Study on the Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete-A Review

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Study on the Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete-A Review

Aleena Lukose1, Anju Paul2, Dr. Elson John3

1 Aleena Lukose, M.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam

2Anju Paul, Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam

3Dr. Elson John, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam ***

Abstract -Over the last two decades, significant progress has beenmade inthe studyandimplementationof ultra high performance concrete (UHPC), which is a material with exceptional mechanical qualities and long term durability. From a sustainability standpoint, it has showed considerable promise for next generation infrastructure construction. In general, UHPC outperforms both normal concrete and high performance concrete in terms of mechanical qualities and durability. As a result, UHPC is beingmore widelyusedaround the world, in both new construction and retrofitting. This paper will provide an overview of UHPC, with an emphasis on its fundamentals, evolution, and suggested concepts for replacing pricey composites with cementitious materials, design, and applications. Although UHPC offers significant advantages over traditionalconcrete,itsapplicationislimited due to its high cost and restrictive design requirements. As a result, UHPC is a 'future' material that has the potential to improve the sustainability of buildings and other infrastructure components.

Key Words: Ultra High Performance Concrete, Raw Materials,MixProportion,MechanicalProperties,Durability, Applications.

1.INTRODUCTION

Concretetechnologyhasadvancedtremendouslyduring thepreviousdecades.Oneoftheachievementshasbeenthe inventionofultra high performanceconcrete(UHPC),which isanewtypeofconcretethathasemergedinrecentdecades asaresultofitsoutstandingstrengthandenduranceandit has a compressive strength of more than 150 MPa and a significant increase in durability over high performance concrete(HPC)[5].FibersareinsertedintheUHPCtocreate ductilebehaviourundertensionand,ifpossible,eliminate theneedfortraditionalactiveorpassivereinforcing.UHPC's strongperformancemakesitaprospectivematerialforlong term and cost effective use in a variety of buildings. It is widelyconsideredthatUHPCiswellsuitedforthecreation ofnext generationinfrastructure.

Portland cement, reactive powders, supplementary cementitious ingredients, limestone, high range water reducers,finesandandwaterarecommonlyusedtomake the material. The use of fine materials for the matrix also

resultsinathick,smoothsurfacethatisrecognizedforits aesthetics and ability to transfer form features to the hardened surface with great precision. Even after initial cracking, the ductile characteristic allows the material to deform and support flexural and tensile loads. Based on prior experiences and experiments, by using the modified Andreasen and Andersen particle packing model, it is possibletobuildathickandhomogenousskeletonofUHPC or UHPFRC with a relatively low binder amount (approximately 650 kg/m3). As a result, it can be quickly deduced that such an optimized concrete design with the proper amount of mineral admixtures can be a promising technique to efficiently generate Ultra High Performance Concrete[3].UHPChasaw/cratioaslowas0.2,resultingin adenserstructurewithsmallercapillarypores.Poormatrix porosity contributes to low permeability, limiting the penetrationofharmfulagentssuchaschlorideionsandtoxic gases.

2.HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF UHPC

Concretehasbeenutilizedinconstructionsincethetimeof the Romans. To withstand salt water, aggregates like pebbles,bricks,andceramictilesweremixedwithgypsum and quicklime as a binding agent, as well as volcanic dust known as pozzolana. The usage of Roman materials was decreased, with builders relying on stones and mortar. Modern concrete, on the other hand, was invented in the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, it was substantially developed as a critical part of most construction and building procedures. By the turn of the century, ultra high performance concrete technology, had achievedaremarkableadvancementinconcrete.Thisnew technologyenabledtoachieveamazingqualitylevels[6]

In general, the evolution of UHPC can be split into four periods in terms of time: before the 1980s, 1980s, 1990s, and2000.Becauseofthelackofadvancedtechnologiesprior to the 1980s, UHPC could only be made in the lab using specialized techniques like as vacuum mixing and heat curing.Themicro defect freecement(MDF)wasinventedin theearly1980s.Ithasacompressivestrengthofupto200 MPa.However,becauseofhighcostofrawingredientsand the time consuming preparation process, this material is onlyusedinafewapplications.Duringthistime,theparticle

