PURIFICATION OF AIR USING IMPREGNATED ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM COCONUT SHELL

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PURIFICATION OF AIR USING IMPREGNATED ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM COCONUT SHELL

1Sherly Hazel Monica E R A, Dept. of civil engineering, Malabar college of engineering, Kerala, India 2Prof. M.A Chinnamma, Dept. of civil engineering, Malabar college of engineering, Kerala, India 3Assistant prof Anitha.K , Dept. of civil engineering, Malabar college of engineering, Kerala, India

Abstract As the industrial areas are the most prone areas that contributes to the air pollutants now a days, it is necessary to reduce the outcomes of air pollutions from thess areas by using some methods. Inspite of this scenario, I have selected one of the most polluted industrialareaofKeralathat is Edayar, Eloor belt in Ernakulam district forcarryingoutthe study. As several industries are situated in this area and almost all industries here contribute towards air pollution which are more acidic in nature. So, in this study the impregnated activated carbon produced from coconut shellis adopted as a medium to absorb all kinds of air pollutants present in the air particularly carbon dioxide,Sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen etc which are the most serious polluting gases that would harm both the environment and the human being as well. And also in this study we present the adsorption capacity of impregnated activated carbon (ac) preparedfrom coconut shells at various optimum temperatures of25°C,35°C ,45°C and/or high concentration of impregnation(~20mol%) which were examined by me and there corresponding characteristics have been plotted by carrying out the the test in the company Activated Carbon Production Limited(ACPL)also known as Indo German chemicals ltd in Edayar, Eloor belt, with the use of a fixed bed column adsorption system designed and developed intheindustryand also the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the coconut shell impregnated activated carbon was analyzed in detail for acidic gases like carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and the results were interrupted. Research on the adsorption of impregnated activated carbon (ac) produced from coconut shelladsorbentshasgainedsignificant interest due to their low cost, low regeneration energy, and ecofriendly characteristics. This would help us in future to meet out the pollution problem at economical way and also there by preparing a filter medium of appropriate quality to absorb the air pollutants and thereby saving the universe and also the future generation from this serious problem.

Key Words: Air pollution, coconut shell, Impregnated activated carbon, carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen.

1. INTRODUCTION

As days proceed pollution is increasing day by day in the caseofairandwater.Airpollutionhasbecomemoreserious than water pollution as the control on air is very less

compared to water and we inhale air continuously throughout our life. Air gets contaminated due to several reasons, two of the most prominent ones being chemical factories and vehicles. At present the air has started been pollutedbymicroorganismslikevirusandbacteriaaswell. There are several ways by which the air gets polluted. Chemicalsandrelatedindustriesarethemainsourceofair pollution.Theothersourcesaremotorvehiclesrunningon fossil fuelsand natural gas.Theincreased populationalso pollutes the air by several means by generating different kindsofpollutants.Exceptthetreeshavingchlorophylwhich produceoxygenduringdaytimebyphotosynthesisallother livingentitiespollutetheairbycarbondioxideandconsume oxygen.Ifwehavetosurviveonearth forlong,weshould havetohavestrictcontrolontheemissionofpollutantsto theair

Theaimofthepresentprojectistoprovidesolutiontothe pollutingindustriesbyprovidingthemsuitablefilterssothat theoutgoingairispurifiedfrompollutants.Forthepurpose of this study the most polluted area of Kerala, namely Edayar Eloor area of Kochi is selected where in several pollutants are let out by several industries freely into the atmosphere.Ifthistrendcontinuesoxygenparlourswillbe requiredforgettingpureairinthisarea.Otherwise,wehave to fix suitable carbon filters at the exhaust from which pollutantsarecomingoutasemissionsfromtheindustry.

Asfaraspollutionfromthevehiclesisconcerned,vehicles give out carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbonsintotheair.Theout letoftheexhaustofthe engineshouldbeattachedtoafilterwhichcanremovethese pollutants so that the air coming out will be pure. Now severalthousandsofvehiclesarepollutingtheatmosphere andinsomeoftheIndiancitiesithasbecomeaseriousissue. Soevenintheabsenceofpollutingindustriestheaircanget polluted due to large number of vehicles. Such a situation willbecomeimminentincitieslikeKochi.

