DESIGN OF SOLAR PARABOLIC TROUGH WATER HEATER by IRJET Journal

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DESIGN OF SOLAR PARABOLIC TROUGH WATER HEATER

S. S. Pawar1, Chinmay Karandekar2, Gaurav More3, Shubham Khule4, Raj Bansode5

1 Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Terna Engineering College, Navi Mumbai, India. 2,3,4,5 Students in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Terna Engineering College, Navi Mumbai, India. ***

Abstract - Renewable energy technology is one of the prospective sources which can meet the energy demand and can contribute to achieve sustainable development. Concentrating collectors absorb solar energy and convert it into heat for making hot water,steam at demanded temperature which can be further used for solar thermal operations. In India where solar energy is abundantly available. There is a need to develop technology for employing solar energy for power products. But the main problem associated with concentrating solar power technology is the high cost of installation and low effectiveness. This paper includes a literature review of 25 journal papers and subsequently the experimental study of parabolic trough for water heating technology. A design of solar parabolic trough water heater which is further effective with lower cost is proposed.

Key Words: Renewable energy, concentrating collectors, solar power technology, solar thermal operations, parabolic trough.

1.INTRODUCTION

Energy plays a vital part to represent a country, because it's related to poverty reduction, profitable development and securityalso.Bangladeshhashighdemandforelectricityandtomeetupthisdemand coal,gas,dieselsarebeingusedto produce electricity. The main source of energy is natural gas which is going to run out veritably soon. The only use of natural gas or non renewable sources for ménage use isn't a good sign for the future and also the massive use of reactionaryenergyinthelastcenturyhascausedclimatechangethroughthegreenhouseeffectandproducedlargescale environmental pollution. A huge energy demand, reliance on natural gas clearly creates an extremity in future. Among numerous renewable energy sources, solar energy is the most suitable for this country. Solar energy sources made their wayintothehomesofmillionsofpeoplethroughout theworldthroughsolarphotovoltaic(PV)andsolarthermalenergy. By the development of better materials and technologies with dwindling cost, solar energy systems are getting popular day by day. Solar PV generates electric power for use in the home or marketable places, while solar thermal energy systemsareusedtoproducehotwater,cuisineorotherpurposes.Butnumerous marketableplacesandhospitalsneeda huge quantity of hot water for the whole time. For this purpose, solar thermal application can be a great action for environmental protectionandconventional energysaving.Solarcollectoristhe majorelementofanysolarsystem.Solar collectorsarespecial kindofheatexchangersthattransfiguresolarradiation energyintoheatandtransfer thisheattoa fluid(generallyair,wateretc.)flowingthrough thecollector.Therearedifferentkindsofsolarcollectors whichareused worldwide for domestic or artificial water heating. The most common concentrating technologies are parabolic trough collector(PTC), direct Fresnel glass, solar dish, and solar palace, where, parabolic trough collector is one of the most notorious technologies. This technology uses parabolic shaped mirrors to concentrate the incident radiation onto a receivertubewhichisplacedatthefocallineofthetrough.Parabolictroughcollector(PTC)ishavingcolorfuladvantages similarasinartificialbrumegenerationandhotwaterproducts.Theadvantageofsolartroughisthatit'sclean,cheapand canbeusedtosupplythermalenergy.ThispaperpresentsasimplemodelofaSolarParabolicTroughWaterHeater.The modelproposedhasatroughcollectorofaluminiumwithmirrorsandacoppertubereceiver.

2.LITERATURE SURVEY

[1]Madandesignedacylindricalsolarwaterheaterandmanufacturedit.Itconsistedofacylindricaltubemadefromhigh quality glass and a copper coil tube in the shape of spiral rings, painted black, served as a collector to the incident solar energy on the cylinder wall. A profitable analysis was done which revealed that the cylindrical solar water heater compared with the flat plate collector is cost effective. A maximum temperature difference of 27.8 °C between inlet and outletofthesolarwaterheateratamassflowrateof9kg/hwasachieved. Theeffectivenessofthecylindricalsolarwater heater was found to be 41.8. [2]Helal et al. created an integrated collector stack (ICS) consisting of a single cylindrical horizontal tank placed in a reflector composed of three parabolic branches, and the geometrical characteristics were determined.Acomparisonofthissystemwasmadewithtwoothersolarwaterheatersystems,consistingofatankwithan

