Replacing Cement Partially by GGBS and Fine aggregate by the crushed waste glass in concrete mix

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Replacing Cement Partially by GGBS and Fine aggregate by the crushed waste glass in concrete mix

Tabasum

Jan*, Jaspreet Kaur**

* MTech scholar (jantabasum1995@gmail.com) Civil Engineering Department, CT University Ludhiana ** Assistant Professor (257jaspreetkaur@gmail.com) Civil Engineering Department, CT University Ludhiana ***

Abstract This study consists of the activities performed in order to evaluate the performance of fresh and hardened concrete containing GGBS and waste glass as partial replacements for cementandfineaggregaterespectively.AnIS code proportioned control concrete mix design was achieved for testing the compressive and split tensile strength of concrete. Other concrete mixes with replacements of both cement and fine aggregate by 20%, 35% and 50% by weight with GGBS and waste glass respectively were also prepared These mixes were tested intheir freshand hardenedstate and the results were compared with the control mix. The compressive and split tensile strength of concrete were found to be maximum at 20% and 35% replacements of GGBS and Waste glass respectively.

Key Words GGBS, crushed waste glass, fine aggregate, partial replacement, concrete.

1. INTRODUCTION

Amajorcomponentofconcreteiscement,whichhasitsown environmentalandsocialimpactsandcontributesheavilyto thoseofconcrete.Someofthoseeffectsareharmful while othersarenot.Ashortageofconventionalbuildingmaterials suchassandisbeingcreatedbyrapidurbanizationdueto thelimitedavailabilityofnaturalresources.Theproduction ofconventionalbuildingconstructionmaterialspollutesthe environment. Increasing CO₂ amount discharged to the atmosphere due to human activity causes global warming and climate change has been a wide concern. Building construction materials that are energy efficient must be updatedwithlocalmaterialsandtechnologyatareasonable price to meet the ever increasing demand. Therefore, the construction industry is strongly recommended to use industrialwastesmoreeffectivelytoreduceCO₂emissions.

1.1 GGBS

Ground granulated blast furnace slag is a waste product obtained during the manufacture of iron in the blast furnaces. In order to manufacture GGBS, the floating materialsabovetheironistappedoffasmoltenmaterialand quenchedrapidlyinlargevolumesofwater.Thequenching process optimizes the cementitious properties producing coarsesand likegranules. This dried granularslagisthen groundtoafinepowder.Silica,alumina,calciumoxide,and

magnesia comprise 95% of slag, while manganese, iron, sulfur,andtraceamountsofotherelementsmakeup5%of slag [https://ukcsma.co.uk/]. The exact concentrations of elementsvaryslightlydependingonwhereandhowtheslag is produced. Calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), the main componentofcementstrengthisproducedbythereactionof cement with water as well as calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂. WiththeadditionofGGBStothemixture,italsoreactswith watertoproduceCSHfromitsavailablesupplyofcalcium oxideandsilica.Apozzolanicreactionalsotakesplacewhich usestheexcessSiO₂fromtheslagsource,Ca(OH)₂produced by the hydration of the Portland cement and water to producemoreofthedesirableCSHmakingslagabeneficial mineral admixture to the durability of concrete(https://www.slideshare.net/sairamsanapala/sair). Aswithconcrete,slagissolubleinwaterandalkaline.Steel productionhasledtosevereenvironmentalhazardsrelated towastedisposal.IttakesGGBSaverylongtimetoharden on its own. Concrete requires GGBS to be activated by combiningitwithPortlandcement,butapercentageof20to 80percentiscommonlyused.ThemoreGGBSthereis,the moreeffortisputintoconcreteproperties..

1.2 GLASS

Whether plain, clear, or tinted, glass is one of the most versatile substances on Earth, being used in a variety of applications and forms. The use of waste glass in Construction companies is increasing because of the emphasis placed on sustainable construction. The raw materialsusedto makeglassaresilica,sodium potassium carbonate,lime,andleadthatareground,sieved,andmixed in specific proportions to produce glass. Efforts are being made to make use of both waste glass and GGBS in the concrete industry as partial replacements for cement and fineaggregate.

Inthisstudy,Ihavemadeanefforttoreplacecementwith GGBSandfineaggregatewithcrushedwasteglasstostudy thestrengthcharacteristicsofconcreteandcompareitwith thatofconventionalconcrete.

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To use industrial waste GGBS for cement production whichotherwisewouldhavebeenadisposalproblem.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

2.Toreducecementconsumptioninconcreteproduction.