OfthegasesemittedbyvehiclesCOisverypoisonous.Itisas poisonousascyanide.COwillgetattachedtohemoglobinof blood and stop the oxygen supply to the cells. CO forms a permanent bondwiththe ironofthehemoglobinandwill stopactingastheoxygencarrierfromlungstoheart.Thus theaffectedpersonwilldieimmediatelyduetothelackof oxygen in the cells. The other pollutant given out by the

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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vehicles is CO2. Even though CO2 as such is not a poison, beingheavierthanairitaccumulatesonthesurfaceofearth. It gets filled in drainages and unused wells and cuts off oxygensupply.Thisleadstothedeathofpersonsenteringto such pits. Its concentration in the air increases the atmospheric temperature as it is a polar molecule and absorbs infrared radiations entering the air. Unburnt hydrocarbonswillgodirectlytothelungsandgetssettled there and thus reduces oxygen absorption capacity of the lungs. By constant inhalation of this, the total oxygen availabilityintheblooddecreasestoagreatextentandwill leadtoseveraldiseases.

Pollutantsfromvehiclesincludeoxidesofcarbon,sulphur and unburned hydrocarbons. Pollutants from factories include a wide spectrum of chemicals depending on the factoryitself.Thesecanincludeoxidesofnitrogen,sulphur etc. Almost all of these oxides are acidic in nature. Yet anothertype ofpollutantsisammonia Hydrogensulphide andmercaptans(thiols)etc...Almostallofthesepollutants areharmfultolivingbeings.Satisfactorysolutiontopurify the air from pollution is the very need of the hour. Some citieslikeNewDelhihavealreadycomeundertheclutchesof pollutionmakingthelifeunbearablefortheinhabitants.This canhappenforourcityalsointhenearfuture.Eventhough someattemptsweremadetocurtailtheproblemofpollution by different agencies none of them have really succeeded andapermanentsolutionwasnotyetarrivedat.Theaimof theprojectistoapproachtheproblemofpollutionandsolve it. Activated carbon has been identified as the material to fight against air pollution. The reason for selecting this materialwasduetothefactthatcarboncanbeactivatedand impregnatedwithawidevarietyofmaterialstocurtailthe pollution wherein the pollutants never attack the carbon (thebase)whereasmanybasematerialslikezeolitesreact withthepollutantsandthusgetsdegradedbyitself.Carbon has three allotropes and out of this amorphous carbon is selectedforthepurposeduetoitseasyavailabilityandlow cost. The 3 forms of amorphous carbons that are easily available are (i) wood carbon (ii) coal carbon and (iii) coconut carbon. Of the three, coconut carbon is the best suited for air purification. Being a natural material, its disposalisnotaseriesproblem.Theprojectwascarriedout inACPLBinanipuram,whichisoneoftheearliestactivated coconutcarbonmanufacturingcompanyinthecountry.

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY

1. To provide a solution for industrial air pollution by letting the polluted exhaust from the industries through a suitable filters so that the outgoing air is purifiedfrompollutants.

2. To investigate the adsorption efficiency of chemically treatedactivatedcarbonproducedfromcoconutshell forvariouspollutinggaseslikecarbondioxide,Sulphur dioxide,oxidesofnitrogenetc.

3. Tounderstandthesuitabilityofvarioustemperaturefor the adsorption of various pollutant gases on to the chemically treated activated carbon produced from coconutshell.

4. As far as pollution from the vehicles is concerned, vehiclesgiveoutcarbondioxide,carbonmonoxideand unburnt hydrocarbons into the air. The out let of the exhaust of the engine should be attached to a filter whichcanremovethesepollutantslikeCO2andunburnt hydrocarbonssothattheaircomingoutwillbepure.

