Analysis of E-waste recycling in Green Concrete

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056 Volume:09Issue:07|July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

Analysis of E-waste recycling in Green Concrete

Abstract Electronic waste, sometimes known as ewaste, refers to electronic items that have become undesirable, non functional, or outmoded, and have effectively reached the end of their useful life. The number of e-waste materials that must be disposed of is growing by the day, making e-waste a growing concern that is posing major environmental challenges to people and the environment not only in India but throughout the world. Because concrete is the most often used building material in the construction sector, reusing e waste in concrete is regarded the most practical application for resolving the disposal of significant amounts of e waste material. It is also demonstrated that the usage of e waste as a replacement for aggregate is a significant potential. Its usage in concrete is becoming increasingly significant and crucial in light of the fact that natural aggregate sources are dwindling, and it is unquestionably necessary to investigate suitable natural aggregate substitutes. In this study, coarse aggregate is largely substituted with electronic trash, starting with 5% and steadily increasing by 5% until it reaches 25%. All of these mixtures are also being tested for compressive strength. The test findings revealed that as the proportion of e waste added to the mixture increases, the workability of the concrete diminishes. The inclusion of e waste, on the other hand, results in a 15% increase in compressive strength. It was also discovered that sulphate and chloride attacks on e waste concrete had no effect on its strength.

Keywords Electronic waste, Recycle, Concrete, CompressiveStrength,Workability

1. INTRODUCTION

Electronic trash, often known as e waste, refers to electronic items that have become undesirable, non functional, or obsolete, and have effectively reached the endoftheirusefullife.Becausetechnologyevolvesatsuch a rapid pace nowadays, many electronic items become obsolete after only a few years of use. Computers, TVs, monitors, mobile phones, PDAs, VCRs, CD players, fax machines, printers, and other electronic devices all contributetoe waste.

E wastecontainsawiderangeofcompoundsandtoxins. Metals such as iron, copper, aluminium, gold, and other metalsmakeformorethan60%ofthetotal,whileplastics account for around 30%, and hazardous pollutants account for only 2.70 percent. That is why, if not adequately managed, e waste can cause major human healthandenvironmentalissues.

It is estimated that the globe creates over 50 million tonnes of e waste per year. When e waste is discarded, it frequently ends up in landfills or incinerators. Exporting them to Asia was the most recent approach. Developed countries send e waste to underdeveloped countries on a regularbasis.Inspectionsof18Europeanseaportsin2005 revealed that up to 47% of rubbish destined for export, including e waste, was unlawful. In 2003, it was discovered that at least 23,000 metric tonnes of undeclared or "grey" market electronic trash had been illegally exported to the Far East, India, Africa, and China from the United Kingdom. According to reports, 50 80 percent of rubbish collected for recycling in the United Statesisexportedusingthesamemanner.

India, the world's second largest mobile market, is also the world's fifth largest producer of e waste, with around 18.5lakhtonnesofelectronicgarbagediscardedeachyear. Mumbai is the most populous city in the country, accounting for 70% of all e waste created, followed by Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad,Pune,Surat,andNagpur.

E waste is a new concern that is causing major environmentaldifficultiesforpeopleandtheenvironment not just in India but throughout the world. According to theUSEPA,theamountofe wastecreatedworldwidewill rise by 5 to 10% every year. However, they also said that only 5% of the garbage gets recovered. As a result, the amount of e waste that needs to be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner is steadily rising. Starting immediately, options such as recycling and reuse shouldbeexamined.

Because concrete is the most often used building material in the construction sector due to its great strength and durability, reusing e waste in the concrete industry is regarded the most practical application for

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solving the disposal of vast amounts of e waste material. SomepublishedliteraturesalsosuggestthatusingE waste as a substitute or replacement for aggregate is a viable option. Its usage in concrete is becoming increasingly significant and crucial in light of the fact that natural aggregate sources are dwindling, and it is unquestionably necessary to investigate suitable natural aggregate substitutes.

Thistask'smajorgoalistolimitthebuildupofwornand abandoned electronic equipment as much as possible, as well as to convert trash into socially and industrially beneficial raw material utilising simple, low cost, and environmentallyfriendlytechnologies.

In this study, coarse aggregate is largely substituted with electronic trash, starting with 5% and steadily increasing by 5% until it reaches 25%. All of these mixtures are also being tested for compressive strength. Finally, the mechanical qualities and durability of e waste concretearecomparedtoordinaryconcrete.

