ELECTRIC VEHICLE LONG RANGE DISTANCE PROBLEM

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

ELECTRIC

VEHICLE

Research scholar in M.Tech

Departments of Mech. Engineering

LONG RANGE DISTANCE PROBLEM

IEC College of Engineering & Technology Greater Noida

*** ABSTRACT

Assistant Professor Departments of Mech. Engineering IEC College of Engineering & Technology Greater Noida

Due to the restricted range and significant recharge times of electric vehicles, good battery energy utilization is crucial. Existingmethodsforestimatingtherangeofelectricvehiclesdonotpermitdriverstoemploydrivingstrategiesbasedontrip characteristics associated to power savings. Based on appropriate journey characteristics, a driver's range of travel can be anticipatedinadvance.Thisresearchstudysuggestsanoveltechniquethatdisplaysthedriverwithanumberofappropriate trip speeds and a forecasted range of total trip duration. Solving a multi objective optimization problem that maximized electric motor efficiency and decreased power usage yielded the best speeds. This research study describes the extensive range of an electric vehicle. The project involves a direct current permanent magnet motor. The total driving distance increases,makingcartravelarealisticoptionfordailytransit.Increasedenergysecuritybecausethevehicledoesnotrun on anICenginedirectly.

Keywords: EVs, extensiverange,optimizationproblem,battery,motorefficiency

1. INTRODUCTION

The battery recharge for most of the time was supposed to take long speed electric vehicles (LREVs) or REEVs with a low charge,withgasolineordieselmotors (Albatayneh,A.;2020).However,therangecanbeextendedthroughseriesorparallel hybrid design. The combustion engine powers an electrical generator directly in the serial hybrid system instead of motors. The generator generates electricity by charging batteries (Ayaz, H., 2017). Briefly, electric motor traction with an electric generatorisasimplecar.Thisisonlyahybrid.Auniquevehicleinthesizeofbatteryandpropulsionsystem,thelong range electric vehicle (LREV) is unnecessary for vehicles to function whilst power in battery. For the vehicle as a fully efficient electroniccar,battery,engineandpowerelectronicsshouldbebuilt.ForspeedorpowerdemandsLREVdoesnotneedtostart the engine, so it doesnot need battery power (Al Adsani,2010). The engine can onlybeused when the battery islow and if necessarythebatterycanbecharged.Electricmotorswithextremelyhighenergy to weightratios,albeitextremelyefficient, offer an appropriate torque while running with a wide range of speeds (B. O. Varga, 2019), as does an internal combustion engine.Internalcombustionmotorsworkmostefficientlyduringrotation.Torunatoptimumefficiencywithconstantspeed,a spinning engine can be modified. Conventional transmissions increase motor weight, weight and capacity for sapping with advanced automatic shifts. A single constant gearbox can adjust the electric motors to your vehicle, which can remove numeroustransmissions,unlikeregulartransmissionmechanisms(Burch,I.2018)

1.1. RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.1.1. Research aim

Thereareseveralobstaclestowidespreadadoptionofelectricvehiclesinourcountry,andthisresearchaimstoidentifyand addressthem.Thisresearchwilllookatconsumerpreferencesandwillingnesstopay,aswellasindustrylimitsonproduction capabilitiesandresourceavailability.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