5. Thepresentstudyaimstoinvestigatetheadsorptionof carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen using chemically treated activated carbon utilizing specificallyacidic

1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.The study should focus on the selection of reusable chemicalcompoundforthechemicalactivationofactivated carbon. That the process may involve a complex recovery andrecycleoftheactivatingagentthatgeneratesproblems intherecoveryanddisposalofadsorbedmaterials.

2.Using impregnated activated carbon completely eliminationofpollutionfromindustrialareasandvehiclesis tobeachievedorsuitablerecommendationsistobemade.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Olivares Marin M et al (2011) Theadsorptionprocessof carbondioxide,Sulphurdioxide,oxidesofnitrogen,carbon monoxideonasolidadsorbent,canbeeasilyexploitedfor several applications aimed to these approaches. Several effectivemethodsofcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS),such as adsorption, membrane separation and cryogenic separation, have been proposed to reduce the amount of emittedCO2intheatmosphere.

S. Sumathi, et al (2009) and A. Arami Niya, et al (2019) Activatedcarbonhasbeenknownasthemosteffectiveand useful adsorbents for the removal of pollutants from pollutedgasandliquidstreams.Thisisduetotheproperties ofactivatedcarbonswhichhavealargeactivesurfacearea whichcanprovidehighadsorptioncapacity,welldeveloped porous structures and good mechanical properties. In addition,activatedcarbonismostwidelyusedsincemostof its chemical (e.g. surface groups) and physical properties (e.g.surfaceareaandporesizedistribution)canbedesigned andadjustedaccordingtotherequiredapplication.Besides, the adsorption on activated carbon appears to be most common techniques because of its simplicity of operation sincethesorbentsmaterialcanbemadehighlyefficient,easy tohandleandinsomecasestheycanberegenerated.

El Shafey et al, (2016) Physical adsorption on activated carbons has been widely used for the applications of

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separationandpurificationofgasesandadsorptionbased gasstoragesystems.Todesignanddevelopthesesystems,it is important to determine the adsorption isotherms and isostericheatofadsorptionoftheadsorbateadsorbentpairs. Inrecentyears,considerableattentionhasbeenfocusedon removalofpollutantsbyusingadsorbentsderivedfromlow cost agro wastes. Adsorption processes are generally performedusingactivatedcarbonandpolymericadsorbents. HealsorevealedthatactivatedcarboncancaptureCO2and SO2 because it consists of a large surface area per unit volume and submicroscopic pores, in which contaminant adsorption occurs. Moreover, activated carbon is stable under acidic and basic conditions. It is also cost effective becauseitcanberegeneratedandthussuitablefororganic compound removal. Considering cost effectiveness in activated carbon production, researchers developed differentprecursorsfromabundantwastematerials,suchas palmshells,seamango,cocoapodshells,andricehusks.For instance,successfullyproducedactivatedcarbonfromrice husksandutilizedittoremoveCO2andSO2generatedfrom industrialactivitiesaswell.

3.METHODOLOGY

3.1 COCONUT SHELL

Coconut shell (CS) is selected for activated carbon preparation.CSwascollectedfromthelocalcommunityin Kerala. The materials were cleaned with distilled water several times to remove dust and impurities. CS samples werelaterdriedintheovenat110oCfor24htoremoveany surfacemoistureandwerethengroundtoadesiredsize.The proximateandultimateanalysiswerecarriedouttoevaluate thevolatilesandfixedcarboncontentsaswellastoquantify theelementalcomposition,respectively.Coconutshell(CS) isselectedforactivatedcarbonpreparation.CSwascollected from the local community in Kerala. The materials were cleaned with distilled water several times to remove dust andimpurities.CSsampleswerelaterdriedinthe ovenat 110oC for 24h to remove any surface moisture and were thengroundtoadesiredsize.Theproximateandultimate analysiswerecarriedouttoevaluatethevolatilesandfixed carbon contents as well as to quantify the elemental composition,respectively.