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asymmetricCPCandasymmetricalCPC.[3]Mohammedworkedondesignanddevelopmentofaparabolicdishsolarwater heater for domestic hot water operation. For effective performance of the design, an automatic electronic control circuit wasdesignedanddeveloped.Inordertoreducespacedemand,theheaterwasdesignedinsuchawaythatit'llheatabout 10 litres of water only at a time. An automatic linear actuator (SuperJack) typical of the one in use in the satellite dish assiduity was selected over the manual tracking mechanism. The Superjack gave a slow, steady motion to the parabolic dish as it turned on its axis from East to West. Solar energy radiation detectors fitted on the aperture of the dish transferredelectricsignalstothemotorwhich,inturn,acclimatedthepositionofthedishuntilmaximumsolarradiation intensityis receivedatthe aperture.[4]Peiet.al.experimentedanddida comparison ofrigof evacuated tubesolarwater heatersystemswithandwithoutamini CPCreflectorwassetup,withaseriesoftrialsdoneinHefei,China.Thefirstand second laws of thermodynamics were used to analyze and differ their thermal performance. Two types of solar water heatersystems wereused,andthedata gatheredfor twodays werecompared.Fromthe resultsattaineditcan be noted thatwhenattaininglowtemperaturewater,theevacuatedtubesolarwaterheatersystemwithoutamini CPCreflectorhas higherthermalandexergyedgethanthesystemwithamini CPCreflector,includingtheaverageandimmediatevalues.On the other hand, when attaining high temperature water, the system with amini CPC reflector has a higher thermal and exergy edge than the other one.[5] Singh et al. studied the potential of a solar thermal system for hot water production. The parabolic trough concentrator (PTSC) was made of an aluminum sheet that was covered with a cloth to which rectangularmirrorstripswereglued.TwodifferentabsorbertubesweretakenandtheefficienciesofthePTSCwithoutthe glass cover on the absorber tubes were compared. The tracking system used was manual where the trough moved 10° from E to W every 30 minutes. [6]Oggy Et.al. designed and constructed a solar water heating system for domestic using locallyavailablematerials.Solarenergyisreceivedbyaflat platecollectorconsistingofathinabsorberplate,integrated withunderneathgridsoffluidcarryingtubes,andplacedinaninsulatedcoveringwithatransparentglasscoverhavinga cold and a hot water tank integrated in the system. [7]Pachkawade Et.al. designed and fabricated solar water heater at comparatively low cost and high capacity by the use of material like plastic lateral tubes, HDPE pipe, old glasswool, thermocol,plasticbarrel,G.I.sheetcollectorboxesreplacingthematerialascopper tube,stainlesssteel watertank,thick expensive PUF insulations, toughened glass etc. further the “ Pebbles ” are used as a medium of heat storage so as to increase the capacity of solar water heater rather than using an electric heater. [8]Macedo Valencia et.al. presented a paperinwhichthestagesofdesign,modeling,andevaluationofaparabolictroughcollector(PTC)forheatingwaterasa demonstrativeprototypewerebandied.Thedesignwasdoneusingcomputer aideddesignandmanufacturing.Thewater flows from the container, passes through the absorber pipe where it's heated, and then recollected by a glass baker to measuretheflowrate.Thewaterflowisinducedthroughthesystembygravity.Thesolarconcentratorwasorientedwith a slope of 18 ° depending on the latitude of the position.[9]Khan et.al. developed a novel loop heat pipe based solar thermalheat pumpsystemforsmallscalehotwaterproductionforménagepurposes.Theydevelopedaprototypesolar waterheatingsystemforanexperimentaltest.Theyreportedtheinvestigationofsolarthermalconversioneffectivenessin different seasons which is 29.24 in summer,14.75 in winter, and 15.53 in rainy season. This paper also discusses the DC heater for backup system and the current by using thermoelectric generator which are 3.20 V in summer, 2.120 V in winter,and1.843Vintherainyseason.Thissolarwaterheatingsystemissubstantiallysuitedforitseaseofoperationand simplemaintenance.[10]ZouandDonget.al.anexperimentaldisquisitiononasmall sizedparabolictroughsolarcollector for waterheatingincoldareaswasdone.Itcanbe notedthatunder the conditionoffluidtemperature below 100oC,the thermal effectiveness of the proposed PTC increased with the increase of fluid temperature. [11]Senthilkumar et.al. presentedtheperformancestudyonsingleaxissolarParabolicTroughCollector(PTC)withsolartrackingforvariedflow rate of working fluid. trials were conducted on PTC with and absence of tracking mechanism at different flow rates of water. The experimental resultssuchasfluidtemperaturerise,incident solar radiationandthermal effectivenessofPTC wereanalysed.[12]Jayakanth designedaflatplatecollectorsolarwaterheater.Thepurposewastomakeawaterheater for the bathroom. The required operating temperature range of 55°C to 65°C was achieved. The solar water heater was testedwhilecirculatingwateratdifferentflowrates.SWHefficiencywasupto60%.Aflowratecomparableto0.2l/min was found to be the best for heating. [13]Rajamohan presented a literature in which the conical absorber tube directly absorbssolarradiationfromthesunandtheparabolicdishconcentratorreflectsthesolarradiationstowardstheconical absorbertubefromalldirections,thusbothradiationswouldsignificantlyimprovethethermalcollectoreffectiveness.The working fluid water was stored at the bottom of the absorber tubes. The absorber tubes get heated and increases the temperature of the working fluid inside of the absorber tube and causes the working fluid to partially evaporate. The partially vaporized working fluid moves in the upward direction due to buoyancy effect and enters the heat exchanger. When fresh water passes through the heat exchanger, temperature of the vapor decreases through heat exchange. This leads to condensation of the vapor and forms liquid phase. The working fluid returns to the bottom of the collector absorber tube by gravity. Hence, this continues as a cyclic process inside the system. [14]Sagade et al. evaluated the thermalperformanceofaparabolictroughwaterheaterforsmallindustrialprocessheatusingaspiralwoundtruncated

