INVESTIGATION ON CAUSES OF DELAYS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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INVESTIGATION ON CAUSES OF DELAYS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

2

1P.G Student(Construction Management), Department of Civil Engineering, Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Nigdi, Pune, India

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Pune, India ***

Abstract One of the most frequent issues with residential construction projects is delay. When work is completed after the contractedor anticipated time frame, the projectissaidto be delayed. Projects can be delayed for a variety of causes, including those caused by the client, the contractor, divine intervention, or a third party. They may happen alone or in conjunction with other delays, early or late in the project's development. Only after determining their reason can delays be minimised. This study's goals were to identify the main reasons for delays, classify and rank them to discover their root causes, and then offer a workable remedy. Based on a literature research and survey, this study was conducted. The purpose of this work was to identify and assess the relative importance ofthesignificantfactorsinfluencingdelaythrough a questionnaire survey. To improve project performance and reduce or eliminate delays, effective project planning, controlling, and monitoring should be implemented.

Key words : Residential Construction delays, Delay Causes, RelativeImportanceIndex(R.I.I),Rootcauseanalysis

1.INTRODUCTION

India'sconstructionsectorisexpandingveryquickly.There are numerous projects underway in India right now with important clients, but only 1 to 5 percent of them are finishedpromptly.Theremainderoftheprojectseitherlag behindscheduleorhaven'tbeenfinishedatall.

Theseprojectsareprimarilytheresultofpoorplanningor different circumstances throughout project planning and implementation.Thismaybeduetothefactthattheworking environmentdiffersfromwhatthedesignerorplannerhad anticipated, or it may be due to various obstacles, uncertainties, or risksassociated with the currentactivity thatareunknowntoanamateurplannerorengineer.

Botheconomicallyandpolitically,delaysandcostoverruns haveabigimpact.Thepeopleandtheeconomymustwait longerthannecessaryfortheprovisionofpublicgoodsand servicesasaresultofdelaysinprojectimplementation.Asa result,delaysreducetheeconomy'scapacityforgrowth.

1.1 Problem Statement

Manyfactorsmightcauseconstructionprojectstobe delayed. On residential construction projects, there are varioussortsandcategoriesofdelays.Whenthecausesof delaysarefound,theycanbeminimised.

1.2 Objectives of study

1. Toidentifythefactorsthataregeneratingdelaysinthe residentialconstructionproSject

2. To find the impact of the identified factors on constructiondelay.

3. Toanalysedelaysforresidentialconstructionproject.

4. Tomakesuggestionsforcorrectivemeasurestoreduce projectdelays

1.3 Limitations

The study is restricted to a sample interview for residential developments; infrastructure projects might differ. A analysis of infrastructuredevelopment initiatives might present a quite different image. Some restrictions depend on the site's location in relation to other parts of India. Additionally, the project's administrators typically resist disclosing the data. Given the limited quantity of resourcesinthecity,moresampleswouldprovideaclearer picture.Smallerprojectsexperiencelessdelaysthanlarger township projects, which would experience more serious delays.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

[1]TheriskcategoriesinthisstudybyRaoAamirKhanetal. were ranked using the RII to identify the most significant risksthatresultinprojectdelayandmitigatethemassoon as possible. The study's conclusions were followed by recommendations.

[2]Inordertocreatepredictionmodelsforanalysinghow thesefactorsaffectdelay,HemantaDoloietalstudy.'sfirst determined the crucial attributes that have the greatest impact on delay in the Indian construction industry. The

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

foundationofthisresearchwasaquestionnaireandin depth interviews.

[3]AhmedElSayedandcolleagues lookintothecausesof constructionprojectdelaysinBosniaandHerzegovinaand assess their importance. This study examines how managementsoftwareisusedduringtheprojectplanning and execution phases, as well as how precisely inputs are determined.

[4]Theessentialelementsthatcontributetodelaysandtheir effects on project completion were identified by M.P. Venkateshetal.Moreemphasisisplacedonresource related delays in the construction industry in this study. The investigation that produced the results was conducted at several ongoing and completed construction sites in the context of India. The reasons were elicited from diverse constructionspecialistsinvariousfirmsusingastandardised questionnairesurvey.

[5]ByusingtheRelativeImportanceandImportanceIndex technique,AshishChandu Pawaretal. identifiedthemain causes of delays, the effects of delays, and methods/recommendations of minimising delays in ResidentialConstructionprojects.

[6]From the perspectivesofcontractors,consultants,and owners, M. E. Abd El Razek et al[6] .'s analysis of constructionprojectsinEgyptfoundtheprimaryreasonsfor delays.

[7]Themostmajorcausesofconstructiondelayswerefound byOmidAbbasietal,whothenclassifiedandrankedthemto identify the root causes of delays and offered a workable remedy.