3.2PREPARATIONOFACTIVATEDCARBON

3.2.1Activatedcarbonpreparation

Carboncanbeactivatedintwowaysoneofthemainis

Physicalactivation:

Coconutshell(CS)wereloadedintoastainlesssteelreactor, which was heated up by an electrical tube furnace. In the initial stage, the reactor was heated up to 300oC and was keptatthistemperaturefor 30minutes.Thetemperature was later ramped up to about 800oC. At this rate, CS was

completelypyrolyzed.Waterwastheninjectedattheflow rateof120ml/hrtothereactortoactivatethesamples.The reaction between steam and carbon was taken place and porewasgenerated.Aftercompletingtheactivationprocess, thereactorwascooldown,thesampleswastakenoutand washedusingdistilledwater.

Fig 1: Flowdiagramofpreparationofsteamactivated activatedcarbon.

Theuseofsteamforactivationcanbeappliedtovirtuallyall raw materials. A variety of methods have been developed but all of these share the same basic principle of initial carbonizationat500 600degreesCfollowedbyactivation withsteamat800 975degreesC.Sincetheoverallreaction (converting carbon to carbon dioxide) is exothermic it is possible to utilize this energy and have a self sustaining process.

C+H2O(steam) >CO+H2( 31Kcal)

CO+½O2 >CO2(+67Kcal)

H2+½O2 >H2O(steam)(+58Kcal)

C+O2 >CO2(+94Kcal)

Rawmaterialisintroducedthroughahopperontopofthe retortandfallsundergravitythroughacentralducttowards theactivationzone.Astherawmaterialmovesslowlydown theretortthetemperatureincreasesto800 9750Candfull carbonizationtakesplace.Theactivationzone,atthebottom of the retort, covers only a small part of the total area availableanditisherethatsteamactivationtakesplace.Air isbledintothefurnacetoconverttheproductgases,COand H2 into CO2 and steam which, because of the exothermic nature of this reaction, reheats the firebricks on the downside of the retort, enabling the process to be self supporting.Every15minutesorso,thesteaminjectionpoint isalternatedtoutilizethe“insitu”heatingprovidedbythe product gas combustion. The degree of activation (or quality)oftheproductisdeterminedbytheresidencetime intheactivationzone.Theresultingproductisintheformof

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1”to3”piecesandrequiresfurtherprocessingbeforebeing suitable for its various end uses. This entails a series of crushingandscreeningoperationstoproducespecificmesh ranges. Certain products may undergo further processing such as drying, acid washing or chemical impregnation to satisfyparticularrequirements.

3.2.2 IMPREGNATION PROCESS :

The best activated carbon from physical and chemical activation were loaded with 5wt%,10wt% ,15wt% and 20wt% of selected different materials (NaOH, KOH and K2CO3)toenhancetheselectiveadsorptioncapacityofthe adsorbent. The selection of 5wt% concentration for all materialswasbasedonthepreliminarystudy.Initially,the solutions of materials were prepared in a beaker and a required amount of activated carbon was added into the solution.Themixturewasleftfor24hatroomtemperature, thentheexcesssolutionwasfilteredoutandthesolidmass was dried at 70 80 °C in oven for overnight. The dried samplewasthenplacedinthesamestainlesssteelreactor andwasheatedupto750oCandwasleftthereactoratthis temperaturefor1hundertheflowofnitrogengasattherate of200ml/min.After1h,thereactortemperaturewascool downtoroomtemperature,andtheproductwastakenout andstoredinadesiccator.

3.2.3. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR ADSORPTION

TheschemeoftheexperimentalsetupisshowninFigbelow. A fixed bed reactor set up for gaseous adsorption experiments was designed and built at the Active char ProductsPvtLtd,Edayar,Ernakulam.ForthistheActivated CoconutCarbonwasusedtoeliminatecontaminantspresent inairinapollutedindustrialarea.Columnwaspackedwith ActivatedCarbonandcontaminatedairwaspassedthrough it under normal conditions. As a typical contaminant SO2, CO2,NOandCOwaschosen.Concentrationoftheinletand outletweremeasuredusinggasdetectors.A1000ppmSO2, CO2, and NO in Nitrogen was used for the purpose. Experiment was conducted by passing this gas mixture throughthecarbonpackedingascolumnofheight4cmand diameter2cm.Itwasfoundthatthegasmixturecomingout from the column was free from SO2. The passing of gas mixturethroughthecolumnwascontinueduntiltheoutlet showedaconcentrationof50ppmofSO2,CO2,NO.

