THE DEPICTION OF SOCIAL FIDELITY AND HUMANISM IN SHORT STORIES OF MANOJ DAS: A REVIEW ANALYSIS

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

THE DEPICTION OF SOCIAL FIDELITY AND HUMANISM IN SHORT STORIES OF MANOJ DAS: A REVIEW ANALYSIS

1PhD Scholar, Lecturer in English, Konark Women’s Degree College 2Professor, Reader in English Utkal University of Culture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

AsshowninManojDas stories,theOdishaConventionshavegainedrelevanceinIndianartisticcultures.Usingaliteraryand social lens,theirshortstoriesallowthe readertoimmersethemselvesinIndianculture. This researchstudy exploresManoj Das's second generation short story writers in Indian English Literature because of these crucial social and literary aspects: (b.1934).Anattemptismadetounderstandthemanyideologies,socialfidelityandawarenessofsocialconsciousnessinIndia since independence. An additional benefit of thestudy ofManojDas short stories isthatit shedslight on the modern Indian socialconsciousness,helpingtoestablishalinkbetweensociety,literature,andculture.

Keywords: shortstory,socialfidelity,depiction,Indianartisticcultures,socialconsciousness

1. INTRODUCTION

Since the beginning of time, humans have been telling stories. One of the first forms of oral storytelling was folklore, which includedfairytalesandfables.Shortstorieswere recognizedasadistinctliteraryformforthefirsttimein1933.Itmight be difficulttodefinewhatdefinesa shortstorybecauseeachauthor'sworkoffersthereaderauniquepointofview.Becauseof this,shortstoriesaresopopularandwidelyread(Choudhary,2014)

Writing short stories is a fun hobby for many authors. Each author's short stories have a repeating theme that is usually centeredonacertaincomponent(Chatterjee,2012).Toputitanotherway,theauthorisattemptingtoincludesomeofhisor herownfeelingsandexperiencesintothework(Sonu,N,2015).Somecontemporaryauthors,forexample,characterizeshort stories as being born from a single point in time, an experience, or an observation; others may use the phrase “a short narrativeisanimaginativeworkthatislargelyprivate.”

1.1. The evolution of the genre in Indian English writing

During India's pre independence freedom struggle, short stories were an important medium for expressing the wrath and miseryofrepressedvoices.BeforeIndia's independencein1910,historical,mythological,andIndianmannerism basedshort storieswereprevalent.Inthepast,IndianEnglishauthorscomposedtheKathasaritasagara,Panchtantra,andJatalcastories. It isimpossibletodenythatWesternandEnglishliterarytraditionshaveaffectedIndianshortstories.

TheEnglishliteratureofIndiadatesbacktobeforetheturnofthecentury.IndoAnglianLiteraturereferstothebodyofwork written in English by authors of Indian descent. Before the mid 20th century, Indian English literature lacked novels, short tales,andplays.BankimChandraChatterjeewasthefirstnovelistfromIndia.Rajmohan'spartner(1864).BothS.K.Ghoshand S.B.BannerjeepennedworksofEnglishprosefictionintheirownnation

InIndia,shortstorieshave evolvedthroughoutthepastcentury.InIndia,KamalaSatthianandan'sEnglishshortstorieswere thefirstoftheirsort.In1945,twovolumesbyK.S.VenkataramaniandabookbyK.Nagarajanfollowed.Theearly1900swere crucialfortheIndianshortstory.Itseemsasiftheyhavecaptureda nation'sangeranddespair.Theinitialfewshortstories featuredwomenwhohadabandonedpatriarchalandromanticnotionsoffemininity.MulkRajAnand,RajaRao,R.K.Nurayan, ManjeriInsvaran, K.S. Abbas, Khushwant Singh, G.D. Khosla, Antia Desai, ManoharMalgonkar, SashiDespande, ChamanNahal,

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1.2. Social Fidelity in Manoj Das Short Stories

ThissectionexaminesthesocialrealisminManojDasshortworks.Hisshortstoriesrevolvearoundtheinteractionsbetween characters, their attitudes, and their actions. Reading his realistic portrayals of human connections makes it easier for the readertounderstandhumannature. Wistfulimagerypermeateshisstories(Bal,K.C.2001).Anaturepoet,heapproacheshis craft.Herecallshisboyhoodas“endowedwithweird,lyricalsurroundings.”Mybeachsidehamletwasinaccessibletobullock carts because of sand dunes. Between the settlement and the sea, there were two lotus filled lakes. To reach the rainbow archingacrossthemeadow'slength,Iranacrossthegrassymeadowonecloudyafternoon.Evenifawidowwaspenniless,her housewouldhaveagarden,pond,andevergreentrees(Choudhary,2014).