3.ToevaluatetheeffectofGGBSandcrushedWasteglasson concretestrengthandevaluatethepossibilityofusingGGBS andglassinconcretewithoutcompromisingthestrengthof concrete.

4.ToevaluateGGBSasapartialsubstitutetoOPCandWaste glasstofineaggregate.

5. To determine the maximum percentage of GGBS and crushedWasteglasswhichgivesmaximumstrengthwhen comparedtothecontrolconcretemix.

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

3.1 Materials Used:

3.1.1 Cement: OrdinaryPortlandcementofgrade53(Birla Super)hasbeenused.

3.1.2 Fine aggregate: Thematerialofsizebelow(4.75mm) is termed fine aggregate. Natural sand is used as a fine aggregate.Ifnaturalsandisnotavailable,itisreplacedby crushedstone.Inourstudy,fineaggregateextractedfrom the bed of the Cauvery River was used, confirming IS 383 1970andcomesunderzoneII.

3.1.3 Coarse aggregate: Thematerialofasizegreaterthan (4.75mm) is termed as coarse aggregate. Broken stone is usedasastoneaggregate.Coarseaggregateusedisalocally available crushed angular aggregate of sizes 20mm and 10mm.

3.1.4 Crushed waste glass:Glassisproducedbymeltinga mixture of materials such as silica, soda ash, and Calcium Carbonate(CaCO₃)athightemperaturesfollowedbycooling where solidification occurs without crystallization. The wasteglassusedinthisworkwasbroughtfromalocalGlass vendorinKumbalgodu,Bengaluru,India.

3.1.5 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag: GGBSisan industrialby productobtainedfromtheblastfurnacesused tomakeiron. GGBSused in thiswork wasbroughtfrom a localGGBSstoreinKumbalgodu,Bengaluru,Karnataka.

Chemical Composition of GGBS

CalciumOxide34to43%

SiliconDioxide27to38%

AluminumOxide7to12%

MagnesiumOxide7to15%

Iron0.2to1.6%

4.0 METHODOLOGY

1.Materialcollectionandstudy.

2.Mixdesign.

3.Curingofspecimen:(Cube,Cylinder)

4.Castingofspecimen:(Cube,Cylinder,Prism)

5.Testingofspecimen:(Compression,Splittensile)

6.Result

7.Conclusion

4.1 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN M30 Grade Concrete

4.2

MIX PROPORTION

The concrete mix design was proposed by using IS 10262 [10].ConcretegradeM 30withawatertocementratioof 0.45wastaken.

4.3 STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING M30

a)Typeofcement:OPC53gradeconformingtoIS12269

b) Maximum cement content: 450 Kg/m³ (as per IS 456:2000)

c)Max.NominalSizeofaggregate:20mm

d)Gradedesignation:M30

e)MaximumW/Cratio:0.55

f) Degreeofsupervision:Good

g)Exposurecondition:Mild h)Workability:100mm(slump)

i)Typeofaggregate:Crushedangularaggregate

j)Minimumcementcontent:340Kg/m3

4.4 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

a)SpecificGravityofCoarseaggregate:2.70Fineaggregate: 2.70

b)SpecificGravityofcement:3.15

c) Water Absorption of; Coarse aggregate: 0.13% Fine aggregate:NIL

d)Cementused:OPC53grade(Birlasuper)

e) Sieve Analysis of Coarse aggregate: Graded Fine aggregate:conformingtogradingzoneII

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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f) Free (surface) moisture of; Fine aggregate: Nil Coarse aggregate:Nil

4.5

TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

F’ck=Fck+1.65S

where, F’ck =Target average compressive strength @ 28 days

Fck=Characteristiccompressivestrength@28days

S Standarddeviation, StandarddeviationS=5N/mm²

Targetstrength=40+1.65x5=48.25N/mm²

4.6 SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO

Fromtable 5of1S456:2000, MaximumW/Cratio 0.55

4.7

SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

From table 2, for 20 mm aggregate, Maximum Water contentis186litre(for25mmto50mmslump).

So, we would take the estimated water content of 186 lt (HenceOK).

4.8 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Cement content 186/0.55 338.18 kg/m³ 340 kg/m³ [becauseW/Cratio 0.55]

Fromtable 5ofIS456:2000,

Minimumcementcontentformildexposurecondition 300 kg/m³

Therefore,340kg/m³>300kg/m³,henceOK.

4.9 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT

Fromtable 3,

The volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm sizeofcoarseaggregate&fineaggregate(ZoneII)forW/C ratioof0.50=0.62

Inthepresentcase,theW/Cratioislowerby0.55.

