Vehicle Tracking System Using LoRa Module

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Vehicle Tracking System Using LoRa Module

S. Kulandaiyan1, B.E., Department of ECE, SVCE, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, D. Manimaran2, B.E., Department of ECE, SVCE, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, S. Raajesh Baabu3 , B.E., Department of ECE, SVCE, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Dr. S. Muthukumar4 , Professor & Head., Department of ECE, SVCE, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. ***

Abstract Nowadays, all new generation vehicles use internet technology which consumes more power and energy resources. However, the use of LoRa technology reduces the cost which is a one time investment. LoRa uses license free sub gigahertzradio frequency bands. LoRa enables long range transmissions with low power consumption. The technology covers the physical layer, while other technologies and protocols such as LoRaWAN cover the upper layers. It is based on spread spectrum technology. The spread spectrum LoRa modulation is performed by representing each bit of payload information by multiple chirps of information. It is easy to build and deploy, license free frequency band nodes, and the spectrum transmission stage is free. In this project, we use a Raspberry pi to interface the user to sub stations. When the driver requires any health assistance, he presses the button which is fed as an input by the LoRa module, this request is sent to the nearby Base station, and so the driver is able to track the exact coordinates of the hospital. And next when the vehicle violates the signal, we use the RFID reader module to sense the tag. When the RFID reader reads the tag of the violated vehicle, it stores the vehicle’s information in its database. Fine amount will be displayedinthe violatedvehicle. Accidents occur mostly because of over speeding. We use an inductive proximity sensor to measure the Rpm of the tire. If the Rpm reaches the threshold that is set, then the vehicle owner registered in our database is fined by an amount.

1.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION

Collectively, accidents in India occurs mainly because of three reasons, viz., drive’s health issue; Traffic Signal Violation;andOverspeeding.

Whenwelookintotheaccidentsanddeathrateforinstance, in all scenarios, the death rate rises when number of accidentsrisesasitisdirectlyproportional.Whenkeeping thesethingsonaccount,thereareseveral existing models which comprises of Speed Governor installed in all the vehicles(notpossible),trafficsignalviolationisrecognized bycapturingthevehiclenumberinacameraandnotifying thatparticularuserwithapenaltyrespectivetothatvehicle owner.

Theoverutilizationofinternetleadstothebirdspeciesto becomemoreendogenous.InFact,fewbirdshavebecome extinct. To expandthelifespanof all the bird speciesand make the user very effective on thinking about spending moneyoverandthroughtheinternettofindwaysinorderto navigatetofewstopsnearbylikehospitals,garage,vehicle service centers,Fuel stoppages,PitStops, etc.onseparate movesweuseLoRa WAN.Tofindthese things, weneed a higher version of a vehicle they are possessing else need theirmobiledatatoknowthedestinationeither.Onkeeping these things into consideration, we planned to build a prototypethatsatisfiesthesethreemajorproblems.

1. INTRODUCTION

In these days, LoRa started to emerge as a great sensor amongInternetofThings.Theyarecapableoftransmitting dataandreceivingdata,gatheringthelatitudeandlongitude withoutanyGlobalSystemforMobileCommunication(GSM) module.Thepeopleinothercountriesfollowrulesbecause theviolationisbeingsensedinanefficientmannerandthe people who drives the vehicle realizes their violation respective to their driving, sooner the vehicle makes the violation.ThenetworkisformedbyestablishingeachLoRa (HC 12)configuredwitharaspberrypiwhichwilltransmit and receive data to and from the respective base station. Thereareseveralbasestationswhichareconfiguredwithan ESP32andallthesebasestationsareconnectedtoanother singleMainStation,whichisinterfacedwithWi Fimoduleto transmitdatareceivedfromtheeachandeveryindividual user.