ThecallofnaturetormentedDassincehewasachild.Inhis novels,natureservesasarealistic backdrop.InTheGeneral,he characterizes it thusly: “Our valley experienced an over exaggerated spring that April.” Our town's trees went a little overboard with their holiday decorations, and they now seem confused. Because of the brilliant moonlight, thousands of people'ssleepwasdisruptedbythenighttimecacophonyofcuckoos(Das,Manoj2012).

ThestoriesofManojDasillustrateIndia'sreligiousdiversitybecausethecountryissoreligiously diverse(Gandhi,2001).Asa result,ManojDas workswillallowreaderstogaina betterunderstandingofthemanyreligioustraditionsand practices that usedtoexistinIndia.Attimes,hearguesforrejectingsuperstitionsandidolatry,whileatothertimeshearguesforexposing religious hypocrisy for what it reallyis:an attemptto showcasethe good in all religions. Hisimaginary world does not have anynaturalorphysicallaws,butthisdoesnotmeanthatManojDasignoresreality(Chatterjee,2012).Asameansofexploring the boundaries between the natural and the supernatural, life and death, and the real and the surreal, he mixes aspects of human experience including thoughts, emotions, dreams, cultural myths, and imaginations into his fiction. The depth and accuracyofhisportrayalofrealitysurpassesthatofrealisticfictioninhisexplorationofthemysteryandrichnessinherentin theverynatureofbeing(Daiya,Krishna,2008).

1.3. Humanism in Manoj Das's Short Stories

ManojDasshortstoriesare explored inthissectiontosee how social attitudesinfluencethelivesof individuals (Das,Manoj 2007).Hedrawsheavilyon Odias'scultural,political,andreligioustraditionsforinspirationinmany ofhis tales.Bio lingual novelistManojDashailsfromOdisha,wherehewasbornandraised.Das,awriterwhoseworkisdrivensolelybyinspiration andinspiration,feelscompelledtogivehis workanIndian flavorinordertodojusticetohis countryoforigin (Mishra,N.K. 2002).Consequently,hemadethisassertioninaninterview.

“It'sraretoidentifyanIndianwriter'sIndian’sunlessthewriter makesaconsciousefforttoshowcasetheirOriginal cultureorstrivestoestablishaviewpointthatappearsstrikinglydistinctfrommainstreamliterature.”

His short story “The Different Man” is an attempt to provide an answer to that topic. As the story's central character, Pratapsing plays an important role. He is a change agent. Makes a difference in the lives of others. He lacks the ability to recognizepeoplepersonalities,moods,andpsychologicaltraits.Nevertheless,heisridiculedasaresultof this.Heintervenes whenheseesthreeteenagersbuyingcigarettes(Pradhan,2012).

“Sincewhenhaveyoubeenaregularsmoker?Thereisagoodreasonwhyyouputyourtrustinthetobaccovampire. Self describedbrillianceissomethingyoutakegreatpridein.That'snottrue,doyou?Havingseenthatcartoon,isn'tit evident that smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health? As long as ancient sages and seers have warned against sexualactivity,what'sthepointofbeingmarried?Thegroupinquires.”

A humanistic approach is taken by the protagonist and Manoj Das. No one in the story changes despite his attempts. Pratap Singh, the protagonist, has a profound effect on the fabric of human existence. He sought to change people's lives by eradicating their vices. Short story “The crocodile's Lady” by Manoj Das depicts the human belief in God's existence the

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author'sdepictionofoutsiders'enthusiasmfor“IndianMysticism”isamajorthemeinthisnovel.SinceIndiahassuchastrong culturalaura,theglobeunderstandsthatlifepulsatesthroughoutthecountry(Padhmanabhan,A.,2002)

