Investigation on Replacement of River Sand by Manufactured Sand for use in Mortar and Concrete

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Investigation on Replacement of River Sand by Manufactured Sand for use in Mortar and Concrete

1Student, M.Tech. [Structural Engineering], Ballarpur Institute of Technology, Ballarpur, Dist. Chandrapur, State of Maharashtra, India

2Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballarpur Institute of Technology, Ballarpur, Dist. Chandrapur, State of Maharashtra, India. ***

Abstract - Sand is an important minor mineral for our society. It is a non renewable naturalresource with potentially rapid degradation rates and extremely slow formation and regeneration processes. Sand is the one of mainconstituents of concrete. Sand in concrete is around 30% of totaldrymaterial is facing great demand. There are different sources ofsandthe most important among them is the river. Extraction of sand from rivers becoming an environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction due to infrastructure development. So it is time tofindviable solution to the declining availability of natural sand to make eco balance. Use of manufactured sand (M sand) has been accepted as one of the building material. Also the properties M sand properties are very much similar to river sand. Along with Specific Gravity, Water absorption and silt and clay content, particle size distributionofM sandare compatible for use in construction as river sand. Henceforth M sand is a suitable substitute for river sand at reasonable cost

1. INTRODUCTION

Sandisusedinmanyindustrieslikebuildingconstruction, electronics, plastics, and water filtration. Due to the rapid growthinglobalpopulationandrapidurbanizationdemand ofsandincreasedworldwide.Alsoincreasedlivingstandard increases the consumption of sand. It is non renewable resource produced due to disintegration of rock. Sand isa valuable commodity and is essential to the economies of countries around the world [1]. Almost every house, dam, road,wineglass,andcellphonecontainssometypeofsand related material. Hence United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)considersthatsandhasbecomeoneof themostconsumednaturalresourcesatpresent[2].Around halfofallnon renewableresourcesmankindconsumesare usedinconstruction,makingitoneoftheleastsustainable industriesintheworld.Mankindhasspentthemajorityofits existence trying to manipulate the natural environmentto bettersuititsneedssotodayourdailylivesarecarriedoutin andonconstructionsofonesortoranother[3].Thecement concrete is essential component for the construction industry.Concreteislargestmanmadeitembyhumansociety [4].Itisthebackboneofaninfrastructuraldevelopmentof

anycountry.Concreteismixtureofcement,aggregate(coarse andfine)andwater.Thecoarseaggregatesareparticlesmore than 4.75 mm size and lesser size particles are fine aggregates. Fine aggregate is an important component of concrete, because properties of aggregate influence the durabilityandpresentationofconcrete[5].

Fromtheancienttimessandisusedasanaggregatematerial fordifferentcivilconstructions.InIndia,themainsourcesof sandareriverbed,coastlinesandandsandfromagricultural fields. Sand used as fine aggregates in concrete is mostly mined from river. Rivers are the most important life supportingsystemofnature.Humanshavebeenenjoyingthe naturalbenefitsprovidedbyriversfromtheancienttimeto the present. Man has changed the nature of many of the world'sriversbycontrollingtheirfloods,constructinglarge structurelikedam.Withoutunderstandingmuchonhowthe riverecosystemfunctionsexploitationofrivercontinued[6]. Naturalriversandwastheleastexpensiveresourceofsand anditiseasilyavailablehenceusedinconcreteandmortar production.Duetotheextensiveuseofconcreteormortar theoverallconsumptionofriversandusedasafineaggregate very high [7]. Growing need of sand in large utilization of mortarandconcreteresultsinscarcityofgoodqualitysand and especially in India, deposits of natural sand are being exhaustedwhichcreateaseriousthreattotheriver[8].

2. OBJECTIVES

1. To study the environmental impacts of excessive sand exploitation.

2.Tostudythealternativetoriversand.

3.TostudythepropertiesoftheM Sandanditsbehaviorin mortarandconcrete.

