Study Of Organic Rankine Cycle with Different Organic Fluids at Various Temperature & Pressure: A Re

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Study Of Organic Rankine Cycle with Different Organic Fluids at Various

Temperature & Pressure: A Review.

2

1Student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering Karad, Maharashtra, India 2Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering Karad, Maharashtra, India ***

Abstract Increasing emissions of CO2 and fuel prices lead to more efforts in discovering a solution to reduce the environmental waste heat. One of the solutions is the organic rankine cycle system. Organic rankine cycle is one of the promising exhaust heat recovery systems which is extensively used to recover low to medium grade heat rather than the traditional steam rankine cycle system. ORC which operates under a lower operating temperature and pressure rather than the traditional steam Rankine cycle system permits a lower grade heat to act as fuel for operations. Low gradeheat refers to low to mid temperature heat with a low energy density that cannot be converted to electrical energy efficiently by the traditional steam Rankine cycle due to the higher operating temperature and pressure requirements. This creates a wider range of applications for organic rankine cycle systems which would be unachievable with traditional steam Rankine cycle systems. Conditional to the industrial process the waste heat energy is rejected at a different temperature, which makes the optimal choice of the working fluid of great importance. Therefore a few aspects of the working fluid selection are also presented in this study. This study helps in understanding the organic rankinecyclesystem and identifying the best possible organicfluidsforvariousORC applications depending on the operating conditions.

Key Words: ORC,Rankinecycle,steamrankinecycle,low gradeheat,workingfluid.

1.INTRODUCTION

TheRankinecycleisasimplifiedthermodynamiccyclethat describeshowsomeheatengines,suchassteamturbinesor reciprocatingsteamengines,extractmechanicalworkfroma fluidasitpassesbetweenaheatsourceandaheatsink.

Heat energy is given to the system via a boiler, which convertstheworkingfluid,whichiscommonlywater,toa high pressuregaseous state, i.e.,steam,todrivea turbine. Thefluidisallowedtocondensebackintoaliquidcondition after passing through the turbine as waste heat energy is rejectedbeforebeingreturnedtotheboiler,completingthe cycle.

TherearefourmainprocessesintheRankinecycle.

Process 1 2: Process 1 2 is the isentropic compression process.Inthisprocess,theworkingfluidwhichiswateris pumpedfromlowpressuretohighpressure.Asthefluidisin

a liquid state at this stage, the pump needs slight input energy.

Process2 3:Process2 3isaconstantpressureheataddition process.Inthisprocess,thehigh pressureliquidarrivesina boiler,whereitisheatedatconstantpressurebyanexternal heatsourcetobecomedrysaturatedvapour.

Process3 4:Process3 4isanisentropicexpansionprocess. Thedrysaturatedvapourexpandsthroughaturbinewhich produces power. This decreases the temperature and pressureofthevapour,andsomecondensationmayoccur.

Process 4 1: Process 4 1 is a constant pressure heat rejection process. The wet vapour then arrives at a condenser,whereitiscondensedataconstantpressureto becomeasaturatedliquid.

OrganicRankineCycle

ORCisprimarilyamodificationoftheclassicsteamRankine cycle.TheoperatingconceptofORCandsteamRankinecycle isthesame,theonlyvariationisthereplacementofwateras theworkingfluidinthesteamRankinecyclewithanorganic refrigerantintheorganicRankinecycle.Here,organicmeans compoundsmadeupofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygen.Inthe organic rankine cycle, an organic working fluid is initially pumpedfromalowerpressuretoahigherpressure.Then the high pressure fluid come to a heat source known as a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure until it becomes dry saturated vapour. then, this vapour expands throughaturbinewheremechanicalworkisproducedand converted to electrical energy. The wet vapour enters the condenserwhereitiscondensedbackintoasaturatedliquid andthecyclestartsagain.

Advantages of organic rankine cycle over steam rankine cycle

1)Lowermaintenancecost:AsORCsystemsoperateatlower temperatures and pressure and have limited moving components;therefore,thecostofmaintenanceisreduced.