TheLoRacanworkinthreefrequencies,viz.,945MHz;816 MHz;433MHzInIndia,weareallowedtouseonly816MHz, whichhasasuccessrateof15to20KmRadius.So,weneed tohaveabaseStationorSub Stationperfifteenkilometers forconnectingtheuserswithinthenetwork

1.2 OVERVIEW AND OBJECTIVE

In general, the LoRa, HC 12 is verified with serial communicatingthedatainbetweenthetwolora’sthateach actasbothtransmitterandreceiver.AndtheRFIDmoduleis configured with Node MCU for Traffic Signal Violation. Finally, the Inductive Proximity sensor is being interfaced withthewheelineachandeveryvehicletocheckwhether every vehicle follows the signal and speed resulting in followingtheprotocols,andnotexceedingthespeedlimit.

Inordertomakethesystemtogetupdatedandanefficiency wayofkeepingbirdsafefromallthecellulartowersasthe LoRarequireverylowpowerfortransmissionandrequires

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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verylessamountofcurrenttodrivethrough.However,these batteriesneedtobechangedatleastforeverythreeyears. By this way the accidents and death rates decrease proportionally making the rise of death in a very abate manner.Theproduct’smajoradvantageisitsrequirementof data for transmission is 150 to 200 kbps. And there is a transmissiondelayof20seconds.

2. SURVEY OF LITERATURE

PeoplesometimesconfusethetermsLoRaand LoRaWAN, howevertheyarenotinterchangeable.LoRaisameansof sending radio signals that encodes data using a chirped, multisymbolformat.

It's a proprietary system developed by Sentech, a chip maker.TheLoRaIPcanbelicensedtoothermanufacturers. Toconvertradiofrequencytobits,thesestandardISMband radiochipscanemployLoRa(orothermodulationtypeslike FSK).Becauseofthismodulation,nocodingisrequiredto implement the radio system. Outside of a vast area, this lower level physical layer technology can benefit applications.LoRaWANisapoint tomultipointnetworking protocolbasedontheLoRamodulationmethoddeveloped by Semtech. It's not just about the radio waves; it's about how they interface with LoRaWAN gateways to perform functionssuchasencryptionandidentification.There'salso acloudcomponenttowhichmanygatewayscanjoin.Most firms do not employ LoRaWAN for industrial (private network)applicationsduetorestrictions.

2.1 STUDY OF LoRaWAN:

Radio technologies like LoRaWAN are straightforward at theirmostbasiclevel.Thewaystarnetworkscommunicate issimilartoalecturebetweenaprofessorandpupils.The professor(thegateway)communicateswiththeendnodes (theclass)andviceversa.Intermsofcommunication,thisis anasymmetricalconnection.Everyone(intheclass)maybe tryingtospeakwiththeprofessoratthesametime,butthe professorwillnotbeabletohearorcomprehendeveryone at the same time. Many aspects of star topologies can be traced back to this example, albeit oversimplified. For developers,seetheLoRaWANGatewaysample.

Let us now move away from the comparison and look at somereal lifeexamples.Assumeyouhavefourgatesanda single node. The node sends a blind transmission into the radiospectrum,andanygatewayluckyenoughtohearitcan interceptitandsendituptothecloud.Themessagemight bereceivedbyallfourgateways.(Theoneadvantageisthat messages can still be sent even if the links are weak.) If a nodesendsfivemessagesandonlyoneofthemgetsthrough, your message is still delivered. There is no acknowledgement of receipt once a message has been dispatched nodes in the LoRaWAN network, on the other hand, can request acknowledgments. When an acknowledgmentisrequestedandallfourgatewaysreceive

thesamemessage,thecloudselectsonegatewaytorespond atapredeterminedtime.Theissueisthatwhenthegateway issendingbacktothenode,itturnsoffallotherdevices.So, if your application requires a large number of acknowledgement,itwillalmostcertainlyspendmoretime transmittingacknowledgementthanlistening,resulting in networkfailure.