[8] Pei Yuan Hsu et al.'s investigation of the elements influencing schedule deviation in building projects helped them comprehend the causal connections underlying the delays.FaultTreeAnalysis(FTA)isa well knownmethod among the many root cause analysis techniques. FTA investigatestheseriesofcircumstancesthatledtotheissue in depthinordertodetermineitsrootcause.

3. METHODOLOGY

Inordertodeterminetheimpactofseveralfactorsondelay in the Indian construction sector, a questionnaire survey approach has been used for this research, based on the numerous overseas researchers previously mentioned. A survey of industry experts representing different stakeholders in construction projects in India was carried out.

Followingmethodologywasadopted:

Fig 1:DetailedMethodology

3.1 Identification of delay factors and sources

A significant step in ensuring the effectiveness of the researchistheidentificationofthestudy'scriticalqualities and the creation of the questionnaire. There has already been a significant amount of research done on the factors thatcontributetoconstructiondelays,andtheliteraturealso has a collection of delay attributes that have undergone extensive peer review. The important delay attributes mentionedintheliteraturehavebeenincorporatedintothe questionnaireforthisstudy.Technicalstaffinthebuilding industry were sent Google forms. Under five major headings manpowerrelated,equipmentrelated,material related,designrelated,andauthorityrelated atotalof23 delay features were found. Table 1 contains a list of the qualities.Respondentswereaskedtorankthesignificanceof acertainattributeondelayinoneoftheirchosenprojects using a five point “Likert scale (1 very low, 2 low, 3 moderate,4high,and5veryhigh).”[1].

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

4 Architectural/Str ucturalDesign relateddelays

HemantaDoloi etal.(2012), Ashish Chandru Pawaret al.(2016)

1) Architectural/S tructuraldesign notcompleted intime

designin drawings

detailing

toerrorsin drawing

receiving correctionsand revisionsof designand instructions.

RaoAamir Khanet al.(2017)

HemantaDoloi etal.(2012), Ashish Chandru Pawaret al.(2016)

AhmedEl Sayedet al.(2020)

3.2 Respondent’s profile

Respondents are chosen from a diverse group of professionals working in India's construction industry (contractors, clients and engineers). All of the identified respondents have knowledge of reasonably sizable engineering construction projects in the setting of India. Projectmanagers,contractadministrators,designmanagers, and construction managers were among the sample's owners,architects,structuralengineers,serviceengineers, and architects. A brief summary of the respondents' professionalrolesandexperienceisprovidedinTable2for thosewhotookpartinthestudy.

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Table 2 :Respondent’sprofile

Table 3 :R.I.IrankingforManpowerrelateddelays

Sr.no Description of Delay Factor R.I.I R.I.I In (%)

1 Delays due to Shortage of skilled labours

2 Delays due to low productivity of labour

Rank

0.65 20.56 1

0.65 20.56 1

3 Delays due to Unqualified workforce

Due to the respondents' strong knowledge of the questionnairesandrelevantindustrialexperiences,evenif the sample size is small, the quality of the responses was thoughttobehighlyreliablefortheanalysis.

4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 Ranking of delay attributes

The rankings of the various delay factors had been determined using the Relative Importance Index (RII) rankingapproach.Itisabletodeterminethemostimportant delayfactorsbasedontherankingsgiventoeachcauseof delays.

Therelativeimportanceindexforeachcausewascalculated usingtheformulabelow.

RII = ΣW / (A*N)

Wistheweightagegiventoeachfactorbytherespondents (rangingfrom1to5),

Aisthehighestweight(i.e.5inthiscase),and Nisthetotalnumberofrespondents.

Theattributesarerankedfromhighesttolowestimpacton delay, with the highest RII or rank 1 having the greatest impactondelayandthelowestrankhavingtheleastimpact ondelaytime.

4 Delays due to Absenteeism of labour

5 Delays due to Shortage of unskilledlabours

0.65 20.56 1

0.63 19.93 2

0.58 18.35 3

Table 4 :R.I.IrankingforEquipmentrelateddelays

Sr.no Description of Delay Factor R.I.I R.I.I In (%)

1 Delays due to availability of equipment

2 DelaysduetoFrequent failure or breakdown ofequipments

3 Delays due to Maintenance of equipment

Rank

0.73 26.93 1

0.68 25.09 2

0.65 23.98 3

4 Delay in delivery of machinerybysuppliers 0.65 23.98 3

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Table 5 :R.I.IrankingforMaterialrelateddelays

Sr.no Description of Delay Factor R.I.I R.I.I In (%)

Rank

1 Delays due to Shortage ofmaterials 0.73 21.53 1 2 Delaysduetodeliveryof materials 0.70 20.64 2 3 DelaysduetoQualityof materials 0.66 19.46 3 4 Delays due to Procurement of materials

