Environmental Adaption and Mitigation Strategies for Upgrading Industrial slums area.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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Environmental Adaption and Mitigation Strategies for Upgrading

Industrial slums area.

Seham Mostafa Qutb

Lecturer, Environmental Planning Department, Faculty of Urban Planning, Cairo University (Egypt) , seham.mostafa@cu.edu.eg

Tarek abou elseoud

Prof, Environmental Planning Department, Faculty of Urban Planning, Cairo University (Egypt) tarek.seoud@cu.edu.eg

Nourhan ayman

Researcher, Environmental Planning Department, Faculty of Urban Planning, Cairo University (Egypt) nourhan_ayman@pg.cu.edu.eg

Nada Saleh Mohammed

Lecturer, Environmental Planning Department, Faculty of Urban Planning, Cairo University (Egypt) , eng_nada_saleh@cu.edu.eg

Abstract

The National Slum Upgrading Strategy is planned as an immediate reaction to Target eleven of MDG 7 which perceives that ghettos are an advancement issue, which necessities to be confronted and this calls for facilitated strategiesandactivitiesconnectedwithghettoupdating.Tobeginwith,thedevelopmentofghettosshouldbedialed back and in the end halted through legitimate and land market changes (to some extent to give security of residency) and patching up arranging and drafting guidelines and construction laws to make lodging more reasonable.Second,thereisneedtoembracepreventivetechniqueswhicharetiedinwithdealingwiththefloodof urbanization and thwarting the difficulties of the severe metropolitan neediness embodied in ghettos. This paper focuses on urban and environmental problems and follows the following methodology on identifying and defining slumareasinindustrialareasandidentifying aspectsandsocial,environmental,urban,and economicproblemsin informal industrial areas with the aim of developing adaptation and mitigation mechanisms to improve the environmentinareasadjacenttoindustrialareas(ShubraCaseStudy MustorodDistrict)

Keywords: Adaptation, mitigation mechanisms, environmental upgrading, industrial areas,GIS (geographical informationsystem),

1. INTRODUCTION

The problem of environmental degradation of slums has become one of the most important threats facing the cities of GreaterCairo;theproblemofenvironmental degradationofslumshasbecomeoneofthemostimportantthreatsfacing thecitiesofGreaterCairo,However,thedangerliesnotonlyintheseriousnessanddeteriorationofurbanareas,butalso in the environmental risk, which in turn leads to a danger to the health of the population in these areas , Hence, the definition of slums is not only the areas that suffer from urban degradation but also the areas of environmental degradation resulting from the pressures of human activities on the environment, which adversely affect the deterioration of environmental health in those areas (seham, mohammed, & nada, 2022) Several previous studies have proposedframeworksandideastodevelopurbanslumswithoutrealizingtheenvironmentalissuesandtheireffectsthat

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cause environmental degradation, which affects the population of these areas, especially the deterioration of environmental health resulting from activities in these areas , Industrial activity is the most important urban activity affecting the environment, and there are 10 industrial zones in Greater Cairo which lead to many environmental problems and the deterioration of public health , The studies indicated that Greater Cairo is at the top of the list of pollution in the issuance of air pollutants, the concentration of 284 micrograms / cubic meter of particles 10 micron diameter, equivalent to 14.2 times the World Health Organization according to the safe limit, which causes this environmental deterioration to many health risks, Respiratory diseases of the population in those areas. (David, 2008) One of the most important affected areas in Greater Cairo is the Shubra area, which is one of the most important industrial areas in Greater Cairo, which contains the oil refineries, which is the largest refinery in the Middle East, but alsooneofthemostslumareasinGreaterCairoand oneofthemaincausesofpollutionInadditiontotheoccurrenceof manydiseasesandtheincreaseinthenumberofpeoplewithrespiratorydiseases,whererespiratorydiseasesaccounted for 23% of the total population of the region, followed by some diseases attributed to As a result of this environmental degradation. )National Academies of Sciences, ) ( The researcher based on the data of the GOPP) .(2020 International JournalofEnvironmentalHealthEngineering(

Numberofslumsareainegypt

15% 85%

GreaterCairoRegion Therestofthegovernoratesoftherepublic

Figure 1 : Number of slums areas in Egypt ( The researcher based on the data of the GOPP)

The percentage of industrial areas in the Greater Cairo Region is the highest, so we go to rely on an area in Shubra, becauseitisthehighestpercentageintheindustrialareasThestudywillbeappliedtoit,asthepercentageofslumareas inShubraisabout44%ofthetotalslumareasintheGreaterCairoRegion.Asshowninthefollowingfigure1.