LoRaWANA,B,andCarethethreetypesofclasses.Three classesofLoRaWANareactiveatthesametime.ClassAisan asynchronous system that we refer to as a pure ALOHA system.Thismeansthattheendnodesdon'thavetowaitfor a specific timetocommunicatewith thegateway;instead, theytransmitwhenevertheyneedtoandthengodormant untilthen.Youcouldfilleverytimeslotwithamessageifyou had an eight channel system that was flawlessly synchronized. As soon as one node finishes transmitting, anotherbeginstransmitting.

A pure aloha network's theoretical maximum capacity, without any communication interruptions, is around 18.4 percentofthismaximum.Collisionsaccountforthiscapacity. Two nodes will collide if they transmit on the same frequencychannelwiththesameradioparameters.Battery powered nodes are used in Class B systems. The gateway sendsoutabeaconevery128seconds.(Notethetimeslots across the diagram's top.) At one pulse per second, all LoRaWANbasestationsemitbeaconsignalsatthesametime (1PPS).Thisimpliesthatatthestartofeverysecond,every GPSsatelliteinorbitdeliversamessage,allowingtimetobe syncedaroundtheworld.Withinthe128 secondcycle,all Class B nodes are given a time slot and notified when to listen. For example, you can instruct a node to listen for every tenth time slot, and when one appears, a downlink messagecanbesent(seeabovediagram).

NodesinClassCcanlistenindefinitelyandsenddownlink messagesatanymoment.Becauseittakesalotofenergyto keepanodeactive,thismethodisgenerallyutilizedforAC poweredapplications.TheChallengesofUsingLoRaWANto CreatePrivate Networks:LoRaWAN isa goodfit forsome applications,butnotforcustomer deployed(alsoknownas privatenetwork)solutions.Thefollowingarethekeycauses forthis:

Multiplegatewayscoexistingprovidesforinterference.The samefrequencyisusedbyallLoRaWANgateways.Itmakes nodifferencewhoownsoroperatesthem.Thatmeansyour LoRaWANnetworkseesallofmytrafficandtheotherway around.Toavoidcollisions,itispreferabletohaveonlyone network functioning in a specific area. However, working withtheLoRaAlliancetohaveparticularchannelssetaside forcertainusesisconceivable.Networkoperatorscanalso limit the number of down links in their networks on the server side to prevent low priority endpoints from "clogging" the network with downlink traffic. It does not guarantee that the message will be received. Packet error rates(PER)ofmorethan50%arecommonwithLoRaWAN,

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anasynchronous,ALOHA basedprotocol.Forsomemeter readingapplications,thesemistakesareacceptable,butfor industrialorbusinesssensornetworksorcontrolsystems,a PERof0percentisrequired.Mostindustrialusecasesdonot require the "spray and pray" manner of information delivery.LoRaWANisbestsuitedfornetworksthatfocuson uplink.

It necessitates a significant amount of development time. Another issue for our customers is that LoRaWAN is essentiallyadatalink(MAC)layer(OSILayer2),withonlya few networks layer features (OSI Layer 3). No vendor currently offers an end to end LoRaWAN solution. You'll very certainly have to engage with various vendors to get nodes, gateways, a back end server, and every other component of the ecosystem independently. While this allows for application flexibility, it also leaves application developers with a lot of work to do in order to create a completeproductoffering.Packetization,downlinkcontrol, multicast, and so on are all examples of this. There are constraintstothedutycycle.Inpublicnetworks,868MHz bands have several inherent constraints. The one percent dutycycleisthemainconstraintinEurope(inmostcases).

Thisrestrictionindicatesthattheaveragelengthoftimethe gatewaytransmitscannotexceedonepercentovertime.Asa result, the gateway's transmission capacity is severely limited.TheFCCregulationsfortheISMbandintheUnited Statesdonotincludesucharestriction.Thepayloadsizeof themaximumtransmissionunit(MTU)isvaried.TheMTU payloadsizeisdeterminedbythespreadingfactorassigned tothenodebythenetwork.Inotherwords,ifyou'realong wayfromthegateway,theamountofdatayoucansendis limited.