Therefore,thevolumeofcoarseaggregateisrequiredtobe increasedtodecreasethefineaggregatecontent.

As the W/C ratio is lower by 0.05, the proportion of the volumeofcoarseaggregateisincreasedby0.01(attherate of+0.01forevery+0.05changeintheW/Cratio).

Therefore,Volumeofcoarseaggregate=0.62+0.1=0.63 Volumeoffineaggregate=1.0 0.63=0.37

4.10 MIX CALCULATIONS

Themixcalculationsperunitvolumeofconcreteshallbeas follows:

a)Volumeofconcrete=1m³

b)Volumeofcement=massofcement/specificgravityof cementx(1/1000)=340/3.15x(1/1000)=0.108m³

c)Volumeofwater=massofwater/specificgravityofwater x(1/1000)=186/1.0x(1/1000)=0.186m³

d) Volume of All in Aggregate = [ a (b+c)] = [1 (0.108 +0.186]=0.706m³

e)MassofCoarseAggregate=exvolumeofCAxsp.Gr.Of CAx1000=0.706x0.63x2.70x1000=1200.90kg≈1201 kg

f)MassofFineAggregate=exvolumeofFAxsp.Gr.OfFAx 1000=0.706x0.37x2.7x1000=705.294kg≈706kg

FromStep9ofmixdesign:

Equation1;V=[W+(C/Sc)+1/px(fa/Sfa))x(1/1000)

Equation2;V=[W+(C/Sc)+1(1 P)x(ca/sca))x(1/1000)

Substitutingthevaluesintheabovetwoequations; V=[W+(C/Sc)+1/px(fa/Sfa)]x(1/1000………(1) =0.98[172+(430/3.15)+1/0.365x(fa/2.61))x(1/1000)31

FA = 640 ~ 650 kg V = [W+(C/Sc)+1/(1 P) x (ca/sca)] x (1/1000)………(2)

= 0.98 [172+(430/3.15) + 1/(1 0.365) x (Ca/2.65)) x (1/1000)

CA=1130.09~1130kg

4.11 MIX PROPORTIONS

a)CoarseAggregate=1201Kg//m³

b)Water=186Its

c)Cement=340Kg/m³

d)FineAggregate 706Kg//m³

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

e)W/CRatio=0.55

Hence, Mix proportion: 1:2.07:3.53

5.0 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

InaccordancewithISCODE456 2000,aworkabilitytestwas conducted.Anaccuratefillingoftheformisdeterminedby theworkabilityofafreshconcretemix.Workabilitydepends onwatercontent,aggregate (shapeandsize distribution), Cementitiouscontent,andage(levelofhydrationandmay be changed by adding chemical admixtures, like Superplasticizer).

1) Slump cone test: Whenleftunsupported,Freshconcrete flows to the sides and sinks in height. This vertical settlementisknownasaslump.

,and compaction)ofconcretedependsonthewetnessofconcrete (consistency) i.e., water content as well as proportions of fineaggregatetocoarseaggregateandaggregatetocement ratio.

consistencydefiningrangesofconsistencyformostpractical works.Thistestisperformedbyfillingfreshconcreteinthe mouldandmeasuringthesettlementi.e.,slump. The results obtained showed the concrete had a slump of 100mm,hencetheconcretehasgoodworkability.

2) Compaction factor test:

Thistestisperformedtodeterminetheworkabilityoffresh concretebycompactingfactortestasperIS:1199 1959. Testsofthiskindareprimarilydesignedforlaboratoryuse but are also useful for concrete that is compacted by vibration,asitismorepreciseandsensitivethanslumptests and particularly useful for low workability concrete. The method applies to plain and air entrained concrete, made withlightweight,normalweight,orheavyaggregateswitha nominalmaximumsizeof38mmorlessbutnottoaerated concreteorno finesconcrete.

The results showed the concrete had a slump of 100mm, hencetheconcretehasgoodworkability.

6.0 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

6.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS:

This test determines the hardness of cube specimens of concrete.Thestrengthofaconcretespecimendependsupon cement,aggregates,bond,w/cratio,curingtemperature& age,andsizeofthespecimen.Themajorfactorcontrolling thestrengthistheconcretemixdesign.Cubesofsize15cmx 15cmx15cmaretested.Eachspecimenisgivensufficient timeforhardening(approx.24h)andthenitiscuredfor7, 14&28days.