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cone that is coated with black chrome as a selective coating. It was seen that when the receiver was coated black and coveredwitha glasscover,theperformanceofthe systemincreased.Thesystem efficiencyachievedata significantflow rate of 0.0056 kg/s was 63%.[15]Vadher and Adroja experimented on a solar parabolic trough collector with some changesinthereceivingtube.Inthefirstcase,thesphericalballwasfilledintothereceivingtubewithoutanyattachment. Inthesecondcase,thereceiverwasfilledwithuniformaluminumchips.Inthethirdcase,theiron2mmrollofnettingwas completely filled in the receiver. The 2 mm iron mesh showed the highest performance evaluation criteria value at low fluid velocity. [16]Vaghasia and Ratnadhariya prepared an experimental setup in which they prepared PV supported Automatic Sun Tracking System mounted with parabolic trough collector to track sun from E to W during sun hours for increasing energy collection by PTC which leads to increasing energy effectiveness of collector. The design mechanism holdsthesolar concentratorandallows theconcentrator to perform an approximate hemispherical rotation to track the sun’s movement during the day. This solar tracking system consumed some quantity of power so gross energy gained is somewayreduced.[17]Bhaktaet.al.reportstheoverallthermalperformanceofacylindricalparabolicconcentratingsolar waterheater(CPCSWH)withinsertingnailtypetwistedtape(NTT)inthecopperabsorbertube.Thetrackingmechanism consists of an embedded electronic control system. The electronic control system is equipped with a Light Dependent Resistor(LDR),tomovethecollectorwiththeapparentmovementofthesun,sothatsolarradiationreachesthecollector apertureata 90°angle.ThePCR rotatesaroundthevertical north southaxis,to track thesunasitmovesthroughthe skyduringtheday.Firstly,thetestwasconductedwithaplaincopperabsorbertubeandthesucceedingexperimentations were conducted by inserting the NTT into the absorber tube, one by one, with varying nail twist pitch proportions(4.787,6.914and9.042).[18]Beattiepresentedaninvestigationpaperinwhich thedesignofsolartroughwas made such that the temperature of water at the outlet will be 20 °C more than the normal temperature attained. A heat transfer analysisonsquare andcircularcylinders were done to decidethe shapeof the focal line. It was discovered that the square pipe had a total heat transfer resistance that's nearly 20 times that of the circular one, which means that the circular pipe will transmit more solar energy to the water than the square pipe would. The tracking system used an Arduinotocontrolamotorwhichrotatestheparabolictroughaboutthefocalline.Photoresistorswereusedtofollowthe sun’sposition.[19]Tabassumel.at.didanexperimentalstudyofparabolictroughcollectorforwaterheatingtechnology.It focuses on the performance of concentrating solar collector by changing the reflector materials( aluminium sheet, aluminium foil and mirror film). It was found that the mirror film had the highest durability and can give higher outlet watertemperaturecomparedto other reflectors. [20]Isravel el.at.conducteda trial foremptytube,conventional twisted tape, Rings attached twisted tape and modified Rings attached twisted tape and a comparison of heat transfer rate was done. Rings attached twisted tapes show higher heat transfer rate than empty tube and conventional twisted tapes condition but it also augments the pressure drop.[21]Panahi el.at. did an experimental study involving the design, manufacturingandtestingofaprototypeintegratedcollectorstorage(ICS)solarwaterheater(SWH)incombinationwith acompoundparabolicconcentrator(CPC)wasdone.Theadvancedsystemwasintendedtosupplyhotwaterforafamily in remote pastoral areas. A 6 month experimental study was accepted to probe the performance of the ICS SWH system.[22]Ibrahim presented a modified parabolic trough solar collector to control the outlet temperature and protect theglassenclosurefromraindamage.Thedesignfocusedontheincorporationofapolymercover.Thedesigntakesinto account the position of the collector focus; therefore, the cover slider was placed at a point above the absorber tube. [23]Majeedel.at.developedanewdualsolartrackingsystemforCPUparabolictroughwaterheaterusinganovelbiaxial trackingsystembasedonAlgorithmschronologicaltrackingsystem.Atwo axissolartrackingsystemmicrocontrollerwas used,whichconsists ofanArduinoUnoR3microcontroller.Itwasobserved thatthe proposedtrackingdesignincreased theenergyefficiencyby3.43%comparedtothe PVpaneltrackingtechnology.[24]HameedandIbrahimproposeda new designed multistage solar parabolic trough collector and its thermal performance was investigated in this study. The modified PTC consisted of five channels or PTC buses. Each channel had the same dimension. Six k type thermocouples were placed on the test section. One thermocouple at the water inlet feeds the other at the water outlet. The remaining four thermocouples were deployed at the end of each receiving tube bus to measure temperatures. An automatic controller with a servo motor was connected to the base structure for moving the test section according to the sunlight sensor signal. It was observed that the amount of heat absorbed by the collector increased.[25]Gogoi et.al. presented a studyona parabolictrough collectorwithabsorberanddifferent reflectingsurfacesandalsowithdifferentflowratesto predict the best form of efficient source. The structure of the absorber is copper tubes, while the reflecting surfaces are taken as one aluminum and the other as a reflecting mirror. A 33% reduction in flow resulted in a 50 70% increase in efficiency.