If you are close, though, it is considerably larger. That is somethingyousimplycannotknowaheadoftime.Asaresult, changesinthepayloadsideattheapplicationlayermustbe accommodatedbythenodefirmwareorapplication,whichis difficulttodowhiledesigningfirmware.Mostprogrammers handlethisproblembyusingtheshortestavailableMTUat thehighestspreadingfactorthenetworkcanassign,whichis usually quite little, frequently less than 12 bytes in most circumstances. As a result, LoRaWAN nodes that need to transfergreateramountsofdata,suchas300bytes,willhave to send it in 30 10 byte messages because they may be assignedashortMTU.Ifyouwishtobuildoncarrier owned andoperatedpublicnetworks,LoRaWANisfine.Therearea lotofoptionsbecauseserviceproviderswanttocompetein thismarket.LoRaWANalsoworksforbasicapplicationsthat don'trequirealotofacknowledgementanddon'trequirea lot of nodes. However, if your requirements are more sophisticated,youwillcertainlyrunintodifficulties.

Because their networks are still relatively small, many LoRaWANusershavenotencounteredthosehurdles.Ifyou try to runa public network with thousandsofusers doing

differentactivitieswithLoRaWAN,wewillquicklydiscover howtoughitis.[1]

2.2 DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A TRAFFIC GENERATOR:

An experimental examination has been performed in this partusingSDRmethods,withmeasurementstakingplacein a semi an echoic chamber (in an interference free environment). While taking into account the results that have already been presented. The development, implementation, and testing of a LoRa packet generator capable of generating packets that are compliant with the LoRaWANspecificationsdefinedbytheLoRaAlliancewas theinitialstep.TheSDRtechnologyisusedtoimplementthe generator,andaLimeSDRhardwaredeviceisusedtodoit. The developed communication method is depicted. This advantagecanbeobtainedbycombiningtwoormoreSDR platforms,eachofwhichisequippedwithtwotransceivers, inaMIMO(MultipleInputMultipleOutput)topology.Asa result, an increase in performance level may be able to generateahugeamountofLoRatraffic.

Thefactthattheuserhasaccesstothemechanismtasked with generating the packet, such as payload or aspects connectedtothewaysofcodingandmanufacturingpackets, is one of the implementation's advantages. This work's noveltyisrepresentedbythesecharacteristics.

This is because, when evaluating an unlicensed frequency bandwherethetransmittedsignalintensityisverylow,an isolated environment with no in band interference is necessary(belowRFnoiselevel).

TheemployedGWismadeupofaRaspberryPI3B+andan iC880A concentrate board with a Linux based operating systemandaforward packetmechanismtypecoupledtothe TTNdataaggregationplatforminasemi an echoicchamber. Theauthorshavepreviouslypublishedworkonthedesign andtestingoftheGWmodule.

TheLoRatrafficgeneratoractsasasourceofinterferencein the tests. The LoRa sensor node, which employs an Atmega328 micro controller with an RFM95 radio transceiver,isthecommunicationlinkthatisbeinganalyzed intermsofperformance.

The sensor connects with the GW module via several SFs acrossan868.3MHzcommunicationchannel,sendingone packet every two seconds. The GW module sends the receivedpacketstotheTTNplatform.OneSFcanbeusedat a timebytheLoRa sensornode,whichcanbechanged by modifyingthesoftware.

Onthe868.3MHzcommunicationchannel,atotalof6043 packetsweresent.Onlyabout4230resultswerereceived and recorded by the GW out of all of the experiment's outcomes. We may estimate that around 30% of the time

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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was lost due to accidents on the receiving end. Closer examination reveals that the packets that were lost were sentatthesametimeandusedthesameSF,regardless of payloaddimensions.[2][3]

2.3 SPEED SENSING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES WITH DATA TRANSMISSION AND MONITORING CAPABILITES:

Thenumberofdriverswhoexceedthespeedlimitisonthe rise.Thisisduetothegovernment'ineffectiveapproachof detectingandidentifyingthecriminals.Ifa more effective systemisnotdeveloped,thenumberoftrafficof fenceswill continuetorise,aswillthenumberofaccidentscausedby speeding.