This paper focuses on urban and environmental problems and follows the following methodology on identifying and definingslumareasinindustrialareasandidentifyingaspectsandsocial,environmental,urban,andeconomicproblemsin informal industrial areas withtheaimof developingadaptationandmitigationmechanisms toimprove the environment in areas adjacent to industrial areas (Shubra Case Study Mustorod District) (Mokhtar, Soheir, Nagwa, Fatima, Heba, & AbdelFatah,2015)

2. The aim of the research:

Theaimistotheidentificationofadaptationandmitigationmechanismstoreducetheeffectsoftheindustrialzoneinthe most environmentally hazardous areas on the population to achieve the Environmental improvement of these areas by applyingtotheareaoftheShubra byusingtheentrancesofurbanenvironmentalassessmenttotheurbanenvironment, which aims to encourage the application of more integrated assessment methods to guide the decision making process andimprovetheenvironmentalenvironmenttoimprovetheenvironmentalhealthoftheseslumsthroughaSeriesofbasic stages: ( of environmental assessment of industries in the region of Shubra Studies of the current environmental Situation Social and economic studies The stages of the adoption of pollutants using mathematical models and

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specializedProgramsforurination Measurementofthehealtheffectsofpollutants Accesstostrategiesandmechanisms formitigationandadaptationtoreducetheeffectsofindustriesintheareaofShubra andimproveenvironmentalhealth.

3. lecturer Review:

InthisstagethepaperwillexplaintheissueswhicheffectonsustainabilityinthisareaDetermininganddefiningtheslums inthe industrial zonesand defining thesocial,environmental,urbanandeconomic aspectsandproblemsintheslums in ordertoputinplaceadaptationandmitigationmechanismsinordertoimprovetheenvironmentintheareasadjacentto the industrial zones. Data from the Ministry of Housing in Egypt indicate that the number of "informal settlements" is about 15 million citizens, distributed over 497 residential areas throughout the republic, but a large percentage of them arescatteredaround"GreaterCairo",whichincludesthegovernoratesin.(seham,mohammed,&nada,2022)Thesummit oftheNileRiverDeltaTriangle.TheseareCairo,GizaandQalyoub(Actionarea Shubra),ofwhichabout20%areinCairo governorate, 13% in Giza governorate, and 8% in Qalyoub (Action area Shubra ) governorate. Slum areas and random markets,AccordingtotheCentralAgencyforMobilizationandStatistics,12millionEgyptiansliveingraves,nests,garages, mosques, and under the stairs, according to a recent report. In Cairo's Al Basateen, Al Tunisi, Imam Al Shafi'i, Bab Al Wazir,Al Ghafir,Al Mujawireen,ImamAl Laithi,andAinShamscemeteries,1.5millionEgyptiansarelived. Asshownin the following maps figure2) ( The researcher based on the data of the GOPP) .(2020 International Journal of EnvironmentalHealthEngineering(

Figure 2.MapDistributionofinformalareasintheGreaterCairoregion,Egypt (TheresearcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP)

3.1. The most important issues of slums in Greater Cairo.

Although slum areas differ in terms of location, area, size of population and level of services, they share common problems with basic problems that can be summarized as follows: a lack of organisational planning, basic facilities and services,a low standard ofliving,the riseof povertyandilliteracy,as well asa decrease in values and traditions where theyprevail.Sickanddangeroussocialbehaviorsthatthreatenthefamily'sandsociety'sstability,themostimportantof whichare:lackofrespectfortheprivacyofneighborsandtheviolationoftheirprivacy,thespreadoftheft,bullyingand mutual violence, the Increase in crime rates in general, drug trafficking, child labor, (Mokhtar, Soheir, Nagwa, Fatima, Heba, & Abdel Fatah, 2015) this is in addition to the lack of privacy, and the low level of cultural and educational awareness. In addition to the deterioration of the environmental conditions, where the house is considered unhealthy when there are no health conditions suitable for those who live in it in terms of: space, number of individuals in one roomventilation,lighting,cleanliness,lackoffacilities,water,andwasteplacedontheseneststoprotectthemfromrain This creates a suitable environment for the spread of diseases, and all kinds of audio, visual and air pollution. (Rawan, Tarek, & Seham, 2021) These health problems are also reflected in the vicinity of these informal areas as they receive part ofthehumanandanimal wastes,andhousehold wastesduetothelack ofa garbagecollectionsystem. Slumpsalso constitute a load on the infrastructure and public facilities networks of the state, and this leads to the failure of these