1.1.2. Research objectives

1. Identifyhowprivatechargingathomemighthelpelectrictwo wheelers.

2. IdentifyingacceptablelongrangeproblemandsolutionforEVs.

3. UnderstandtheroleofelectricvehiclesinIndia'stransportationsystem.

2. RELATED WORK

Albatayneh, A.; et al. (2020). As per his research analysis about long range distance and intended range of 79 homes were compared before and after the trial. According to them, the average daily distance travelled is far less than that. The ideal drivingrangeofanelectricvehicle(EV)isbecominglessandsmallerastimegoeson.Historically,electricvehicleshavebeen more expensive to purchase than vehicles fueled by petrol. Ayaz, H., (2017). According to his research study EV may reduce theintendedrangebasedonthesamedata.Asmorechargingstationsbecomeavailable,electricvehiclesarestillconstrained by their battery capacity. When charging my father's Nissan Leaf from 0% to 100% with a standard wall plug, it takes the betterpartofthenight.Al Adsani,etal.(2010).PerformedPHEVdriversandprefertochargetheircarsawayfromhomeand drivelongerdistancesinavehiclewithalargerbattery,accordingtoastudyof3,500PHEVs.Manyfolksareconcernedabout how we'll be able to charge all the new electric vehicles that will be released next year. Bogdan Ovidiu Varga, et al. (2019). According to statistics from 166 vehicles, an EV with a 60 mile range and a home charging station can accommodate more than 90% of daily commuting. With the help of this research, we examined the many types of electric vehicles (EVs), the technology that powers them, the advantages they offer over conventional ICEVs, sales trends over the previous few years, chargingoptionsandpredictedfuturedevelopments Burch,I.andGilchrist,J.,(2018).StudyaboutGPSdataandshowsthat58 percent of vehicles can be replaced even if rapid charging is not available. In terms of driving range and self reliance, the quality of an electric vehicle's batteries is a critical factor to consider. Based on these specifications, we evaluated a slew of batteries.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The only secondary sources of data used in this study were academic publications, eBooks, and case studies from the publishingindustry,allofwhichwereobtainedthroughtheInternet.ItwasonlyasaresultoftheresultsoftheGooglesearch that the researchers were able to reach statistically meaningful conclusions (Albatayneh, A.; 2020). A case in point is the corporation Tesla Motors, which is used to highlight the multiple restrictions and leverage points that the company is faced with.Thesearchphrasesthatwereusedincludeda widerangeofissues,including Teslamergersandworldwideexpansion, customerdemandforautomobilesandthe“goinggreen”trend,aswellastheenvironmentalimpactofelectricvehiclesandthe futureoftransportation(Bellekom,S.,2012)

For the purpose of developing a broad perspective on the research findings, content analysis procedures based on logical reasoningwereusedinconjunctionwitharangeofdifferentmethodologiestoproduceageneralviewpoint.Usingextravisual resources, such as YouTube visuals, we were able to help enterprises and government parastatals (an organization with political influence that works alongside the government) more effectively communicate with their customers about the adoptionofelectricvehicles.Authorswhoprovidedin depthinformationandoutcomesrelevanttotheautomobilesectorhad animpactontheresearchandwritingprocessesinthisstudy,accordingtothefindings(E.BabyAnitha,2012).

3.1. DATA COLLECTION

Inordertogatherinformation,theresearchershadtolookthroughsecondarysourcessuchasbooksandjournalarticlesfor information. Access to important information has become possible thanks to databases such as ABI/Inform and the General BusinessFiles,amongotherthings.Oneofthestudy'sprimaryobjectiveswastoevaluatewhetherorwhetherthefindingshad animpactonglobalbrandtrust,whichwasoneofthestudy'sprimaryobjectives(Burch,I.2018).

3.2. DATA ANALYSIS

Data analysis is used in quantitative research to limit, organize, and analyze the information gathered by the investigators during the research process. The research data was subjected to a statistical analysis by a statistician. A variety of data

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

representationsareavailable,includingvisualandnumericalrepresentations.Theaforementionedstatisticswerederivedby averaging,meditating,andsummingtherelevantdataintheappropriateways(Albatayneh,A.;2020).

Accordingto(Ayaz,H.,2017),agoodindicatorofhowpopularelectricvehicleswillbeishowfartheydriveeachday.Inorder to predict the distribution of daily trip distance, a set of distribution parameters were estimated. According to this estimate, electricvehicleshavea big marketopportunitydespite theirlimitedrange(160km).Itwasdeterminedthat91%ofthe484 automobilesevaluatedbyAl Adsani,(2010)couldgomorethan160kilometersoverthecourseofayear.B.O.Varga,(2019) analyzeddatafrom235householdsinLosAngelesandNewYork whoparticipatedinanEVtrialusageexperimenttoassess theperceptionsofEVusers.Theyfoundthat81%ofthosepolledhadpostponedorcancelledtripsbecauseoftheirEVs'poor rangeandlengthychargingtimes(Berjoza,D.;2017).

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In order to combat climate change, a growing number of governments are promoting the use of electric vehicles, which are intended to run on electricity rather than fossil fuels. Global warming has been blamed for flooding and the expansion of desert conditionsinsomelocations,according tosometheories.It will be increasinglydifficultformanypeople toget outof theirbedseachmorninginthenearfuture,duetorisinglightintensitiesintheatmosphere.