2. RELATED WORK

Biswal and Jayant Kumar (1982). Suggested that the research is definitive in nature and it demonstrates how these three writers' short stories mirror modern Indian culture through their social concision and multidimensional interactions. After evaluatingthemanyculturesrepresented inthese three writers'shortstories, welearnthatIndia isa multicultural country. Thereareawiderangeofsocialcustoms,beliefs,superstitions,andlevelsofgovernment.Thecurrentera'sliteraturereflects thecurrentera'sculture.Almosteverycultureisbuiltonafoundationofdeeplyingrainedbeliefsandpracticesthatareheldto be both timeless and transcendent. The values and traditions of each civilization are implemented in accordance with their owndemandsandcircumstances.Irrationalitiesandfaultsareuniversalinhumanrelationshipsandimpulses.Awiderangeof Indianlife'sthemes,aspects,andhumorousironiesareconveyedbyKhushwantSingh.IntheMarkofVishnu,theMemsahibof Mandla,andDeathComestoDaulatRam,Singhexplorestheesotericandmythological.TheGreatMiracle,Karma,Mr.Kanjoos, andtheVoiceofGodareonlyafewexamplesofhisabilitytoportrayhumannaturewithempathyandsardonichumour.We learn that he sits and chooses Indian characters for his stories. Charters and Ann (1990). In this study the humanism expressed in Kushwant Singh's realism is not a theoretical socialism. Numerous philosophical and structural breakthroughs lend credence to this hypothesis. In addition, this study offers a new viewpoint on Khushwant Singh's evaluation. Despite Khushwant Singh's criticism of his humanistic philosophy, they overestimated the expense. It's reasonable to assume that KhushwantSingh'sartdealswithmorethanjustsexandviolence,though.Whatappearstobetrueisn'twhathethinksitis. As awriter,KhushwantSinghhasawidespectrumofpersonalexperiencesthathedrawsfrom.HumanisticstoriesbyDascanbe examinedextensively.Humanismisthelensthroughwhichtoperceivehisstories.ReadingthestoriesofManojDasrevealshis humanitarian outlook. The filthy has been elevated to the level of the human by his writing. His work on human qualities standsoutbecauseofthis.Hisstories,inadditiontomakingindividualsmoreaccessible,alsomakenaturemorerelatable. In addition, this study offers a new viewpoint on Khushwant Singh's evaluation. Despite Khushwant Singh's criticism of his humanisticphilosophy,theyoverestimatedtheexpense.It'sreasonabletoassumethatKhushwantSingh'sartdealswithmore thanjustsexandviolence,though.Whatappearstobetrueisn'twhathethinksitis.Asawriter,KhushwantSinghhasawide spectrum of personal experiencesthat he draws from. Humanistic stories by Dascan be examined extensively. Humanism is thelens through whichto perceive his stories.Reading thestoriesofManojDas revealshis humanitarian outlook.Thefilthy hasbeenelevatedtothelevelofthehumanbyhiswriting.Hisworkonhumanqualitiesstandsoutbecauseofthis.Hisstories, inadditiontomakingindividualsmoreaccessible,alsomakenaturemorerelatable.Hisworkisheavilyinfluencedbytheidea of mediaeval humanism, which he defines as the development of specialized organizations for the benefit of humanity. “The Different Man” shows the need of moral standards in maintaining a healthy community. “The Murderer” depicts the human traitsofdevotionandhonesty.In“TheCrocodile'sLady”and“TheMountain,”natureisshowntobetheonlysourceofserenity and solace for humanity. Chatterjee and Aditi (2012). The goal of this research is to uncover the essence of Indian ness in Manoj Das literary works, which are unmistakably Indian in their vision and wisdom but international in their appeal. His literaryworksdepictthemacabre,enigmatic,mystical,andoccultIndianspirit,likeRajaRaoandR.K.Narayan.ManojDas,his bright giant, is in touch. His unusual sensitivity can perceive the spooky, unearthly darkness of Indian villages and the basic Indian sense and awareness. In his fiction, Indian mysticism is present. Manoj Das's literature exposes the dread, anxiety, belief, sentiment, queerness, and eccentricity of Indian masses and analyses the nature of Indian ness. His works bring a fourthIndianethosthatishalfreal,halffantastic.Theirreality straddlesfantasyanddream.ManojDasusesthistechniqueto emphasize the Indian sense of reality. He's invented characters from ancient, mediaeval, modern, and beyond time. Manoj Das's writings lacked appreciation until now. This dissertation examines the primary quest of his writings, the search for Indian ness,andplaceshimintheillustrioustraditionofIndianliteratureinEnglish.ThecurrentstudyaimstopromoteManoj DasasanIndianEnglishwriter. JitendraKumarSamal(2015).Inthisstudy,theauthorsofTheMysteryoftheMissingCap,A Letter from Last Spring and Laksmi's Adventure will be examined, as well as additional works by these authors. But their purposewastrulyglobal,sotheychosealocalsettingandtopic.NaturalIndianaccentsinbothMalgudiandManojDasOdisha contributetotheirconsiderableIndianinfluence.Usingdescriptionsoftheircharacters,theyconcludethatway.Inmanyways, they're much like everyone else in our neighborhood. Both authors' works have a striking resemblance in terms of topic matterandwritingstyle.Throughpersonalexperienceanddirecteducation,theseindividualspassontheirknowledgetonext generations. R. K. Narayan and Manoj Das write on human experience in their work. Through their stories and heroes, they havebeenabletosuccessfullyportraytheculturalideasoftheirtimeandculture.Cole,Adrian(1979).Heistriedtoillustrate