3.LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Environmental Impacts of Sand Mining

Rivers,Forests,Mineralsandsuchotherresources constituteNation’snaturalwealth.Sandisa“minormineral” andwidelyusedcommoditywhosedemandiscontinuously increasing.Itiswidelyusedacrossthecountrybycommon citizens, stated in draft Ministry of Mines, Government of

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

India (2018), prepared on sand mining recommendation stated,inIndiathedemandofsandisaround700milliontons perannumanditisincreasingattherateof6 7%.However, production and supply of sand is not uniform and its availabilitydependsuponrainandrenewalrateofsandin rivers.Duetouncertaintiesinsupply,thesellingrateofthe materialvariessignificantlywithshortagesinsupplyleading toblackmarketingandillegalminingofthemineral[9].M. NaveenSaviourinhisstudyonEnvironmentalImpactofSoil andSandMiningstatedSandisanimportantmineralforour society in protecting the environment. It acts as a buffer againststrongtidalwavesandstorm,habitatforcrustacean species and marine organisms. Also used for making concrete, filling roads, building sites, brickmaking, making glass,sandpapers,reclamations,andinourtourismindustry inbeachattractions.Healsosaiddemandforsandincreases inindustryandconstructionleadsincreaseinsandmining whichadverselyaffectsenvironment[10].

WalterLealFilhoetal(2021)reportedintheirarticle ontheUnsustainableUseofSand,thatsandisusedasamajor componentforproducingconcrete.Manyindustriesdepend onsandasanessentialresourceintheproductionofvarious products.Riverssandiscommonlyusedinconstruction.The veryhighvolumeofsandbeingcurrentlyextractedishaving aseriousnegativeimpactonrivers.Habitatdestructionfor differentspecies,depletionoffishpopulations,interruption of fish migration, replacement of lotic species by lentic species,extinctionofcertainlocalspecies,invasivespecies, reduced fish reproduction, impacts in food web structure, oxygendepletiontheseareimpactsofSandminingonfauna. Sandminingalsoadverselyaffectsflora,land/soil,waterand air.Henceforthurgentmeasuresarerequiredtolimitthese effects[1].

Tariro Madyise (2013) in his studied the environmentalimpactsofsandminingandgravelextraction forurbandevelopmentmentionedthatexcessiveminingof river sand and gravel leads to excavation as well as threateningbridges,bridgepiersandburiedpipelines[11]. Sreebha S (2008) in his study mentioned that “despite its importanceinsupportingthelifeandgreeneryoftropicsand subtropics, rivers have beenwidely exploitedbyhumans”. Authorfoundthatturbidityinwaterlevelincreasesdueto sandmining.Formaintainingandimprovingthehealthofthe river environment, aquatic vegetation plays an vital role, which is of greatest significance for fisheries will damage [12].

Podila Sankara Pitchaiahel at.(2017) revealedremoval of vegetationanddestructionofthesoilprofiledestroyshabitat aboveandbelowthegroundandfaunalpopulationdecrease. Italsoincreasesthevelocityofflowinriverwhichdestroy flow regime eventually erodes the river banks. In his investigationintheMarathwadaregionofMaharashtraState hefoundthatGodavariRiverhasbeenminedsobadlyforits sands. As it is almost dried up and villagers depending on

tankerwater.Wellshavedriedupandfarmershavetohave waterpipedinoverlongdistances[13].

NationalGreenTribunal[14],ofIndiain2020intheirreport pointedoutdestructionofecosystemofrivers.Alsoreveal danger to safety of bridges, weakening of riverbeds, and increaseinsalinityofwaterriver.NationalGreenTribunal has taken cognizance of this and has enforced severe restrictionsonsandminingfromriverbedsandrelevantlaws forobtaininglicensehavebeenmadeverystringent.Hence thereisaneedtolookforalternativestoriversandwithout sacrificingperformanceofconcrete/mortar.

3.2 Alternative to river sand

G. Naga Venkat et.al (2020) admitted in their research that pozzolanic materials such as silica fume, Metakaolin, GGBS contains cementetious properties which improvethestrengthofconcrete.andalsosilicacontentin concreteandmanufacturedsandwhichgiveshigherstrength comparedtoriversandandislesseconomicwhichisusedas fineaggregate.Apozzolanicmaterialgivesstrengthandalso plays a prominent role in economic and environmental considerations.Silicafumeisaby productfromsilicaalloys gives higher strength and also high durability and acts as filler material the particle size is less than particle size of cement.Metakaolinobtainedbyheatingamineralkaolinit giveshigherstrengthconcreteandmortaritsparticlesizeis morethansilicafumeandlessthancementitresistsulphate attackandimproveworkability.GGBSisbyproductfromiron and it gives good strength and particle size is less than cement[15].