Because people are unable to accept personal responsibility for their rubbish, it is improbable that our planet can survive. Autos, particularly in industrialized countries such as China and the United States, are the leading source of air and water pollution in the environment. Berjoza, D.; (2017) cites a number of significant milestones in the development of electric vehicles,includingreducingchargingtimestomakethevehiclesmorepractical,addingsupercapacitorstoholdmorecharge, andachievinghighereffectiveelectromotiveforceasjustafewexamples.

Certainstepsmustbetakeninordertopreventpollutantsfromenteringtheatmosphere,suchascarbondioxideandcarbon monoxide, from entering the atmosphere. Alternative energy sources, through pollution reduction and climate change mitigation,cancontributetoenvironmentalprotectionandthedecreaseofthissortofpollution(Chan,2010).

4.1. Testing procedures

Thefollowingmeasureshavebeentakentorealizetheconceptofthelongrangedistanceinanelectriccar.

1. MountingtheICengineonafootboardforanelectricvehicle.

2. ThePMDCmotorconnectstheICengineflywheelanditconnectsbatterychargingcircuits.

3. TheICmotorismechanicallyswitchedonwhenthechargeindicatorislower,andthePMDCmotorcreates electricity thatkeepsthebatteryleveltothepointofthesourceplug.

4. Enhancedelectriccarrangetesting.

4.2. Experimental plan

Experiment 1

Electricalvehicleprocurement(electricscooter),ICmotorandworkingconditionsPMDCmotor

Rangeofcapacity=40 50km/h

Batterylife=12000kmto15000km

Batterybackup=4 6hrs

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Figure.1.

Eko Cosmic-I Model of EVs

EkoCosmicvehiclesproducedthiselectricscooter.Thiscarhasa highspeedof40km/handitslengthisroughly40 50km. This product is not a license for a driver but must be registered. An EKO COSMIC Electric Bike rear wheel hub and a rechargeable plastic acid battery. It has 12,000 km to 15,000 km of battery. Charging of the battery takes about 4 6 hours (Chan,2010)

Experiment 2

Inthisphasestudieshave beenundertakenwithgasolinescooters,conservativeelectricscootersandourlongrangeelectric scooters.

Rangeoftest 80km

Usedvehiclesare, 1. Scooterpetrol WegoTVS 2. Electricscooterconventional 3. Electricscooterexpandedrange

4.3.

Scooter petrol Wego TVS

Usingtwoscooters,they'llputthemtothetest.Incontrast,theelectricmotor thatpropelsWegoTVSPleasureispoweredby an IC engine. The wheel hub motor speed of an electric scooter differs noticeably from that of the test automobiles. Order comparison is made using the scooters' whirling back wheels. In order to compare all vehicle vibrations, the speed of the vehicle is measured and compared at zero to 665 revolutions per minute (Eisel, M.; 2016). During acceleration and deceleration, vibration levels are measured with the rider seated on the seat and right handlebars. In other words, these studiesarebeingconductedinalab,notoutinthefield.Inanycase,theroad'sstimulationhasaneffectevenifitisinkeeping withthecurrentresearchpurpose(Bellekom,S.,2012).

Fig. (a). conventional scooter Fig. (b). Electric scooter

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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Figure.2. Wheel speed and acceleration response measurements

On a route around 30 km from a total charge of power the genuine World Scooter test (without E REV) can be viewed. It is aboutRs5thatisexpensivetotravel40kilometers.Itcannotgomorethanfortykilometers.Costsarecalculatedforregular petrol poweredscooters,whicharereferencedanddistantbyTVSWego(110cc).Forthesame40milesittookRs64.