2. SCOPE of RESEARCH

The amount of e waste that has to be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner is steadily rising. To keep End of Life (EOL) electronics out of landfills and incineration, new waste management methods are desperately needed. However, in order to build an effective diversion plan, various aspects must be taken intoaccount.Thisplanmustbefoundedontheprogram's economic viability, long term viability, technological feasibility, and a reasonable degree of social support. Recent studies have also demonstrated that reusing extremely finely crushed e waste in concrete can save money and time when it comes to disposing of significant amounts of e waste. Recycling aggregates conserves natural resources and landfill space while also contributingtothepreservationofacleanenvironment.

3. METHODOLOGY

Forthisstudy,grade33Portlandcementwasemployed. Thecementthatwasutilisedwasdry,powdery,andlump free. M sand, which is readily available in the area, was used to make concrete mixtures. In concrete mixtures, ordinary crushed stone with a size of 20mm was utilised ascoarseaggregate.Theprocedurewasdonewithfiltered drinking water that was readily accessible in the area. Long chips of e waste were gathered locally from a PCB cutting device. Copper strips at the bottom of the PCB weremanuallyremovedandbrokeninto20mmpieces.

The concrete grade and kind of fine aggregate used in the mixes were labelled. The IS technique of concrete mixingwasutilisedtocreateamixwithacubestrengthof 20Mpa.Asapartialreplacementforcoarseaggregate,0to 25%electronictrash(E waste)wasaddedtotheconcrete mix.Afterthemixturehasbeenmade,150x150x150mm cubesarecast,andtheyaretestedafter7,14,and28days of curing. Crushing value test, impact value test, abrasion value test, specific gravity test, fineness modulus, and water absorption are some of the tests done on materials and concrete to assess the properties of the material as wellasitsbehavior

Slump cone tests are done on new concrete to verify workability,andcompressivestrengthtestsareperformed on hardened 150mm concrete cubes after 7, 14, and 28 daysofcuring.

4. RESULTS and DISCUSSIONS

A series of experiments on material and hardened concrete were carried out in order to acquire the workability strength properties of electronic waste for future application as structural concrete. The findings of material tests, such as water absorption, specific gravity, aggregate crushingvalue, and aggregate impactvalue, are shownanddiscussedbelow.

A. Test on Materials:

1) Crushing Value Test: The aggregatecrushing valueis arelativemeasureofanaggregate'sresistancetocrushing whensubjectedtoagraduallyappliedcompressivestress. Incircumstanceswhenthe aggregatecrushingvalue is 30 or above, the result may be unusual, thus the ten percent fines value should be computed instead. E waste, it turns out,ismoreresistantthannaturalaggregate.

2) Impact Value Test: The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to abrupt impact or shock, which may differ from resistance to a progressive compressive force.Thistestmayalsobeusedtodeterminethestrength and durability of a product. There is a significant difference between natural and e waste aggregate,

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indicating that electronic waste aggregate is more powerfulthannaturalwasteaggregate.

TABLEII:AggregateImpactValueTestResult

Aggregate ImpactValue

NaturalCoarseAggregate 7.85% ElectronicWaste 1.92%

3) Fineness Modulus: The fineness modulus is commonly used to determine the coarseness or fineness of an aggregate. A higher fineness modulus value suggests a coarser aggregate, whereas a lower fineness modulus value indicates a finer aggregate. Sand with a fineness modulusmorethan3.2isoftennotutilisedtomakedecent concrete. The fineness modulus can also be used to blend twoaggregatesinordertogetthedesiredgrade.

TABLEIII:FinenessModulusTestResult

Aggregate

Fineness Modulus

NaturalCoarseAggregate 2.72 NaturalFineAggregate 1.88 ElectronicWaste 2.52 Cement 4.32

3) Abrasion Value Test: As per IS: 2386 (Part IV) 1963, this test can be used to measure the abrasion value of coarse aggregates.

TABLEIV:ABRASIONVALUETESTRESULT

Aggregate AbrasionValue

NaturalCoarseAggregate 11.87% ElectronicWaste 3.65%

4) Water Absorption: This approach is used to assess the water penetration vulnerability of unsaturated concrete. The rate of absorption of concrete at the surface differs from that of a sample obtained from the inside. The outside surface receives less curing than desired and is subjectedtothemostpotentiallyhazardouscircumstances. The water absorption rate of the inside as well as the surface or outside of the concrete is measured using this test method. Drilling a core and cutting it transversely at various depths allows the absorption to be measured at

various distances from the exposed surface. A horizontal orverticalcorecanbedrilled.

TABLEV: WATERABSORPTIONTESTRESULT

Aggregate WaterAbsorption

NaturalCoarseAggregate 0.60% NaturalFineAggregate 0.30% ElectronicWaste 0.04%

4) Specific Gravity Test: A comparison of the weights of a volume of a certain substance to the weight of the same amount of water at a given temperature is known as specificgravity.Thespecificgravityofanaggregateisused to determine the material's strength or quality. Low specific gravity stones are often weaker than those with greaterspecificgravity.