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ManojDas'sspectrum ofabilitiesand dexterity here, particularlyin his philosophical literary works. This essayexplored his work'sphilosophyandpsychology.Hisbooks combine history,psychology,andphilosophy.Manyhourswerespentshowing howheholdsthereader'sinterestthroughoutandafterreading.ManojDas'workismoreintricateandattention grabbingdue to his alter ego. This section proves the assertion. He's a good storyteller. He finds jewels, life, and cultural consciousness in inanimate and biological objects. The psychological dimension of his writing involves both the characters' and the reader's psychology. His compositions may captivate audiences. The author's style and manner also influence the reader. Shri Das, a historian,philosopher,psychologist,andhumanitarian,tellsarivetingstoryfrommanyangles.

3. THE SOCIAL RURAL LIFE IN MANOJ DAS SHORT STORIES

3.1. Trespassers

In his short works, he recalls his youth. He has a total of 1604azaars1604zin. The narrator of “Trespassers” recalls his adolescencethirtyyearsago.Ratherthancomparingrurallifetourbansociety,theauthorfocusesonthedifferencebetween thetwo.ThemaincharactersareRoySahib,Baboo,andSaboo.Itisasourceofprideforchildrenlivinginthatchedhutstosee thepalaceofRoySahib,theruleroftheirvillage.Durwanandthewall.Childrenandtheirguardiansarenotallowedtoenter. Roy Sahib's boys' artificial, regulated upbringing is contrasted with the natural, plain life of destitute country children. Compare. Fathers and uncles would chastise us for doing things like swimming in the river or climbing a date palm tree withoutlearningfromtheRoyguys(Choudhary,2014).

Elders were rarely ignored and tell them the Roy brothers don't need to climb trees to get dates because they can get sweeteneddatesortoffeeswiththeirmagicsignatureontheminstead.Thelightwassubduedbythesoundsoftheradioand comicbooks(BishnuCharan2012)

Narrator is fond of the Roy boys. Saboo's father was Baboo. Frames made of gold. Disciplined and well behaved. The author slamsRoy'sstrictness.Elderswererarelyignored. TellthemtheRoybrothersdon'tneedtoclimbtreestogetdatesbecause theycangetsweetened datesor toffeeswiththeir magicsignatureonthem instead.Thelight wassubdued by thesoundsof theradioandcomicbooks.Theywerebornwithphoto likelooksandglasses,hesays.

ThenarratorspendstimewithBabooandSaboowhilestayingatRoy Sahib'shouse.Theywon'tlethimin,saysDurwando.In themorning,hecrossesovertoDurwan'scompoundandenters.Whiledressedtoimpress,heintroduceshimselfasafriendof Roy Sahib's lads. When Roy Sahib asks if he has an appointment, he's being polite. Is Roy Sahib telling the narrator what he wants? “Listen to me, lad. Is it a crime to trespass? Come on, you two!” he responds. The narrator feels degraded when he realizestheevening'ssignificanceof“1605azaars1605”

When Roy's sons grew up, they moved out to find work in different towns. Both Roy Sahib's wife and he fell ill at the same time.TheyacceptBaboo'sinvitationtojointhemintheirnewhome.They'repackingtheirbagsandheadingoutthedoor.You can count on their being back in trunks in two weeks' time. It's been six months since they've seen Saboo. They are ejected fromtheirlong timehousebytheirloyalandorderlyoffspringintheiroldage.Mr.Royishurtwhenheissubjectedtoharsh punishment. He bans his children from playing with other youngsters and keeps them cooped up in the house. As the communitygrows,itbecomesmoreaffluent.