Themajorgoalofthisthesisistocreateasystemthatwill assistauthoritiesindetectingandidentifyingviolatorswhile alsogivingproofoftheinfringementbyrecordingthespeed andvideooftheincident.Thesuggestedsystememploystwo RFIDreaderstoidentifyataggedvehicle'sentryandleave timesinordertocalculateitsspeedoverapredetermined roadlength.

Whenanoverspeedingoffenceisidentified,itwillsendan SMStotheauthoritieswiththeviolator'sinformationasa violation notification. The authorities can be warned wheneveradriverexceedsthespeedlimitbyemployingthe technology,

Following the evaluation of each module of the system, it wasdeterminedthattheplannedAutomobileSpeedSensing (A.S.S)Systemoperatesasintendedandmaybedeployedas a full scale system to aid in the detection of speeding automobiles [4]

3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURES:

The goal of our project is to build a working model for vehicletrackingusinglongrangemoduleHC 12.Theutility ofthisHC 12isabletosendandreceivedatawithlowpower andwithinlongrangeof1.8kms.Thehighestandtousein practicaltime,loramoduleandhasthesuccessrateof15to 20 kms connectivity. The proposed work is split into two partsbasically,intohardwareandthenintegratingitwith the software. Generally, when a management system is formed, there arises a formation of databases. These databases are linked to the server when being concerned with the software side. Whenever a vehicle is bought the user has the registration form in their end to enter the detailsandstorethedataintheDatabasewhichisalready linked to the Server. The Server then stores the details of eachandeveryuser.Whenever,thevehiclesaredeparted, theworkflowstartsandsensorscheckforspeedandtraffic violation.Whentherulesareviolated,theuserisaskedto paythefineamountfromtheserver’sdatabase.

Fig1.1433MHz Fig1.2868MHz Fig1.3900MHz

There are generally three LoRa modules available and in IndiaonlythefirsttwoLoRaModulesRange(433MHzand 868MHz)areadvisedandallowedtouse.Andwehaveused the433MHzrangemodulewhichispracticallyprovenits successover1.8Kmradius.

The Three Applications are explained below:1. Driver’s HealthAssistanceSystem,2.TrafficSignalViolationSystem 3.SpeedViolation.TheNetworkisalignedinsuchawaythat each user is accessible to the base station and each base stationisaccessibletotheMainStation.TheMainStationis connectedtoaNodeMCU(ESP32)whichhasbothInternet Module (WiFi) and Bluetooth Module present inside. This Node MCU gets interfaced to the Database via Internet Module present in it. The Database has the details stored when a user enters into the network by registering his detailsinthedatabasewiththehelpofhisDashboard.Our Hardwarecomponentsareconfiguredinthebeginningprior tothatthesoftwarepartoftheprojectisbuilt,i.e.,forevery instantwhenauserentersintothenetworkasafresher,he is asked to enter his general details for the back tracing purpose.

3.1 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

3.1.1

INITIALIZING PI 3

TheRaspbianOSwithrequiredsoftwareisinstalledinthePi 4.TheCP2102isusedtodebugandconnecttheRaspbian Raspberry Pi 4 with the multichannel embedded wireless datatransmissionmodule.APythonCodeiswritteninorder to transfer data to the Base Station, display the response receivedfortherequestsentfromthisdevice

Fig.2LoRaHC 12interfacedtoRaspberryPi4usingCP2102

3.1.2

CONFIGURING THE MAIN STATION

TheNodeMCUisconnectedtoanotherHC 12.TheEM 18is configuredtothisNodeMCU.AtwoChannelrelaycircuitis designedandfabricatedinordertoconfiguretheEM 18to

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makethemworkasarealtimetrafficsignal.AUNOCodeis written commonly in order to configure these things as a wholeMainStation.