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facilities to do what is required of them well and to their inability to fulfill their obligations, which leads to the need to carryoutaprocessofcontinuousreplacementandrenewalofthesenetworks,whichcostslargesumsofmoneythatfall on the state (Mohammed, Farzad, & Majid, 2020). As for Sanitation, it is considered one of the most inferior services in those areas and badly affects public health as these areas depend on the so called trenches or ground tanks in the sewage,andthesetanksaremadeofredbrickswithoutalining,whichleadstotheLeakageofwastesintothesoilandin someoftenwastewaterismixedwithdrinkingwater.Asforelectricity,thewidespreadmethodisthetheftofelectricity from public sources, and there is a percentage of the residents of those areas who use kerosene to light their homes (0222,pasture).)NationalAcademiesofSciences,) (TheresearcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP).(2020International JournalofEnvironmentalHealthEngineering(

1 Urban problems in Slum areas

LackofspacesurfacesthatcanbeusedasanoutletforairtoreducetheimpactofpollutionThesevereovercrowding ofthesegatheringsandworkshopsandtheresultingwaste.Theinterferenceofsomeuseswithresidentialareas,suchas the overlap of commercial and industrial activities Craftsmanship with accommodation. High population density with a lackofexistingservices.(World,2006) The lack of urban planning for the area with the high building density of the area and the poorcondition of the building .The weakness of the infrastructure networksand the poorcondition of the drainage networks in homes and roads Weakness of street lighting networks. Poor road conditions. (Adel, 2008)( The researcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP)

2-Environmental issues in Slum areas

Duetoalackofhealthawareness,thelargenumberofdiseasesresultingfromthehighqualityofprofessionalactivities such as workshops and foundries Lead, doc, plumbing, marble, plastic material manufacturing, tanneries, and slaughterhouses ... And others, which are activities that result in severe air pollution with smoke, fumes, gases, many highlytoxicchemicalsandsomeheavymetalsSuchasleadandcadmium,inadditiontothenoisethatresultsfrom these activities (WHO, 2016). In these gatherings, sound environmental conditions are not observed, and the population is overcrowded and unavailable It has clean drinking water, sanitation services and roads, and piles of garbage that are oftenburned,andsolidwaste,anditlacksservicessuchaseducation,healthandplaygrounds (Hussein,2015))National AcademiesofSciences,)(TheresearcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP)

3- Economic and social problems

Increase the percentage of family disintegration. The high rate of illiteracy in the region. The high crime rates. The economic level of the inhabitants of these areas decreased, so they tended to build nests. Increase the dropout rate. An increaseintheunemploymentrate(Brunner,2012).LackofinterestinmovingtowardscollectiveeducationIncreasethe divorce rate. Lack of interest in female education. The trend, handicrafts, to increase earning money while not paying attentiontothehealthandenvironmentalimpactsResultingfromit (SINGH,2016)(Theresearcherbasedonthedataof theGOPP)

4. Methods and materials.

InlightoftheincreasingurbanexpansionandthroughtheanalysisoftheurbanstudyoftheShubra region,thestudy area hasbecomedenseurban,andslumsoccupymorethan70%oftheresidentialareasastheyspreadoverareasrangingfrom 11 acres to 400 acres with a total of 1,810 acres, representing more than 24.9% and The total area of the district is 7,257.43acres,andthetotalpopulationis784,273acres,representing63.3%ofthetotal.(Rawan,Tarek,&Seham,2021) Thepopulationofthestudyareawasestimatedat1239,260peopledistributedovertheentirecity.Bystudyingthe cityof Shubra El Kheima 19 unplanned areas in the city, divided into 5 areas in the western neighborhoods, with an area of approximately 884 acres. The population of these areas is about 352,270 people, and they are Manshiyat Abdel Moneim Riad, Ezbet El Gohary, Abu El Naga, Bejam, Al Taawun,Al Saada Al Jadida and Al Sharkaw. (0222, Al Amrani) .(2020 InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalHealthEngineering(