ThesebuildingsconcealRoysahib'sresidence.There'snolongeranyneedtoworryaboutyoursafetyathome.WithRoysahib, thenarrator'ssonenjoysagameofbaseball.IntrospectiveRoysahibundergoesamajorshiftinside.His demeanorsoftensas hebeginstoplaywiththeneighborhoodkids(Das,Manoj2012).Theauthorhasastronginterestinrurallife.Heisenamored withthesimplicityandnaveteofthoselivinginthecountry.Accordingtohim,modernizationhasamajorimpactonpeople's valuesandlifestyles(Das,Manoj2007).Ruralandurbancitizens'lifestylesarecomparedinthestory.

3.2. The Submerged Valley

In “The Submerged Valley,” Manoj Das depicts the fast transformation of Indian communities as a result of early twentieth century science and technology. It offers a glimpse into rural life. Throughout the book, the main character rails against

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societalexpectations(Piciucco,2002).It'sinasmalltown.Fatherandsonarethefocusofthestory.Modernityis symbolized bythefatherofanengineer.Thechild'ssoncarriesontheruralheritage.Inthetown,youcanhearhim.

The story's location evokes a sense of rural realism. The story opens with a description of the narrator's hometown: The headmistress of Class 3 assigned an essay on the topic. We took the village for granted, like air and a mother's affection (Pradhan, 2012). It wasn't until then that the woods and lakes, Shiva temple, and the neighboring hill appeared more authentic.Itbeginswithastunningimageoftheoutdoors.TreeswithpersonalitiesthathavebeengivennamesAccordingto the narrator, the trees resemble Lord Shiva's wandering bull. One of the trees took a knee and prayed for the others. There weretwomorethatwereincessantlychatty.Theyappearedtobehavingagoodtimewhenevertheydisciplinedorpunished us.Theytalkedabouthowmuchfuntheyweregoingtohaveassoonastheystartedtheirvacation(Padhmanabhan,A.,2002)

The government's dam will flood the village. Peasant and storyteller heard it. Then they're depressed (Raja, P. 2006). They tried to use the narrator's father's influence to stop the scheme. The narrator describes emotional attachment to birthplace: “Mamawept.Severalreputableguysfromourneighborhoodvisitedus,andnoneofthemleftwithoutcrying.”

They treasure the “original place.” A close bond to the land defines rural culture. They resist being kept from “God given territory.” Father ignored villagers' cries. He explains the dam's benefits (Shukla, H.P. 2005). Why is he unaffected by the passionaterecountingofhisvillage'shistory?heasks.Timelickedthemawayforadvancement.Ifourlandisremoved,itwill beforalargerpopulation'sbenefit.Ourlosswillberepaid,andthegovernmentwillhelpusrecover,soweshouldn'tdisregard this(Karunakar,2015)

Hedescribesagovernmentcompensationandrehabilitationscheme.Thelocalsagreedaftermuchconsideration(Karunakar, 2015).Halfthealternatesiteisinan18 milevalley.Mostwhoreceivedcashrecompenselookedforjobsin1606bazaarsand cities(Pradhan,2012) Thelocalsdepartedthevillagelovingtheirland.Onthedayoftheirdeparture,theyreportedlysobbed, bashedtheirheadsontheground,andsmearedthemselveswithdirt.Fiveyearssincethedam'sconstruction (Daiya,Krishna, 2008).Authordescribesdam'sbenefitsindetail:

Threewardsnolongerfaceflooding.Regulatedirrigationboostedagriculture,butpopulationincreaserendereditworthless. Residentsofthefloodedcommunityneverreceivedthepromisedaid.Fiveyearshavetransformedtheneighborhood(Meheta, 2004). Two well kept cottages flank the embankment. Small buildings will house the dam's administrators. There's also a bazaar.Thisrenovationchangesthevillage'slook.Peasantsgaveuptheirhomesteadstomakethisshift.

In the summer, the peasants visited their ancestral home. They met narrator's parents. Abolkara (roughly, “disobedient”) refused to leave (Bal, K.C. 2001). Water level rose suddenly. All tourists left via boat or launch, except Abolkara. Abolkara's fatherriskedhisownsafetytosavetheorphaned,disobedientboy.Despitebeingpragmatic,herespectsthevillage'sfounders. Heloveshishometown(Choudhary,2014)

This anecdote illustrates how change can lead to the loss of traditional culture. Manoj Das discusses rural culture in an interview with Nandini Sahu. Yes, he says that. Every temple, forest, river, and hill was encircled by legends (Choudhary, 2014). For example, the fable of the Fox or the Vulture is a local legend in this area. The ravages of time have ruined waterwaysandhills.Ancienttreeshavebeensweptdownbystrongwinds.TheyrarelycometothebordersofHamlet,where therearejackalsandvulturescanbefound.“Thelegendsgoawaywiththem.”