TABLEVI SPECIFICGRAVITYTESTRESULT

Aggregate SpecificGravity

NaturalCoarseAggregate 2.73 NaturalFineAggregate 2.62 ElectronicWaste 1.18 Cement 3.12

B. Slump Cone: The workability of concrete is usually determined by its slump value, which reflects the water cement ratio. However, a variety of parameters such as material qualities, mixing procedures, dose, and admixtures, among others, might influence the value

TABLEVIISlumpConeTestResult

ElectronicWaste Slump(mm) 0% 27 5% 31 10% 38 15% 47 20% 61 25% 70

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056 Volume:09Issue:07|July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

C. Compression Test Result and Analysis: The concrete cube test for compressive strength gives you an overviewofallthepropertiesofconcrete.Thisonetest can establish whether or not the concreting was done correctly. Concrete's compressive strength is determined by a variety of parameters, including the water cementratio,cementstrength,concretematerial quality, and quality control during the manufacturing process,amongothers.

TABLEVIIICompressive

Fig.2CompressiveStrengthTestResultBarChart

The compressive strength of concrete specimens increases with age when tested with the CTM (Compressive Testing Machine). The older the concrete, the more durable it becomes. It also shows that when 15 percent of the aggregate is replaced with electronic trash, thecompressivestrengthachievesitsmaximumvalue.

D. Chloride Attack Test: The effect of chloride attack on ordinary concrete with e waste is demonstrated. The average weight loss and compressive strength loss of E wasteconcreteissignificantlylowerthantheweight andcompressivestrengthlossofconventionalconcrete.

TABLEIXChlorideAttackTestResult

Electronic Waste

Percentage Strength Loss (N/mm2)

Percentage Weight Loss (kg) 30Days 90Days 30Days 90Days 0% 28.5 42.58 3.22 5.85 15% 21.3 35.62 3.08 4.13

Fig.3ChlorideAttackTestResultBarChart

It demonstrates that chloride has no major effect on E waste particles in concrete. This suggests that incorporating E waste into concrete could be a viable option.

d) Sulphate Attack Test: Theoverallgoalofthesetestsisto determine the relative sulphate resistance of various binder options, ranging from traditional (basically low C3A content) sulphate resistant cements to blended cements that have recently been discovered to have exceptionalpropertiesinthisareaofconcretetechnology. The findings of the sulphate attack test indicate that sulphate has no major effect on E waste particles in concrete.

TABLEXSulphateAttack TestResult

Waste

50

40

30

20

10

Sulphate Attack Test Result

0

Strength Loss in 30 Days Strength Loss in 90 days Weight Loss in 30 Days Weight Loss in 90 days

0% 25.18 42 2.7 5.12

15% 23.8 38.7 1.78 4.89

Fig.4SulphateAttackTestResultBarChart

5. CONCLUSIONS

The test findings revealed that as the amount of electronic trash added to the mixture increases, the workability of the concrete diminishes. However, the inclusion of e waste results in a 15% rise in compressive strength, at which point it achieves its maximum value. Accordingtothedurabilityresearch,sulphateandchloride attackhavenoeffectonconcretestrength,andtheoptimal mix is more durable than the control mix. As a result, it maybeemployedinaquaticenvironments.

To summarise, using electronic waste in concrete can increase mechanical characteristics and can be a cost effectivemethodtodisposeoftheminanenvironmentally responsible manner, but only up to a specific amount. Electronic garbage is reused, resulting in waste reduction andresourceconservation.

References

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[2] R. Lakshmi, S. Nagan, “Investigation on Durability Characteristics of E plastic Waste Incorporated Concrete”AsianJournalofCivilEngineering(Builing andHousing)Vol.12,No.6,April2011.

[3] MuhannadIsmeik, “EffectofMineralAdmixtureson Mechanical Properites of High Strength Concrete

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056 Volume:09Issue:07|July 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

made with Locallly Available Materials “, Jordan JournalofcivilEngineering,Volume3,No.1,2009.

[4] M.S Shetty , “Concrete Technology Theory and Practice,S.ChandPublication”

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[6] IS : 10262 1982, recommended Guidelines for ConcreteMixDesign.IS:383 1970(SecondRevision), Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from NaturalResourcesforConcrete

[7] Pramila S., Fulekar M.H., Bhawana P., “E Waste A ChallengeforTomorrow”ResearchJournalofRecent Sciences,1(3),86 93,2012.

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