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packingtheorywasfirstappliedtoUHPCdesign,andsilica fume(SF)andsteelfiberswereintroducedtoUHPCforthe firsttime.Reactivepowderconcrete(RPC)wasdevelopedin the 1990s, marking a significant step forward in the developmentofUHPC.Steelfibers,superplasticizer,andvery fineparticles(cement,sand,quartzpowder,andsilicafume) constituteRPC.Thecoarseparticlesareremovedtoimprove thematrix'shomogeneity.TheSherbrookeBridgeinCanada, theworld'sfirstRPCbridge,wascompletedin1997.Much progress has been achieved in the development of UHPC sincethe2000s[5].UHPCcannowbebuiltatalowcostof materials and with minimal energy use. Several countries havebeenexperimentingwithUHPCsincetheearly2000s. The number of UHPC projects executed each year has gradually increased over the last 15 years. In the United States,UHPChasbeenusedinmorethan250bridges,mostly asprecastconcretedeckpanelsandcompositeconnections betweensupportinggirdersandprecastdeckpanels[13]

3.RAW MATERIALS AND ITS EFFECT ON UHPC

UHPCisacutting edgeconcretetechnologythatisgaining widespread notice. Premix, fibers, and liquids were three components of the UHPC used in this investigation. When compared to traditional concrete, UHPC has significantly improved mechanical qualities such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and workability [1]. UHPC compositions normally include Portland cement with a mediumfinenessandaC3Aconcentrationoflessthan8%. Thewater to cementratioisapproximately0.22.Steelfibers makeup2.5%ofthetotalvolume[16]

The properties and working mechanism of common ingredients in new UHPC development, such as binder materials, aggregates, reinforcing fibers, and chemical admixtures,arediscussedbelow.

3.1 Cement

TypesofcementusedintraditionalconcreteincludeTypeI to V and white cement, which can all be used to build the UHPCdependingontheenvironmentalcircumstancesand applications.MostlyusedcementinthisstudyisOrdinary PortlandCement [3].BecauseofthehighC3Scontentand Blainefineness,TypeIIIandwhitecementarethemostoften utilized varieties because they allow quick setting and strength development [2]. The compressive strengths of UHPCs produced by substituting numerous different cementsrangefrom19ksi(130MPa)to32ksi(221MPa) [15]

3.2 Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Silicafume,flyash,slag,glasspowder,andricehuskashare examplesofSCMsthathavebeenutilizedinUHPCtolower the costs and increase characteristics. Silica fume is produced as a byproduct of the manufacturing of ferro siliciumalloyswithanaveragediameterof0.2µm[4].Silica

fume is a common yet important component in UHPC mixtures, with normal usage ranging from 5% to 25% dependingonthevolumeofthebinder.Becauseofthesmall particlesize,addingsilicafume(ataconcentrationof10%) toUHPCincreasesparticlepackingdensityandconsequently workability. However, due ofthelargesurfacearea, when thecontentexceeds10%,theworkabilitymaybeseverely diminished [2]. Fly ash, which is made up of spherical particles,isa byproductofcoal powerplants.Asa binary, ternary,orquaternarysystem,it'scommonlycoupledwith GGBFS, SF, and/or steel slag powder, among other things. After standard room curing, the compressive strength of UHPCcontaininghighlevelsofGGBFSandflyashreached above 200 MPa [4]. Due to their similar proportion of amorphous silica, rice husk ash is commonly used to partially and/or completely replace silica fume. Due to its porous nature, rice husk ash has a greater surface area (64,700 m2/kg) than silica fume (i.e., 18,500 m2/kg), making it more prone to absorbing free water and water reducer. As a result, adding rice husk ash to the mix can considerablydiminishtheworkability[2]. Theslagutilized in UHPC can be iron slag, copper slag, or barium slag, dependingonthemajormetaloxides.Slagiscommonlyused tosubstitutecementinalternativeSCMs,withareplacement ratiorangingfrom30%to60%,dependingonthevolumeof binder.Afterautoclaving,thereactivepowderconcretewith highvolumeGGBFShadacompressivestrengthofabove250 MPa. Compressive strength might exceed 400 MPa when externalpressurewasappliedduringthesettingstages[4]

3.3 Aggregates

UHPC is typically made using finely crushed quartz sand with diameters ranging from 150 µm to 600 µm. The primary fine aggregate utilized to replace quartz sand is riversand.Finerandmoreevenlysizedmasonrysand(size range: 0 2 mm) was used to increase particle packing. Masonrysand,ontheotherhand,ismadebycrushingand grinding coarse aggregates, resulting in more angular particlesthanriversand,whichreducestheworkabilityof UHPC. Limestone sand is inexpensive, has a uniform composition, huge reserves, and is widely available. Basic principles of developing UHPC have been established in whichthecoarseaggregates(i.e.,sizegreaterthan4.75mm) aregenerallyeliminated[2]

3.4 Chemical Admixture

To change the fresh and/or hardened qualities of UHPC, chemicaladmixturesareused.UHPChasemployedahigh rangewaterreducer(HRWR)toobtainaself consolidating feature.Polycarboxylateethers(PCE)arethemosteffective atdispersingcementparticlesamongtheseveralvarieties, SPwithasolidcontentof20%wasused.TheSPdosagewas modifiedtoprovideamini slumpflowbetween240and250 mmwithnovibrationconsolidation[8].