Shubra El Kheima is one of the important industrial cities that is famous for its petroleum products industries, an industrial area in Shubra, spinning and weaving, and Eid among other industries. The area of industrial uses in the city reached1092.95acres,Shubra,spinningandweaving,andEidamongotherindustries.Theareaofindustrialusesinthe cityreached1092.95acres,glassindustriesarespreadintherestofthecity.(Guttikunda,Nishadh,&Jawahar,2019)The mappresentsthefollowingtable:classificationandanalysisofindustriesinglassindustriesarespreadintherestofthe city. The map presents the following table: classification and analysis of industries in the city and their environmental impactsusingGIS(seham,mohammed,&nada,2022).

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Asfortheotherunsafeareasintheeasternneighborhoods,thereare14areaswithatotalof926acresandapopulationof about 43,003 people, including the Shubra area, which has an area of 123.16 acres with a total population of 77,283 people. The total number of units is 16,101 units. Residential buildings dominate the exploitation of the craft and commercialgroundfloorandtheresidentialupperfloors.Urbanizationinthisareaisdominatedbypooranddeteriorating buildings. (0222, Al Armani) )National Academies of Sciences, ) ( The researcher based on the data of the GOPP) .(2020 InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalHealthEngineering(

Air pollution in the city of Shubra El Kheima, specifically in Shubra , is due to the huge growth in the mining and manufacturingindustries,andtheattendantincreaseintheamountofindustrialwasteandfumesfromfactories.Ahigh air quality index was observed in the most of the year ,As a result, the air quality in the region deteriorated, having a negative impact on residents' health and making it more difficult to breathe deeply and strongly. When taking a deep breath,itproducesshortnessofbreathandpain.(Environment,0222)

Coughingandulcerationarecommonsideeffects.

Inflammationanddamagetotherespiratoryairways

Increasedfrequencyofasthmaattacks Makethelungsmorepronetoinfection

Continuetodamagethelungsevenwhensymptomsaregone

Increasedfrequencyofasthmaattacks Makethelungsmorepronetoinfection Continuetodamagethelungsevenwhen symptomsaregone

ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDisease(COPD)iscausedbyavarietyoffactors

Asshowninthefollowingfigures4,5,6,7,8(World,2006)

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Figure4:environmentalanalysisofthecityofShubraEl KheimausingGis (The researcher based on the data of the GOPP)

Figure 5 : thepercentagesofqualityofindustriesinMustorod. (TheresearcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP)

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Figure 6 : Exposureratestoconcentrationsinexcessofemissions. (TheresearcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP)

Figure 7 : Diseasesresultingfromexposuretoconcentrationsinexcessofemissions (TheresearcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP)

The slum problem is one of the most important urban challenges facing Third World countries. Most of the urban populationhasbecomeslumdwellers.Theseareasconsumealotofresourcesandpoorconditions.Thenitwasnecessary to turn them into sustainable companies in order to save resources and improve their quality of life (Gasparatos, El Haram, & Horner, 2008). The study aims at urban environmental upgrading As a means of achieving quality, environmentalhealthandimprovementininformallocalities.Useofthethreepillarsofsustainability (Abbasi,Keshavarzi, &Moore,2019)

The urbanization of the city has been deteriorated. The state has completely withdrawn from the field of urban developmentandhousingConstructioninShubraEl Kheima,atatimewhenthecityhaswitnessedasteadygrowth,asthe population of the second district of Shubra El Kheima tripled from 1976 to 1996 as a result of the increase in internal migration rates and the turnout of people To live in it due to its close proximity to the various work centers in Cairo, especiallyaftertheconstructionoftheringroad,whichhelpedlinkShubraEl Kheimawithallpartsofthecapital.(Huynen ,Martens,&Hilderink,2005).Intheabsenceofthestate,informalhousingbegantogrowwithallitsenergy,devouringthe area ofagricultural landthathaslongprovideda lot of agricultural productsForthecityofCairo..the figuresindicatean increaseinthenumberofhousingunitsinthecityfrom88000in1976to180,000in1986..anestimatedrateof100%.It is estimated that about 76% of these housing units are informal units and include more than 54% of the population of Shubra al Kheima (Until 1987) this is considering that many of the houses belonging to the spinning and weaving companies in the public business sector are threatened with collapse.) ( The researcher based on the data of the GOPP) Nhungetal.,2020;Shahsavanietal.,2020)..(2020InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalHealthEngineering(