Manoj Kumar Dash et al. (2016) investigation affirmedthatindustrialwasteslikewastefoundrysand,steel slag,copperslag,imperial smeltingfurnace slag(ISF slag), blastfurnaceslag,coalbottomash,ferrochromeslag,palmoil clinker etc. can be the alternative to river sand. The extractionofsandfromthewaterwayenhancesthecostof sandandhasseverelyaffectedthefinancialviabilityofthe constructionindustry.Industrialbyproductscanbeutilized as a part of concrete innovations at greatest amount for a sustainable standard strength, durability and eco friendly concrete.Physical propertiessuchas bulk density,specific gravity and grain size distribution of all industrial wastes werealmostequaltothepropertiesofnaturalsandexcept the particle size distribution of foundry sand. Assuming industrial waste in the form of fine aggregate for concrete production can be considered one of the environmental benefitsandalsoshowsbetterperformanceinconcrete[8].

Priyanka A. Jadhav and Dilip K. Kulkarni (2013) stated in their studied that fly ash, slag limestone and siliceousstonepowderaresomematerialsthatcanusedin concretemixturesasapartialreplacementofnaturalsand [16]. Non availability of natural sand at reasonable cost, forces to search for alternative material. But sustainable infrastructural growth needs the alternative material that

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

shouldsatisfytechnicalrequisitesoffineaggregateaswellas itshouldbeavailableabundantly.

3.3 Properties of the M Sand and its behavior in mortar and concrete.

As per the Guidelines Sustainable Sand Mining Management(2016)ofMinistryofEnvironment,Forestand Climate Change greater use of substitute material ManufacturedSand,artificialsandandsustainableuseofthe resourcecoulddrasticallyreduceadverseimpactofmining ontheenvironment[17].Shenetal.,(2016)statedM Sandis producedbymechanicallycrushingtherocksboulders.The featuresofM Sanddifferentiatefromnaturalsandwiththeir uneven surface, irregular particle shape, angular edges, higher roundness and length width ratio and mineralogy [18].

MeghashreeMetal (2016)comparepropertiesof Manufactured Sand with natural sand. They found these properties are within the range specifies by the Indian standard code of practice. By conducting various tests on physicalpropertiestheyfoundthatspecificgravity,bulking, Bulk density of manufactured sand is higher than natural sand.Fromfinenessmodulusobtainedbysieveanalysisthey confirmed that M sand is slightly coarser. Finally they concluded that manufactured sand has almost same propertiesasthatofnaturalsand[19].K.SuseelaandDr.T. Baskaran (2017) in their ininvestigation reported that M Sandcontrastsfromnaturalsandsinitsevaluating,texture, andparticleshape;andcommonlyhasamong10%and20% fines. In M sand, these fines generally are more expected smallersizefractionsofcompactedaggregate;thefinescan bemudordifferentinjuriousparticlesinnaturalsands.Their experimentation result shows the workability of concrete decreaseswhileutilizingmanufacturedsandinConcreteas replacement of river sand. Compressive and split tensile StrengthofM sandconcreteincreasescomparetoriversand concrete. Durability of Concrete is improved by utilizing manufacture sand as replacement of river sand. They also conclude that M sand is cost and performance effective in replaceofriversand[20].

M. Adams Joe et al (2013) found in their experimentation,thesiltandclayshowinthesanddecrease thestrengthoftheconcreteandholdsdampness.M sandwas observed to be the more appropriateindividual to replace riversand.M Sandnotincludeimpuritiessoutilizationofcan radicallylessenthecostsince,asriversand,itdoes.Wastages was zero as it is create with present day innovation and machinery [21]. Kalyana Chakravarthy P. R and Kalaiselva (2019)inthereexperimentalinvestigationsofReplacement ofRiversandbyM sandobservedthatM Sandhasbalanced physical and chemical properties that can withstand any aggressive environmental and climatic conditions. It enhanceddurability,greaterstrengthandoveralleconomy. Usage of M Sand can overcome the defects occurring in concretesuchashoneycombing,segregation,voids,capillary

etc. The superior shape, proper gradation of fines,smooth surfacetextureandconsistencyinproductionparameterof chemically stable sands provides greater durability and higherstrengthtoconcrete.M Sandhasoptimuminitialand finalsettingtimeaswellasexcellentfineness[22].