Thetypeofconcrete,ageofconcrete,thedensityofconcrete andcompressivestrengthsoftheexperimentaretabulated in the table given below. The compressive strength of concretereplacedwithGGBSandglasshasbeenseentobe significantly higher than that of plain concrete up to 20% replacement by GGBS and 35% replacement by the waste glassaspertheresultsobtainedinthetablebelow:

S no. Type of mould Compressive strength (MPa) at 7 Days

Compressive strength (MPa) at 28 days

1 Plane cement concrete 15.378 32

2 Concrete with 20% GGBS 23.334 29.778

3 Concrete with 35% GGBS 22.444 25.550

4 Concrete with 50% GGBS 8.889 21.112

5 Concrete with 20% Glass 28.889 26.444

6 Concrete with 35% Glass 26.223 31.770

7 Concrete with 50% Glass 23.112 30.444

8 Concrete with 50% of GGBS and 30% Glass

20.444 28.000

6.2 SPLIT TENSILE TEST RESULTS:

Thistestconsistsofapplyingadiametriccompressiveload along the entire length till failure. This loading induces tensile stresses on the plane containing the applied load andcompressive stressesin the area around the applied load.Toavoidlocalcompressivestrength,plywoodstripsare used between the specimen and the plate. Tensile failure occursinsteadofcompressivefailuresincetheareasunder the load application are in a triaxial compression state, therefore allowing them to resist higher compressive stressesthanwhatwouldhavebeenindicatedbyauniaxial compressivestrength(ASTMStandardC496,2002).

The type of concrete, age of concrete and split tensile strengthsoftheexperimentaretabulatedinthetableGiven below.Thesplittensilestrengthofconcretereplacedwith GGBSandglasshasbeenseentobesignificantlyhigherthan thatofplainconcreteupto20%replacementbyGGBSand 35%replacementbywasteglassaspertheresultsobtained intablebelow:

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

S no.

1

Type of mould Split tensile strength (MPa) at 7 days

Split tensile strength (MPa) at 28 days

Planecementconcrete 2.112 2.193

2 Concretewith20%GGBS 2.512 3.042

3 Concretewith35%GGBS 2.334 2.829

4 Concretewith50%GGBS 1.810 2.688

5 Concretewith20%Glass 2.157 3.254

6 Concretewith35%Glass 2.263 2.829

7 Concretewith50%Glass 2.122 2.829

8 Concrete with 50% of GGBSand30%Glass 1.860 2.829

7.0 CONCLUSIONS

BasedonlimitedstudycarriedoutonperformanceofGGBS and waste glass concrete in comparison with normal concrete of design strength of M30, following conclusions canbedrawn:

A.At28days,concretewith35%Glasshasacompressive strengthandsplittensilestrengthof31.77N/mm²and2.829 N/mm² respectively, which is approximately equal to the strengthofnormalconcreteat28days.

B. At 28 days, among all the replacements of GGBS, 20% GGBS replacement yields highest compressive strength of 29.778 N/mm² and highest split tensile strength of 3.042 N/mm².

C.PCC showsacompressive strengthof15.378N/mm²at theendof7dayswhichalmostdoublesafter28days(32.00 N/mm²).

D.TheoptimumreplacementpercentageforGGBShasbeen foundtobe20%byweightofcementcontentwhileasfor glassreplacement,theoptimumreplacementpercentagehas beenfoundtobe35%byweightoffineaggregate.

8.0 REFERENES

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2)HaqueMN,ChulilungT.Strengthdevelopmentofslagand ternary blend concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 20(1990)120 30

3) Swamy RN, Bouikni A. Some engineering properties of slagconcreteasinfluencedbymixproportioningandcuring, ACIMaterialsJournal,87(1990)210 220

4) Jianyong L, Pei T. Effect of slag and silica fume on mechanicalpropertiesofhighstrengthconcrete,Cementand ConcreteResearch,27(1997)833 7.

5)TanK,PuX.Strengtheningeffectsoffinelygroundflyash, granulatedblastfurnaceslagandtheircombination,Cement andConcreteResearch,28(1998)1819 25.

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7) Douglas E, Pouskouleli G. Prediction of compressive strength of mortars made with Portland cement blast furnace slag Research,21(1991) 523 34, fly ash blends, CementandConcrete.

8) Olorunsogo FT and Wainwright PJ. Effect of GGBFS particle sizedistributionon mortarcompressivestrength, ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10(1998) 180 7.

9)IS:4031,Methodsofphysicaltestsforhydrauliccement (part1 6),BureauofIndianStandards,NewDelhi,1988.

10)IS:456,Plainandreinforcedconcrete codeofpractice, BureauofIndianStandards,NewDelhi,2000.