalt pavement would be promising for the benefit life of asphalt pavement and reduces ecological contamination. Their result indicates that Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fortified blends have higher stability value, flow, and weariness life when compared with the mixtureswithoutPET.(Rajasekaranet,al.,2013)revealedthatthereuseofwastePlasticsCoatedAggregates-BitumenMix CompositeforRoadApplicationbyGreenMethod.ThesampleshowedhigherMarshallStabilityvaluesrangesbetween18 to20KNandtheloadbearingcapacityoftheroadisincreasedaswell.(SangitaandVerinder,2011)proposedamethodfor dealingwithenhancingthequalityofpavementbyusingplasticwaste.AsitwasindicatedbythemIndiaspendsRs35,000 croresayearonroaddevelopmentandrepairs,includingRs100,000croreseveryyearonlytoupkeepserviceabilityand only by bitumen roads keeps going 2-3 times longer, which will spare us Rs 33,000 crores a year in repairs (Bindu and Beana2014)presentedtheresultoftheirresearchonhowthewasteplasticbehaveswhenadded asastabilizerinStone Mastic Asphalt, the blends were subjected to tests which include Marshall Stability, rigidity, compressive strength tests and Tri-axial tests. The result indicated that that flexible pavement of high durability and greater performance can be attained with the optimum addition of 10% shredded plastic. (Sabina, et, al., 2009) evaluated the comparative performanceofpropertiesofbituminousmixescontainingplastic/polymer(PP)(8%and15%bytheweightofbitumen) with conventional bituminous mix. remarkable improvement in properties such as Marshall Stability, Retained Stability, Indirect Tensile Strength and Rutting was observed in PP modified bituminous concrete mixes. Thus waste PP modified bituminousconcretemixesareexpectedtobemoredurable,lesssusceptibletomoisture.

It was revealed from the studied conducted by (Sreedevi and saline, 2013) on roads surface using bituminous mix with plastic coated aggregates. Laboratory studies indicates that the Marshall Stability value of bituminous mixes increase by 1.5to2 times byusingPlasticCoatedAggregates.Also amountof bitumen can be reducedby more than10% by weight. (Thakur and Duggal 2017) concluded that replacing the reused material in pavement production will enhance the performance of the road and lower the construction cost of the road. (Verma, 2008) considered that plastic expands the pointofmeltingofthebitumenandmakestheroadflexibleamidwintersbringingaboutitslonglife.

Theamountofwasteplasticavailableprovidesoneofthebesttobeadoptedformodifyingthecontent ofbitumenmixes. this can lead to a significant reduction in the maintenance and repair costs and even the construction cost of pavement. Hencethepresentstudydealswithenhancingthepropertiesofmodifiedmixeswithwasteplasticbags(WPB)

2.0: Materials

Forthisstudyvariousmaterialsutilizedare: VG10binder,Plasticwaste,andaggregates.Wasteplasticwasusedinshreddedform.

i. Wasteplastic:thewasteplasticwasobtainedfromChandigarhindustrialestate. ii. Cement:OrdinaryPortlandcementwasusedforadditiontothemixes.Aggregates: iii. Aggregate:Thesizeofaggregateutilizedwas13.2mmandstonedustwasused.

3.0:Methodology

For this purpose of this study, bitumen mixes were made using Marshall Method of Design. Various materials viz: aggregates,binder,polythene,anti-strippingchemicals Alsooptimumbindercontentwas selected. Thework performed for this study was carried out in various stages. Determination of Bituminous Concrete control mix andutilizing Waste

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Plastic Bags with varying percentages (6%, 7%). As well as for Bituminous Concrete by utilizing anti-stripping chemical with varying percentages (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) by using Marshall Method while Repetitive Freezing and Thawing of samples with plastic having both plastic and anti- stripping chemical of varying percentages (0.5%, 0.75%), and control mixfor3,and7dayswasalsodetermined.