2)Minimalsupervisionrequired:AstheORCsystemoperates at a lower operating pressure, this generally removes the requirement for an operator to monitor organic rankine cyclesystems.Maximumsystemscomewithcomputerized remotelymonitoredcontrolunits.

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3)Greaterequipmentdurability:AsORCsystemsoperateata lower pressure as well as turbine speed, due to this the mechanical stresses on the equipment are lower. Also, by changing water with organic fluid as the working fluid, moisture which is responsible for turbine blades erosion duringvapourexpansioniseliminated.

Applicationsoforganicrankinecycle: OrganicRankinecyclescanbeusefulforapplicationswhere theheatsourcemayhaveatemperatureofabout100:Cto 300:C,like

1. low temperaturesolarthermalenergy 2. Geothermalenergy 3. utilizingindustrialwasteheat 4. Biomass

5. Solar

1.1 Working fluid selection criteria

Abetter workingfluidforOrganicRankineCyclewillsatisfy thefollowingcriteria:

1.Thermodynamiccriteria:

a. Triple point temperature < ambient temperature < criticalpointtemperature.

b. Higher net power output as well as higher thermal efficiency.

c.Acceptablepressuresatoperatingtemperatures.

2.Safetycriteria:

a.Non toxic.

b.Non flammable.

3.Environmentallyfriendlycriteria:

a.Lowglobalwarmingpotential(GWP).

b.Lowozonedepletionpotential(ODP).

4.Lowercost.

5.Easilyavailable.

6.non corrosivetothematerialsofthecomponents

Ozonedepletionpotential(ODP)

Theozonedepletionpotential(ODP)ofachemicalmolecule is the relative quantity of ozone depletion that it may

produce,withtrichlorofluoromethane(CCl3F,oftenknownas R 11 or CFC 11) having an ODP of 1. It is defined as "the integratedchangeintotalozoneperunitmassemissionofa specifiedozone depletingsubstancerelativetotheintegrated changeintotalozoneperunitmassemissionofCFC 11"by the World Meteorological Organization. (2018, United NationsEnvironmentProgramme)

Globalwarmingpotential(GWP)

Agas'sglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)isameasureofhow muchheatittrapsintheEarth'satmosphereoveracertain period (usually 20, 100, or 500 years), in comparison to carbondioxide(CO2),whoseGWPisstandardizedto1.2013 (IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange)

TheGWPofagasdependsonthesubsequentfactors:

1)Theabsorptionofinfra redradiationbyacertainchemical species (the higher the absorption, the higher the value of GWP).

2)Itsabsorbingwavelengthsspectralpositionspecifically,if thegasefficientlyabsorbsradiationofawavelengthwhere the atmosphere is honestly transparent, then that gas will have a significant impact on global warming, and hence a largervalueofGWP.

3)The atmospheric lifetime of that given chemical species (longerthelifetimeofthatchemicalspecies,thehigherthe valueofGWP).

The global warming potential of a gas mixture may be calculatedbytakingamass fraction weightedaverageofthe GWPsoftheindividualgasesthatmakeupthegasmixture. (EnvironmentalProgramoftheUnitedNations,2018)

ASHRAEsafetygroups

The American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) assigns numbers and safety classifications to the refrigerants based on their toxicityandflammabilitydatasubmittedbytherefrigerant’s producer,inatwo characterclassificationnamingwhere:

Thefirstcharacteriseither“A”whichisforlowertoxicityor “B”whichisforhighertoxicity.

Thesecondcharacteriseither“1”fornoflamepropagation, “2” for lower flammability, or “3” which is for higher flammability.

Itisbriefintable2 1below.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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Table 1: Safetyclassificationofworkingfluids

Lowertoxicity Highertoxicity

Higherflammability A3 B3

Lowerflammability A2 B2

Noflamepropagation A1 B1

2. Literature review

IrjetXiaojunZhangetal (2016)havestudiedSteamRankine Cycle(SRC),OrganicRankineCycle(ORC),andSteam Organic Rankine Cycle (S ORC) power systems, and also, they developedafinemathematicalmodeltoexaminetheviability ofgeneratingelectricitybymixinglow boiling pointorganic working fluids with fluid low temperature (150 350 °C) wasteheatsteam.Theymeasuredandcomparedthethermal efficiency,exergyefficiency,operatingpressure,producing capacity, etc. of three power systems SRC, ORC, and S ORC under identical heat source circumstances using numericalmodels.Theresearchersconcludethattheorganic Rankinecyclehasthemaximumthermalefficiency,energy efficiency,andpowergenerationunderconditionsofaheat sourcebetween150and210°C,whereastheS ORCperforms noticeablybetterbetween210and350°C.Comparedtothe SRCandORCpowersystems,ithasbetterexergyandthermal efficiency.