Fromtheaboveliteratureitcanbeseenthat:Theperformanceofasolarwaterheatermainlydependsonthefluid flow rate,thematerialsusedforthecomponentsandthetrackingsystem.Thespecularreflectorprovidesoptimalperformance. It has been observed that the efficiency of the parabolic trough collector varies inversely with the efficiency of the flow

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rates.Thesolartrackingsystemplaysanimportantroleinimprovingtheefficiencyofthesystem.Ifthecorrectmaterialis used for the absorption tubes, the efficiency of the system can be increased. A receiver made of copper pipes is more suitable.Thereisapossibilityofreducingthecostofmanufacturingthesystemandsimplifyingit.

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design Parameters and Experimental setup

The geometric parameters of a PTC are its aperture width and length, rim angle, focal length and diameter of the receiver.TheparabolicequationinCartesiancoordinatessystemcanberepresentedas,x2=4fy…..........(1)

Usingequation(1),theheightoftheparabola(h)canbecalculatedintermsofthefocallength(f)andaperturediameter (D).(D/2)2=4fh........(2)

The rim angle is defined as the angle subtended by the edges of the reflector at the focus. The rim angle Ѱ is given by tan(Ψ/2)=(D/4f)...…...(3)

Fromtheselectedvaluesofaperturediameterandconcentratorheight,thefocallength,rimangleoftheconcentratorwas calculatedfromequations.Theselecteddataofthedesignedmodelhasthefollowingvaluesasgivenbytable1.