3.2.1 FIREBASE

TheDetailsarecollectedfromtheformsandstoredinthis database. The diagrammatic output is taken as the screenshotfromtheworkingmodelandshownbelow.The configuration files that werecreated with the project by thefirebaseisutilizedwhilewritingtheJavaScriptcode. TheJavaScriptcodegenerallypushesthedetailsintothe database while the user registers his data using the Registration Page. Authentication of the admin is performedintheGoogleConsole.TherulesoftheRealtime databasearechangedto“always:True”inordertoaccept theresponsefromanewuser.

Fig3MainStationintheNetworktowhichInternet Serverisconnected

3.1.3 SETTING UP THE PROXIMITY SENSOR

The So coded Raspberry Pi 4 is made with a change in order to interface proximity sensor with the same Pi 4. ThisProximitysensorisInductiveanditcansensemetal alone to detect the Rpm of a motor. The below diagram represents the proximity sensor that is interfaced with RaspberryPi4throughaPythonCodeandthisdeviceis which used to detect the Rpm to calculate speed using metaldetectionmechanism.

Fig4.FirebaseConfigurationSetup

3.2.2 HTML

AbasicHyperTextMarkupLanguageCodeiswrittenand thecodesnippet’ssnapshotofwhichisattachedbelow.

3.2 SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION

Consideringaboutthesoftwareside,thedatabaseshould be configured primarily. There are so many databases available,namely,PhpMyAdmin,Firebase,etc.Tointegrate thesoftwareandhardware,wehaveusedVSCode.Using theVScode,abasicHTML,CSSfileiscodedinsuchaway thatthewebpageisformedtocollectdetailswhenauser enters the network. The database that we have used to storethedetailshereisGoogleConsole[Firebase].

Fig.5HTMLCodeSnippet

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The general Details of the user that are gathered from themselves are Name, their vehicle Number, email ID, ContactNumberandAnynecessarydetailslikehealthcare hastobetakencare.

3.2.3 CSS

AbasicCascadingStyleSheetsCodeiswrittenandthecode snippetissnapshotofwhichisattachedbelow

3.3 APPLICATIONS

3.3.1 DRIVER’S HEALTH ASSISTANCE SYSTEM

Generation these days, in all cities, districts, states, and even countries as well wander around and visiting hot spots through Vehicles. All people in this world loves to lead a luxurious life and so these people show them by owning a vehicle for their own personal use. However, these vehicles consume more amount of internet for detectingthefuturehappeningssuchasdiversionsalong route,stoppagepointsbeforereachingthedestination,etc. Thesecreatesthemoreusageandspendingmoneywhich isnotcostefficienttoointhiscase,resultsinthedeletion ofbirdspeciesgraduallybecauseofthepowergenerated byallthetowersthatproducedatatoallthevehiclesfor suchpurposesmainly.

Fig.6CSSCodeSnippet

3.2.4 JavaScript

A basic HTML Code is written and the code snippet is snapshotofwhichisattachedbelow.

Fig.7BlockDiagramforDriver’shealthAssistanceSystem

TheNetworkisformedaspertheprotocolStackanduser’s whendiagnosedwithaproblem,theyaregivenabutton kindtosenda requestwithoutinternet whichsendsthe request to the base station and the base station in turn passesontherequesttotheMainStation.ThisMainstation inturnwithitsconnectivitytotheInternetServer,itagain passesontherequesttotheserver.Theserverrealizesthe place of the vehicle and with the help of the server’s Database,therearedatastoredintheServerabouteach andeveryhospital.