Table.1. Comparative analysis of Electric scooter and conventional Scoter

S.No. Electric scooter Conventional Scooter Trip distance in Km/s Trip cost in Rs Trip distance in Km/s Trip cost in Rs

1. 15 20 15 40 2. 30 40 30 80 3. 45 60 45 116 4. 60 80 60 140 5. 75 100 75 160 6. 90 120 90 232

Cost (Rs)

0 50 100 150 200 250 15 30 45 60 75 90

Total distance (Km)

Figure.3. Range of trip v/s Cost of trip

Electric scooter Conventional Scooter

Scooter petrol Wego TVS problem

It’sagoodvehicle butonlyproblemofaverage.Visited authorizedservicecenter butproble mnotsolved.Iamalwaysusing vehicleinbetween@40t060km/houronly.Isthereanysettingforaverage?Iamgettingmileageof25KM/Litonly.Iam notexpecting62KM/Litbutapp.40to45Kmperlit.SonowIamnotusingthevehicleregularlybutusingmyBajajvehicle CT 100andnowIamgoingfornewplatina(E.BabyAnitha,2012).

4.4. Electric scooter conventional

A rise and decrease in speed may be detected in the amplitude fluctuations between 4 and 18 seconds of data. Traditional scootershaveamorestrongvibrationsignature(upto80m/sec2onthescale)thanelectricscooters.Thereisaconsiderable decreaseinvibrationinbothoftheexamplesofreducedhubvibration(E.BabyAnitha,2012).It'ssafetosaythatX direction vibrationsarethemostprominentinthisgroupofvibrations.Comparativestudiesincludedaconsiderationofvibrationsand Xdirectionsatvarioustargetlocations.ThereisacomparisonofCampbelldiagramsillustratinglongitudinalchangesinpower amplitudes for conventional and electric scooters (source: wheel hub, target: seat/right handlebar) in Figure.4. A standard scooter'swheelhubsshakeat86.72Hz,butthoseofahigh endscootervibrateat175Hz.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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Fig. (a). Conventional Scooter Fig. (b). E REV

Figure.4. Campbell graphic showing frequency orders at several areas

OurRangeExtenderconceptwithlessgasolineusagecanthereforebedrivingmorethan40km.Therangeextensorunitwas notemployedinthetestuntiltheloadwaslow.Ifthebatteryisnotsuppliedwithascooterandisapproximately40kmlong, thentheextenderwillbeaddedamaximumof80km,consumingjust0.5litersofpetrol,andatotalcostof45Rsisaddedto theextender(Jhunjhunwala,A.2018).

Table.2. Comparative analysis of Conventional Scooter and E – REV

S.No. Conventional Scooter E REV Trip distance in Km/s Trip cost in Rs Trip distance in Km/s Trip cost in Rs

1. 15 40 15 15 2. 30 80 30 30 3. 45 16 45 45 4. 60 140 60 60 5. 75 160 75 75 6. 90 232 90 90

Cost (Rs) Total distance (Km/s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 15 30 45 60 75 90

Conventional Scooter E REV

Figure.5. Trip distance v/s Trip cost

Electric scooter conventional problem

Electricvehiclesarecurrentlythesubjectofinvestigation.Peoplearemoreinclinedtoadoptelectricvehiclesiftheyare aware of the challenges they confront and confident in their capacity to overcome them, according to Jhunjhunwala, A. (2018)

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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opinion, people's willingness to accept EV is determined by their own personal conventions. Our knowledge of the consequencesofconsumerpreferenceforelectrictransportation,forexample,hasalargeknowledgegap.

4.5. Electric scooter expanded range

Thetransmissibilityofasourcecanbedeterminedbycomparingthedisplacementspectraatthesourceandthetarget.When seenthroughFigure.6,onecannoticethefrequency dependentchangesinboththetransmissionandresponsespectraofboth the target and source components (seat and handlebars). Lower frequencies appear to have a considerable amount of displacement transmittance in both conventional and electric scooters. This enhances energy transfer to the seat and subsequentaccelerations.Incontrast,bicyclehandlebarsvibrateinadistinctway.

Fig. (a). Conventional Scooter Fig. (b). E REV

Figure.6. A Campbell diagram showing the relative frequencies at various points

An electric automobile with a wider range has considerably lower overall fuel consumption than the conventional type of petrol vehicles. No fuel is to be used for up to 35 40 kilometers, since the car acts as a scooter. The expansion of the range above40kilometersseemstohavetheeffectofusingfuel.Petroleumgasolinehencerequires0.5litersjustwhenanother40 km.Withonly0.5litersofpetrolonly80kmwillbeconsumed.Thisiscontinueduntilthebatteryisrechargedfromaplug in source. This will improve overall energy security. While the traditional scooter needs approximately 1.6 liter of petrol, they travelroughly80kilometers.Theenergyscarcitywillbemadeworse(Kim,J.2014).