4.0: Results and Analysis

4.1:

PropertiesofVariousMaterialsUtilizedintheStudy

In order to meet the requirements as per MORTH (revision 5th), various types of tests were performed on the materials. Theresultsobtainedasaresultofthesetestsareindicatedinthefollowingtable:

Table 1.0: Physical Properties of Aggregates

S/No. Physical Properties Values Requirements as per MORTH 1 SpecificGravity 2.70 2.6-2.8 2 ElongationIndex(%) 10.50 Max30%(combined) 3 FlakinessIndex(%) 10.80 4 ImpactValue(%) 18.4 Max24% 5 WaterAbsorption(%) 0.70 Max2% 6 StrippingValue(%) 3.50 <5%

Table 2.0 Physical Properties of Binder Binder:ThebitumenusedwasVG10grade.Theresultsofthetestsperformedaregiveninthefollowingtable

S/No. Properties VG-10 Grade Test Method Determined Required 1 Penetration 93 80-100 IS:1203-1978 2 Softeningpoint 43.50 40min. IS:1205-1978 3 Specificgravity 1.10 0.99min. IS:1202-1978

4.2 The Aggregate Grading TheGradingofdifferentaggregateswasdoneforobtainingvirginmix.Theresultsareasshowninfollowingtable:

Table 3.0: Grading of Aggregates for Control Mix

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600mm 15-27 0 0 47.95 100 21.18

300mm 10-20 0 0 34.1 99.2 15.62

150mm 5-13 0 0 20.05 98.5 9.99 75mm 2-8 0 0 34.6 99 7.8

After grading of aggregates, ratio of the blend is calculated. It was done by hit and trial method and the ratio used was 58:40:2

4.3: Marshall Stability

Table

Bitumen Content

4.0: MarshallStabilityTestresultsforControlMix

5.43% 5.70% 5.86% 6.5%

SpecificGravityofBitumen 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 Density(g/cc) 2.50 2.32 2.31 2.32

SpecificGravityofAggregateBlend 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36

VolumeofBitumen,Vb(%) 11.86 11.93 12.46 14.34 VolumeofAggregate,Va(%) 80.03 79.40 78.74 78.50

VoidsinMineralAggregate,VMA(%) 16.86 16.93 17.43 1794. VoidsFilledwithBitumen,VFB(%) 62.35 68.43 70.35 72.00

AirVoids,% 5.23 4.67 4.40 4.20 Stability,kg 1769 1890 1890 1935 FlowValue,mm 3.54 3.80 4.10 3.90.

Table 5.0: MarshallStabilityTestresultsfor6%WPB

Bitumen Content

5.43% 5.70% 5.86%

SpecificGravityofBitumen 1.10 1.10 1.10 Density(g/cc) 2.74 2.56 2.32

SpecificGravityofAggregateBlend 2.30 2.30 2.30

VolumeofBitumen,Vb(%) 11.75 11.93 12.30

VolumeofAggregate,Va(%) 79.70 79.86 80.43

VoidsinMineralAggregate,VMA(%) 14.43 14.80 15.13

VoidsFilledwithBitumen,VFB(%) 78.70 79.42 78.70

AirVoids,% 3.10 2.93 3.20 Stability,kg 2143 2321 2567 FlowValue,mm 4.12 4.75 4.31

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Table 5.0: MarshallStabilityTestresultsfor7%WPB

Bitumen Content 5.43% 5.70% 5.86% SpecificGravityofBitumen 1.0 1.0 1.0 Density(g/cc) 2.93 2.53 2.47

SpecificGravityofAggregateBlend 2.30 2.30 2.30

VolumeofBitumen,Vb(%) 11.94 12.01 12.30

VolumeofAggregate,Va(%) 80.37 81.00 82.35

VoidsinMineralAggregate,VMA(%) 14.23 14.34 15.45 VoidsFilledwithBitumen,VFB(%) 79.87 81.45 81.55 AirVoids,% 3.56 3.67 3.45 Stability,kg 2345 2458 3678 FlowValue,mm 4.21 4.34 4.41

DeterminationofoptimumbindercontentAfterperformingMarshallStabilityTest,theoptimumbindercontentwas knowntobe5.70%.Thequantityofbitumeninaccordancetoitspercentagewascalculatedas72grams.