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3.5 Fibers

In UHPC, fibers are employed to increase tensile characteristicsby preventingcrack startand propagation. Steel fibers improve material qualities such as tensile strength, ductility, crack spacing reduction, and energy dissipation by incorporating them into the ultra high performanceconcretematrix[2].Thedegreeoftheeffectsis influencedbyfibermaterialstrength,cementitiousmatrix fiberbondability,fiberaspectratio(length:diameter),fiber volume content, and fiber surface morphology. When compared to UHPC with untreated steel fibers, the tensile strengthandstraincapacityofUHPCwithroughenedsteel fibersincreasedby15%and16%,respectively[15].

4. MIXING PROPORTION AND MIXING PROCEDURE

UHPCmixestypicallycontain650to900kg/m3cement,as well as micro silica and fine particles (quartz, basalt, and other fine particles) with a maximum grain size of 1 mm. Between0.13and0.17isthewater/binderratio.Tomakean ultra compactmatrix,thecomponentsarecombinedwitha superplasticizer.Recently,limestonefillerhasbeenemployed to replace a large percentage of cement and increase workability, resulting in a more cost effective and ecologically friendly UHPC [9]. Typically, silica fume usage rangesfrom5%to25%(about231kg/m3),dependingonthe volume of the binder content [2]. Superplasticizer, a high range water reducing additive of about 30.7 kg/m3 were combined with the UHPC. The straight steel fibers with a diameter of 0.2 mm and a length of 12.5 mm were used. Fiberswithaconcentrationof2%byvolume(or240kg/m3), wereaddedtothemix.CementisreplacedbyFA,GGBS,and LP[3]

Thepremixwasdrymixedforapproximately4minutesat first. After that, half of the superplasticizer and half of the water were added to the mixture and stirred for another 15minute. After that, the remaining superplasticizer was added, and the components were combined until the dry powdermixbecameawetpasteconcrete(approximately2 min).Steelfibersweregraduallyincorporatedintothewet concrete slurry in the mixer by hand. The UHPC was then readytobecastafteranother6minutesofmixingtoensure correctfiberdistribution.Thecastingbeganassoonasthe mixingwasfinished.AllUHPCspecimenswerecastwithin15 minutesofthemixingbeingcompleted.Becauseofthefibers, theUHPCwasscoopedintothemoldsratherthanrodded.To avoidmoistureloss,theexposedsurfacesofeachspecimen weresubsequentlywrappedinplastic[1]

Performance based approaches were developed to design UHPC blends in accordance with desired performance for variousapplications.First,thebindercombinationisbroken downintothreesteps:(i)choosebindercombinationsbased on flow characteristics; (ii) narrow down binder combinations based on particle packing, flowability, and mechanicalproperties;and(iii)finalizebindercombinations

based on rheology properties suchas plastic viscosity and yieldstress[2]

5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF UHPC

5.1 Fresh Behaviour Of UHPC

The relative slump of fresh UHPC mixtures versus the volumetric water to powder ratio demonstrates that the relativeslumpofallconcretemixturesgrowslinearlyasthe wateramountisincreased.Thewaterrequirementofeach mixture in the investigation follows the following order: Flyash (FA)<Limestone powder (LP)< GGBFS <reference sample.InGGBFS,agreatnumberofangularparticlesmaybe seen, whereasFA particlesare more spherical.Asa result, among all the analyzed concrete mixtures, the FA combinationhasthelowestdemandwaterquantity.Tomake a UHPC that flows well, the water amount should be controlledprecisely[3]

5.2 Bond Strength

Thechallengeofbondstrengthbetweenthesetwomaterials is highlighted by casting UHPC adjacent to concrete at variousagesorevencastingUHPCnexttosteel.Toquantify the interfacial bond strength, a bi surface shear test configuration was chosen to assess the bond strength for smooth and rough interface surfaces between the two materials.Tencubicalspecimenswith153mmsideswere madeforthestudy.Thecube'sconcretesubstratetakesup two thirds of the volume, while UHPC takes up the remaining third. It should be emphasized that normal strengthconcrete(NSC)wascastinthefirststage,andUHPC wasappliedasanoverlayafter56daysinthesecondstage. The interface surface preparation of these specimens was usedtosplitthemintotwogroups.Theconcretesurfacewas leftas castinthefirstgroup,whichtermedas"Smooth."The concrete surface was roughened with sandblasting in the secondgroup,withanaveragesurfaceroughnessof1.72mm as "Rough". The bisurface shear test setup used a loading platewithdimensionsof38mm51mm153mm,resultingin twoshearplanes.Theuniversaltestingmachine(UTM)was employedwithaloadrateof935N/s,whichcorrespondsto abondstrengthof0.02MPa/sec[12]