TABLE 1: Thedetailsofexperimentalsetupareshownin thetablebelow:

height of the carbon column

The flow rate of CO2 and N2 mixture are controlled by a mass flowcontrollers,maxflow600ml/minandametering valve coupled with a mass flow meter. The fixed bed adsorption of CO2 from CO2/N2 mixtures on activated carbon was studied. The single component adsorption equilibrium of CO2 and N2 were measured at feed concentration of 15mol%, temperature of 25 C, 35 C and 45 Candfeedflowrateof50ml/min.Theinletandoutlet gasesconcentrationsareanalysedwithGasChromatograph. Theadsorptionprocesswascontinueduptothesaturation point where the outlet concentration of CO2 reached the inletconcentrationofCO2.

3.2.4 ISOTHERMAL GASEOUS ADSORPTION

Thecommercialactivatedcarbonofsize8x30arecompared withACimpregnatedwithNaOH,K2CO3,KOH,FeCl2etcat different concentration of 10mol%, 15mol% and 20mol% are used. The experiment is conducted at different temperatureof25°C,35°Cand45°Cwithaconstantflowof 50ml/minmixtureof15mol%CO2,SO2etcand85mol%N2. Priortotheadsorptionprocess,thesamplematerialswere weighed using a thermal gravimetric analyser (EXSTAR TG/DTA 6300) under a vacuum condition, to ensure that excessmoisturehadbeenentirelyremoved. Inasimilarway gas adsorbed AC is also weighed. The amount of gas adsorbedonadsorbents(S mol/gram)ata certain time (t sec)ataconstanttemperatureandinletconcentrationcan bedeterminedby

CO2AdsorptionCapacity=[wt(mg) w0(mg)]/w0(g)

Where,wtandworepresentsmassofadsorbentattimet andoriginalmassofadsorbent.

Theadsorptioncapacityisreportedasthenumberofmolof CO2 adsorbed per kg of adsorbent (mol/kg) and it can be converted to mg/g by multiplying by 44(CO2 molecular weight).

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4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Theaimofthepresentprojectistoprovidesolutiontothe pollutingindustriesbyprovidingthemsuitablefilterssothat the outgoing air is purified from pollutants. Activated Coconut Carbon was found to be a very good material for adsorbingcommonpollutantspresentinindustrialarea.The fixed bedadsorptionofgaseousfromCO2orSO2orNOand N2 mixtures on activated carbon was studied. The single componentadsorptionequilibriumofCO2(SO2,NO,CO)and N2weremeasuredat25 C,35 Cand45 C. Fig -2 4x30size,impregnatedcoconutshellactivated carbon. Table 2: ConsolidatedlabreportofCSACsamples Parameters of Adsorbent Test