The urbanization of the city has deteriorated. The state has completely withdrawn from the field of urban development andhousingConstructioninShubraEl Kheima,atatimewhenthecityhaswitnessedasteadygrowth,asthepopulationof

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the second district of Shubra El Kheima tripled from 1976 to 1996 as a result of the increase in internal migration rates andtheturnoutofpeople Toliveinitduetoitscloseproximity tothevariouswork centersinCairo, especiallyafterthe construction of the ring road, which helped link Shubra El Kheima with all parts of the capital. (Rawan, Tarek, & Seham, 2021). In the absence of the state, informal housing began to grow with all its energy, devouring the area of agricultural land that has long provided a lot of agricultural products For the city of Cairo..the figures indicate an increase in the numberofhousingunitsinthecityfrom88000in1976to180,000in1986..anestimatedrateof100%.Itisestimatedthat about76%ofthesehousingunitsareinformalunitsandincludemorethan54%ofthepopulationofShubraal Kheima( Until 1987) this is taking into account that many of the houses belonging to the spinning and weaving companies in the public business sector are threatened with collapse. Many years ago, the departments stopped carrying out any maintenancework for them.. Asshownin thefollowing figure) National Academies ofSciences,)( The researcher based onthedataoftheGOPP)

Figure 8: ThedevelopmentofindustriesandthedeclineofagriculturalareasinShubraEl Kheima

(TheresearcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP)

Urban Challenges

AAlthoughadequatehousingisacrucialroleinchildren'ssocialandpsychologicaldevelopment,therealityinallofthese squattercommunitiesisamiserablelifewithinsufficientlightingandventilation,overcrowding,andlivingandcookingin thesameareaorneareachother.Slumstructuresareallcomposedoflow qualitymaterialsanddonotmeetconstruction codes. (WHO, 2016) The majority of people share a single room with their entire family, making the slum extremely cramped. According to the most recent assessment, the population density in these slums and slums is family for each dwelling, with a minimum of 5 people sharing a room and a maximum of 8 people sharing a room, making it extremely congestedandunhygienic.(2020InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalHealthEngineering((Theresearcherbasedonthe dataoftheGOPP)

Environmental Challenges

Figure9:crumblingbrickwork,andemptybuildings

In recent years, the region has faced several of the common environmental issues that have avoided the city's attention. Thecontinualincreaseinpopulationhasresultedinanever increasingdemandforbasiccivicservicesandfacilities,which hascontributedtomanyoftheseenvironmentalissues.Housing,shelter,water supply,andsanitation,ontheotherhand, haveadirectimpactonthelivingconditionsoftheurbanpoor..(Guttikunda,Nishadh,&Jawahar,2019)Only38.2percent ofthepeopleintheslumshasaccesstoappropriatesanitationservices,aswellaswateranddrinkingservices,inaddition

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to environmental contamination caused by polluting industries in the neighbourhood. Shubra's impact on the petroleum refineryfactories.(TheresearcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP)

Figure10:WaterpollutionresultingfromtheleakageofoilfactoriesintheIsmailiaCana (TheresearcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP)

Figure10:Theconcentrationofsuspendedparticlesintheair. (TheresearcherbasedonthedataoftheGOPP)

5. Conclusion:

Inurbanareas,adaptationmeasuresareimplementedthroughurbanplanningandmanagementsectorsthatfocusmainly on zoning, building codes, water quality, flood protection, and surface runoff management Adaptation also includes measuresthatincreasetheindoorclimatecomfortofbuildings suchasheating,ventilation,andairconditioning (HVAC) and cool roofs (white and green) that address the UHI (McEvoy et al., 2006) as well as green (vegetation, permeable surfaces) and blue (bodies of water) measures to increase climatic comfort, control flooding, and enhance urban biodiversity.(David,2008)

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Note: Urban green corridors are networks of green areas within the city and its surroundings. In addition to adaptation and mitigation functions (e.g., flood protection, carbon capture and storage, and surface temperature regulation), they provide many

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