STUDY OF ARITHMETICAL VARIATIONS OF WATER QUALITY IN RIVER- GODAVARI BASED ON SEASONAL EFFECTS IN A.

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STUDY OF ARITHMETICAL VARIATIONS OF WATER QUALITY IN RIVERGODAVARI BASED ON SEASONAL EFFECTS IN A.P.

1PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Nova College of Engineering and Technology, Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada, Vegavaram, Jangareddygudem, West Godavari (District), A.P 534447.

2Guide, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Nova College of Engineering and Technology, Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada, Vegavaram, Jangareddygudem, West Godavari (District), A.P 534447 ***

Abstract - Water is the prime requirement for the existenceoflifeonearth. Mostofthewaterforpublicwater supplies and irrigation purposes is drawn from surface watersourceslikeriversandreservoirsastheyfacilitatethe withdrawals of large amounts of fresh water. However, thesesurfacewaterresourcesare gettingpolluteddueto the joining of domestic sewage, industrial effluents and excess agricultural drainages.The study is conducted at two sampling locations on the River Godavari i.e., Polavaram and Dowleswaram which are located at a distance of 110.4 km and152.4kmrespectivelyfromthe entrypointintothestate.Thedataforthestudyiscollected fromCentralWaterCommission(CWC),IndiaandIrrigation & CAD department, Hydrology project circle, Hyderabad, Govt.ofAndhraPradesh,fortheyears 2002 to 2017. The data comprisedofseveralphysico chemical,biologicaland Irrigation parameters recorded daily. The two popular methodsviz.,NationalSanitationFoundationWaterQuality Index (NSFWQI) and Weighted Arithmetic Index Water QualityIndex(WAIWQI)areusedfortheevaluationofthe waterqualityindicesrepresentingthequalityofwaterfor bothdomesticandirrigationpurposesatthetwosampling stations.Thewaterqualityindicesforthefutureperiodtill 2020arealsoevaluated.Theoverallobservationfromthe studyisthat, thequalityofwaterintheriverGodavariis gradually decreasing while it flows from Polavaram to Dowleswaram and this may be because of joining of domestic sewage and industrial effluents from the towns KovvurandRajahmahendravaramlocatedinthebanksof the river. The seasonal variations of water quality of PolavaramandDowleswaramhasbeenfocusedinthisstudy.

Key Words: Water Quality Index, NSFWQI, WAIWQI, SeasonalvariationsofWaterQuality.

1.INTRODUCTION

Wateristheprimerequirementfortheexistenceoflifeand ithasbeenman’sendeavorfromthetimeimmemorialto utilize theavailableresourcesforhissustenanceonearth. Wateronearthisknownbydifferentterms,dependingon whereitisandhowitisformed.Surfacewatersincludethe permanentlyorintermittentlyoccurringinlandwaterson the earth surface either in liquid (rivers, streams, lakes,

reservoirs, wetlands) or solid (glaciers, snow covers) conditions.Mostofthewaterforpublicwatersuppliesand irrigation purposes is drawn from surface water sources likeriversandreservoirsastheyfacilitatethewithdrawals oflargeamounts offresh water.Themodernagricultural activity with large scale use of chemical fertilizers and pesticidesalsocontributetothecontaminationofsurface water resources due to the joining of excess agricultural drainagesjoiningthem.Thus,thequalityofsurfacewaters alongwiththequantitiesbecameamajorconcernglobally. To Determine Water Quality Indices (WQI) w.r.t both domesticandirrigationpurposesattwosamplingstations viz., Polavaram and Dowleswaram on RiverGodavari. To Evaluate Seasonal variations of WQI at both sampling stations.ToConductcomparativestudyonwaterqualityat both the sampling stations i.e., Polavaram and Dowleswaram

2. METHODOLOGY

This study is bonded with the water quality of River Godavari. Godavari isthe largest river of all peninsular rivers in India. It originates in Western Ghats at Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra and flows eastward across Deccan plateau through the states of Maharashtra, TelanganaandAndhraPradesh.Itflowsthrough1465km eastwards and empties into the Bay of Bengal. It enters AndhraPradeshatGundalanearKunavaram,EastGodavari District. The principal tributaries of River Godavari in AndhraPradeshareIndrāvatiandSabari.Thesetributaries contribute80%flowofthetotalriverinAndhraPradesh. Theaverage yearly waterflowinGodavariisnearly110 billioncubicmeters.

2.1 Data Collection

The data related to the Polavaram sampling location is collectedfromCentralWaterCommission(CWC),Indiafor the years 2002 2017.The data related to the second sampling location i.e., Dowleswaram is collected from Irrigation & CAD department, Hydrology project circle, Hyderabad, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, for the period from 2002to2017.Thedatacomprisesthevaluesofthefollowing physico chemical, biological and irrigation parameters

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recorded daily. The parameters considered in biological category are Dissolved Oxygen (DO), DO Saturated (DO_Sat%) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The parametersconsideredunderirrigationcategoryarepH,EC, TDS,Cl,Calcium Hardness,Total Hardness,Na%,Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) and Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR).