Table -1: DifferentparametersandtheirvaluesforthefabricatedPTC

Item Notations Value

Aperturelength L 900mm Aperturediameter D 508mm Rimangle Ѱ 100o Focallength f 104mm Receiverdiameter d 13mm Concentratorheight h 152mm Fig 1:Designsheet

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Fig 2 describes the design proposed by our group for Solar Trough Water Heater. The design was made on AutoDesk Inventor2022.

Materials:Receivertube Copper,Troughsheet Aluminiumsheetwithreflectingmirror,Stand StainlessSteel

3.2 Testing

The collector’s reflecting surface iscurved in a parabolic shape so that the solar radiations which are colliding are getting reflected most of all the radiations to the receiver tube. In our study, as a reflecting surface, the type of reflector material used is mirror film to evaluate the performance of the parabolic trough collector. A copper pipe was chosen because of its higher thermal conductivity than aluminium tube or any other plastic tube. a copper tube of 0.013m internal diameter was used at the focal axis. All the components of the receiver tube and parabolic reflector were mountedonastandwhich was basically a supporting structure.Thestructureframesupportstherotation axisofthe parabolic reflecting surface. To reduce cost, the structure was made from galvanized iron rods which were welded together.Aplasticpipeconnectedtheinletwiththestoragetank.Theoutletfluidtemperaturewasrecordedwiththehelp of a thermometer. The flowratewassetat0.3lpm.Thetablebelowshowstheinletandoutlettemperature obtainedat 0.3lpmon12th ofAprilatTernaEngineeringCollege,NaviMumbai.

Table

Fig -2:CadModel Fig -3:SolarParabolicTroughwaterheater

1: Temperaturesobtained 1.9am3041.2 Sr.No.TimeInlettemperature(°C)Outlettemperature(°C) 2.10am3041.6 3.11am3444.5 4.12pm3751 5.1pm3750.3 6.2pm3549 7.3pm3548.3

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4. Result Analysis

ThesolarthermalefficiencyofthePTCandusefulheatgainbythecirculatingwaterduringflowthroughtheabsorbertube areestimatedbyequations

Solarthermalefficiency:μC=(Qu/IbA)=mcP(To Ti)/IbA…………(4)

Heatgainedbywater:Qu =mcP(To Ti)...............(5)

Where,Qu=Usefulheatgain W,Ti&TO=Inletandoutletwatertemperaturerespectively °C,m=Massflowrateofwater kg/s,Cp=thespecificheatofwater J/(kg K),Ib=directsolarbeamradiation W/m2,A=apertureareaofthecollector m2

Accordingtoformula,weknowthat

HeatGain(Qu)=mcP(To Ti)

Massflowrateofwater=0.33×0.012 =0.00396kg/s

Cpofwateris4.18KJ/(kg K)

Hence, Qu=0.00396 ×(4.187×1000)×(51 37)=232.127W

SolarthermalEfficiency(μ)=(Qu/IbA)=mcP(To Ti)/IbA=232.127/957×0.9×0.508=0.53

％μ=0.53×100=53%

Chart -1:Timevstemperaturegraphshowingtheoutlettemperature

3. CONCLUSIONS

InthepresentworkasolarparabolictroughwaterheaterwasdesignedbyusingasoftwareAutodeskInventor2022.The materials for the components Receiver tube Copper, Trough sheet Aluminium sheet with reflecting mirror, Stand StainlessSteelweredecidedafterreadinganumberofresearchpapers.Theperformanceishighinthemidnoonbecause ofthehighsolarintensityatthattime.Theheatgainwasincreaseddependingontimeandsolarintensity.Theefficiencyof thesolarwaterheateris53%for 0.3lpm.ThetotalcosttomakethesolarwaterheaterislessthanRs.2000.So,thislow costparabolictroughwaterheatingsystemcanbebeneficialfordomesticheating.

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