S.S.SaravananandDr.P.Jagadeesh(2017)intheir Studied performance of manufactured sand as fine aggregatesinhighstrengthconcreteconstructionsfoundthat thebulkdensityofM sandishigherthanR sandalsofineness modulushigherforM sandbutspecificgravitylowerforthe samezone. Water absorption and moisture content isalso less for M sand comparing to R sand. Also they recommended use of M sand high strength concrete. They carriedouttheirinvestigationonM 60gradeofconcretewith 100%riversandand70%replacementofriversandwith andwithoutuseofadmixture.Theirinvestigationrevealed thatcompressivestrengthdecreasesat28daysforconcrete withoutadmixtureandbeyond70%replacementofnatural sand by M sand. On the other hand, compressive strength decreasesat28daysforconcretewithadmixtureforbeyond 70% replacement of natural sand by M sand. Hence for achievingmaximumstrengthofM60concrete,theoptimum replacement of natural sand up to 70% permissible with admixture and beyond 70% replacements of natural sand alsoyieldsthebetterstrengththanthenaturalsand[23].

Radhakrishna and Praveen Kumar (2018) in an experimental investigation on the properties of cement mortarobserved,whenthepercentageofM sandincreases, the flow increases at constant water cement ratio. M sand mortar requires comparatively lesser water content when comparedtoriversandtoattainaparticularflow.Thismay be attributed to action of fines in production of higher amountofpastevolume.M sandmortargivesconsistently higher compressive strength at all replacement levels. Modulus of elasticity of mortar is not much affected by replacement of M sand. They recommended partial or full replacementofM sandinplasteringmortar[24].

Dr.S.Elaveni and B. Vijaya (2013) conclude that compared to concrete made from natural sand, high fines concrete generally had higher flexural strength, improved abrasion resistance, and higher unit weight and lower permeabilityduetofillingtheporeswithmicrofines.Healso said that major projects around the world insist on the compulsory use of manufactured sand because of its consistentgradationandzeroimpurity[25].AMZZimaretal (2017) in their study on Effect of Manufactured Sand as A ReplacementforFineAggregatesinConcretefoundthatthe mainreasonforthestrengthincrementwithM Sandisthe excellentbondingbetweencoarseandfineaggregates,asitis attributed by the formation of water cement gel in matrix [26].

Fromthereviewsofliteratureitisunderstandthat Demandforfineaggregatesformakingconcreteisincreasing daybydayandriversandcannotmeettherisingdemandof

2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal |

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

construction sector. Excavation of river sand has negative environmentalimpactsonboththelocalandgloballevels.M sand have similar properties to river sand. It can replace withoutaffectingpropertiesofmortarandconcrete.

4. CONCLUSIONS

River sand is used extensively in construction industry. Unfortunatelysandminingfromriverbedsincreaseswhich negativelyeffectsontheenvironment.Italterstheriverbed. Also destroys thehabitat of aquatic animals and micro organisms besides affecting groundwater recharge. Sand mining damages to Fauna, flora, land/soil, and quality of waterreduces.ThereisneedtofindSustainablealternatives for river sand. Other alternative materials are not in huge amount to replace river sand. Manufactured sand is as suitable substitute for river sand at reasonable cost. SustainableuseoftheresourcelikeM sandcoulddrastically reduce adverse impact of mining on the eco system Conclusioncontentcomeshere

REFERENCES

[1] WalterLealFilhoetal,TheUnsustainableUseofSand: ReportingonaGlobalProblem,Sustainability(2021)13, 3356.https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063356

[2] UNEnvironment(UNEP).RisingDemandforSandCalls for Resource Governance, (2019) [Online]. Available: https://www. unenvironment.org/news and stories/press release/rising demand sand calls resource governance.

[3] WDRe ThinkingLtd.,TheImpactsofConstructionand the Built Environment on behalf of Willmott Dixon Briefingnote2010.

[4] Weiguo Shen, Yi Liu et al, Mixing design and microstructure of ultra high strength concrete with manufactured sand, Construction and Building Materials,Volume143,(2017).

[5] Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 383:1970, Indian StandardSpecificationforCoarseandFineAggregates fromNaturalSourcesforConcrete,UDC691.322,New Delhi110002(1997).

[6] ShajiJandDrRAnilkuarSocio EnvironmentalImpactof River Sand Mining: An Example from Neyyar River, Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala, India. IOSR JournalOfHumanitiesAndSocialScience(IOSR JHSS) Volume19,Issue1,Ver.VI(Jan.2014),PP01 07.

[7] C. Sudha, P. T. Ravichandran, K. Divya Krishnan, P. R. Kannan Rajkumarand A.Anand,StudyonMechanical PropertiesofHighPerformanceConcreteusingM Sand, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(5) (2016)DOI:10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i5/87262.