CarloCarcasciaetal (2016)havestudiedanorganicRankine Cyclecombinedwithanintercoolergasturbine.Inthisstudy, theycarriedoutthermodynamicanalysesusingfourdifferent typesoforganicfluidswhicharenamelytoluene,benzene, cyclopentane,andcyclohexane.Theyfoundthattheorganic rankine cycle can be a promising choice for waste heat recovery at low to medium temperatures. Low exhaust temperatureisacharacteristicofanintercoolergasturbine, and the Organic Rankine Cycle, which may operate at temperatureslowerthanthoseofaRankinecycle,mayoffer an exciting way to raise the power plant's efficiency. The resultshowsthatusingbenzeneandcyclohexane,thepower ofcombinedpowerplantcanbeincreasedofabout20.4MW andtheelectricefficiencyofthecombinedplantcanreach 54.4% Resultsshowthattolueneandcyclopentanearenot therightfluidchoiceforthisplantconfiguration.

H.M.D.P. Herath et al. (2020) have studied the organic Rankinecycle'sperformanceforsevenworkingfluidswhich areR 134a,R 245fa,Benzene,Methanol,Ethanol,Acetone, andPropane.WorkResultsofthestudyshowthatBenzene andMethanol basedORCsystemsperformmoreefficiently compare to the other working fluids considered in the analysisand,theyrequirelowerfluidmassflowratesperunit of power generation compared to other fluids used in the analysis.

PeterArvayetal.(2011)Thisstudyshowscalculationsand quantitative results for theoretical organic rankine cycle operation. These calculations include the system's energy production at various waste heat temperatures. Economic cost calculations are also provided to determine the straightforwardpaybackperiodforvarioussystemsizes.The necessity of year round functioning is shown by the examination of two prospective applications. Additionally, the viability of organic rankine cycles in sectors with consistentlow grade waste heat is assessed using existing technology. The list includes a wide range of additional modelsaswellasseveralinstancesofplug and playdevices. Someoftheseplug and playmodelsservetohighlighthow simple it is to execute and how quickly it might be done. Numericalanalysisandvariouscasestudiesareusedtoprove thatanorganicrankinecyclecanbeausefulandeconomical meansofwasteheatrecovery.

Alison Auld et al (2013) have studied theoretical organic Rankine cycles powered by three different waste heat sources. The heat sources that are all found in industrial processesspanrangeofenergyscalescapableofpowering the organic Rankine cycle from 10 kW to 10 MW. A novel method of pinch point analysis is presented in this study, allowingvariableheatinputtotheorganicrankinecycle.The resultsshowthat,ataconstantORCworkingfluidmassflow rate, fluid selection has no effect on the ORC's ability to recoverwasteheat.However,theORCworkingfluidselection influencestheturbineinlettemperatureatwhichthehighest workproductionisobtained.

AlokManasDubeyetal (2018)havestudiedcompletesurvey of ORC literature that includes ORC configurations, applications, modelling, and optimization. Internal regeneration,solutioncircuit,vapourliquidejector,twostage evaporation,anddoublepressurehaveallbeenextensively researchedandanalysedintermsoforganicRankinecycle performanceandoptimization.Resultshowsthatthedouble pressureORCsystemhasabetterperformancethansingle pressureORCsystem.