4 15%K 2CO3 Im CSAC

4x30 11.5 15. 03 0.610 850 862

4x30 12.0 1 20. 02 0.624 780 785 6 5%KO H Im CSAC

5 20% K2CO 3Im CSAC

7 10%K OH Im CSAC

8 15%K OH Im CSAC

9 20%K OH Im CSAC

10 10.01 %Cu Im CSAC

11 10%N aOH Im CSAC

12 15%N aOH Im CSAC

13 20%N aOH Im CSAC

14 10%H 2SO4 Im CSAC

15 20%H 2SO4 Im CSAC

16 10.02 %HCL Im CSAC

17 10%K MnO4 Im CSAC

4x30 12.2 4.9 8 0.528 1035 1051

4x30 11.6 10. 04 0.580 975 980

4x30 12.4 15. 01 0.610 861 870

4x30 11.8 20. 06 0.630 790 800

4x30 12.3 12. 01 0.595 960 948

4x30 12.6 10. 04 0.560 970 950

4x30 11.2 15. 01 0.590 850 870

4x30 12.6 20. 04 0.630 800 790

4x30 11.2 10. 03 0.575 979 965

4x30 11.2 10. 03 0.574 978 965

4x30 11.4 12 0.560 1040 1048

4x30 12.0 3 11. 6 0.590 980 950

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4.1 FINAL INTERRUPTION

Coconut Shell can be used as the perfect raw material to prepare activated carbon with high surface area for CO2 (SO2,NOetc)adsorptionrate.Amongthepreparedactivated carbons,CSproducestheactivatedcarbonwithhighsurface area(1128m2/g)usingphysicalactivationtechniques.The bestofphysicalandchemicalactivatedcarbonwereloaded withdifferentalkalitofurtherimprovetheiradsorption.

10%K2 CO3 lmCSAC

15%K2 CO3lm CSAC

20% K2CO3 lm CSAC

4x3 0 10.5 47 68.23 57.683 5.469 54.691

4x3 0 10.6 9 69.11 58.42 5.465 54.649

4x3 0 10.8 1 73.12 62.31 5.764 57.641

5%KO HCSAC 4x3 0 11.0 4 96.023 84.983 7.698 76.977

10% KOH CSAC

4x3 0 11.2 1 97.68 86.47 7.714 77.136

15%KO HCSAC 4x3 0 11.4 6 100.97 89.51 7.811 78.106

20%KO HCSAC 4x3 0 11.7 3 104.64 92.91 7.921 79.207

5%NA OH CSAC

10%NA OH CSAC

4x3 0 11.0 04 88.012 77.008 6.998 69.982

4x3 0 11.0 87 89.21 78.123 7.046 70.464

Fig 3 CertificateofAnalysisofCarbonusedisbeing attachedherewith.

4.2 Comparison of Adsorption capacity of samples at 25°C, 35°C and 45°C

Adsorption capacity of CSAC impregnated with different materials at different concentrations of 5%,10%,15% and 20% at temperatures25°C,35°Cand 45°C are tabulated in tablesbelow:

Table 3 Adsorptioncapacityofsamplesat25°C(Carbon dioxide)

Comparison of adsorbtion capacity of impregnated activated carbon at 25° C and flow rate of 50ml/min

Materia ls part icle size

Mass ofAC in bed

Massof AC afterad sorpt ion

Massof adsorb ate,C O2

COCUN UT SHELL AC

5%K2C O3lm CSAC

Mass/ gram Adsorp tion Capacit y, mg/g

4x3 0 10.9 8 22.457 11.477 1.045 10.453

15% NAOH CSAC

20%NA OH CSAC

4x3 0 11.2 33 91.56 80.327 7.151 71.510

4x3 0 11.3 2 93.16 81.84 7.230 72.297

4x3 0 10.3 4 67.11 56.77 5.490 54.903

Factor value:

At 25°C maximum adsorption capacity of CSAC & impregnatedCSACwithK2CO3,NaOHandKOHarefoundto be10.453,57.641,72.297&79.207mg/gforaconcentration of20mol%impregnation.

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Table 4: Adsorptioncapacityofsamplesat35°C (Carbondioxide).

Comparison of adsorbtion capacity of impregnatedactivated carbon at 35 °C and flow rate of 50ml/min

Materi als particle size Mass ofAC in bed

COCU NUT SHELL AC

5%K2 CO3 lm CSAC

10%K 2CO3 lmCSA C

15%K 2CO3 lm CSAC

20% K2CO 3 lm CSAC

5%KO H CSAC

10% KOHC SAC

15%K OH CSAC

20%K OH CSAC

5%NA OH CSAC

10%N AOH CSAC

15% NAOH CSAC

Mas s of AC afte rad sor pt ion

Mass of adsor bate, CO2

Mass/g ram Adsorpti on Capacity , mg/g

4x30 10.9 22.0 1 11.11 1.019 10.193

20%N AOH CSAC

4x30 11.3 3 76.8 9 65.56 5.786 57.864

4x30 10.2 1 58.2 31 48.02 1 4.703 47.033

4x30 10.5 2 61.8 9 51.37 4.469 48.831

At 35°C maximum adsorption capacity of CSAC & impregnatedCSACwith K2CO3,NaOHandKOH arefound to be 10.193, 50.970, 57.864 & 62.619 mg/g for a concentrationof20mol%impregnation.Similartestcanbe donefor45 °C