2.2 Evaluation of Water Quality Index (WQI)

Based on the theoryand literature review on WQI based studies, the two most popular methods viz., National SanitationFoundationWaterQualityIndex(NSFWQI)and WeightedArithmeticIndexWaterQualityIndex(WAIWQI) are used in the present research work, to evaluate the waterqualityindicesrepresentingthequalityofwaterfor bothdomesticandirrigationpurposesatthetwosampling stations.Thefollowingtextprovidestheproceduraldetails fortheevaluationofWQIinboththemethods.

Table 1: RatingscaleofNSFWQI

NSWWQI Range

Type of water 90 100 Excellent 70 90 Good 50 70 Medium 25 50 Fair 0 25 Poor

2.3 Multivariate Statistical analysis of data

MultivariateStatisticalanalysisofdataisabodyofmethods that help to describe facts, detect patterns, develop explanations, and test hypotheses. It is a process of collation, presentation and interpretation of the informationcontainedinthedatatoaiddecisionmaking.It is also a process used to transform, remodel and revise certaininformation(data)withaviewtoreachtocertain conclusionfora givensituationorproblem.Data analysis canbedonebydifferentmethods accordingtotheneeds and requirements of different domains. The Multivariate Statisticalanalysisofdatainvolvedinthisstudycomprises ofClusterAnalysis(CA),FactorAnalysis(FA)andPrinciple ComponentAnalysis(PCA).

2.4 WQI

Astudywithrespecttothewaterqualityintothefutureis conductedusingthewaterqualityindicesobtainedforthe studyperiod.Since,WQIisanumericalvaluerepresenting the overall quality of water, a statistical method viz., the changing rate of increase/decrease is considered for the predictionofWQIvaluesfortheperiods2017 18,2018 19 and 2019 20. It is assumed that the environmental conditionsexistingasontodayatthesamplinglocationsdo notchangeconsiderablyoverthenextthreeyears.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Missing Values

The univariate statistics related to the sampling station1 (Polavaram)andthesamplingstation2(Dowleswaram),the followingresultsofthemissingvaluesareshowninbelow tables.

Table 2: Sampling(S 1)ofdatacollectedfrompolavaram

Std. Miss ing No.of Extremes

Para meter N Me an Deviati on Cou nt Perce nt Lo w Hig h

DO 19 3 6.4 0.75 1 0.5 1 0

pH_GEN 19 4 8.15 0.32 0 0 3 0

EC_GEN 19 4 206.2 2 77.73 0 0 0 2

TDS 13 6 139.8 8 38.46 58 29.9 2 4

DO_SAT 19 3 81.87 8.08 1 0.5 6 0 NO2+NO 3 19 4 0.48 0.58 0 0 0 7 BOD3 27 19 3 0.75 0.54 1 0.5 0 11

Har_Tot al 19 4 76.6 21.92 0 0 0 3

Ca 19 4 18.72 6.42 0 0 0 6 Mg 19 4 7.17 3.98 0 0 0 4 Na 19 4 13.11 5.34 0 0 0 2 Cl 19 4 12.93 6.21 0 0 0 11 SO4 19 4 7.68 5.21 0 0 0 9 CO3 19 4 2.66 3.92 0 0 0 7 HCO3 19 4 92.29 24.7 0 0 1 3 RSC 19 4 0.13 0.16 0 0 0 9

Na_A 19 4 26.41 8.15 0 0 0 13

SAR 19 4 0.66 0.28 0 0 0 11 F 19 4 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 6 Alk_Phe n 18 2 2.24 3.28 12 6.2 0 6

Alk_TOT 19 4 80.11 21.87 0 0 0 1 NH3 N 19 4 0.09 0.13 0 0 0 25

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Table 3: Sampling(s 2)ofdatacollectedfrom Dowleswaram

Para meter N Me an

Std. Missin g No.of Extremes Deviati on Cou nt Perce nt Lo w Hig h

DO 17 4 7.48 0.98 5 2.8 8 6 pH_GEN 17 4 7.9 0.45 5 2.8 1 2 EC_GEN 17 4 197.0 5 57.25 5 2.8 1 5 TDS 17 6 103.6 35.05 3 1.7 1 4 DO_SAT 16 6 100.1 4 11.5 13 7.3 1 6 NO2NO3 16 0 0.82 0.92 19 10.6 0 8 BOD3 27 15 4 2.26 1.08 25 14 0 10 Har_Tot al 14 9 74.02 20.97 30 16.8 0 4 Ca 16 2 17.31 5.33 17 9.5 0 6 Mg 16 2 7.67 3.49 17 9.5 0 10 Na 16 1 11.32 4.65 18 10.1 1 5 Cl 17 5 20.67 10.78 4 2.2 0 15 SO4 13 5 37.29 25.21 44 24.6 0 0 CO3 15 1 2 5.45 28 15.6 0 0 HCO3 15 9 79.81 23.15 20 11.2 1 5 RSC 15 1 1.09 2.12 28 15.6 0 25 Na_A 15 9 24.72 7.06 20 11.2 7 7 SAR 15 0 0.68 0.37 29 16.2 0 3 F 14 8 0.31 0.26 31 17.3 0 6 Alk_Phe n 14 3 1.72 4.77 36 20.1 0 0 Alk_TOT 14 2 71.91 20.64 37 20.7 1 8