B.Vanslambrouckaetal.(2012)Inthiswork,theycompare thecycleefficiencyofasimplesteamRankinecyclewithan organicRankinecycleusingthermodynamicanalysis.They investigatesomeofthemostoftenemployedorganicfluids, includingR245fa,toluene,pentane,cyclopentane,Solkatherm andtwosiliconoils,andtheystudytheapplicationareaof severalworkingfluidsbasedontheirphysicalfeatures(MM and MDM). Computer simulations allow them to see the impactofmanyprocessfactors,temperaturesattheturbine's inlet and condenser, isentropic efficiency, vapour quality, pressure,andthepresenceofaregenerator.Theyalsoshow that the condenser circumstances and the heat source's temperature level are the key determinants of thermal efficiencyandthattheheatsource'stemperatureprofileis the main constraint on the evaporation temperature and pressurelevels.Finally,theydiscussafewbroadandfinancial

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factorsthatmayaffectthedecisionbetweenanORCanda steamcycle.Thefollowingarethekeyfindingstheyderive from thisstudy.First, ORCsmay work inconjunction with low temperature heat sources with low to moderate evaporation pressure and still surpass steam cycles. Next, because of their increased mass flow, ORCs require larger feedpumps,whichaffectsthenetelectricpower.

GEryanto1et.al(2018)Inthisresearchstudy,Engineering EquationSolution(EES)simulationprogramisusedtorun the system in operation conditions. A reasonable study is conducted using the organic rankine cycle (ORC), Regenerativeorganicrankinecycle(RORC),andRORCwith InternalHeatExchanger(IHE).Aftertheexperimentalwork resultsshowthatRORCwithIHEhasthehighestvaluefor both energy efficiency (21.74%) and exergy efficiency (25.26%)whilenetpowerformed5479kW.Thisshowsthe addition of IHE can growth these factors, improve performance and decrease energy degradation from the cycle.

SylvainQuoilinetal havestudiedanoverviewofthepresent stateoftheartintheorganicrankinecycletechnologyand disclosures the main target applications. The modeling of suchacycleisdescribedandissuessuchasfluidselection, optimization, or control of the cycle are systematically reviewed.

Chenetal (2010)conductedareviewof35subcriticaland supercriticalworkingfluids.Theirfindingsindicatethatlow critical temperaturewetfluidslikeR 32,R 125,andR 143a arepromisingforthesupercriticalRankinecycle.Isentropic fluidsmaybeemployedinbothsubcriticalandsupercritical Rankinecycleswithoutrequiringthesuperheatingthatwet fluids require due to turbine difficulties. Isentropic fluids havingcriticaltemperaturesexceeding125°CincludeR 141b, R 123,R 21,R 245ca,R 245fa,R 236ea,andR 142b.Inthe case of low temperature heat sources, their utilization is recommendedinsubcriticalcyclesratherthansupercritical cycles.BothsubcriticalandsupercriticalRankinecyclescan utilizedry fluids. Superheating is not recommended in the firstsituation.Theirfindingsalsoindicatethatisentropicand dryfluidsarepreferableinsubcriticalRankinecycles.

HanzhiWangaetal (2016)havestudied,hydrofluoroethers, such as HFE7000, HFE7100, and HFE7500, were used as workingfluidsunderconstantenvironmentalconditionsto analyzetheorganicRankinecycle.Toparametricallyevaluate the first and second law efficiencies, power output, and turbine size factor with an increase in turbine entrance temperature,theydevelopedcomputerprogram.Theresults reveal that HFE7000 performs better given the net power productionunderthespecifiedoperatingcircumstancesand generates the highest thermodynamic efficiencies. Furthermore, when compared to HFE7100 and HFE7500, HFE7000hasthelowestturbinesizefactor.Asaresult,itis suggestedthatHFE7000beutilizedastheworkingfluidin ORCtogenerateelectricityfromlow gradeheat.

SuyogS.Bajajetal.(2016)havestudiedorganicrankinecycle systemwithdueconsiderationtotheworkingfluidsandits applicationsinthewasteheatrecoverysystem.Anorganic rankinecycleisadevicethatcantransformthermalenergy intomechanical work andthenelectricityatrelativelylow temperatures between 80 and 350 °C. It can significantly contribute to enhancing the energy efficiency of both new andcurrentenergy intensiveapplications.