4x30 10.6 9 63.6 5 52.97 4.960 49.597

Table- 5 Adsorptioncapacityofsamplesat25°C(Sulphur dioxide)

4x30 10.8 6 66.2 13 55.35 3 5.097 50.970

Comparison of adsorbtion capacity of impregnated activated carbon at 25° C and flow rate of 50ml/min

4x30 11.4 5 79.2 1 67.76 5.918 59.179

4x30 11.2 1 81.1 2 69.91 6.236 62.364

4x30 11.5 1 83.2 1 71.7 6.229 62.294

4x30 11.7 2 85.1 73.39 6.262 62.619

4x30 11.2 5 72.1 2 60.87 5.411 54.107

4x30 11.0 7 72.5 3 61.46 5.552 55.519

4x30 11.3 1 74.9 8 63.67 5.630 56.295

Material s parti cle size

Mas s of AC in bed

Mas s of AC after adso rpt ion

Ma ss of ads orb ate, S O2

Mass/ gram Adsorpti on Capacity , mg/g

COCUN UT SHELL AC

5%K2C O3 lm CSAC

10%K2 CO3 lmCSAC

15%K2 CO3 lm CSAC

4x30 10.9 8 27.5 46 16. 566 1.509 15.09

4x30 10.3 4 72.3 3 61. 99 5.995 59.95

4x30 10.5 47 73.1 3 62. 583 5.933 59.33

4x30 10.6 9 74.1 2 63. 43 5.934 59.34

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20% K2CO3 lmCSAC

4x30 10.8 1 78.2 2 67. 41 6.236 62.36

5%KOH CSAC 4x30 11.0 4 101. 020 89. 98 8.151 81.51

10% KOH CSAC

4x30 11.2 1 102. 98 91. 77 8.186 81.86

15%KO HCSAC 4x30 11.4 6 105. 13 93. 67 8.174 81.74

20%KO HCSAC 4x30 11.7 3 110. 01 98. 28 8.379 83.79

5%NAO HCSAC 4x30 11.0 04 93.0 14 82. 01 7.453 74.53

10%NA OH CSAC

15% NAOH CSAC

20%NA OH CSAC

4x30 11.0 87 95.6 7 84. 583 7.629 76.29

4x30 11.2 33 97.4 5 86. 217 7.675 76.75

4x30 11.3 2 99.0 1 87. 69 7.746 77.46

Table 6 Adsorptioncapacityofsamplesat25°C (Nitrogenoxide).

Comparison of adsorbtion capacity of impregnated activated carbon at 25° C and flow rate of 50ml/min Materia ls partic le size