5.3 Compressive Strength

Thecompressiontestwasperformedusing50*50*50mm cubesinaccordancewithBS1881 116.Thisexperimentwas carried out at the ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. For each mixture,threesamplesweretested,andtheaverageofthese three samples were recorded. The highest compressive strengths were found in the 0.12 w/b group, while the variations were minor. Raising the fiber content until it reaches1.5percent,improvesthestrength;however,once thisfibercontentisreached,thestrengthenhancementstays at a certain level, regardless of w/b or age. [11]. The compressivestrengthofthemixeswith0.12w/bratiowas

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higherby8.3%and21.7%at14and28days,andby10.6% and25.7%at14and28daysforthemixeswith0.14w/b ratio,respectively,thanat7days.Thecompressivestrength of 50 mm cube was 24.8 ksi (171 MPa) for UHPC. Furthermore,thedecreaseinstrengthreportedinUHPCsas the w/b ratio increases could be due to the creation of additional undesirable calciumhydroxide particlesduring thehydrationprocess.Accordingtothetesting,thepresence of fiber in the case of UHPC results in the cylinder being intactafterfailure[1].

5.4 Tensile Strength

5.4.1 Flexural Strength

One of the tests used to determine the tensile qualities of UHPCwasflexuraltoughness.Forthisexperiment,500mmx 150mm x 150mm prisms were used. This testing method relies on simple beam bending theory and linear elastic stress strain behaviour up to failure. The average tensile strengthofUHPCandstandardconcreteinflexuraltestswas 3.17ksi(21.9MPa)and0.7ksi(4.9MPa),respectively.Due to the presence of fibers in UHPC, the beam remains unbroken,whereasNCprismsfailduetobrittlebehaviour [1].

5.4.2 Splitting Tension

The splitting tension test method involves compressing a cylindricaltestspecimenonitssideuntilitsplitsintotwo lengthwisepartswhenitstensilestrengthisattained.Asa result,thesplittingtensilestrengthiscalculatedusingthe specimen'speakload.Three inchdiametercylinderswere employedinthisexperiment.Forthesetests,theloadrate was set at 210 lb/s [1]. Due to the presence of fibers, the UHPCcylindersdidnotbreakintotwopieces.UHPChada tensile strength of 3 ksi (20.7 MPa) whereas ordinary concrete had a tensile strength of 0.48 ksi (3.5 MPa). The addition of fibers often increases the tensile strength of concrete. This is due to the fibers ability to seal tensile cracks,thereforepreventingfracturepropagation.[11]

5.5 Modulus of Elasticity

The elasticmodulus wasdeterminedusing150mmCubic specimens.Thesampleswereloadeduptoamaximumload of40%forthecompressivestrengthtest'smaximumload; matching stress was determined, and the elastic modulus wascalculatedastheaverageofthethreesetsofreadings usingthestress strainresponse.Itwasdiscoveredthatby adding micro glass fibers to the UHPC, the static elastic modulusroseconsistentlyuptoavolumefractioncontentof MGF,regardlessofthewaterto binderratios(1.5percent). When compared to the references, the UHPFRC mixes improvedby5.8percentand8.3percentat1.5percentfor the first and second groups, respectively. These findings suggestthatUHPFRCmixescontaininganoptimaldosageof micro glass fibers could result in a UHPFRC with a high

rigidity [11]. In tension and compression, the modulus of elasticityofUHPFRCis45to50GPa,whichisa lowvalue given the rigidityofnewstructuresinstructural UHPFRC. The apparent modulus of elasticity of UHPFRC decreases with increasing hardening strain in the tensile strain hardeningregion[9]

6. DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF UHPC

Intermsofdurability,UHPChasoutstandingqualities.One ofthemaingoalsofUHPC concrete isfor itto be durable, similartorock,andlastforalongtimewithoutdeteriorating inquality.Ingeneral,concretestructurescanbeplacedin locations where they would be exposed to harsh environmental conditions such as water penetration, chemical attacks, steel corrosion, alkali silica reaction, freeze thawcycles,andcarbonation.Long termexposureto suchharshcircumstancescancauseconcretestructuresto deteriorate, raising maintenance expenses [6]. UHPC is a material that does not have capillary pores. Meanwhile, it has a substantially lower overall porosity than regular concrete. As a result, UHPC is considered a material with outstandingchemicalresistance[5]