Lakew and Bolland (2010) investigated the efficiency of several working fluids in a straightforward ORC cycle, including R 134a, R 123, R 227ea, R 245fa, R 290, and n Pentane.Theydeterminedtheheatexchangerandturbine's necessarysizes.R 227ahadthehighestpoweroutputwhen the heat source temperature was between 80 and 160°C, whileR 134offersacomparablefigure.Themostproductive material was R 245fa when the source temperature was more than 160°C. They discovered that R 134a required a largerareaontheheatexchangersurfaces.

Toffolo et al. (2010) have studied ORC system's off design model that was aimed at the best operating conditions. Thermal sources for the system were deemed to be geothermal sources with temperatures between 130 and 180°C. Working media were regarded as R 134a and isobutane. They supported the finding that the R 134a supercritical cycle outperformed the isobutane subcritical cycleundernon designcircumstances.

SauretandRowalds(2011)havestudied150°Cgeothermal heat source using five different fluids: R 134a, R 143a, R 236fa,R 245fa,andn Pentane.Theywerechosenbasedona balanceofdesirableparameters,includinglowflammability, lowtoxicity,andrelativelyinertbehaviour,aswellastheir theoreticalthermodynamicperformance.Theresultshows thattheR 134a basedcyclehadthebestperformance.

Heetal.(2012)proposedtheoreticalformulatodetermine theworkingfluidsidealevaporationtemperatureusedina simple subcritical Rankine cycle. It was thought that net powerproductionwasanobjectivefunction.Theheatsource had a temperature of 150 °C. They looked at 22 different fluids,andthebestoptionstheyfoundwereR 114,R 245fa, R 123,R 601a,n pentane,R 141b,andR 113.

Quoilin et al. (2013) have studied an overview of the numerous working fluids suggested by previous investigations in the literature, noting the temperature at whichtheywerestudiedforevaporationandcondensation. Theresultshowsthatwhentheevaporationtemperatureis near100°C,fluidslikeR 123,R 124,ammonia,pentane,R 152a, R 245ca, R 290, and R 600 may be appropriate. For temperatures around 120°C, R 113, R 227ea, R 236ea, R 245fa,andn hexanewererecommended;fortemperatures around150°C,R 123,R 236ea,R 245ca,andR 245fawere recommended.

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Macian et al. (2013) investigated a waste heat recovery systemforheavydutyvehicleengines.Workingfluidswere assumed to be water and R 245fa. R 245fa was chosen becauseitcanbeusedtoutiliselow temperatureheatsource. Theresultsshowedthatwaterresultedinagreaterpower production due to the ability to better utilize the high temperatureheatproducedbytheexhaustgas.However,due tothelowerspacerequirements,thecyclewithR 245fawas chosen the most practical alternative. The organic cycle's highestevaporationtemperaturewas150°C.

WangZ.Q.etal.(2012)presentedaworkingfluidselection methodinwhichtheheatexchangerareaperpoweroutput unit and the heat recovery factor were used as screening criteria. The heat recovery factor was defined as the ratio betweentheexploitedenergyandtheavailableenergyofthe heatsource.Theyconsidered13differentfluids,withR 123 being the best choice for heat sources with temperatures rangingfrom100to180°C,andR 141bbeingthebestchoice forheatsourceswithtemperaturesmorethan180°C.

Daietal.(2009)investigatedtheperformanceoftendifferent workingfluidsinasimplesubcriticalRankinecycleforwaste heatrecoverysystem.Anevaporator,aturbine,acondenser, and a pump were all part of the system. The usage of an internal regenerator was also studied. They identified R 236eaasthefluidwiththehighestexergyefficiencyundera wasteheatsourcetemperatureof145°C.Theyalsoindicated thataregeneratorcannotincreasethesystem'sperformance.

3. CONCLUSION

In this study article, a literature review of the organic rankine cycle system has been presented. The choice of working fluids for organic rankine cycle applications has been systematically reviewed in this paper. It has been exploredhowtochoosepureandazeotropicworkingfluids for the organic rankine cycle. When selecting the most appropriateorganicworkingfluid,itiscrucialtotakeinto account its thermophysical characteristics, stability, environmentalimpacts,safetyandcompatibility,availability, and cost. An overview of the organic rankine cycle technologyisprovidedinthisresearcharticle.

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