Table.3. Comparative analysis of Electric scoter and Gasoline Scoter

S.No. Electric scoter Gasoline Scoter Trip distance in Km/s Trip cost in Rs Trip distance in Km/s Trip cost in Rs 1. 15 20 15 50 2. 30 40 30 90 3. 45 60 45 116 4. 60 80 60 180 5. 75 100 75 210 6. 90 120 90 232

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Fuel consumption (Lt)

0

Distance (Km/s)

Figure.7. Trip Distance v/s Fuel

Electric scoter

Gasoline Scoter

Electric scooter expanded range problem

Beingabletorideyourownelectricscooterisbothexcitingandpractical.Becauseoftheirtinysizeandhighbatterycapacity, these gadgets are convenient to move. Using an e scooter is similar to operating any other type of vehicle in that you must exercisecautiontoavoiddamageandcostlyrepairs(Kim,J.2014).

5. CONCLUSION

Achievinga precise estimateof the driving rangeofan electricautomobile priorto thereleaseofthevehicleproveddifficult due to the competing needs. A specific test was conducted to determine whether or not it was possible to keep a constant batteryvoltageorwhetheritwaspossiblefortheSOCtoadjustthebatteryvoltage.Thistechnique,whichillustratestheform andexpectedrangeofParetofrontsforeachspecifiedspeed,servesasafoundationformorerealistictechniquesinthefuture. SimilarlytoApproach1,Approach2madeuseofthesameparetofrontsthatwereemployedinApproach1.Thishasresulted inasignificantreductioninthepredictedoperatingtemperaturerangeasaresultofthesefactors.Ifyouarestartingajourney withoutfullychargingthebattery,youcanusethismaptodeterminetherangeandtraveltimeforvariousSOCvaluesintwo differentscenarios:ifyouarechangingthespeedofyourvehicleafterthejourneyhasbegunandthebatteryhasalreadybeen depleted when the map is displayed, and if you are changing the speed of your vehicle after the journey has begun and the battery has already been depleted when the map is displayed. The GA's selection of solutions from the search range, on the otherhand,wasnotimpactedinanywaybytheseconsiderations.

Trip relatedaspectsaretakenintoconsiderationwhendiscussingdrivingmethodsandrouteplanning.Intheearliersections of this paper's MOOP solution, you can find information about important model parameters and assumptions. There is a definite connection between their knowledge and the advancement of car technology, as well as their performance. Trip planningisalsoofinteresttothoseinthetransportationindustry.Beforeembarkingonajourney,thedrivercanselectapace that maximizes the efficiency of the EV's stored energy while also increasing the vehicle's range and range efficiency. It is ultimatelythedriver'sresponsibilitytodeterminehowfastthecaristravelling.Bycombiningthistypeofrouteplanningwith currentGPSandtrafficdataintegrationsystems,itispossibletoincreasetherangeandperformanceofanelectriccarto their maximumpotential.

In the near future, all the issues and challenges presented in this research must be addressed in order to deal with the 'negative' features of ICE vehicles, like autonomy, battery charge stoppage time, and density of the charging stations, high speedchargingtechniquesthatdonotadverselyaffect batterylifeand timing, new technologiesand/or new applications.In building and integrating this sophisticated model, it is necessary to take into consideration expenditures, which are a key obstacletorapidandimportantmarketentry.ResearchmustbefurtherimprovedandtheHVACsystemsshouldbeexamined for the sake of an energy performance strategy that considers its significant impact on EVs and consumer awareness (B. O. Varga, 2019). It is vital that we address the "negative" characteristics of EVs, such as independence, battery flux time and stationdensity,quickchargingtechnologythatdoesnotnegativelyimpactbatterylifeorefficiencyornewtechnologiesornew uses.

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5.1. Future recommendation

Itisreallyimportantforautomobileindustriestomodelrobustsystemstodevelop hybridelectricvehicles.Inordertodesign amorerobustrangeextendertoconvertthisexistingelectrictruckthefollowingfutureworkcanbesuggested.

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