4.4: VariousRelationshipofParametersDetermined

4.4.1: AirVoids-BitumenContent

5

4

Air void Bitumen content

3

2

1

5.23 4.67 4.4 3.1 2.93 3.2 3.56 3.67 3.45 0

6 5.43% 5.70% 5.86%

Figure 1.0:RelationshipbetweenAirvoidsandBitumencontentforWPB

From the above figure, it is observed that there is a decrease in the percentage of air voids with an increase in the percentageofbitumencontent.

4.4.2:

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Density-Bitumen content

2.93 2.53 2.47

2.5 2.32 2.31

2.74 2.56 2.32

Denssity (cc)

Figure 2.0: RelationshipbetweenDensityandBitumencontentforWPB

The density results for all the mixes follow a similar pattern. As the Bitumen content increases, there is a decrease in density value of the mix. It is observed that the densities of mixes with WPB are less than that of Control Mix. The maximumvalues ofdensitiesfor mixeswith6%WPBand7%WPBare2.56& 2.47 respectively. The maximum densityis shownbycontrolmixas2.93.Aftercontrolmix,themixwith6%WPBat5.70%bitumencontentshowsmaximumdensity.

4.4.3: Stability-Bitumen Content:

Bitumen content

Figure 3.0 RelationshipbetweenStabilityandBitumencontentforWPB

With increase in WPB content, the stability of the mix increases. The mix with 7% WPB exhibits maximum stability i.e. 2678 kg at 5.86% Bitumen content. At 5.70% Bitumen content, the least stability is exhibited by control mix i.e. 2345kg. ThestabilityvaluesofWPB6%&WPB7%atbitumencontent5.70%are2458kgand2678kgrespectively.

4.4.4:

Flow-Bitumen content:

Themaximumflowisexhibitedbythemixhaving7%WPBatBitumencontentof5.86%i.e.4.41mm.Thecontrolmixalso exhibitsaflowvalueoutsidepermissiblelimitsataBitumencontentof5.86%i.e.4.25.Atabitumencontentof5.70%,the controlmix,mixwith6%WPB&mixwith7%WPBexhibitflowvaluesas4.21mm,4.34mm,and4.41mmrespectively.

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4.75 4.31 4.21 4.34 4.41 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.43% 5.70% 5.86%

3.54 3.8 4.1 4.12

Flow Value (mm) Bitumen content

Figure

3.0 RelationshipbetweenflowandBitumencontentforWPB

4.5: Marshall Stability Test results for Control Mix, Mix with various percentages of Anti-stripping chemical, mix with 6% WPB of different Freeze Thaw cycles.

Table6.0:RetainedMarshallStabilityTestresultsforControlMix,MixwithvariouspercentagesofAnti-strippingchemical, mixwith6%WPBat5.66%Bitumencontent

Parameters

Anti-stripping chemical Control mix WPB (6%) 0.5% 0.75% 1%

SpecificGravityof Bitumen 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 Density(g/cc) 2.309 2.310 2.314 2.348 2.287 SpecificGravityof AggregateBlend 2.30 2.30 2.70 2.70 2.70

VolumeofBitumen, Vb(%) 11.93 11.73 12.30 12.30 12.43

VolumeofAggregate, Va(%) 80.20 80.73 81.21 81.21 82.30

VoidsinMineral Aggregate,VMA(%) 12.31 12.18 12.62 12.86 14.34

VoidsFilledwith Bitumen,VFB(%) 82.21 81.42 84.21 78.21 83.34 AirVoids,% 1.23 1.81 1.52 4.21 2.63

RetainedMarshall Stability,kg 2321 2339 2357 1781 2423

FlowValue,mm 4.34 4.97 4.82 3.4 3.71

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Table 7.0:MarshallStabilityTestresultsforControlMix,MixwithvariouspercentagesofAnti-strippingchemical,mix with6%WPBafter3and7repeatedFreezeThawcycles.