InruralIndia,forManojDas,lifehasalwaysbeenatangleofnaturalandman madeforces.RuralIndiansaredepictedinthis story as a result of industrialization. Reading this book will leave readers with a lasting impression of rural life as it is accuratelyportrayedinthestory'ssetting,characters,andoverallstoryline(BishnuCharan2012)

4. A THEORICAL APPROACH TO THE NOVEL, NOVELLA, AND SHORT STORY

Fictionalformatsincludenovels,novellas,andshortstories.Intermsoflength,thenovellacomesinsecondtotheshortstory (Das,Manoj2012).Thereisaconnectionbetweenthenovelandthenovelladespitethefactthattheyaredistinctworks.Asa general rule, novels are the most expansive genre of storytelling. European literature, mainly Italian, is where novellas were

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first developed. Despite the fact that short stories have been around for a long time, novels were popular in England in the 15thcentury(Daiya,Krishna,2008)

Shortstoriesareincludedinthegenreoffiction.Ithasremainedpopularthroughouthistory,fromtheancientstothepresent (Das,Manoj2007).Peopleenjoyreadingshortstories.Readingorlisteningtoashortnarrativeshouldbedoneinonesitting. According to this definition, short stories can be defined as either true or fictitious. Moral lessons are imparted in several stories.Itis shortstoriesifitcanbefinishedinonego (Das,Manoj2003) IndianshortstoriesarederivedfromtheRigVeda and Upanishadas hymns. These books are morally resonant. Short stories were compiled by India's ancient scribes. In Vishnusharma,you'llfindtheanswer.Themoralitytalescollectedin“Panchatantra”arereveredallacrosstheworld.Dantin's best known work is Dasakumara Charitha. The Kathasaritsagara of Somadeva, the Hitopadesha of Narayan Pundit, and the JatakaTalesoftheBuddhaarealsonoteworthy.

In India, there is a rich heritage of short stories. The Panchatantra, Katha Saritsagar, Dashakumarcharitam, Hitopadesh, Upanishads,andJatakastoriesaresomeofthegreatestworksofliteratureeverwritten (Meheta,2004).Theyarestillwidely readandadmired,notjustinIndiabutallacrosstheworld.SomegreatIndianshortstorieshaveblossomedinthe'desertair' andfadedawayduetoalackoftranslationofthoseregionalshortstories,whichhavepracticallyall ofthesalientqualitiesofa successfulshortstory,butareoftenoverlookedduetoalackoftranslation.Intoday'sworld,IndianEnglishwritersarehighly regarded.Duringthisconvention,femaleauthorsshine(Pradhan,2012).

Whilenewpoetsarestrivingforliterarygreatnessinpoetry,themodernshortstoryisoverlookedinbothfictionandpoetry. Delicatesaplingsandmaturetreesareusedintheprocessofdegradation.Asaresult,writersofIndianEnglishliterature must constantlyprotect,irrigate,prune,andmaturetheminorderforthemtoreachtheirHimalayanheightsandgetthebeneficial traditionalculturalandsocialcontextofoldstories(Padhmanabhan,A.,2002).

5. CONCLUSION

ManojDasisahumanist,notasocialist.Conceptualandstructuraldiscoverieslendcredencetothispointofview.ManojDasis seeninafreshlightinthiswork.SomepeoplehavecriticizedManojDasdepictionofsexandviolence,buttheyhavefailedto recognizethedepthofhumanityinhiswork.ManojDasisawriterofsocialfictionaswellassexandviolence.Mydistrustfor himstemsfromthefactthathe'sdishonest.ManojDashasabroaderviewoftheworldthanmostsocialcritics.Dastellsthe storiesofpeopleheknows.Humanismisthegreatestwaytounderstandhisstories.Ahumanisticperspectivecanbeseenin ManojDasstories.

Becauseofhispen,theinhumanbecamehuman.Hestandsoutbecausehehasadeepunderstandingofhumancharacteristics. Infusedwithheartandahumanizedvisionoftheworld,hisstoriesareenjoyabletoread.Mediaevalhumanismcanbefoundin everynarrativehewroteabouthuman centeredcommunitiesthatwasmentionedinthisresearch.Both“TheDifferentMan” and “The Murderer” stress the importance of moral ideals. In “The Mountain” and “The Crocodile's Lady,” nature is the sole refuge.

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