Mass of AC in bed

COCUN UT SHELL AC

5%K2C O3 lm CSAC

10%K2 CO3 lmCSAC

15%K2 CO3 lm CSAC

20% K2CO3 lm CSAC

Mass of AC after adsorp tion

Mass of adsorb ate , NO

Mas s/gr am

Ads orpti on Capa city, mg/ g

4x30 10.98 24.567 13.587 1.23 7 12.3 7

4x30 10.34 70.121 59.781 5.78 2 57.8 2

4x30 10.54 7 71.01 60.463 5.73 3 57.3 3

4x30 10.69 72.12 61.43 5.74 6 57.4 6

4x30 10.81 75.14 64.33 5.95 1 59.5 1

5%KOH CSAC 4x30 11.04 99.043 88.003 7.97 1 79.7 1

10% KOH CSAC

4x30 11.21 100.78 89.57 7.99 0 79.9 0

15%KO HCSAC 4x30 11.46 104.07 92.61 8.08 1 80.8 1

20%KO HCSAC 4x30 11.73 107.96 96.23 8.20 4 82.0 4

5%NAO HCSAC 4x30 11.00 4 92.112 81.108 7.37 1 73.7 1

At 25°C maximum adsorption capacity of CSAC & impregnatedCSACwithK2CO3,NaOHandKOHarefoundto be15.09,62.36,77.46&83.79mg/gforaconcentrationof 20mol%impregnation.Similardatasarecomputedfor35 °C and45°Candfoundmaximumtobeabsorbedfor25 °C.

10%NA OH CSAC

15% NAOH CSAC

20%NA OH CSAC

4x30 11.08 7 95.51 84.423 7.61 5 76.1 5

4x30 11.23 3 94.56 83.327 7.41 8 74.1 8

4x30 11.32 97.16 85.84 7.58 3 75.8 3

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regeneratedat100 150°Cwhilezeoliteusuallycannotgain their initial adsorption capacity. CO2 SO2 and NO uptake decreaseswithtemperatureduetotheexothermicnatureof CO2,SO2andNOadsorption.

Thusactivatedcarbonfiltersarethesolutiontoabsorbthe smell and other pollutants present in the air. On impregnating, activated coconut carbon with suitable chemicals,allthepollutantscanbeeffectivelyremoved.

Thuswesuggest,

At 25°C maximum adsorption capacity of CSAC & impregnatedCSACwithK2CO3,NaOHandKOHarefoundto be12.37,59.51,75.83&82.04mg/gfora concentrationof 20mol%impregnation.Similardatasarecomputedfor35 °C and45°Candfoundmaximumtobeabsorbedfor25 °C.

5. CONCLUSION

Airisincreasinglygettingpolluteddaybyday.Itseemsthat thereisnoendtoit.Unlesscontrolledatthisstageitselfour city will become a place where from nobody escapes. The capitalcityofDelhiisonlyanindicationtothis.Thenextcity canbeKochi.Apossiblesolutiontothisisgiventousbythe Creatorhimselfandthatis ActivatedCoconutCarbon was found to be a very good material for adsorbing common pollutantspresentinindustrialarea.Ithasgainedsignificant interestduetotheirlowcost,lowregenerationenergy,and ecofriendlycharacteristics.Thecurrentstudywasfocused onthesystematicdevelopmentofCSACusingdifferenttypes ofchemicalcompoundsandadsorptionconditions.

Thefixed bedadsorptionofCO2,SO2andNOfromCO2,SO2 andNO/N2mixturesonactivatedcarbonwasstudied.The single component adsorption equilibrium of CO2,SO2 and NO and N2 were measured at 25 , 35 and 45 . Accordingtotheexperimentaldataresults,itwasconfirmed thatthemicroporediffusionisthecontrollingstepforCO2, SO2 and NO adsorption on the microporous activated carbon. From the study it is clear that the adsorption capacity of activated carbon increases with decrease in temperature and also with increase in concentration of impregnation.

Overall, the coconut shell derived ACs showed the best adsorptioncapacityof79.207mg/g,83.79mg/g,82.04mg/g (at 20 mol % CO2, SO2 and NO in N2 and at decreasing temperature of 25°C). KOH activated carbon with higher surface area and porosity can be considered as the best optionforCO2,SO2andNOcaptureatatmosphericpressure andlowtemperatureof25°CforCO2,SO2andNO.

Thecapacityofactivatedcarbontoadsorbthepollutantsis usually around 10% by weight of the plane carbon. The reason for selecting this material was due to the fact that coconutshells are easilyavailableinKerala andrelatively cheap. However, activated carbon adsorbents are fully

Making filters of activated carbon impregnated with 20% KOHforacidicvapourslikeCO2,SO2andNO.Thesefilters can be fixed at the outlet of the factories polluting the atmosphere and also be used in vehicles at the outlets of enginesandbeforethecarburetor

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