Fig.7JavaScriptCodeSnippet

Fig.8HardwareSetup

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So,withthehelpofthisdatabase,theserverrespondsforthe request which was passed on by the Main Station as the Addressofthehospitalwhichisstoredwithinastringwillbe passed on to the sub station and then on to the driver’s infotainmentwhoraisedarequestoverthebuttonthatwas insertedinthevehicle.Thisprocesshappenswithinadelay of20secondsasthatwouldbethetimetakentoanalysesthe detailsofthevehicleandthensearchingofdataintheserver withthenearbyhospital’sdetailsthathastobesenttothe queryrequesteddriver.

Fig.10BlockDiagramforTrafficSpeedSpotter

AssoonastheRFIDReaderreadsthetagforviolatingthe signal, the reader sends the fine amount to the server through base station (Sub Station) and Main Station (ConnectedtotheServer).Theserversendsthefineamount aftertheverificationofthedetailsfromtheserverwithinthe same twenty seconds. The Two Channel Relay is actually designedinordertomaketherealtimetrafficsignal

Fig.9OutputWindow

3.3.2 TRAFFIC SIGNAL SPOTTER

Inthismostpopulatedworld,thepopulationincreasesand proportionallythedeathrateshavestartedtoincrease.Itis majorly because of the accidents that take place in every instanceandeveneveryminutetoo.Eventhough,boththe StateandCentralGovernmentsleviesheavypunishmentsto thecrowd,thesepeoplebecauseofthejampackedschedule, find a loop hole and penetrate through it. This is majorly because of the rules and protocols followed by the State government workers in most of the states. There is an existing model, which works in delay of maximum of a month in order for the fine to reach the actor. In order to stopthisleisurerulesandtighttheprotocols,thissoftware andhardwareintegratedmodelwhichisproposedwillseize the intruder and fine him as soon as he has violated the signal.

Fig.11HardwareSetup

ThisProjectdemonstratesthetwo waytrafficsignalandso theuseoftwochannelrelaywouldbeseenevidently.The twoEM 18areconnectedtothetwo channelrelay.

In order to provide the same output in real time, active readersmustbeused.TheBelowwindowshowstheoutput thatwhenthevehiclehasviolatedthesignalthedrivergets anintimationoffineamount.

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displayed in the infotainment, the data is stored in the Databaseforfuturereference.

Fig.12OutputWindow

3.3.3 OVER SPEED DETECTION SYSTEM

Increase in death rate are because of accidents and in specificthatisallabouttheviolationoftrafficsignals.Itis alsobecauseofoverspeedingcausedbythevehiclesitself. ThespeedcanbefoundbymeasuringtheRpmofthemotor or wheel and converting the Rpm value with a formula mentioned below: Vehicle Speed = 0.1885 * Wheel Rpm * diameterofthetireSpeedofthemotorinkilometerperhour isequalto0.1885timesofthespeedN(Rpm)[RpmOfthe Wheel].RpmiscalculatedbytheRpmmeasurementsensor. Diameter of the tire will be programmed whenever the vehicle is designed. The proximity sensor is primarily interfacedwithageneralcodeintheraspberryPi4tocheck whether this inductive proximity sensor detects metal or not.

Fig.14HardwareSetup

The Below window shows the logic that falls behind the RpmMeasurement.Itiswelldesignedandmadethatwhen the vehicles speed increases more than 20 in this prototype, the fine amount is displayed and further violation is added with the previous amount in that particularvariable.Anexampleofboththeinstancesare shown.

i.Rpm=10;Speed=19.97

ii.Rpm=14;Speed=27.96;FineAmount:100

Fig.13BlockDiagramforOverSpeedDetectionSystem

Thenthegeneralcodeismodifiedinsuchawaythatwhen thevehicleisdrivenmorethaneightykilometerperhour,it intimatesthefineamountof100perviolation.Ifthevehicle ownerdrivesmorethanonetime,thefineamountitselfgets addedtothepreviousamount.Thefineamountaftergetting

Fig.15SpeedDetectionoftheVehicle

Non contact detection of metallic objects is accomplished with inductive proximity sensors. Capacitive Proximity Sensorsareusedtodetectmetallicandnonmetallicthings such as liquid, plastic, paper, and more without requiring touch.