3 Repeated Freeze Thaw Cycles.

7 Repeated Freeze Thaw Cycles

Parameter s

Specific Gravityof Bitumen

Density (g/cc)

Specific Gravityof Aggregate Blend

Volumeof Bitumen, Vb(%)

Volumeof Aggregate, Va(%)

Voidsin Mineral Aggregate, VMA (%)

VoidsFilled with Bitumen, VFB(%)

Anti-stripping chemical Control mix WPB 6%

Anti-stripping chemical Control mix WPB 6%

0.5% 0.75% 0.5% 0.75%

1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10

2.41 2.43 2.34 2.32 2.21 2.31 2.28 2.27

2.30 2.30 2.70 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.70 2.30

11.92 11.87 11.86 12.21 11.67 11.56 11.86 12.47

81.62 81.96 82.91 82.30 81.96 82.60 82.46 82.23

13.45 12.93 12.76 12.74 13.36 12.35 12.45 15.67

83.21 84.21 76.81 83.74 82.34 89.21 76.78 83.76

AirVoids, % 1.99 1.74 4.34 2.63 2.21 1.78 4.75 2.45

Stability,kg 1482 1658 1368 2342 1202.7 1368 1007 2003 FlowValue, mm 2.92 2.78 2.65 3.4 2.72 2.63 2.55 3.1

After being exposed to 3 Repetitive Freeze Thaw cycles, the control mix exhibited stability values around 72% of the Standard value, the mix with 0.5% & 0.75% anti-striping chemical showed stability values around 77% and 80% respectively, whereas the mix with 6%WPB showed stability values higher than 85% of the standard value. While being exposedto7RepetitiveFreezeThawcycles,thecontrolmixexhibitedstabilityvaluesaround53%oftheStandardvalue, themixwith0.5%&0.75%anti-stripingchemicalshowedstabilityvaluesaround60%and65%respectively,whereasthe mix with 6%WPB showed stability values higher than 72% of the standard value. Also the mix with 6% WPB after 7 repetitiveFreezeThawcyclesexhibitedsimilarstabilityvaluesasshownbyControlmixwith5.66%bitumenunderideal conditions.

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5.0Conclusions

Thefollowingconclusionsweremade:

The mixes with 6% WPB have greater durability and Strength as compared to the mixes with both control and mixes containinganti-strippingchemical.AlsoWPBmixesareadvantageouscomparedwiththeconventionalbitumenmaterials duetotheavailabilityandabundanceof waste plastic bag.It wasobservedthatcontrol mix subjectedto repeatedFreeze Thawcycleslosesmorethan50%ofitsoriginalstrength;hencemodificationtothemixshouldbedoneby additionof6% WPB which contributed in enhancing the strength of the mix. The mixes with 6% WPB at 7 Freeze thaw cycles exhibits stability values similar to that of control mix under ideal conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that 6% WPB should be addedtothemixfortheapplicationinlow-temperatureenvironment

6.0: Recommendations

Furtherresearchcanbedonebasedonthelimitationsinthepresentstudy.Thelimitationsareaas:

i. TheoptimumvalueofWPBisfoundtobe6%basedontrialswithonly2percentagesofwasteplasticbagsi.e.6% &7%.Trialsaboveandbelowthisrangecanbeusedtoreformthefindings.

ii. ThisStudyhasbeencarriedoutbyutilizingVG-10gradebinder.Differentgradesofbindercanbeusedfor performingsimilarstudy.

iii. OnlyWPBinshreddedformhasbeenusedforperformingthestudy.VariousotherformsofPlasticcanbeusedto carryoutthistypeofstudy.

iv. ThisstudyislimitedforBClayeronly.SimilarstudiescanbedoneonvariouskindsofmixessuchasSDBC,DBM.

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