0.65 19.17 4 5 Delaysduetodamageof materialsinStorage 0.65 19.17 5

Table 6 :R.I.IrankingforArchitectural/Structuralrelated delays

Sr.no Description of Delay Factor R.I.I R.I.I In (%)

Rank

1 Delays due to Change indesignindrawings 0.69 20.59 1 2 Rework due to errors indrawings 0.68 20.29 2 3 Delays in receiving corrections and revisions of design & instructions

0.68 20.29 3 4 Delays due to architectural/ structural design not completedintime

Table 7 :R.I.IrankingforOwnerrelateddelays

Sr.no Descriptionof Delay Factor R.I.I R.I.I In (%)

Rank

1 Delaysduetoslow decisionmaking 0.78 25.49 1 2 Delaysduetoobtaining permissionfromlocal authorities

0.77 25.16 2 3 Delaysduetochanges ingovernment regulationsandlaws

0.77 25.16 2 4 Delaysduetolackof funds 0.74 24.18 3

Table 8 :R.I.Irankingofdelaycategories

Sr.no Categories of Delay R.I.I R.I.I In (%)

Rank

1 Ownerrelateddelays 0.76 22.28 1 2 Materialrelated delays 0.68 19.94 2 3 Equipmentrelated delays 0.67 19.64 3 4 Architectural/ StructuralDesign relateddelays

0.67 19.64 3 5 Manpowerrelated delays 0.63 18.47 4

4.2 Root cause analysis of identified delay attributes

0.64 19.10 5

0.66 19.70 4 5 Delays due to Insufficientdetailingin drawings

Usingatreediagram,therootcauseanalysisofthe23delay attributeswasperformed.InthePimpriChinchwadregion, threestudylocationswerechosenforthispurpose.Thefirst sitewaschosenfortheexcavationstageofconstruction,the secondfortheintermediatestage,andthethirdforthefinal

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stage of construction activity. By witnessing building activities at various phases, engaging in brainstorming sessions, and speaking with construction experts at the relevant sites, the underlying reasons of delay attributes werefound.

Thedetailsofthesitesareasfollows:

1)Vastuudyogcolony,Ajmera(Excavationstage)

Address : 68, Ajmera Main Rd, Kalewadi Phata, Ajmera Housing Society, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri Chinchwad, Maharashtra411018

Buildingtype Residentialbuilding(G+6)

2)ShantaiClassic,Ravet(Intermediatestage)

Address DPRd,nearS.B.PatilPublicSchool,Ravet,Pimpri Chinchwad,Maharashtra412101

BuildingType ResidentialBuilding(B+G+6)

3)RKHPride,Nehrunagar(Finishingstage)

Address New Telco Rd, Nehru Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri Chinchwad,Maharashtra411018

BuildingType ResidentialBuilding(G+5)

4.2.1 Root cause analysis of Manpower related delays

Fig.2showsthreecommonrootcausesfoundforthefactors (shortage of skilled labours, low productivity level of labours, unqualified workforce, absentism of labours, shortageofunskilledlabours)namely:

i. Thecontractor'sfailuretoprovidedecentworking conditionsforworkers.

ii. Ignoring the project site's distance from the locationsofhumanresourcesandtheiraccessibility throughouttheexecutionphase

iii. Latewagepayments

4.2.2 Root cause analysis of Equipment related delays

From Fig.3 it can be seen that three common root causes wereidentifiedforfactors(Delayindeliveryofmachineryby suppliersandAvailabilityofequipment)namely:

i. Relianceonasinglevendor.

ii. Pickingtheincompetentsupplier.

iii. Failuretopaysuppliersontime. Also for factors( Maintenance of equipment and Frequent failure or breakdown of equipments) three common root causeswereidentifiednamely:

i. Usingequipmentthatisrented. ii. Usingoutdatedequipment iii. Impropermachinehandlingandoperation.

4.2.3 Root cause analysis of materialrelated delays

Fig4.showsrootcausesforthefollowingfactors:

1)Shortageofmaterials

Followingaretherootcauses: i. Thenegligentusageofmaterialsbythecontractor. ii. Poormaterialstorageinthewarehouse. iii. Adelayinplacingtheorder. iv. Adelayinestimating

2)Deliveryofmaterials

Followingaretherootcauses: i. Not paying the supplier in advance for the materials. ii. Longtraveltimebetweenthesiteandthesuppliers iii. Delayinplacingmaterialorders. iv. Alackoftherequestedmaterials.

3)Qualityofmaterials

Followingaretherootcauses:

i. Lack of quality control over materials during shippinganddeliverytotheprojectsite. ii. Givingprocurementlimitedfunds.