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does.FortheVehicletrafficviolation,thefineamountwillbe addedanddisplayed.Itisachievableinaneasymanner.

A. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

LoRa LongRangeCommunication

WAN WideAreaNetwork

Rpm Revolutionsperminute

RFID RadioFrequencyIdentification

B. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Fig.16SpeedViolatedvehicle’sInfotainment

TherotationissensedperminuteandgiventotheSystem itself for speed calculation (Km/hr). The speed violation protocol for every vehicle must be programmed priory beforethevehicleisbroughttoroads.

4. CONCLUSION

Inthisproject,wedemonstrateaLoRa basedopen source vehicle tracking system. The prototype was created successfully,andthesystem'soperationwasprovento be right.Futureenhancementscanbemadeinavarietyofways. The transponder can be shrunk in terms ofhardwareand thentestedinmoreruggedenvironments.Thescriptsshould be refactoredintermsofsoftwareto guaranteeimproved maintainabilityasthesystemgrows.

5. FUTURE WORK

OthersignificantparametersinLoRacommunicationcould bealteredinthefuturework,forexample,utilizingalarger range antenna in the gateway or using a different brand/model of gateway, in order to obtain the broadest possible range in communication and avoid higher deploymentcosts.Inthefuture,itwillbecriticaltotestthe system'soperationwithalargernumberofenddevicesto see if packet loss exceeds 2% of the total. And we can interface several buttons for each and every application namely,searchingfuelstation,chargingstation,reachingout tohotelsontheway.

ForSpeedviolationsystemtogetupdatedwhileregistering thevehicledetails,theremustbeascannertofixtherangeof speedforeachandeverytypeofvehicle,sothatthespeedis not fixed as 80 for all the vehicles. As the Heavy Loaded vehicle, cannot reach that much speed that a car or bike

We would like to show our gratitude to the Dr. S. Muthukumar, Head of Department, Electronics and Communication,SriVenkateswaraCollegeofEngineeringfor sharinghis pearlsof wisdomwithus duringthecourseof thisresearch,andwethank,wanttoexpressourgratitudeto Mr.E.DilliGanesh,Instructor,SriVenkateswaraCollegeof Engineeringwhohelpeduswiththisresearchandfortheir insights.

C. REFERENCE

[1]Augustin, Aloÿs & Yi, Jiazi & Clausen, Thomas Heide & Townsley,William.(2016).AStudyofLoRa:LongRange& LowPowerNetworksfortheInternetofThings.Sensors.16. 1466.10.3390/s16091466.

[2]D.Alfarid,D.HidayatandN.Rohadi,"Development of Vehicle Detection for One Way Traffic Violation Based on Internet of Things," 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics Systems (AIMS), 2021,pp.1 5.

[3] P. Shopa, N. Sumitha and P. S. K. Patra, "Traffic "International ConferenceonInformationCommunication andEmbeddedSystems(ICICES2014),2014,pp.1 6.

[4]AsadiM,FathyM,MahiniH,RahmaniAM.Asystematic literature review of vehicle speed assistance in intelligent transportation system. IET Intell. Transp. Syst. 2021; 15:973 986

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

BIOGRAPHIES

:

Kulandaiyan S Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering Post Bag No.1, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur, TamilNadu,India

Manimaran D Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering Post Bag No.1, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur, TamilNadu,India

Raajesh Baabu S Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering Post Bag No.1, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur, TamilNadu,India

Dr S Muthukumar ElectronicsandCommunication Engineering,SriVenkateswara CollegeofEngineeringPostBag No.1,Pennalur,Sriperumbudur, TamilNadu,India

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