6.1 Freeze Thaw Resistance

Ultra highperformanceconcretespecimensshowednosigns ofdegradationafter32freeze thawcycles.After112cycles, specimenswithstrengthsbetween140and160MPashowed no deterioration. The influence of silica fume and high volumeClassCflyashonthedurabilityofself compacting concreteswasinvestigated,anditwasdiscoveredthata10% by volume inclusion of silica fume resulted in improved freeze thawresistanceandincreasedcompressivestrengths [15]

6.2 Chloride Ion Penetration Resistance

UHPCwasabletoachievepermeabilityvaluesoffewerthan 100coulombsforbothair curedandsteam curedspecimens using fast chloride permeability tests. In materials with coulomb values less than 100, chloride ion penetration is consideredlow.Mostknownchloridepermeabilitystudies areforproprietarymaterials,andthereiscurrentlynodata fornon proprietarymixtures[14].

6.3 Fire Resistance

AlthoughthereisnofreewaterinUHPFRC,ithasalowfire resistance and is comparable to concrete. Adding polypropylenefibres,ontheotherhand,canpreventUHPFRC from spalling, giving acceptable fire safety for most applications[9].

7. APPLICATIONS

UHPC'sapplicationshavebeensteadilyrisinginrecentyears because of its higher performance. Bridges, buildings,

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structuralstrengtheningandretrofitting,andotherunique applications are the principal applications of UHPC. The followingsectionswillprovidesomeconcreteinstances.

Bridges: When compared to standard reinforced concrete bridges,mostbridgesdesignedusingUHPCcomponentsor jointshavealeanerappearance,arelighter,easiertoinstall, andlastlonger[10].UHPFRCwasusedasthinwaterproofing layers (instead of the conventional waterproofing membranes) and as reinforcement layers for bridge deck slabstrengthening.

Structural strengthening and retrofitting: The hydraulic structurescouldpotentiallyberepairedandprotectedwith UHPC.TherehabilitationoftheHosokawaRiverTunnelin Japanisthefirstexample.Repairsandreinforcementswere made to the slabs and the hydraulic vertical screen. Rehabilitation and protection of heavily corroded rebar kerbs, parapets, crash barrier walls, and piers of bridges exposedtochloride[5].

Buildings: Building components, including as sunshades, cladding,androofcomponents,werethedominatingdomain of UHPC applications in the recent decade, in addition to bridge applications [7]. UHPC could be utilised to create structures that are thin, long lasting, and attractive. The FondationLouisVuittonpourlaCreationinParisisoneof theneweststructurestouseUHPC[5]

Protection Layer: Chemical and aggressive wastewater protection for concrete buildings such as containers. A formwork was used to apply the UHPFRC coating to the walls. A significant benefit of employing UHPFRC is the comparatively thin layer, which allows for a reduction in containerstoragevolume[9].

8. CONCLUSION

UHPC is currently one of the most advanced cementitious materialstechnologies.It'saninnovativenewmaterialwith outstanding properties including great strength and durability,whichwereachievedbyincreasinghomogeneity and packing density. Since its introduction in the early 1990s,aconsiderabledealofinformationhasbeenlearned about the material, design, and construction of UHPC structures, with several countries attempting to use it to buildingandbridgeapplications.InFrance,Japan,Germany, andSwitzerland,technicalsuggestionshavebeenpublished. InUHPC,theuseofwidelyavailableadditionalcementitious materials such as fly ash and slag to replace cement and silica fume might dramatically cut material costs. At the same time, UHPC with the correct amount of extra cementitious ingredients could achieve compressive strength of 150 200 MPa following normal curing. Steel fibers are frequently used in UHPC matrices. The correct fiberdosagecouldhelpincreasemechanical performance. Experiments on the materials included cylinder and cube compressive strength tests, as well as three point flexural

strength, briquette tensile, and splitting tension tests, to determinethebasicbehaviorofUHPCandnormalconcrete. According to results obtained during the experimental sectionofthestudy,thecompressivestrengthofcommercial UHPCusedinthisanalysiswerethreetofourtimesgreater than standard strength concrete. In addition, UHPC specimenspossessedatwo foldhighermodulusofelasticity thanNCspecimens.Witharisingnumberofapplicationsin recentyears,UHPC'sremarkableperformanceoffersupnew opportunities for infrastructure projects and building construction.

9. REFERENCES

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