Parameter

Table 4: VariationofpercentageS 1

Initial Mean after %variation Mean vali dation

DO 6.4 6.4 0.001 TDS 139.88 138.28 1.6 DO_SAT 81.87 81.88 0.01 BOD3 27 0.75 0.57 0.181 Alk_Phen 2.24 2.27 0.035

Table 5: VariationofpercentageS 2

Parameter

Initial Meanafter % variation Mean validation

DO 7.479 7.48 0.001

pH_GEN 7.896 7.894 0.002 EC_GEN 197.052 196.774 0.278

TDS 103.602 103.581 0.022 DO_SAT 100.139 100.143 0.004

NO2+NO3 0.821 0.828 0.007 BOD3 27 2.255 2.302 0.047 Har_Total 74.02 74.359 0.339 Ca 17.309 16.975 0.334 Mg 7.675 7.76 0.085 Na 11.318 11.489 0.171 Cl 20.666 20.669 0.003 SO4 37.286 37.699 0.413 CO3 1.998 1.926 0.072 HCO3 79.811 81.382 1.571 RSC 1.09 1.064 0.026

Na_A 24.717 24.558 0.159

SAR 0.683 0.69 0.007

F 0.308 0.314 0.005 Alk_Phen 1.717 1.626 0.091 Alk_TOT 71.908 72.664 0.755

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gradually decreasing while it flows from Polavaram to Dowleswaramandthisisbecauseofjoiningofdomestic sewage andindustrial effluents from the towns Kovvur and Rajahmahendravaram located on the downstream sideofPolavaramandupstreamsideofDowleswaram.

Fig 1:VariationofSeasonalatpolavaram,Physico chemicalparameters(2002 2017)

Fig -2:VariationofSeasonalatpolavaram,Biological parameters(2002 2017)

Fig -4:VariationofSeasonalatdowleswaram,Biological parameters(2002 2017)

4. CONCLUSION

1. From the WQI based studies related to the physico chemical parameters, vide above tables the qualityofwaterinRiverGodavariisfoundtobegoodat PolavaramandpooratDowleswaramforthedomestic usage.

2. BasedontheWQIvaluesrelatedtobiological parametersvidetables,itisfoundthattheriverwater quality is medium at Polavaram and poor at Dowleswaram.

3. Itisfurtherfoundthatthequalityofwaterin River Godavari is having a lowerrating during the monsoon season w.r.t the domestic usage when compared with that of the pre and post monsoon seasonsatboththelocationsofthestudy.

Fig -3:VariationofSeasonalatdowleswaram,Physico chemicalparameters(2002 2017)

At both the locations of the study, it is found that the quality of water is at lower rating during the monsoon seasons when compared with that of pre and post monsoonseasons.Thisisbecauseofthejoiningofflood waterintotheriverandtherebyincreasingturbulencein theriverwatercausing anincreaseintheturbidityand othersuspendedsolids.Theoverallobservationfromthe studyisthat,thequalityofwaterintheriverGodavariis

4. Thismaybebecauseoftheoccurrenceofflash floods influencing the turbulence of the river water causinganincreaseinturbidity,dissolvedsolids and other impurities and thereby affecting the qualityof water.

5. Further,itisfoundthat,thewaterqualityof riverGodavarifordomesticusageisdeterioratingfrom theyears2014 15frommediumtopoor.

6. Onthewhole,theriverwaterqualityforthe domesticusageisfoundtodecreasegraduallywhileit flowsfromPolavaramtoDowleswaramandthismay be because of joining of domestic sewage and industrial effluents from the towns Kovvur and

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Rajahmahendravaram located on the banks of the river.

7. FromthestudyrelatedtotheWQIpredictions into the future years vide tables,itisfoundthatthe same trend of deterioration of water quality may continueintothefutureyearsunlesssuitablemeasures aretakenuptostopthecontaminationofriverwater body from the domestic sewage and industrial effluents joining from the towns Kovvur and Rajahmahendravaram

8. The Factor Analysis and the Principal Component Analysis conducted as a part of multivariate statistical analysis of physico chemical parametersatthesamplinglocationPolavaramvide§ 5.2.5and§5.4.5,identifiedAlk_Totand Har_Totalas theinfluencingparameters.

9. Thesimilarstatisticalanalysisconducted at the sampling location Dowleswaram identified two more influencing parameters i.e., TDS and EC_GEN along with Alk_Tot and Har_Total, which shows that moreamountofimpuritiesarejoiningtherivercourse and increasing the dissolved solids component and therebydecreasingthequalityofwaterwhiletheriver flowsfromPolavaramtoDowleswaram.

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