4)

Procurementofmaterials

Followingaretherootcauses: i. Notenoughstoragespaceisavailable. ii. Insufficient funding to purchase materials on schedule. iii. Increasedmaterialcostsandinflation.

5)Damageofmaterialsinstorage

Followingaretherootcauses: i. Thecontractor'snegligentusageofmaterials ii. Thewarehouse'simpropermaterialstorage

4.2.4 Root cause analysis for Architectural / Structural related delays

Fig5.showsrootcausesforthefollowingfactors: 1)Designnotcompletedintimeandinsufficientdetailing

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Followingaretherootcauses:

i. Employingadesignteamthatisunqualified ii. Insufficientcoordinationacrossdesignunits.

iii. Notallottingenoughtimefordesign

2)Changeindesignofdrawings

Followingaretherootcauses:

i. Planningandexecutionoccurringatthesametime.

ii. Theinabilityofthedesignunitstocoordinate.

iii. Providing the project site with an unfinished drawing.

iv. Utilizinganamateurdesignteam.

3)Reworkduetoerrorsindrawing

Followingaretherootcauses:

i. The absence of frequent meetings to enhance coordinationbetweenunits.

ii. Alackofsupervisionandawiderperspectiveonthe project

4)Delayinreceivingcorrectionsandrevisionsindesign

Followingaretherootcauses: i. Using inexperienced employees based on the severityoftheproject.

4.2.5 Owner related delays

Fig6.showsrootcausesforthefollowingfactors:

1)Obtainingpermissionfromlocalauthorities

Followingaretherootcauses:

i. Thelocalauthority'sdelayindocumentapproval. ii. At different phases of development, multiple clearancesareneeded.

iii. Lackofdepartmentalcoordination.

2)Lackoffunds

Followingaretherootcauses:

i. Theowner'sbadfinancialperformance. ii. Beingtheownerofseveralprojects.

3)Delayduetoslowdecision

Followingaretherootcauses:

i. Poor communication between contractors and owners..

ii. Frequentchangeinorders

iii. A lack of thorough analysis before providing instructions

Fig 2: Thedelayfindertreediagramformanpower relateddelays

Fig 3: Thedelayfindertreediagramforequipmentrelated delays

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Fig 4: Thedelayfindertreediagramformaterialrelated delays

Fig-6: Thedelayfindertreediagramforownerrelated delays

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

Fromtheaboveresultsconclusionmaybegivenasfollows:

1) AfterLiteratureReview,Sitevisits,andbrainstorming, 23 Delay attributes under 5 broad categories namely (Man power, Equipment, Material, Architectural/Structural, Owner) have been found as mostcommoninsmallresidentialbuildingconstruction projects.

2) TheresultsreceivedfromgooglesurveyformsandRII analysis revealed that owner related delays has maximumimpactamongalldelays.

3) Rootcausesof23delayattributeswerefoundbyroot causeanalysistechniqueusingtreediagrambystudying 3sitesinPimpriChinchwadarea.

Fig 5: Thedelayfindertreediagramforarchitectural/ structuralrelateddelays

4) Correctivemeasureswereproposedfortheabovefound 23delayattributestominimisedelayscausedbythem inthenearfutureinthebuildingconstructionfield.

5.2 Recommendations to minimize delays

5.2.1 Man power related delays

1)Hiringaenoughamountofexpertsdomesticstaff.

2)Havingeffectiveadministrationofhumanresources.

3)Offeringcompetitivepayforavailableroles.

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5.2.2 Equipment related delays

1) Having2to3standbysuppliers.

2) Choosinganappropriatesupplierwhoisreadytosupply machineryoncredit.

3) Makinguseofnewandmodernequipments.

4) Having an effective system for managing your machinery.

5.2.3 Material related delays

1) In order to reduce waste and rework, examining and managing the material quality at the point of entry to theprojectsite.

2) Keeping an eye on the warehouse and material organisation.

3) Settingasideenoughmoneyandcreatinganacceptable purchasingplantoenabletimelymaterialpurchases.

4) Creating an effective risk plan for funding and risk estimation.

5.2.4 Architectural/Structural related delays

1) Employingqualifiedpersonnel.

2) Organizing regular meetings to strengthen communication between the technical office and the designteams.

3) Creating a system that is effective for quick decision makingandinformationflowtocompletethedrawings.

4) Givingthedesignprocessenoughtime.

5) Makinguseofnewtoolsandsoftware,andtechniques likeBIM.

5.2.5 Owner related delays

1) Establishingafinancialplanforpaymentswhiletaking intoaccountthedeliveredworkatdifferentphasesof theproject.

2) Being knowledgeable about emerging project managementtoolsandtechniqueslikeBIM.

3) Choosingareliablecontractorwithsolidfinancialand technicalcapabilities.

4) Creating a proper risk management strategy and correctlyallocatingrisks.

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