[8] ManojKumarDashet.al,Sustainableuseofindustrial waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate for preparationofconcrete Areview,InternationalJournal ofSustainableBuiltEnvironment,Elsevier,(2016)484 516.

[9] MINISTRYOFMINES,GOVERNMENTOFINDIA(2018), “DraftSandMiningRecommendation”,MinistryofMines New Delhi, Shastri Bhavan 2018. Available on www.mines.gov.in

[10] M. Naveen Saviour, Environmental Impact of Soil and SandMining:AReview,InternationalJournalofScience, EnvironmentandTechnology,Vol.1,No3,2012,125 134.

[11] TariroMadyise,CaseStudiesofEnvironmentalImpacts of Sand Mining and Gravel Extraction for Urban DevelopmentinGaborone,(2013).

[12] SreebhaS,EnvironmentalImpactofSandMining:ACase study in the River Catchments of Vembanad Lake, Southwest India. (Reg. No. 290 I) Thesis submitted to the Cochin University of Science and Technology in partialfulfillmentoftherequirementsfortheawardof the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Management,(2008).

[13] Podila Sankara Pitchaiah, Impacts of Sand Mining on Environment AReview,SSRGInternationalJournalof GeoinformaticsandGeologicalScience(SSRG IJGGS) Volume4Issue1JantoApril2017.

[14] NationalGreenTribunal,ReportofOversightCommittee inComplianceofOrderofNGT,OriginalApplicationNo. 360/2015 in Re: National Green Tribunal Bar AssociationVs. Virendra Singh[StateOfGujarat] with RegardstotheIllegalSandMining(2020).

[15] G.NagaVenkatet.al,Comparativestudyonmechanical propertiesandqualityofconcretebypartreplacement of cement with silica fume, metakaolin and GGBS by using M Sand as fine aggregate, Materials Today: Proceedings,Elsevier(2020).

[16] Priyanka A. Jadhav and Dilip K. Kulkarni, Effect of replacementofnaturalsandbymanufacturedsandon thepropertiesofcementmortar,InternationalJournal of Civil and Structural Engineering Volume 3, No 3, (2013).

[17] Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (2016). Sustainable Sand Mining Management Guidelines,GOVERNMENTofINDIA,NewDelhi110003, (2016).

[18] SHEN,W.,YANG,Z.,CAO,L.,CAO,L.,LIU,Y.,YANG,H.,LU, Z. & BAI, J. Characterization of manufactured sand:

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Particleshape,surfacetextureandbehaviorinconcrete. ConstructionandBuildingMaterials(2016),114,595 601.

[19] Meghashree. M, Arpitha. K. Gowda and K. Roopa, Comparison of Physical Properties between Natural Sand and Manufactured Sand. IJIRST International JournalforInnovativeResearchinScience&Technology Volume3Issue07December2016.

[20] K. Suseela and Dr. T.Baskaran, Strength Analysis on ConcretewithM SandasAPartialReplacementofFine Aggregate,InternationalJournalofCivilEngineeringand Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 12, December 2017,pp.583 592.

[21] M.AdamsJoe,A.MariaRajesh,P.BrightsonandM.Prem Anand,Experimental InvestigationontheEffectof M SandinHighPerformanceConcrete,AmericanJournalof EngineeringResearch,Volume2,Issue12,2013,pages 46 51.

[22] Kalyana Chakravarthy P. R and Kalaiselvam. A, Replacement of River sand by M sand, Journal of Architecture&Technology,VolumeXI,IssueII,2019.

[23] S.S.SaravananandDr.P.Jagadeesh,StudyonPerformance of Manufactured Sand as Fine Aggregates in High StrengthConcreteConstructions,InternationalJournal of Engineering and Technology (IJET). DOI: 10.21817/ijet/2016/v8i6/160806097 Vol 8 No 6 Dec 2016 Jan2017.

[24] RadhakrishnaandPraveenKumarKb,Characteristicsof Cement Mortar with M sand as Replacement of Fine Aggregates, Materials Today: Proceedings 5 Elsevier (2018)25412 25419.

[25] Dr.S.Elavenil and B. Vijaya, Manufactured Sand, A SolutionandAnAlternativetoRiverSandinConcrete Manufacturing, International Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Development, Volume 3, Number1(2013).

[26] AMZ Zimar, GKPN Samarawickrama, WSD Karunarathna,SJayakody,EffectofManufacturedSand asAReplacementforFineAggregatesinConcrete,8th InternationalConferenceonStructuralEngineeringand ConstructionManagement,2017.

© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page166